INERT SIMULATED BLASTING CAP

Abstract

A simulated blasting cap includes a tube and an explosive simulant disposed within the tube. The explosive simulant includes one or more inert components and has a density substantially similar to an explosive material. The simulated blasting cap further includes a bridge wire disposed within the tube.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Aspects and embodiments of the present invention are generally directed to inert materials and apparatus which simulate the look, feel, and/or X-ray response of explosive materials or devices such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs) or other potentially harmful devices. The inert materials and apparatus may be utilized for training of persons to identify actual harmful devices or testing X-ray devices and other instruments.

2. Discussion of Related Art

In numerous locations, most notably airports and other transportation hubs, packages, for example, passenger luggage may be screened for the presence of explosives, improvised explosive devices, or other potentially harmful devices. The screening process is often accomplished by the use of X-ray scanners. X-ray scanners may identify explosive materials by the density of the material and/or the effective atomic number (Z_eff).

The two mechanisms primarily responsible for X-Ray attenuation at the energy levels typically utilized by explosive detection equipment are photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering. The photoelectric effect attenuates X-Ray transmission by absorption of incident X-Ray photons and resultant emission of a photoelectron and corresponding X-Ray. Compton scattering attenuates X-Ray transmission by inelastic scattering of incident X-Ray photons, resulting in a recoil electron and an emitted photon with lower energy. The attenuation of transmitted X-Rays is dominated by the photoelectric effect for elements with high atomic numbers whereas the attenuation by Compton scattering is dominant for elements with lower atomic numbers.

Compared to the photoelectric effect, the attenuation due to Compton scattering is relatively invariant with respect to incident X-Ray energy. Thus, detectors utilizing multi-energy X-Rays can distinguish materials of different atomic numbers based on the relative contributions of Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption on the overall absorption. Additional information about the density of the material may be inferred from the absorption of the high energy photons. In contrast with lower energy X-Rays, the absorption of high energy X-Rays are primarily due to Compton scattering which is roughly proportional to mass per cross sectional area. Algorithms may be put in place to automatically discriminate between materials which share characteristics (effective atomic number and density) with explosive materials and those that do not, thereby aiding in the detection. These X-ray scanners may sound an alarm or otherwise provide an indication of the suspected explosive material so that a trained agent may make a further investigation and respond accordingly. The X-ray scanners may identify different suspected explosive materials by different colors on a display.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a simulated explosive material. The simulated explosive material comprises or consists of one or more inert components that has a density and effective atomic number (Z_eff) substantially similar to an explosive material. The simulated explosive material is configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of the explosive material when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include brown sugar.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of brown sugar and one or more of corn syrup, baking soda, water, or oil. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of dynamite when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of confectioner sugar and one or more of corn starch or corn syrup. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of one of dynamite or PE-4 when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of baking soda and one or more of corn syrup, corn starch, water, oil, or paraffin wax. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of one of Semtex, C-4, TNT, or a plastic explosive when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of corn starch, baking soda, water, and oil. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of a plastic explosive when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of one of PE-4, TNT, nitroglycerine, or C-4 when scanned in an X-ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include cane sugar.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include one of black sand or charcoal.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of polymeric materials of varying molecular weights. These materials may include but are not limited to polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinylchloride and, polyvinyl acetate. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of a variety of explosives when scanned in an X-Ray scanner.

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of glycerin, corn starch, alumina, hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the one or more inert components further includes a colorant, for example food coloring or paint. In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of water, charcoal, sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂).

In some embodiments, the one or more inert components include a mixture of oxides and/or nitrides. These materials may include but are not limited to Boron Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Oxide, aluminosilicates, Boron Nitride, Carbon Nitride, and/or other organic or inorganic ceramic materials. The simulated explosive material may be configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of a variety of explosives when scanned in an X-Ray scanner.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a simulated IED Circuit Kit. The simulated IED circuit Kit comprises an explosive simulant comprising or consisting of one or more inert components and having a density and/or Z_eff substantially similar to an explosive material, a simulated blasting cap adjacent to the explosive simulant, a trigger switch, and a power source.

In some embodiments, the trigger switch includes one or more of a mousetrap switch, a clothespin switch, a wireless doorbell receiver, a vibration switch, a reed switch, a dummy cell phone, a two-way radio, a cordless telephone, a passive infrared receiver, a pair of saw blades, a pressure activated micro switch, a tilt switch, a mercury switch, a digital clock, a mechanical clock, a kitchen timer, a servo motor, a temperature switch, a photo cell, or a wire loop switch.

