Patent Application
20100259450
Embodiments of the present invention relate to positioning. In particular, they relate to a method, an apparatus, a module, a chipset or a computer program for positioning using radio signals.
There are a number of known techniques for determining the position of an apparatus using radio frequency signals. Some popular techniques relate to use of the Global Positioning System (GPS), in which multiple satellites orbiting Earth transmit radio frequency signals that enable a GPS receiver to determine its position. However, GPS is often not very effective in determining an accurate position indoors.
Some non-GPS positioning techniques enable an apparatus to determine its position indoors. However, some of these techniques do not result in an accurate position being determined, and others are too complex for use simply in a portable apparatus. For example, the amount of processing power required to perform the technique may be impractical to provide in a portable apparatus, which may need to perform concurrent functions.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided a method, comprising receiving, at an apparatus radio signals from a first location; discriminating the radio signals, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location; and estimating, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the apparatus.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided an apparatus, comprising: a receiver configured to receive radio signals from a first location; processing circuitry configured to discriminate the radio signals, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location, and configured to estimate, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the apparatus.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided an apparatus, comprising: means for receiving radio signals from a first location; means for discriminating the radio signals, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location; and means for estimating, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the apparatus.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided a module, comprising: processing circuitry configured to use complex samples of further radio signals received from a first location by a receiver, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location, and configured to estimate, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the receiver.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided a chipset, comprising: processing circuitry configured to use complex samples of further radio signals received from a first location by a receiver, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location, and configured to estimate, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the receiver.
According to various embodiments of the invention there is provided a computer program, comprising: instructions for using complex samples of further radio signals received from a first location by a receiver, in order to estimate a bearing from the first location; and instructions for estimating, using the bearing and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals, a position of the receiver.
For a better understanding of various embodiments of the present invention reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying drawings in which:
The Figures illustrate receiving, at an apparatus 10, radio signals 50 from a first location 80; discriminating the radio signals, in order to estimate a bearing 82 from the first location 80; and estimating, using the bearing 82 and constraint information 11, 17, 182 that is independent of the radio signals 50, a position of the apparatus 10.
A transmitter 30 is positioned at a location 80 of the building 94. In the illustrated example, the location 80 is on the ceiling of the building 94 (i.e. the overhead interior surface) but in other implementations the transmitter may be placed elsewhere such as on a wall.
The location 80 is directly above the point denoted with the reference numeral 70 on the floor 100 of the building. The transmitter 30 is for enabling a user of an apparatus 10, such as the person 92, to determine his position 95, although that is not necessarily the only function provided by the transmitter 30. For example, the transmitter 30 may be part of a transceiver for providing wireless internet access to users of apparatuses 10, for example, via WLAN radio signals.
The position 95 of the person 92 is defined by specifying a position along a bearing 82 (illustrated in
The radio signals 50 may be transmitted periodically as beacons by the transmitter 30.
In the illustrated example, separate signals 50 are transmitted via the array 36 of antenna elements 32 in a time division multiplexed fashion. A switch 38 is used to connect each one of the antenna elements 32 to the transmitter circuitry 34 one at a time, in a predefined order. The radio signals 50A, 50B, 50C from the different antenna elements 32A, 32B, 32C are therefore transmitted sequentially in different slots of a frame.
In the Figure only three different displaced antenna elements 32 are illustrated, although in actual implementations more antenna elements 32 may be used. The working prototype uses 16 patch antenna elements distributed over the surface of a hemisphere. Three is the minimum number of radio signals required at the receiver apparatus 10 to be able to determine a bearing 82.
In other embodiments, there may be a separate transmitter circuit 34 associated with each antenna element 32. In this embodiment, it may be possible to transmit one or more of the signals 50 in parallel.
Each signal 50 has a characteristic that enables it to be discriminated by the receiver apparatus 10. The characteristic may be a feature of the signal itself such as a code sequence that has been modulated onto a carrier wave or it may be a feature of the signal's position relative to the other signals such as its ‘slot’ number within a frame. In the latter case, all of the signals in the slots of a frame may have the same or different code sequences.
