Patent Application
20250232917
The present disclosure uses pulse heat caused by breakdown in a liquid dielectric, composing a capacitor, for plane welding, engines, or buoyancy bags for mining seabed resources, or relates to a variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength that is used as an on-board high voltage capacitor for automobiles by increasing dielectric strength.
The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
To increase the capacitance (C) of a capacitor, the surface area (S) and dielectric constant (ε) of the electrodes are increased, and the thickness (d) of the dielectric is reduced (C=εS/d). In this way, the maximum capacitance can be obtained by bringing the dielectric layer (d) closer to zero. However, if the thickness (d) of the dielectric is further reduced or a strong electric field is applied, it results in dielectric breakdown, and the energy stored in the dielectric is lost on that spot.
If the dielectric is liquid, the liquid dielectric under pressure forms a hopping conduction or a dielectric breakdown precursor region under charge, and the current rapidly increases in a high electric field, leading to breakdown in the liquid dielectric. This instantaneous discharge causes a temperature rise of 70° C. on average and up to 1,000° C. in 0.1 μs in a 5×10−11 cc area, inducing a peripheral effect and lowering the breakdown voltage.
On the other hand, if the thickness (d) of the dielectric is further increased, the capacitance decreases, but the withstand voltage increases, and the electrostatic energy (W=CV2/2) stored in the capacitor increases in proportion to the square of the voltage (V).
As shown in Patent Literatures 1 and 2, electric double-layer capacitors with extremely large capacitance have come into the spotlight, and the reason for this is that the dielectric layer is as thin as a single molecular layer (approximately 10 Å), allowing for a large capacitance. However, the withstand voltage of electric double-layer capacitors is low at 0.7V, and the only way to increase the voltage is to connect them in series. If a pure water capacitor is formed with an insulator layer made of pure water, the dielectric strength of pure water is 70V/μ, so the withstand voltage will be 700V when the thickness of the pure water layer is 10μ.
If the electrolyte in the electric double layer is considered to be water and the dielectric strength to be 0.7V, the electrostatic energy (W) is W=εS 0.72/20=1.96S.
On the other hand, in the pure water capacitor with a withstand voltage of 700V, the thickness (d) of the dielectric is as thick as 10μ (10,000 Å), and the capacitance is low at 1/1000 of that of the electric double-layer capacitor. However, the electrostatic energy (W) is W=εS 7002/20000-1960S, so the electrostatic energy of the pure water capacitor is 1,000 times that of the electric double-layer capacitor per unit.
Today's on-board power supplies for automobiles generally consist of 100 lithium-ion batteries connected in series, doubled in voltage, and then converted to 600V three-phase AC by an inverter to drive a three-phase motor.
Patent Literature 1: PCT/JP2014/073687
Patent Literature 2: PCT/JP2017/015029
Patent Literature 3: Japanese Patent No. 3527969
Patent Literature 4: Japanese Patent No. 5651871
Non-patent Literature 1: DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF INSULATING MATERIALS, L. I. Berger—Carbon, 2006—thevespiary.org
Non-patent Literature 2: Dielectric Phenomenology, p. 332, The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (1991)
This section provides a general summary of the disclosure and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.
In the present disclosure, a pure water capacitor with electrostatic energy 1,000 times that of an electric double-layer capacitor is realized. Furthermore, if the pure water is replaced with glycerin (dielectric constant ε=47) with a dielectric strength of 170V/μ, the thickness (d) of the dielectric at a withstand voltage of 700V is 4.12μ (4,120 Å), so the electrostatic energy (W) of the glycerin capacitor is W=εS 7002/2d=2795S, which is 1,426 times that of an electric double-layer capacitor. We believe that high-voltage capacitors that make use of both withstand voltage and capacitance, without being limited to electric double-layer capacitors, will lead to industrial development.
The object of the present disclosure is to form a variable capacitance capacitor using a thin layer of liquid dielectric that transitions from a liquid phase to a gas phase, and to utilize the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor. Two notable features are that the liquid dielectric thin layer that constitutes this capacitor is made extremely thin or a strong electric field is applied to cause dielectric breakdown, allowing the pulse heat generated to be instantly consumed inside the capacitor, and that the liquid dielectric thin layer is made thicker to increase the withstand voltage, allowing the high electrostatic energy stored to be consumed over a long period of time outside the capacitor.
What makes this disclosure different from conventional methods is that the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer that constitutes the capacitor is increased/decreased to control the dielectric strength and the withstand voltage associated with dielectric breakdown of the liquid dielectric thin layer, and it is used in surface welding, engines, buoyancy bags, or on-board high voltage capacitors for automobiles. In particular, liquid dielectrics have a higher dielectric constant than gaseous dielectrics, and the capacitance can be changed. Then, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is made close to zero to induce dielectric breakdown, and the stored charge is converted into thermal energy within the liquid dielectric thin layer for use in surface welding; alternatively, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is increased and charged under a high withstand voltage, and then the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is reduced to induce dielectric breakdown, and the stored charge is converted into thermal energy within the liquid dielectric thin layer, and the volume expansion of the vaporized gas generated is utilized for a volume expansion engine including a rotary engine, a reciprocating engine, or a jet engine that does not involve combustion, or for a buoyancy bag for mining deep-sea resources; alternatively, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer that constitutes the capacitor is increased to increase electrostatic energy under a high withstand voltage, and the stored charge is utilized for an electric power storage device outside the system of the liquid dielectric thin layer.
For making a high-voltage variable capacitance capacitor, a liquid dielectric that has a high dielectric strength and can freely change its dielectric thickness (d) is essential.