In some embodiments, the explosive simulant includes one of a mixture of brown sugar and one or more of corn syrup, baking soda, water, and oil, a mixture of baking soda and one or more of corn syrup, corn starch, water, oil, and paraffin wax, a mixture of confectioner sugar and one or more of corn starch and corn syrup, a mixture of glycerin, corn starch, alumina, and hydrogen peroxide, a mixture of corn starch, baking soda, water, and oil, and a mixture corn starch, water, and oil.

In some embodiments, the explosive simulant includes one of brown sugar and cane sugar.

In some embodiments, the explosive simulant includes one of black sand or charcoal.

In some embodiments, the simulated IED Circuit Kit further comprises an arming switch in electrical communication between the power source and the simulated blasting cap.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a simulated blasting cap. The simulated blasting cap comprises a tube and an explosive simulant disposed within the tube. The explosive simulant comprises or consists of one or more inert components having a density and/or Z_eff substantially similar to an explosive material. The simulated blasting cap further comprises a bridge wire disposed within the tube.

In some embodiments, the explosive simulant may include a wooden dowel or a polymer, such as PTFE, rod.

In some embodiments, the simulated blasting cap further comprises a metal sleeve disposed within the tube.

In some embodiments, the simulated blasting cap further comprises a lead wire disposed within the tube.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a Threat Screening Kit. The Threat Screening Kit comprises a simulated blasting cap including an explosive simulant, a power source, and a trigger mechanism in electrical communication between the simulated blasting cap and the power source.

In some embodiments, the simulated blasting cap includes a metal sleeve disposed within a tube.

In some embodiments, the simulated blasting cap includes a lead wire disposed within a tube.

In some embodiments, the trigger mechanism includes one or more of a mousetrap switch, a clothespin switch, a wireless doorbell receiver, a vibration switch, a reed switch, a cell phone dummy, a two-way radio, a cordless telephone, a passive infrared receiver, a pair of saw blades, a pressure activated micro switch, a tilt switch, a mercury switch, a digital clock, a mechanical clock, a kitchen timer, a servo motor, a temperature switch, a photo cell, and a wire loop switch.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates the components of an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a package for an explosive simulant;

FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment of a label for a package including an explosive simulant;

FIG. 3B illustrates an embodiment of a label for a package including an explosive simulant;

FIG. 3C illustrates an embodiment of a label for a package including an explosive simulant;

FIG. 4A illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 5B illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 25 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 26 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 27 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit;

FIG. 28 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated blasting cap;

FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated blasting cap;

FIG. 30 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated blasting cap;

FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of a simulated blasting cap;

FIG. 32 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 33 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 34 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 35 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 36 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 37 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 38 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 39 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 40 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 41 illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 42A illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 42B illustrates an embodiment of a Threat Screening Kit;

FIG. 43 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 44 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 45 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 46 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 47 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 48 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 49A illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 49B illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 50 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 51 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 52A illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 52B illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 53 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 54 illustrates an embodiment of a Mail Threat Kit;

FIG. 55 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 56A illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 56B illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 57 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 58 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 59A illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 59B illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 60A illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 60B illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 61 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly;

FIG. 62 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly; and

FIG. 63 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive simulant assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects and embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof.