The receiver apparatus 10 needs to obtain ‘displacement information’ from the received signals 50A, 50B, 50C that is dependent upon the relative displacements of the respective antenna elements 32A, 32B, 32C. In the example described in detail below, the displacement information is phase information.
In one embodiment, it may be possible to modulate a carrier wave using convolution codes, as in code division multiple access. Explicit displacement information may then be determined at a receiver apparatus 10 by correlating the expected code against the received signal 50.
One disadvantage of this approach is that the resolution required for the displacement information to be able to resolve relative spatial separation between the antenna elements 32 of a few centimeters would require a very high chip rate e.g. of the order 10 GHz and a correspondingly large bandwidth and a correspondingly accurate clock.
One advantage of this approach is that knowledge of how the array 36 of antenna elements 32 transmits is not required at the receiver as the displacement information is determined from data encoded onto the carrier rather than from a property of the carrier itself.
Another simpler embodiment, modulates the carrier wave using I-Q modulation, also known as quadrature phase shift modulation. In this modulation technique, two orthogonal carrier waves (sine and cosine) are independently amplitude modulated to define a symbol. At the receiver apparatus 10, the amplitude of the two orthogonal carrier waves is detected as a complex sample and the closest matching symbol determined. It should be appreciated that an identical signal transmitted from different antenna elements will be received with different phases because of the inherent phase characteristics of the antenna elements 32 when transmitting in different directions and also because of the additional time of flight for a signal 50 from one antenna element to reach the receiver apparatus 10 compared to another signal 50. The inherent presence of this ‘time of flight’ information within the phases of the received signals 50 enables the received signals 50 to be processed, as described in more detail below, to determine the bearing 82 of the receiver apparatus 10 from the transmitter 30.
One advantage of this approach is that the resolution required for the displacement information to be able to resolve relative spatial separation between the antenna elements 32 of a few centimeters would require a carrier frequency of the order 10 GHz but a much lower modulation rate may be used and therefore correspondingly small bandwidth and slower clock can be used.
One disadvantage of this approach is that knowledge of how an antenna array 36 transmits is required at the receiver apparatus 10 as the inherent displacement information is determined from a property (phase) of the carrier itself and antenna elements 32 typically transmit with different phase offsets at different angles. This knowledge may take the form of an array transfer function.
The processing circuitry is used to discriminate between radio signals 50 received from a first location 80 by the receiver 16, estimate a bearing 82 from the first location 80; and estimate, using the bearing 82 and constraint information that is independent of the radio signals 50, a position of the apparatus 10.
The portable apparatus itself does not need to transmit to determine its position. Furthermore it alone may perform the processing necessary to determine a bearing 82 and to estimate, using the bearing and constraint information, the position of the apparatus 10 along the bearing 82.
The processing circuitry 12 may be any type of processing circuitry. For example, the processing circuitry 12 may be a programmable processor that interprets computer program instructions 13 and processes data. Alternatively, the processing circuitry 12 may be, for example, programmable hardware with embedded firmware. The processing circuitry 12 may be a single integrated circuit or a set of integrated circuits (i.e. a chipset). The processing circuitry 12 may also be a hardwired, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, for clarity, the processing circuitry is described as being a separate entity to the receiver. However, it will be understood that the term processing circuitry may relate not only to a main processor of an apparatus, but also processing circuitry included in a dedicated receiver chipset, and even to a combination of processing circuitry included in a main processor and a dedicated receiver chipset.
A chipset for performing embodiments of the invention may be incorporated within a module. Such a module may be integrated within the apparatus 10, and/or may be separable from the apparatus 10.
The processing circuitry 12 is connected to receive an input from the receiver 16. The receiver 16 is configured to receive radio frequency signals. The radio signals may, for instance, have a transmission range of 100 meters or less. For example, the radio frequency signals may be 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, Ultra wideband (UWB) signals or Zigbee signals.
