Patent Application
20170347440
For many years, hot air blowers have been used for a wide variety of applications including direct heating of parts and surfaces, incineration of gas particulates and heating enclosed chambers. More particularly, hot air blowers were, and are still, being utilized for refractory curing, plastics sealing, cleaning diesel exhaust and retrofitting gas fired ovens and furnaces.
Blowers used for such applications typically comprised a blower fan, an electric heating element and a housing for the heating element. The blower forced air or gas into the housing through an inlet at one end of the blower. The air was then heated by convection and radiation as it passed near the heating element and was provided at the outlet end of the blower.
For better performance of the above applications, it became desirable to construct hot air blowers that could produce higher gas temperatures than, the then, current blowers could achieve. Higher energy efficiency was desired as well. Furthermore, it became desirable to produce hot gas blowers which could produce and transfer plasma instead of simply un-disassociated hot gas since such a method dramatically improves the heat transfer coefficient. Also, the production of blowers of a design whereby, metallic elements contained therein, do not crack when the element attains a certain temperature relative to the air passing near the element was sought in the industry.
The above issues were addressed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,709, entitled “Hot Air Blower Having Two Porous Materials and a Gap Therebetween” by Staples et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,816,671, entitled “Mid Temperature Plasma Device” by Reddy et al. both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Very hot gas and plasma were produced by forcing air or gas through multiple layers of a porous material producing a tortuous flow for the gas to travel through. The porous material was in layers, separated by an air gap, through which at least one heating element would pass as well as passing through the porous material. The gap provided a residence time for the gaseous flow to heat further. The tortuous flow combined with the residence time provided by the gap and the resulting convective and radiative heat would thereby produce a plasma.
Currently, even more energy efficient and higher temperature and plasma activity generators are needed in science and industry. A device employing the amplification of fermions and bosons, present in the plasma, which will meet current needs is described in the present application. Thus, by simple means but non-intrusive methods, considerable heat can be ionically transported.
An industrial apparatus and method are provided such that fermions may be amplified to produce activated species using low energy, in the order of a few kW. Such apparatus and methods contrast with the megawatt powered units currently used for such emissions in large colliders which are unavailable for use in small industry. With fermions, reactions of the kind,
e−+A2−→A*2+e−
e−+A2−→2A*+e−
e−+A2−→A++A−+e−
e−+A2−→A+2+2e−
e−+A2−→A++A+2e−
e−+A2−→A−+A*
may be achieved, especially catalyzed by bosons and fermions, where e− is a symbol for an active electron, A is a chemical species and A* is an activated species. Thus, by producing activated species (e.g. A*) even in complex combinations of metals, silicides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, oxynitrides, diamonds/carbon, borides, polymers, ceramics and composites and intermetallics, very rapid kinetics of reactions can be achieved which can transfer recombination and heat differently than standard conduction, convection or mere pure radiation.
The theoretical basis for interaction has been shown in the BCS superconductivity theory. In the BCS (Bardeen, Cooper and Schaffer) theory of superconductivity, coupled pairs of electrons act like bosons and condense into a state which demonstrates zero electrical resistance. Reference is made to Yukikazu Itikawa et al, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2006 who calculated that extremely high cross sections could be achieved at low eV if interactions and amplification were allowed. However, it has not been possible prior to this application to make a small kW device with continuous hole cross sections where activated species with extremely hot gasses could be obtained with catalytic employment of stimulated fermions and bosons. Such an apparatus could enhance industrial processes, such as nitriding or oxynitriding, where extremely rapid kinetics could be achieved by transferring heat and activated stimulation to a location which is further away from where they are created. When fermions are involved, it is well known in the chemistry literature that the kinetics of reaction can be greatly enhanced by the use of ions. Such will also lead to more efficient use of energy in fuel cells.
It has been found that a simple but highly energy efficient device is possible for the rapid heating and a high temperature gradient which introduces fermions and bosons into an adjoining fluid and one which could be boundary layered and consequently produce an amplifiable activated condition even at room pressure and high temperature. This is a wholly unanticipated and unexpected finding, and, although the comprehensive theoretical basis is not completely understood, it has been found that an unusual rapid heating can be created, as well as, transferred surface activation by using a comparatively long order of 10-100 cm current carrying member with none, or some curvature (radius of curvature exceeding 0.5 meter), and >100 amps current with penetration of the current carrying members into spaces that could have any cross sectional geometry (e.g. circular holes, ellipsoids or square cross section) in a high temperature resistant stable material. The holes are expected to have a diameter in the range of millimeters to tens of millimeters.
In one embodiment, the apparatus consists of long current carrying members connected by a plurality of holes. In such an apparatus, extremely hot temperatures are achieved. The holes may be from 0.1 mm to 100 mm in diameter. Currents passing through the current carrying members may range from 80 to 350 amps. Voltages, unlike those used in plasma devices, can be small with frequencies remaining in the Hz range when AC current is used. Unique reactions of the type 19Fe+4N(g)+O(g)+3H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4Fe4N+3H2(g) can easily be catalyzed or enabled by key fermions and bosons and actuated species. Cavitation and pressure differentials promote fermions and are additionally stimulated by bosons.