Liquid dielectrics with high dielectric strength are glycerin (170 V/μ), benzene (163 V/μ), nitrobenzene (130 V/μ), pure water (70 V/μ), and insulating oil (60-100 V/μ). Materials with high dielectric constants are pure water (ε=88), formic acid (ε=58.5), glycerin (ε=47), nitrobenzene (ε=34.8), methyl alcohol (ε=32.6), ethyl alcohol (ε=24.3), acetone (ε=20.7), ammonia (ε=15-25), butane (ε=20), carbon dioxide (ε=1.6), benzene (ε=2.3), xylene (ε=2.3), carbon disulfide (ε=2.64), toluene (ε=2.39), carbon tetrachloride (ε=2.2), and silicone oil (ε=2.2). On the other hand, liquids with high dielectric constants are pure water (ε=88, 70 V/μ), formic acid (ε=58.5), glycerin (ε=47, 170 V/μ), nitrobenzene (ε=34.8, 130 V/μ), methyl alcohol (ε=32.6, 80 V/μ), ethyl alcohol (ε=23, 80 V/μ), acetone (ε=20.7, 64 V/μ), ammonia (ε=15-25), butane (ε=20), carbon disulfide (ε=2.64, 140 V/μ), toluene (ε=2.39, 130 V/μ), benzene (ε=2.3, 163 V/μ), xylene (ε=2.3, 150 V/μ), silicone oil (ε=2.2, 8 V/μ), insulating oil (ε=2.2, 60-100 V/μ), and carbon dioxide (ε=1.6). Among these, materials with high dielectric strength and high dielectric constant are pure water (70 V/μ, ε=88), glycerin (ε=47, 170 V/μ), and nitrobenzene (ε=34.8, 130 V/μ).
To cause a dielectric breakdown in a capacitor after applying an electric charge and use it as a heat source for surface welding, it does not matter if the withstand voltage is low as long as the capacitance is large. In particular, when causing dielectric breakdown, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is minimized, so the capacitance naturally increases and the withstand voltage drops dramatically. On the other hand, when using it as a heat source for a volume expansion engine, a large amount of vaporized gas is required, so it is necessary to thicken the liquefied gas layer as a liquid dielectric and apply a high voltage, or to propagate localized dielectric breakdown due to electronic breakdown and cause dielectric breakdown to occur at a low voltage in a short time.
The problem that the disclosure aims to solve is to induce dielectric breakdown in a thin layer of liquid dielectric sandwiched between a pair of solid surfaces, consume the electric charge stored in the liquid dielectric as pulse heat, and weld the pair of solid surfaces (base materials) together with the pulse heat, or to expand the liquid dielectric into gas with the pulse heat and use it as the primary drive for an engine. And, or to provide a capacitor for a high-voltage DC power supply by increasing the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer to increase the withstand voltage.
To solve the prior art problem, a capacitor according to the present disclosure comprises a sealed electrode chamber, wherein a fluid dielectric composed of a liquid dielectric containing a liquefied gas or pure water and/or a gaseous dielectric made of said liquid dielectric, vaporized, is sandwiched in the gap between a pair of positive and negative electrodes made up of metal and/or solid dielectrics, having flat or curved surfaces, and the fluid dielectric is surrounded by an insulating partition wall including a wall of atmospheric air due to meniscus force; the capacitor is a variable capacitance capacitor, wherein a pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device for controlling the fluid dielectric in the sealed electrode chamber, equipped with at least one of the following functions, is installed: liquid thickness adjustment function, function for opening/closing an insulating partition wall, pressurizing function, pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function, dielectric breakdown-inducing function, function for critical temperature control, coolant cooling function, thermoelectric element cooling function, function for supporting a moving wall, and charging control function.
The pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device of the variable capacitance capacitor has the liquid thickness adjustment function, wherewith a dielectric breakdown is induced by decreasing the thickness of the liquid dielectric and/or by applying a strong electric field to the liquid dielectric, or a high dielectric strength capacitor is made by increasing the thickness of the liquid dielectric.
When inducing said dielectric breakdown, the variable capacitance capacitor is charged with the charging control function, and then, a breakdown is caused in the liquid dielectric by shortening the distance between said positive and negative electrodes and/or by applying a voltage higher than its dielectric strength to the gap between said positive and negative electrodes, whereby pulse heat is generated.
It is proposed that this pulse heat is utilized in welding device, device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas, engine device, buoyancy device for mining seabed resources, and steam engine device, and the spark gap conventionally used as a gas ignition device in internal combustion engines is replaced with a gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter in order to make a driving energy source of the pulse heat.
The gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter is a device that produces a gaseous dielectric by causing breakdown in the liquid dielectric and with the pulse heat generated, vaporizing and expanding the liquid dielectric in the sealed electrode chamber.
The welding device is a device that joins a pair of metal and/or solid dielectrics sandwiching the liquid dielectric with the pulse heat generated by breakdown of the liquid dielectric, and can join a metal to a base metal and base metals together without being limited to conventional metal welding.
The device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas is applied to rockets and blasting devices; a gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature, made of heteronuclear diatomic molecules with a critical temperature of 273K or higher, is enclosed in the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter, and the insulating partition wall is sealed with the function for opening/closing the insulating partition wall, and then, a jet gas produced by applying a voltage higher than the dielectric strength and inducing a breakdown in the liquid dielectric is converted to thrust or explosive power.
The engine device, comprising a reciprocating engine, a rotary engine with a circular rotor, or a rotary engine with a triangular rotor, that repeats the operation of converting the expanded gas of the gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature, jetted from the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter, into a drive power with the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function, and the operation of reliquefying the gaseous dielectric with the pressurizing function, using a part of the drive power.
The buoyancy device for mining seabed resources is equipped with function for adjusting balance between the internal pressure of the buoyancy bag and the hydrostatic pressures, and is a device wherein the liquid dielectric injected into the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter is a gas that liquefied under pressure at room temperature or a gas that liquefies under pressure at low temperature, being made of homonuclear diatomic molecules with a critical temperature of 273K or lower, its volume expansion accompanying the vaporization of the liquid dielectric, made of the gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature or the gas that liquefies under pressure at low temperature, is repeated a plurality of times, the gaseous dielectric is injected into the buoyancy bag, and thus, the balance between the internal pressure of the buoyancy bag and the hydrostatic pressures is adjusted during descending to and ascending from the seabed.
In case that the liquid dielectric being used in a device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas or an engine device is pure water, the steam engine device repeats the operation of causing dielectric breakdown in the pure water and converting the steam, vaporized and expanded by the pulse heat, into drive force with the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function, and the operation of reliquefying the vaporized and expanded steam with the pressurizing function, using a part of the drive force.
The variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength is a device wherein the thickness of the liquid dielectric is increased with the pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device, and then, the variable capacitance capacitor is charged with a high voltage to make a high dielectric strength capacitor.
Here, the pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device is equipped with at least one of the following functions: the liquid thickness adjustment function, for controlling the layer thickness of the liquid dielectric; the dielectric breakdown-inducing function, to induce dielectric breakdown by reducing the layer thickness of the liquid dielectric close to zero; the function for opening/closing the insulating partition wall, to release the gaseous dielectric, being the liquid dielectric vaporized, out of the system through the insulating partition wall; the pressurizing function, for liquefying the gaseous dielectric; the coolant cooling function, for liquefy the gas made of homonuclear diatomic molecules with a critical temperature of 273K or lower; the function for critical temperature control, to suppress reliquefaction of the gaseous dielectric produced by the breakdown, due to the autogenous pressure of the gaseous dielectric; the charging and discharging control function, which has the functions to charge the capacitor until just before dielectric breakdown, to apply a higher electric field for causing dielectric breakdown, and to cut off the charger power supply at the time of dielectric breakdown; the thermoelectric element cooling function, to be used as an auxiliary means for decreasing the boiling point of the gas that liquefies under pressure at low temperature, that was Ne gas liquefied under pressure in the atmosphere of the gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature; the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function, for converting the vaporized gas, expanded during the evaporation of the liquid dielectric, into energy; and the function for supporting a moving wall, to pressurize the pressure-contacting surfaces between the piston head and the cylinder face of a reciprocating engine or between the rotor and the housing of a rotary engine, which share the pressurizing function and the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function.
There is at least one capacitor with a liquid dielectric thin layer sandwiched between positive and negative electrodes, and the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor is consumed inside or outside the liquid dielectric thin layer. When controlling the withstand voltage of the liquid dielectric thin layer for consuming the energy, it is necessary to provide an external pressure pressurizing device, and a refrigerant and/or an electronic refrigeration element for cooling the supercritical state, as a transition control function for changing the liquid dielectric thin layer into a gas phase or supercritical state, or from the gas phase into a liquid phase, or for increasing the density of the liquid layer in the supercritical state, because the transition between “liquid phase/gas phase” is caused by “increasing/decreasing gas pressure” and/or “presence/absence of cooling”.
The invention according to the present disclosure has the effect that the withstand voltage can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the liquefied gas thin layer sandwiched between the positive and negative electrodes; by thinning the liquefied gas thin layer, dielectric breakdown is induced to use the thermal energy generated by the breakdown for surface welding, engine devices, or producing buoyancy gas of buoyancy bags for mining seabed resources, or by thickening it, the liquefied gas thin layer is provided as a capacitor for a variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength.
Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
In order that the disclosure may be well understood, there will now be described various forms thereof, given by way of example, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.
The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.
Effective embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference from
For a variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength, metal electrodes are made of parallel plates or coaxial cones: for surface welding, the pair of solid surfaces sandwiching the liquid dielectric are classified by metals together, non-metals together, or metal and base metal: for a vaporized gas volume expansion drive device (rocket, blasting, reciprocating engine, rotary engine) and buoyancy bag for mining seabed resources, the metal electrodes are made of parallel plates, coaxial cylinders, coaxial cones, coaxial multistage cylinders, and concentric spheres: in the case of a synthetic chemical equipment, the metal electrodes are made of parallel plates. Furthermore, the kinds of liquid dielectrics and the functions provided to a pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device in order to control the liquid dielectrics are shown by the classification of industrial application. Such functions are liquid thickness adjustment function, function for opening/closing an insulating partition wall, pressurizing function, pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function, dielectric breakdown-inducing function, function for critical temperature control, coolant cooling function, thermoelectric element cooling function, function for supporting a moving wall, and charging control function. The variable capacitance capacitor is equipped with the pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device that has at least one of the above functions to control the liquid dielectric. And, finally, devices for industrial application equipment are listed.
As shown in
The flawless thin liquid capsule 6 that is a liquid dielectric thin layer 7, having ultra-high capacitance; interface control function that controls the interface state between the insulating fluid 1 and the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 by meniscus force; liquid pressurizing device 4 that injects or discharges the liquid dielectric 5 into or from the liquid dielectric thin layer 7; external pressure pressurizing device 8 that pressurizes or depressurizes the liquid dielectric thin layer between the positive and negative electrodes; withstand voltage control function 128 that controls the withstand voltage by expanding and contracting the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 by the external pressure pressurizing device 8; provided with the above listed, dielectric breakdown is induced or the withstand voltage is increased by the withstand voltage control function 128, which is the second element of the present disclosure.
Conventionally, a spacer was inserted between a pair of solid surfaces (plane plates) 2, 3 to increase the withstand voltage. However, an elastic spacer is required to vary the withstand voltage, and its control is complicated. Therefore, in the present disclosure, followings are provided; the insulating fluid pressurizing tool 9 to inject/discharge the insulating fluid 1 in contact with the outer wall of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7: the external pressure pressurizing device 8 to control the transition control function 29: cooling means (refrigerant, electronic refrigeration element) 135, 136 provided for cooling the space between the pair of solid surfaces when the transition control function 29 is applied to the supercritical state: a charger 12 to charge the capacitors between the positive and negative electrodes 10, 11 after setting a desired charging voltage with the withstand voltage control function 128: a charge/discharge control function 13 to repeat charging and discharging the liquid dielectric thin layer.