It has been discovered that many explosive materials may be simulated by one or more non-explosive and inert materials or mixtures thereof, which in some instances may be sufficiently harmless to not require a material safety data sheet (MSDS) when provided by a supplier to a customer. These inert material mixtures may have densities and/or Z_eff sufficiently close to the explosive material which they simulate so that an X-ray scanner may produce an output signal consistent with the presence of the simulated explosive material when scanning the inert material. Many X-ray scanners provide a standardized set of colors categorizing materials of different effective atomic numbers. The inert materials may be designed to cause an X-ray scanner to classify the inert material mixtures with the same colors as the explosive materials which they are intended to simulate. The inert material mixtures may also be used to simulate explosive materials in other forms of scanners, for example, backscattering or computed tomography scanner systems. These inert material mixtures may also be colored, for example, by the addition of food coloring, and textured in a similar manner as the explosive material which they are intended to simulate. Examples of various inert materials and material mixtures and the explosive materials which they may simulate are listed in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1
			Density
Explosive name	Abbreviation	Zeff	(g/cm3)	Simulant Material(s)
ANFO	ANFO	~7	0.8	Low grade Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
				with Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS
				and food coloring
Hexamethylene triperoxide	HMTD	7.0	0.88	HMTD Simulant
diamine
Amonium Nitrate	AN	7.4	0.9	Low grade AN
Ammonium Nitrate	Dynamite		1.02	Dark Brown Sugar
Nitroglycerin Dynamite
Kinestick	Binary		1.1
Nitromethene	NM	7.4	1.13	Sugar, Salt and Water
Sensitized Nitromethane	PLX	7.3	1.13	PLX Simulant
(95% Nitromethane, 5% EDA)
Hydrogen Peroxide (30%)		7.6	1.13	Hydrogen Peroxide Simulant
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide	MEKP	6.7	1.17	Sugar, Salt and Water
Acetone Peroxide	AP or TATP	6.7	1.18	TAPT simulant
Nitrocellulose	NC	7.1	1.2
Apcogel B-1 ® (Semi-Gel)	Dynamite		1.26	Dark Brown Sugar
Extra Gelatin Nitroglycerin	Dynamite		1.3
Dynamite
Semtex 1A	SEMTEX	7.1	1.42	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Paraffin
Semtex 1H	SEMTEX	7.4	1.43	Wax, Water, and Vegetable Oil or
Semtex 10	SEMTEX	7.3	1.43	Corn Starch, Baking Soda, Basic
60% Extra Gelatin	Dynamite		1.43	initiator, and glycerin
Detasheet		7.0	1.41	Acrylic polymer blend of various
Primasheet 1000		7.1	1.44	Acrylate monomers and Baking
FLEX X M118		7.1	1.44	Soda
Nitroglycol	EGDN	7.4	1.48	Sugar, Salt and Water
PE-4	PE-4	7.4	1.5	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil or Corn Starch,
				Baking Soda, Basic initiator and
				glycerin
Ethyl picrate		7.0	1.55	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
TNT/RDX Booster	Booster		1.56	Water, and Oil
Methyl picrate		7.1	1.57	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Urea nitrate	UN	7.3	1.59	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Nitroglycerine	NG	7.4	1.59	Sugar, Salt and Water
1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene	TNB	7.1	1.6	Sugar, Salt and Water or
				Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin, depending
				on phase
Trinitrotoluene	TNT	7.1	1.6	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil
Ammonium Picrate	Dunnite	7.1	1.72	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil
Erythritol Tetranitrate	ETN	7.5	1.6	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Primasheet 2000		7.1	1.62	Acrylic polymer blend and Baking
				Soda
Trinitrocresol		7.1	1.62	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Composition #4 C-4	C-4	7.5	1.64	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil or Corn Starch,
				Baking Soda, Basic initiator (a
				Chemical that initiates base
				catalyzed polymerization,) and
				glycerin
Ethylenedinitramine	EDNA	7.1	1.65	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Picric acid	TNP	7.2	1.7	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Pentaerythritoltetranitrate	PETN	7.4	1.7	PETN Simulant
Nitroguanidine	NQ	7.1	1.7	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Tetryl		7.2	1.71	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil
1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-	TATNB	7.1	1.71	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
trinitrobenzene				detergent and Glycerin
Trinitroaniline	TNA	7.1	1.72	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Comp B TNT/RDX/wax	Comp B	7.3	1.72	Baking Soda, Corn Starch, Wax,
				Water, and Oil or Corn Starch,
				Baking Soda, Basic initiator, and
				glycerin
Mannitol hexanitrate	MHN	7.5	1.73	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Picryl chloride		9.9	1.74	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine	RDX	7.6	1.76	RDX Simulant
Triaminotrinitrobenzene	TATB	7.1	1.8	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
				detergent and Glycerin
Cyclotetramethylene-	HMX	7.2	1.91	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
tetranitramine				detergent and Glycerin
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane	HNIW or CL-	7.3	2.04	Polyethylene, Baking Soda, Powder
	20			detergent and Glycerin
Potassium Chlorate		15.5	2.34	Sodium and potassium chloride
Aluminum metal		13	2.7	Various metal oxides
Lead styphnate		59.9	3.02	Lead
Silver azide		41.1	4
Mercury fulminate		69.2	4.42
Lead azide		71.1	4.71

Table 1 lists the densities and effective atomic numbers of various explosive materials with the corresponding abbreviations and various products using these materials. Examples of inert materials and inert material mixtures which may be used to simulate the explosive materials, for example, by closely matching their densities and/or effective atomic numbers (Z_eff) are listed in the rightmost column. In some embodiments, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) may be included as an additional ingredient in one or more of the formulations listed above. The BHT may function as a preservative for the materials included in one or more of the formulations listed above. Further, coloring agents, for example, food coloring, may be added to various of the formulations listed above so that the inert materials and/or inert material mixtures may closely match both the look and feel of an explosive material which they are intended to mimic.