In another embodiment, the channels or holes through which the current carrying members are between 6-12 mm in diameter. These channels may be surrounded by a series of smaller channels or holes at around 1 mm in diameter. The smaller channels may differ in size and in cross-sectional shape from each other. The smaller holes may be arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically around the current carrying member channels and may follow the path of the member channels in a parallel, or near parallel, manner. Such smaller channels assist in the production of greater output temperatures for the device.
Another embodiment of the device has current carrying members or elements bent in elongated u-shapes. A continuous element bent in such a u-shaped configuration may pass through channels or holes in a refractory or other material. Separate u-shaped current carrying members are anticipated as well, which may each, individually, be connected to a power source. The long strait segments of the elements run through these channels while the curved or u-shaped segments are outside of the refractory. A current is passed through the element thus producing heat. A gas is projected through the refractory, which is porous, along the direction of the long strait segments of the element. The gas is heated in this manner producing a plasma which is projected out of the device. The device may be encased in a shell consisting of appropriate material. As stated above, smaller parallel channels may be symmetrically positioned around the element channel Both symmetric, non-symmetric and combinations are anticipated. Coils, u-shapes, sheet and other geometries of current carrying members are fully anticipated. Elements with a radius of curvature in the range of approximately 1 to 25 millimeters are contemplated.
A preferred embodiment of the device for rapid heating of a gaseous multi-species fermion and boson containing flow is depicted in
A high temperature resistant ceramic, refractory or other suitable material is positioned inside of the casing 20. The intake cap 30 and the exhaust cap 40 may also be lined with a ceramic material. In this embodiment, the ceramic material is comprised of a refractory core 60 inside of an insulative wrap 61. The refractory core 60 extends, in an uninterrupted manner, the length of the casing 20 and has at least one channel 65 cut or formed through the length of the core 60 parallel to the elongated strait dimension of the casing 20. The channels 65 are sized to accept current carrying members 55. The diameters of the channels 65 and the members 55 are designed to allow the gaseous flow to be directed through the channels 65 axially along the length of, and in contact with, the members 55. Further channels may be included through the length of the core 60 to allow extra flow of the gas. The core 60 material may be porous to permit even more gaseous flow to the exhaust end 24 of the casing 20. The core 60 may be in one piece or in multiple sections abutted together and may be covered with a insulative wrap 61.
In the present embodiment of the heating device 10 the current carrying members 50 are each configured to have two long strait member segments 52 connected by one u-shaped member segment 54. Axial flow along the length of the elements is noted to be better than cross-flow (flow across the elements). The long strait segments 52 may also be connected with a twist rather than a u-shaped segment 54. Each strait segment 52 has a terminal end 55 attached by which a power source is electrically connected to the elements 50. At least one element 50 will be fitted within the core 60. The long strait segments 52 are each individually inserted into an uninterrupted channel 65 in the core 60. The strait segments 52 are encased in the core 60 along their entire lengths with no gaps in the core 60 and in this manner are the channels 65 and core 60 are uninterrupted along their lengths. However, the u-shaped segment 54 attaching the two strait segments 52 for each current carrying member 50 is positioned out side of the core 60 and the channels 65 (
In operation, a gaseous multi-species fermion and boson containing flow is forced by a means of projection into the intake end 22 of the heating device 10. As stated, the means of forcing the gaseous flow into the heating device 10 may be a fan, compression or other instrumentalities. The gaseous flow is pushed through a block or core 60 of high temperature resistant material having channels 65 or grooves cut into the core 60. The channels 65 contain current carrying members 50 which are connected to a power source allowing the members 65 to be electrically charged to produce a desired heat. The gaseous flow is driven through the channels 65 by, and in contact with, the heated members 50 thereby picking up heat from the channels and the core 60 material. The flow is to be along the long axis of the current carrying members 50 and not across this axis. The core 60 may also have parallel channels not containing heating elements and may be porous thus allowing more pathways for the gaseous flow to travel through the core 60. The porosity of the core 60 material may be interconnected and provides a tortuous path for the gas to follow allowing for greater heat transfer from the elements to the core 60 material and ultimately to the gaseous flow. Contact with the heated members 50 and the heated core 60 material and the extended dwell time in the cores 60 channels and porosity allow for an efficient and large transfer of heat to the gaseous flow. The flow is constricted in the channels and porosity and is in constant contact with heated members and/or core 60 material from the intake end to the exhaust end of the core 60. The gas flow may show electrical conductivity because of the fermions such as electrons. However, the electrical resistance will be measured in mega-ohms.
The above descriptions provide examples of specifics of possible embodiments of the application and should not be used to limit the scope of all possible embodiments. Thus, the scope of the embodiments should not be limited by the examples and descriptions given, but should be determined from the claims and their legal equivalents. For example, finned or dimpled elements with or without twists are contemplated. Far ranging fermion and boson interactive effects which are known as quantum separated are fully contemplated, although the physics of quantum separation is not fully understood.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 62/341,674 filed on May 26, 2016 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62341674 | May 2016 | US |