When electrostatic energy is consumed inside the liquid dielectric thin layer 7, after applying an electric charge to the liquid dielectric thin layer 7, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is made close to zero by the withstand voltage control function 128 and the interfacial tension control function, or a voltage equal to or greater than the withstand voltage is applied to the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 to induce dielectric breakdown, and the extremely short pulse heat generated by the dielectric breakdown can be used as a heat source for surface welding, or as a heat source for a volume expansion engine such as a reciprocating engine and a rotary engine, or a blasting device and a rocket engine, or for vaporizing the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 in a volume expansion device consisting of a buoyancy bag for mining deep-sea resources, or as a heat source for a synthetic chemical reaction between the vaporized gas generated by the extremely short pulse heat and a mixed gas. In particular, for engines that utilize the volume expansion of vaporized gas, the sealed electrode chamber that breaks down the liquid dielectric is relatively large to generate the desired vaporized gas in a short time, and the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter 145 that brings a metal plate (piston head 31) close to the positive and negative electrodes of the vaporized gas jet nozzle is most suitable to effectively induce localized dielectric breakdown (
On the other hand, when electrostatic energy is consumed outside the liquid dielectric thin layer 7, dielectric breakdown is strictly prohibited. The liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is thickened by the withstand voltage control function 128 and the interfacial tension control function and is charged in a state where the dielectric strength is set to a desired withstand voltage or higher, and thus, the electric charge accumulated can be used as a capacitor for a high-voltage DC power supply.
When the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is used for surface welding, pure water, oils, aromatic compounds, alcohols, etc. can be used. In particular, pure water has a high dielectric constant (ε=88) and high dielectric strength (70V/μ), making it the safest of all chemicals, and is a resource with no regional uneven distribution or depletion concerns. Pure water is versatile for surface welding, but oil can be used for absorbent base materials, hydrocarbons for plastic components, and silicone oil for ceramic components. For surface welding, dielectric breakdown is caused, so the magnitude of dielectric strength is irrelevant, and since the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is brought as close to 0 as possible, the capacitance becomes high, and the magnitude of the dielectric constant is not very relevant. Furthermore, the interfacial tension between a pair of solid surfaces and the liquid dielectric thin layer 7, and the interfacial tension between the insulator and the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 constitute the meniscus force. The liquid dielectric layer 7 formed by this meniscus force is considered to be a sealed container.
In addition, the insulator is an insulating fluid made of gas, air, insulating oil, alcohols, or aromatic compounds, or a solid insulator made of fluororesin, aromatic resin, mica, or quartz glass. However, it is strictly prohibited to use an insulating fluid and a liquid dielectric made of the same substance. The insulating fluid and solid insulator are necessary to prevent creeping discharge on the outer wall of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7.
This creeping discharge prevention is necessary for high-voltage DC
power supplies, and in the case of surface welding, the insulating fluid is air, and a strong liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is naturally formed. On the other hand, in the case of high-voltage DC power supplies, as in Non-Patent Literature 1, a solid insulator or insulating fluid 1 with high dielectric strength is required, but in the case of variable high-voltage DC power supplies, an insulating fluid 1 made of liquid is required. However, carbon tetrachloride (ε=2.2, 160 V/μ), benzene (ε=2.3, 150 V/μ), xylene (ε=2.3, 150 V/μ), carbon disulfide (ε=2.64, 140 V/μ), toluene (ε=2.39, 130 V/μ), nitrobenzene (ε=34.8, 130 V/μ), etc. have high dielectric strength but are toxic, and are not suitable for the insulating fluid 1. For this reason, it is considered best to use non-toxic glycerin (ε=47, 170 V/μ) or insulating oil 126 and select a liquid dielectric 5 with a dielectric strength close to that of the insulating oil 126. Considering these points, it is considered that the combination of pure water dielectric and insulating oil is optimal.
Furthermore, when used for vaporized gas volume expansion drive devices (reciprocating engines, rotary engines, rocket engines, blasting devices) and for buoyancy bag for mining seabed resources, liquefied gas is required, but a gas with a boiling point near room temperature and low liquefaction pressure is preferable. However, for gases that are difficult to vaporize in extremely cold environments, a mixed gas is used.
Pure water vaporizes at 100° C. to generate water vapor, which expands in volume by about 1,300 times; however, it condenses when it falls below its boiling point, and the volume expansion pressure is instantly reduced. Therefore, there is no need to dispose of water vapor when the ambient temperature is below 100° C. at 1 atmosphere. By utilizing these properties, there is no need for the pressurization process of vaporized gas (water vapor) to generate liquefied gas, and it is possible to cause dielectric breakdown in liquefied gas (pure water) at low pressure.
When used in variable high-voltage DC power supplies, nitrobenzene is attractive because of its high dielectric constant and high dielectric strength, but it is smelly and toxic, so from an industrial perspective, pure water or glycerin are more desirable.
The role of the charge/discharge control function 13 is to charge at high speed or discharge a large capacity of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7, to prevent over-discharging and promote recharging after discharge.
In the charging circuit of the charge/discharge control function 13, the charger 12, whose voltage is set according to the application, is connected in parallel with the first capacitor (C1) 16 of large capacitance via the first switch (S1) 14, and supplies power to the variable capacitance liquid dielectric capacitor 26, which is made of a liquid dielectric thin layer 7 that constitutes the device for each application.
The application of the charge/discharge control function 13 is divided into cases of dielectric breakdown induction and high voltage DC power supply.
When applied to dielectric breakdown induction, the second switch 15 is provided to connect the variable capacitance liquid dielectric capacitor 26 with the first capacitor (C1) 16.
In the case of a volume expansion engine that requires high-speed charging with frequent charging and discharging repeated, the first switch (S1) 14 is turned ON, and while charging the first capacitor (C1) 16, the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is rapidly charged with the charge of the first capacitor (C1) 16 with large capacitance, and the second switch (S2) 15 is turned OFF just before dielectric breakdown to prevent over-discharge of the first capacitor (C1) 16 due to the dielectric breakdown.
In the case of surface welding, which requires large-capacity discharge with relatively low frequency of charging and discharging, as shown in
When applied to a high-voltage DC power supply, as shown in
The present disclosure is the development of an electrode that induces instantaneous dielectric breakdown after holding a high charge in an appropriate amount of liquid dielectric, and induces dielectric breakdown by causing a peripheral effect due to the propagation of partial discharge. The positive and negative electrodes are made of metal and/or non-metal, and have any one of the following shapes; parallel plate electrodes: a coaxial cylindrical electrode: a coaxial circular surface electrode, comprising a coaxial multistage cylinder wherein a coaxial cone or a cone of the coaxial cone is replaced with a multistage cylinder: and, a coaxial concave/convex conical electrode, having a concave and convex surfaces of a concentric spherical electrode or a conical electrode as a pair.