Z_eff may be calculated according to the formula

$Z_{\mathrm{eff}}=\sum _i{\left({\alpha }_i·Z_i^{n-1}\right)}^{\frac{1}{n-1}}$

where Z_i is the atomic number of element i, α_i is the fraction of the total electrons contained by element i and n is a weighting factor equal to, for example, 3.9. Some references may utilize slightly different values of n when calculating Z_eff for a material or may use a different formula.

EXAMPLES

A number of simulant mixtures may be prepared. These mixtures may be packaged in cardboard tubes, plastic tubes, vacuum sealed plastic film, or other packages. The densities of the simulant mixtures were measured and types of explosive for which the simulant mixtures would be useful in simulating were identified.

Mix 1A:

Dark brown sugar (e.g. Domino™ Dark Brown Sugar)Density of mixture: 1.0 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “El Blasto” dynamite simulant.

Mix 1B:

Dark brown sugar (e.g. Domino™ Dark Brown Sugar): 900 gCorn Syrup (e.g. Karo™ Red Label 16 oz. Light Syrup): 50 gDensity of mixture: 1.1 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Ammonium Dynamite” simulant.

Mix 1C:

Dark brown sugar (e.g. Domino™ Dark Brown Sugar): 900 gCorn Syrup (e.g. Karo™ Red Label 16 oz. Light Syrup): 100 gDensity of mixture: 1.2 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Nitro Dynamite” simulant.

Mix 2:

Dark brown sugar (e.g. Domino™ Dark Brown Sugar): 900 gCorn Syrup (e.g. Karo™ Red Label 16 oz. Light Syrup): 100 g

Baking Soda: 150 g

Density of mixture: 1.3 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Extra Gelatin” dynamite simulant.

Mix 3:

Confectioner sugar (e.g. Domino™ Confectioner Sugar): 2 poundsCorn syrup (e.g. Karo™ Red Label 16 oz. Light Syrup): 1.5 cupsDensity of mixture: 1.5 g/ccDensity of mixture in plastic packaging: 1.5 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “M1 Military Dynamite” simulant.

Mix 4:

Water: 200 ml

Charcoal: 200 g

NaCl: 65 g

CaCl₂: 35 g

This mixture is useful for simulating black powder.

Mix 5A:

Glycerine: 200 g

Corn starch: 200 g

Alumina: 140 g

Hydrogen peroxide: 80 g (Do not measure out, squirt directly from bottle into mixer)Orange paint (for example, Oil based paint or pigments): 10 gDensity of mixture: 1.4 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Semtex-H” simulant.

Mix 5B:

Glycerin: 200 g

Corn starch: 200 g

Alumina: 130 g

Hydrogen peroxide: 80 g (Do not measure out, squirt directly from bottle into mixer)Black paint (for example, Oil based paint or pigments): 10 gDensity of mixture: 1.4 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Semtex-10” simulant

Mix 5C:

Glycerin: 200 g

Corn starch: 200 g

Alumina: 120 g

Hydrogen peroxide: 80 g (Do not measure out, squirt directly from bottle into mixer)Red paint (for example, Oil based paint or pigments): 10 gDensity of mixture: 1.4 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Semtex-1A” simulant

Mix 6:

Glycerin: 200 g

Corn starch: 200 g

Alumina: 190 g

Hydrogen peroxide: 80 g (Do not measure out, squirt directly from bottle into mixer)Density of mixture: 1.6 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “C4,” and “M112 C4” simulants.

Mix 7:

Baking Soda: 4.5 cupsWater: 1 tablespoon

Vegetable oil: 1 cup

Paraffin wax: 2 blocks (32 oz.)20 drops yellow food coloringDensity of mixture: 1.5 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “Cast TNT” simulant.

Mix 8:

Baking Soda: 4.5 cupsWater: 1 tablespoon

Vegetable oil: 1 cup

Paraffin wax: 2 blocks (32 oz.)20 drops yellow food coloringCorn starch: 1.5 cupsDensity of mixture: 1.48 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “PE 4” and “TNT Cast Booster” simulants.