The processing circuitry 12 is connected to write to and read from the storage device 14. The storage device 14 may be a single memory unit or a plurality of memory units.
The storage device 14 may store computer program instructions 13 that control the operation of the apparatus 10 when loaded into processing circuitry 12. The computer program instructions 13 may provide the logic and routines that enables the apparatus to perform the method illustrated in
The computer program instructions 13 may arrive at the apparatus 10 via an electromagnetic carrier signal or be copied from a physical entity 21 such as a computer program product, a memory device or a record medium such as a CD-ROM or DVD.
The computer program instructions 13 provide: instructions for discriminating 210 between radio signals 50 received from a first location 80 by the receiver 16, in order to estimate 220 a bearing 82 from the first location 80; and instructions for estimating 230, using the bearing 82 and constraint information 11, 17, 182 that is independent of the radio signals 50, a position of the receiver 16.
The processing circuitry 12 is connected to receive an input from the user input device 18. The processing circuitry 12 is also connected to provide an output to the user output device 20. The user output device 20 is for conveying information to a user and may be, for example, a display device. The user input device 18 and the user output device 20 together form a user interface 22. The user interface 22 may be provided as a single unit, such as a touch screen display device.
In the following it will be assumed that the respective radio signals 50A, 50B, 50C are sent in different slots of a TDMA frame and that the same code is modulated onto the signals using IQ modulation, in this case Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) modulation as it is the most robust. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments different types of signals may be used and different methods of discriminating the signals will be required.
At block 200 of the method of
At block 210, the processing circuitry 12 of the apparatus 10 discriminates between the respective radio signals 50. In this example, this may be achieved by identifying which slot in the TDMA frame the signal was received in. At least three respective radio signals 50A, 50B and 50C will need to be discriminated
The processing circuitry 12 obtains comparable complex samples (i.e. samples that represent same time instant) for the three respective radio signals 50A, 50B, 50C.
In some embodiments of the invention, the transmitter 30 may transmit calibration data 15 in a radio signal to the apparatus 10 for storage in memory 14, before the transmission of the radio signals 50, to enable the processing circuitry 12 of the apparatus 10 to discriminate between the radio signals 50. The calibration data 15 may, for example, be transmitted periodically as a beacon signal by the transmitter 30. In the described example, the calibration data 15 may include discrimination data that identifies the code used to modulate the signals, information about the TDMA frame, and possible information identifying the IQ modulation used and antenna array calibration data that includes information that defines the transfer function of the antenna array 36.
The calibration data 15 may be encrypted. A key to decrypt the calibration data 15 may be available from a remote server. For example, if the transmitter 30 is part of a transceiver for providing internet access, the decryption key may be obtainable from a remote server that is accessible via the transceiver. In an embodiment where the apparatus 10 also functions as a mobile telephone, the decryption key may be obtainable from a remote server connected to a mobile telephone network. Alternatively, the calibration data 15 itself may be available from a remote server via a mobile telephone network, rather than from the transmitter 30.
At block 220, the processing circuitry 12 estimates a bearing 82. One method of determining the bearing 82 is now described, but other methods are possible.
Once comparable complex samples (i.e. samples that represent same time instant) from each antenna element 32 are obtained the array output vector y(n) (also called as snapshot) can be formed at by the processing circuitry 12.
y(n)=[x1, x2, . . . , xM]T, (1)
Where xi is the complex signal received from the ith TX antenna element 32, n is the index of the measurement and M is the number of TX elements 32 in the array 36.
A Direction of Departure (DoD) can be estimated from the measured snapshots if the complex array transfer function a(φ,θ) of the TX array 36 is known, which it is from calibration data 15.