To increase the dielectric breakdown energy, it is necessary to increase the capacitance (C=S ε/d) of the capacitors sandwiching the liquid dielectric thin layer 6 and to reduce the dielectric strength of the liquid dielectric 5 and the thin layer. For this reason, the contact area(S) between the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 and the electrode surfaces (solid surfaces) 2, 3 is made extremely large, and the thickness (d) of the liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is made extremely small, thereby increasing the dielectric constant (ε). The feature of this disclosure is to increase the dielectric constant by liquefying the gas. Furthermore, the shapes of the opposing surfaces of the electrode surfaces (solid surfaces) are made one-, two-, or three-dimensional.
Schematic diagrams of parallel plate electrodes and coaxial cylindrical/conical electrodes are shown in
1) In the case of one-dimensional parallel plate electrodes (a), when a charge Q[C] is applied, the electric field strength is ε=Q/ε [V/m], the potential difference between the electrodes is V=Qd/ε S [V], and the capacitance is C=εS/d [F].
2) In the case of two-dimensional coaxial cylindrical electrodes (d), when the radius of the inner cylinder is a and the radius of the outer cylinder is b, and a charge λ [C/m] is applied, the electric field strength is ε=λ/2π ε r [V/m], Vab=λ/2π ε ln b/a [V], and the capacitance is C=2π ε/ln b/a [F].
3) In the case of three-dimensional concentric spheres, with an inner sphere of radius a and an outer sphere of radius b, and when a charge Q[C] is given, the electric field strength is E=Q/4π εr2 [V/m], Vab=Q(1/a−1/b)/4π ε [V], and the capacitance is C=4π ε (ab/(b−a)) [F].
It is noteworthy here that the electric field strength is 1/r2 for the sphere in 3) and 1/r for the cylindrical surface in 2), and when (r) becomes small, the electric field strength becomes extremely large, causing a dielectric breakdown, and this localized dielectric breakdown is expected to trigger the vaporization of the entire liquid dielectric thin layer.
Regarding the electric field strength distribution for each electrode structure, as shown in
In the coaxial cylindrical/conical electrodes of
Among these electrode structures, the coaxial cylindrical electrode (d) has the greatest amount of liquid dielectric. Therefore, in the present disclosure, the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter 145 as in
A gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter is proposed as an alternative to the spark gap used as a gas ignition device in conventional internal combustion engines. As shown in
The igniter has the electrodes which are made of metal, and is so constructed that the insulating partition wall is covered with a solid material, and a gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter 145 with the inlet for the liquid dielectric and the jet nozzle for a vaporized gas that are one and the same or a coaxial cylindrical electrode 172 with the inlet for the liquid dielectric and the jet nozzle for the vaporized gas that are separate, and the electrode construction is such that the amount of the liquid dielectric enough to create a desired pressure in state of an expanded gas is filled in the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter, and dielectric breakdown is caused instantaneously.
1) In case that the inlet for the liquid dielectric and the jet nozzle for the vaporized gas are one and the same, the igniter is one of the following gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniters:
2) In case that the jet nozzle for the vaporized gas and the inlet for the liquid dielectric are separate, as shown in
The welding of the present disclosure, unlike general welding, is instantaneous intermolecular bonding that is not affected by the thermal diffusivity or thermal conductivity of the materials to be welded. Therefore, the materials to be welded are not limited to the type of metal, and it is also possible to weld non-metals together or metals and non-metals together. The welding principle is that a capacitor with a liquid dielectric between the surfaces of the materials to be welded is formed, the equivalent circuit is a composite dielectric capacitor with a solid dielectric or metal between positive and negative collector electrodes, a liquid dielectric is sandwiched between the surfaces of the materials to be welded, and breakdown is caused in the liquid dielectric, and thus, the pulse heat generated completes welding. The shape of the materials to be welded is a parallel plate or coaxial concave/convex conical electrode, the non-metallic materials are ceramics, high molecular materials, wood, paper, rubber, paint, or plastics, and pure water, oil or alcohol is used as the liquid dielectric. The liquid dielectric sandwiched between the materials to be welded is a variable capacitance capacitor that is regarded as a sealed electrode chamber covered by a wall of atmospheric air due to the meniscus force. With the variable capacitance capacitor charged, the gap between the positive and negative electrodes is shortened by the pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device until just before a short circuit to cause dielectric breakdown, and pressure application is continued until the completion of welding, even after the breakdown, whereby it is characterized.
In
The liquid dielectric thin layer 7 is sandwiched between a pair of solid surfaces 2, 3 between positive and negative electrodes, and an electric charge is applied between the positive and negative electrodes while the positive and negative electrodes are compressed by an external pressure pressurizing device 8. The liquid dielectric thin layer is irradiated with microwaves or evacuated/reduced pressure to induce dielectric breakdown, and intermolecular welding can be performed.
When the liquefied gas is sealed in a container and a strong electric field is applied, a liquefied gas vaporizes and expands to generate a pressure 250 to 1000 times as large as the original pressure. The device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas is used in rockets and blasting devices. The device to apply this strong electric field is the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter. After a gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature, made of heteronuclear diatomic molecules with a critical temperature of 273K or higher, is enclosed in the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter, and the insulating partition wall is sealed with the function for opening/closing the insulating partition wall, breakdown is caused in the liquid dielectric by applying a voltage higher than its dielectric strength, and the jet gas generated by dielectric breakdown is converted into thrust power of rockets or explosive power of blasting devices; which is the device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas.
The device for instantaneously jetting expanded gas is equipped with at least one gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter, and pure water or a gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature is enclosed in the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter (sealed electrode chamber). In the case of a blasting device, the liquefied gas is completely sealed. And, in the case of a rocket engine, the gas jet nozzle is covered with the pressurizing valve having a reaction pressure lower than the critical pressure of the liquefied gas, the pressurizing valve can be opened by the exhaust gas pressure of the vaporized gas, higher than the critical pressure of the liquefied gas, and the nozzle is provided in the rear portion of the pressurizing valve. After this liquid dielectric is charged, a voltage equal to or greater than the dielectric strength is applied to cause breakdown in the liquid dielectric, and thus, the exhaust pressure of the vaporized gas having an expanded volume is converted into energy.
The engine device of the present disclosure is an engine that does not involve the combustion of fuel and air, and does not consume fuel, unlike conventional engines. The operating principle is that a dielectric breakdown is caused in a gas that liquefies under pressure at the room temperature, and the volumetric expansion of the gas generated by vaporization is used as the driving force, and part of the driving force is used to pressurize the vaporized gas and re-liquefy it. This is an engine that repeats this operation, and it is desirable that the liquefied gas for the engine is a gas at room temperature, simply liquefied by compressing, has a high dielectric constant, and has a high-volume expansion ratio between the liquefied gas and the vaporized gas.
These liquefied gases, in order of low compression, are butane (2.1 atm), sulfurous acid gas (3.2 atm), propane (8.5 atm), ammonia (8.7 atm), chlorine (10 atm), carbon dioxide (20 atm), and fluorocarbon gas (40 atm). Liquefied gases with a high-volume expansion ratio between the liquefied gas and the vaporized gas are ammonia (890 times), butane (240 times), propane (320 times), chlorine (460 times), and carbon dioxide (520 times).
Considering these, butane and ammonia are the most suitable. On the other hand, pure water (1240 times, 0 atm) becomes water vapor at 100° C. or higher and has a high-volume expansion ratio, and condenses below 100° C., making it an attractive liquefied gas that does not require pressurization. When these characteristics are considered, butane, propane, ammonia, carbon dioxide or pure water is optimal as a gas that liquefies under pressure at room temperature.
This engine device is a reciprocating engine or a rotary engine, equipped with a gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter and a pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function for converting the vaporized gas expanded during evaporation into drive power.
Of the reciprocating engine, the positive and negative electrodes are composed of parallel plate electrodes that one of the electrodes is the cylinder face, a fixed component, and the other is the piston head, and the piston head comes close to the cylinder face to induce dielectric breakdown, and at least one of the coaxial circular electrodes consisting of the coaxial cylindrical electrode, the coaxial conical electrode, or said coaxial multistage cylindrical electrode, which is provided either on the cylinder face, a fixed component, or on the piston head, a moving component, and the piston head comes close to the face of the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter to induce dielectric breakdown.
In particular, this disclosure proposes a double-acting reciprocating engine in which two reciprocating engines are arranged in series and share a piston. This double-acting reciprocating engine is characterized by having the first and the second gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chambers 41, 42, equipped with at least one gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter at each end of the cylinder, that sandwich the first and second piston faces, and by performing the following operations in conjunction: expanding the liquefied gas during evaporation in the first gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chamber 41, compressing the first piston face, transmitting the driving force out of the system by the interlocked connection rod, and simultaneously compressing the second piston face to liquefy the gas in the second gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chamber 42.
Rotary engines include a rotary engine with a circular rotor and a rotary engine with a triangular rotor. The rotary engine with a circular rotor is characterized by having at least one coaxial cylindrical electrode on the rotor face, a moving component, and the housing face, a fixed component, and the rotor face, a moving component, come close together to induce dielectric breakdown. In the rotary engine with a triangular rotor, one method is that at least one coaxial cylindrical electrode is placed vertically on the surface where the curvature of the housing face, a fixed component, agrees with that of the rotor face, and the rotor face, a moving component, comes close to induce dielectric breakdown, and another method is that at least one coaxial cylindrical electrode is placed vertically on the surface where the curvature of the rotor face, a moving component, agrees with that of the housing face, and the cocoon-shaped housing face, a fixed component, and the rotor face, a moving component, come close together to induce dielectric breakdown.
Conventional rotary engines require machining of the rotor into a triangle and the housing into a cocoon-shaped trochoidal curve, but the rotary engine with a circular rotor has a rotor and housing that are both circular, making machining easier. This rotary engine with a circular rotor can be classified into two: a cam-type rotary engine equipped with at least one vane on the stator housing side, and a vane-type rotary engine equipped with two vanes on the rotor side. In the vane-type rotary engine, a coaxial cylindrical electrode with an inlet and a jet nozzle being separate is provided as a gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter on the housing surface side; in the cam-type rotary engine, a gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter whose inlet for the liquid dielectric and jet nozzle for the vaporized gas are one and the same is provided on the rotor surface side.
The double-acting reciprocating engine can be used in a linear generator and a dielectric heating device wherein the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function device is provided with a magnet, a heating/cooling device wherein said pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function interlocks with a pump for adiabatically expanding or adiabatically compressing gas for heating/cooling, an air jet wherein the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function interlocks with a pump for adiabatically expanding or adiabatically compressing atmospheric air, a water jet wherein the pressure-exerting/drive-transmission function interlocks with a pump for adiabatically expanding or adiabatically compressing seawater, lake water, and river water, and a generator wherein the piston head in the cylinder of the double-acting reciprocating engine 63 is replaced with a magnet and a coil is provided on the outer wall of the cylinder.
In particular, the power generation by the double-acting reciprocating engine 63 of the present disclosure is highly energy efficient because it does not convert a magnetic field into rotational motion, but directly converts it into electrical energy.
As shown in
As shown in
The feature of the present disclosure is nothing but a variable capacitance capacitor that changes the thickness (d) of the liquid dielectric thin layer. The capacitor continues to charge until just before a short circuit occurs between the two electrodes due to dielectric breakdown by the charge/discharge control function 13, and dielectric breakdown occurs at the moment when the liquid dielectric thin layer has the maximum capacitance. As shown in
The rotary engine of the present disclosure, which does not involve combustion, does not have carbon deposits, and so does not experience compression loss; it is considered to be an optimal engine that overcomes the shortcomings of conventional rotary engines.