The simplest way to estimate putative DoDs is to use beamforming, i.e. calculate received power related to all possible DoDs. The well known formula for the conventional beamformer is
is the sample estimate of the covariance matrix of the received signals, a(φ,θ) is the array transfer function related to the DoD(φ,θ), φ is the azimuth angle and θ is the elevation angle.
Once the output power of the beamformer PBF(φ,θ) is calculated in all possible DoDs the combination of azimuth and elevation angles with the highest output power is selected to be the bearing 82.
The performance of the system depends on the properties of the TX array 36. For example the array transfer functions a(φ,θ) related to different DoDs should have as low correlation as possible for obtaining unambiguous results.
Correlation depends on the individual radiation patterns of the antenna elements 32, inter element distances and array geometry. Also the number of array elements 32 has an effect on performance. The more elements 32 the array 36 has the more accurate the bearing estimation becomes. In minimum there should be at least 3 antenna elements 32 in planar array configurations but in practice 10 or more elements should provide good performance.
Next, at block 230 the processing circuitry 12 estimates a position of the apparatus 10 using the bearing and constraint information.
In some embodiments of the invention, such as those illustrated in
The storage device 14 may store apparatus data 17 which indicates a vertical displacement d from the ground floor 100 to the apparatus 10. The value for the vertical displacement may or may not be input by the user. For instance, the storage device 14 may be pre-loaded with a predetermined value for the apparatus data 17 (e.g. 1.2 meters) or the apparatus data 17 may be received in a radio signal from the transmitter 30.
The storage device 14 may also store map data 19 which corresponds to a map of the building 94, and location data 11 which indicates the location of the transmitter 30 on the map. The map data 19 and/or location data 11 may be obtained from the transmitter 30. Alternatively, the map data and/or the location data 11 may be obtained from a remote server, either via the transmitter 30 (e.g. where the transmitter 30 is part of a transceiver which provides access to the internet) or via a mobile telephone network.
Referring now to
The processing circuitry 12 may estimate the position of the apparatus 10 relative to the location 80 of the transmitter 30 in coordinates using the bearing (elevation angle θ, azimuth angle φ) and constraint information (vertical displacement h). The processing circuitry 12 may estimate the position of the apparatus 10 in Cartesian coordinates by converting the coordinates using trigonometric functions.
Once the processing circuitry 12 has estimated the position of the apparatus 10 relative to location 80 of the transmitter 30, it is able to estimate the position of the apparatus 10 on the map because the location 80 of the transmitter 30 on the map is known from the location data 11. The processing circuitry 12 may control the user output device 20 to display the map and to indicate to the user the position of the apparatus 10 on the map.
In this embodiment, the apparatus 10 receives radio signals 50 from the first transmitter 30 and determines a bearing 82 of the apparatus 10 from the first transmitter 30 as described in relation to blocks 200, 210, 220 of
The apparatus 10 also receives radio signals 150 from the second transmitter 130 and determines, as constraint information, a bearing 182 of the apparatus 10 from the first transmitter 30 using the method as described in relation to blocks 200, 210, 220 of
The apparatus 10 may receive second calibration data from the second transmitter 130.
Once the bearings 82 and 182 have been estimated, the processing circuitry 12 may estimate that the apparatus 10 is situated at a position along bearing 82 as defined by the constraining bearing 182. It may be that processing circuitry 12 estimates an area that the apparatus 10 is likely to be positioned in if the accuracy of the bearings 82, 182 is such that the processing circuitry 12 is not able to pinpoint the position of the apparatus 10 with a high degree of precision. Once the position of the apparatus 10 has been estimated, the processing circuitry 12 may control the user output device 20 to convey the estimated position to the user.
Having estimated the bearing 82, the processing circuitry 12 determines that there are four possible positions 91, 92, 93, 95 of the apparatus 10. In this example, it is assumed that the radio signals 50 are able to penetrate the upper three floors 110, 120 and 130 such that it is possible that the user is positioned on any of the floors 100, 110, 120 and 130. However, it may be that the map data 19 stored in the storage device 14 indicates to the processing circuitry 12 that radio signals from the transmitter 30 do not reach certain floors, for example, the ground floor 100. This enables the processing circuitry 12 to discount the position 93 adjacent the ground floor 100 as a possible position of the user.
In order to determine the position of the apparatus 10 in relation to the estimated bearing 82, the processing circuitry 12 may control the user output device 20 to display a query asking the user which floor he is on before his position is estimated. The processing circuitry 12 is able to compare the information input by the user with the map data 19 to determine which floor of the building the user is situated on. For example, the user may indicate that he can see a particular shop on the floor that he is on. The processing circuitry 12 may then compare this input information with the map data 19 to determine which floor the user is on. In the example illustrated in
Once the processing circuitry 12 has determined that the user is on the first floor 110, it is able to estimate the position of the apparatus 10 using the same techniques as those mentioned in relation to
In the example illustrated in
The location data 11 stored in the storage device 14 may include data which relates particular elevation angles with certain floors of the building 94. For example, if a bearing having an elevation angle from 0 to α is estimated by the processing circuitry 12, it indicates that the apparatus 10 is positioned on the top floor 130. A bearing having an elevation angle from α to β indicates that the apparatus 10 is on the second floor 120. A bearing having an elevation angle from β to α indicates that the apparatus 10 is on the first floor 110. A bearing having an elevation angle from α to λ indicates that the apparatus is on the ground floor 100.
The processing circuitry 12 compares the elevation angle of the estimated bearing with the location data 11, and estimates which floor the apparatus 10 is situated on, thus estimating a position of the apparatus 10. The processing circuitry 12 then controls the user output device 20 to convey this information to the user. In this example, a position of the apparatus 10 is estimated by using an estimated bearing and constraint information. “Constraint information” is provided by the portion of the location data 11 that that relates particular angles of elevation to particular floors of the building.
If the processing circuitry 12 estimates a bearing from the location 80 of the transmitter 30 using the techniques described above in relation to
In embodiments of the invention illustrated the example illustrated in
When the radio signals 50 are reflected from a dielectric surface, the polarization of the signals 50 may change. The apparatus 10 may detect this change in polarization to determine whether a signal has been reflected, and to determine whether a correction to an estimated bearing is required.
Another way of determining if a reflection has occurred might be to determine whether the received signal strength intensity (RSSI) of one or more of the radio signals 50 is below a threshold. If the RSSI is below the threshold, the signal(s) is/are assumed to have been reflected.
Reference numeral 97 denotes the position that the processing circuitry 12 would estimate the apparatus 10 to be at, if it did not take into consideration that a reflection of the radio signals 50 had occurred. In the example illustrated in
The processing circuitry 12 may estimate r by using radio signals transmitted by the transmitter 30, as described in relation to
Using these values of r, m and h as inputs to equation (1), the processing circuitry 12 may estimate the position r′ of the apparatus 10 relative to the transmitter 30. As the location data 11 indicates the location 80 of the transmitter 30 on the map stored in the storage device 14, the processing circuitry 12 is able to determine the location 95 of the apparatus 10 on the map and may control the user output device 18 to convey the position 95 of the apparatus 10 on the map to the user.
Another method of determining the distance r′, other than by directly using equation (1), would be to determine the point at which the bearing 55, 57 has a downward displacement of m from the second floor 120 (i.e. the floor that the bearing 55, 57 intersects). This intersection is denoted by reference numeral 99 on
It has been demonstrated that, in embodiments of the invention as described above in relation to
The blocks illustrated in the
Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed. For example, the apparatus 10 may not function as a mobile telephone. It may, for example, be a portable music player having a receiver for receiving radio signals.
Various examples of constraint information have been given in the preceding paragraphs, but the term “constraint information” it is not intended to be limited to these examples.
Features described in the preceding description may be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described.
Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2007/009360 | 10/29/2007 | WO | 00 | 4/29/2010 |