As shown in
The housing 45 as in
In the cam-type rotary engine of
In the vane-type rotary engine of
To lift up seabed resources, water pressure must be overcome. For example, the water pressure at a depth of 10,000 m is 1,000 atmospheres, so to raise 1 ton of ore underwater, a 1 m3 buoyancy bag must be filled with gas at 1,000 atmospheres. However, once the ascent begins, the hydrostatic pressure decreases in proportion to the decrease in depth, and the volume of the buoyancy bag increases, allowing the towing load of ore to also increase. In other words, if the volume of the buoyancy bag is increased slightly while maintaining a pressure equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the volume-variable buoyancy bag at the start of the ascent, the ore can be lifted to the surface without consuming mechanical energy.
Due to this relationship between hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy, if a buoyancy bag is placed halfway between the surface and the seabed, and towed with a long rope, a heavy object can be raised with a relatively small internal pressure of the buoyancy bag.
In the present disclosure, in order to instantly produce a large amount of high-pressure gas in the sea, the high hydrostatic pressure of the deep sea is utilized to compress the buoyancy gas and produce a liquefied gas (heteronuclear diatomic molecules or homonuclear diatomic molecules). By causing dielectric breakdown in the liquefied gas, a large quantity of the buoyancy gas is produced; which is repeated at high frequency. The gas is forced into the buoyancy bag 110, the volume of the buoyancy bag 110 is reduced while maintaining a pressure equal to the hydrostatic pressure, and the descent continues to the seabed. At the seabed, a pressure equivalent to the buoyancy is forced into the buoyancy bag 110 by the time the loading of useful minerals is completed, and then the ascent begins. As it rises, the volume-variable buoyancy bag spontaneously expands and the buoyancy increases. Here, the volume of the buoyancy bag 110 is fixed, and the gas in the buoyancy bag is liquefied to reduce the gas pressure in the bag to adjust the buoyancy and ascending speed.
For example, when nitrogen gas is liquefied, its volume is reduced by 1/650 times, and hydrogen by 1/790 times.
The buoyancy device for mining seabed resources is a device wherein a liquified gas made of heteronuclear diatomic molecules or homonuclear diatomic molecules is injected into the gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter 145 as a dielectric breakdown-inducing electrode, and then, dielectric breakdown is very frequently repeated, and thus, a large amount of vaporized gas made of the heteronuclear diatomic molecules or the homonuclear diatomic molecules having pressure higher than hydrostatic pressure is instantaneously filled in the buoyancy bag 110, and moreover, in order to suppress the volume expansion of the buoyancy bag 110 during ascending, the vaporized gas, after having being filled in, is liquefied while maintaining balance between the internal pressure of the buoyancy bag 110 and the hydrostatic pressure.
The buoyancy device for mining seabed resources is equipped with function for adjusting balance between the internal pressure of a buoyancy bag and hydrostatic pressure. When using said device, a vaporized gas, made of at least one of the following liquefied gases, expanded during evaporation, is injected in the buoyancy bag 110, and the balance between the internal pressure of the buoyancy bag and the hydrostatic pressure is adjusted during descending to and ascending from the seabed:
At a depth of 10,000 m, the water pressure is 1,000 atmospheres. To bring up seabed resources from this depth, the internal pressure of the buoyancy bag 110 needs to be more than 1,000 atmospheres. If the buoyancy bag starts to rise in this state, as the depth becomes shallower, the external pressure of the buoyancy bag decreases at a rate of 0.1 atmospheres per meter, and the volume of the buoyancy bag 110 expands by 0.1 times per meter, and the volume becomes 1,000 times larger when it reaches the surface. The volume of the buoyancy bag 110 can be increased or decreased by several times by controlling the volume with the buoyancy bag volume adjustment device 111, but to control the volume 1,000 times large requires a huge buoyancy bag, which is uneconomical.
The internal and external pressures of the buoyancy bag 110 change according to the depth. In this disclosure, therefore, in order to keep the internal and external pressures of the buoyancy bag 110 constant, the volume change in the buoyancy bag 110 is totally eliminated by liquefying a part of the heteronuclear diatomic molecules or homonuclear diatomic molecules in the buoyancy bag 110 (
If the gas is hydrogen, as shown in
To surface 1 ton of ore underwater, a buoyancy bag with a volume of 1 m3 must be filled with gas of 1,000 atmospheres. Here, a method is proposed to produce a large volume of buoyancy gas in a short time under high pressure in the deep sea by using a double-acting reciprocating engine.
As shown in
Conventional batteries have low electromotive force, and are of a short service life due to chemical reactions and heavy. In contrast, capacitors (variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength) only store electrons, do not undergo chemical reactions, and are light in weight. Moreover, high-voltage discharge is possible by expanding the distance between the electrodes of the capacitor, and voltage can be varied by changing the distance between the electrodes after charging. If a liquid dielectric with a high dielectric constant and high dielectric strength is used, it is of much practical use as an on-board power supply for automobiles.
In the variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength, the positive and negative electrodes of the sealed electrode chamber are metal electrodes composed of parallel plates or a coaxial cone; a liquid dielectric with high dielectric strength is filled between the positive and negative electrodes, and the gap between the electrodes is widened by a pressure-giving/pressure-receiving device, and thus, a variable capacitance capacitor can be charged with a high voltage. The liquid dielectrics with a high dielectric constant and high dielectric strength are pure water, alcohols, and aromatic compounds.
In the present disclosure, as shown in
The parallel-connected capacitors are variable capacitance liquid dielectric capacitors in which a pair of plane plates are made of metal. As shown in the schematic diagram of
As shown in
In a variable high voltage power supply with high dielectric strength, the dielectric strength of the gas in the insulating fluid 1 is low, and creeping discharge may occur. Therefore, in a high voltage DC power supply that requires high dielectric strength, the insulating fluid 1 is made of a liquid, and an interfacial tension conversion isolation membrane 119 made of a water-repellent porous fluororesin membrane 120 is provided to change the interfacial tension between the liquid dielectric 5 and the insulating fluid 1.
In the present disclosure, as a means for increasing the dielectric strength, an elastic outer wall 118 is provided in the boundary between the insulating fluid 1 and the liquid dielectric thin layers 5, 6, 7, and in order to prevent the insulting fluid 1 from getting into the space between a pair of plane plates and to form a sealed container that encloses the liquid dielectric thin layers 5, 6, 7, the first hydrophobic porous fluororesin film 121 with water repellency and oil repellency is provided as a partition film/outer wall of sealed container 123. And the second hydrophobic porous fluororesin film 122 is provided as a partition film/insulating fluid inlet 124 for injecting the liquid dielectric 5 into the liquid dielectric thin layers 5, 6, 7, and the liquid dielectric 5 is injected/discharged by the liquid pressurizing device 4 through the second hydrophobic porous fluororesin film 122. Furthermore, the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layers 5, 6, 7 is increased to a desired dielectric strength by utilizing the water repellency and the difference in water-resisting pressure of the hydrophobic porous fluororesin film 121, and then, the insulating fluid 1 is permeated into the hydrophobic porous fluororesin film 121 using the insulating fluid pressurizing device 9 to prevent creeping discharge, which is the high voltage DC power supply.
To perform welding, it is desirable for the materials to be welded to have low thermal diffusivity and low melting point. Another condition was that the diffusivity and melting point of the pair of materials to be welded were close to each other. Therefore, the diffusivity and melting point of metals, ceramics, and plastics were measured as typical materials to be welded; the results are shown in
Pure water was sandwiched between a stainless steel plate (κ: 405) with low thermal diffusivity and a copper plate (κ: 11,300) with high thermal diffusivity, and after charging at DC=20V, a load of 0.5 MPa was further applied to perform surface welding of the stainless steel and copper.
Pure water was sandwiched between two synthetic quartz plates (κ: 141) with low thermal diffusivity, and after charging at DC=200V, a load of 0.5 MPa was further applied to perform surface welding of the synthetic quartz.
Pure water was sandwiched between a fluororesin plate (PTFE) (κ: 11) with low thermal diffusivity and polypropylene (PP) (κ: 6.4), and after charging at DC=20V, a load of 0.5 MPa was further applied to perform surface welding of the PTFE and PP.
To prevent the double-acting reciprocating engine 63 from bursting due to the volume expansion drive device of the vaporized gas, gas is supplied from the first gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chamber 41 to the second gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chamber 42 via a bypass for replenishing vaporized gas 35 (
The bypass for replenishing vaporized gas 35 supplies the high-pressure gas whose volume has been expanded in one of the vaporized gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chambers 41, 42 to the other chamber. The bypass has such engine structure as: which is provided with a valve function using a piston 31 that cuts off the supply of vaporized gas 44 while liquefied gas 43 is being generated in one of the vaporized gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode chambers, and a variable volume gas reservoir 56 equipped with a piston head 55 with a spring 54 in the bypass 35 in order to prevent the engine from bursting due to the volume expansion of the vaporized gas, and at least one gas pressure shock absorber (for shock prevention) 53 that has the function of pushing out the vaporized gas 44 trapped in the variable volume gas reservoir 56 to the other vaporized gas jet dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter electrode. When the electrodes are a hemi-concave spherical surface as one electrode and a hemi-convex spherical surface as the other electrode, the double-acting reciprocating engine 63, 148 as in
Two types of marine propulsion equipment 90 were made on an experimental basis, as shown in
A parallel plate double-acting reciprocating engine 63 as shown in
A cam-type rotary engine was fabricated using an aluminum housing (250×250×50) as shown in
As shown in
Since the critical temperatures of gases such as nitrogen and air are −147.1° C. for nitrogen, −118.4° C. for oxygen, and −140.7° C. for air, propane gas (melting point: −190° C., boiling point:−45° C., critical temperature: +96.8° C., critical pressure: 4.25 MPa), which has a boiling point and a critical temperature higher than those of these gases, was used as the first supercritical fluid 115. Propane gas has a high critical temperature of +96.8° C., so when pressurized at room temperature, it begins to liquefy at 0.86 MPa. As shown in
The device shown in
As shown in
As shown in
It is possible to perform synthetic chemical reactions by causing dielectric breakdown in multiple kinds of gas. In the synthetic chemical reaction equipment as in
As shown in
As shown in
By causing dielectric breakdown in the charged liquid dielectric layer, the volume expansion of the vaporized gas generated made it possible to create an engine that does not involve combustion and does not require refueling. By applying a charge to the liquid dielectric layer sandwiched between the materials to be welded and further applying pressure, intermolecular force surface welding was made possible. Furthermore, by increasing the thickness of the liquid dielectric layer and increasing the withstand voltage, an on-board variable high voltage capacitance capacitor for vehicles was made possible.
Liquefied natural gas has brought about energy hegemonism and environmental destruction. This liquefied natural gas is, however, a liquid dielectric which can be liquefied easily by applying pressure at room temperature, expands in volume by more than 250 times when vaporized, and has a relatively high dielectric constant and a relatively low withstand voltage. As a capacitor, this liquid dielectric is regarded; the energy of the liquid dielectric capacitor is consumed inside the capacitor for use in engines, welding, or producing buoyancy gas, or consumed outside the capacitor for use as an on-board capacitor for a vehicle.
The liquid dielectric capacitor is considered to be a dielectric breakdown-inducing igniter as an alternative to the conventional spark plug. In order to utilize the principle of this igniter as an energy source for an engine, a welding device or a gas production device for a buoyancy bag used to lift off seabed resources, an electric charge is applied to a liquid dielectric thin layer, then the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is brought close to zero to cause dielectric breakdown, or the thickness of the liquid dielectric thin layer is increased to create a high voltage source for an on-board capacitor for a vehicle. Thus, a world without environmental destruction is achieved.
The description of the present disclosure is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the substance of the present disclosure are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-129755 | Aug 2022 | JP | national |
This application is a Continuation Application of PCT Application No. PCT/JP2023/029586, filed Aug. 16, 2023 and based upon and claiming the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-129755, filed Aug. 16, 2022, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2023/029586 | Aug 2023 | WO |
| Child | 19056126 | US |