Mix 9:

Baking Soda: 3 cupsParaffin wax: 2 blocks (32 oz.)Density of mixture: 1.48 g/ccThis mixture is useful for the “PE 4” and “TNT Cast Booster” simulants.

Mix 10:

Baking Soda: 2 cups

Corn Starch: 1 cup

Water: 1.5 cupsVegetable oil: 1 tablespoonDensity of mixture: 1.40 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of mixture and cardboard tube: 1.57 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating plastic explosives.

Mix 11:

Baking soda: 2 cupsCorn starch: 2 cup

Water: 1 cup

Vegetable oil: 0.5 cup

Density of mixture: 1.5 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of mixture and cardboard tube: 1.6 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating plastic explosives.

Mix 12:

Confectioner sugar (e.g. Domino™ Confectioner Sugar): 2 cupsCorn syrup: 1 cupVegetable oil spray (to coat outside to reduce stickiness)Density of mixture: 1.4 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with five inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of mixture and cardboard tube: 1.5 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating PE-4 stick and sheetexplosive.

Mix 13:

Corn Starch: 1 cup

Magnesium Citrate Powder: 2 cupsBaking soda: 0.25 cupsWater: 1.5 cups water

Vegetable Oil: 2 Tablespoons

Density of mixture: 1.20 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of mixture and cardboard tube: 1.33 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating plastic explosives.

Mix 14:

Dark brown sugarDensity of mixture: 0.86 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.22 g/ccDensity of non-compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.15 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating dynamite

Mix 15:

Pure Cane sugarDensity of mixture: 0.74 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.11 g/ccDensity of non-compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.04 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating dynamite.

Mix 16:

Dry Magnesium Citrate Powder

Density of mixture: 1.12 g/ccPacked in cardboard tube with eight inch length, 1.5 inch diameter, 0.08 inch wallthickness.Density of compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.12 g/ccDensity of non-compressed mixture and cardboard tube: 1.08 g/ccThis mixture in the cardboard tube is useful for simulating dynamite.

TATP Simulant:

Polyethylene Powder: 800 g

Granulated Cane Sugar: 400 g

99% Glycerin: 110 g

Borax: 200 g

HMTD Simulant:

Polyethylene Powder: 600 g

Baking Soda: 250 g

99% Glycerin: 81 g

Borax: 150 g

PETN Simulant:

Polyethylene Powder: 200 g

Granulated Cane Sugar: 600 g

99% Glycerin: 60 g

Borax: 575 g

Baking Soda: 50 g

RDX Simulant:

Polyethylene Powder: 50 g

Granulated Cane Sugar: 500 g

99% Glycerin: 60 g

Borax: 700 g

Baking Soda: 150 g

Hydrogen Peroxide (30%) Simulant:

75% Water

20% Cane Sugar

5% Sodium Chloride

Blue Highlighter Fluid

PLX Simulant:

62% Water

31% Cane Sugar

4% Sodium Chloride

2% Corn Syrup

The densities of various explosive simulating materials and mixtures may be adjusted to more closely conform to a density of a particular explosive. For example, when dark brown sugar or confectioner sugar is used in the simulant, the sugar may be compressed to a particular packing density needed to achieve a desired density in a container in which it is supplied. Mixtures of materials including water and oil may be adjusted in density by varying the amount of water versus oil or by using different oils. For example, a mixture of one cup corn starch, two cups baking soda, and one tablespoon vegetable oil will provide a mixture with a density of about 1.4 g/cc. By increasing the amount of oil by 0.5 cups and reducing the amount of water by 0.5 cups the density of the mixture may be increased to about 1.6 g/cc. Further variations of the oil and water mixtures can achieve varying densities in a range of from about 1.4 g/cc to about 1.6 g/cc. The corn starch/water/oil mixture may be formed from a mixture of 1.5 cups water, one cup corn starch and one tablespoon of vegetable oil to provide a density of about 1.6 g/cc. In another example, the density of the clay may be adjusted by adjusting its water content or by selecting different types of clay.

In some embodiments, the various explosive simulating materials and mixtures may be hermetically sealed in a package to reduce the potential for water vapor to enter or exit the material, which could alter its density. In some embodiments, the explosive simulating materials and mixtures may be vacuum sealed in a plastic film having a low water vapor transmission rate, for example, a polyester, polypropylene, or polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) film. In some embodiments, the plastic film may be metalized to further reduce its water vapor transmission rate.

In accordance with a first broad aspect disclosed herein, one or more explosive simulants may be utilized in a simulated IED Circuit Kit. The components of an embodiment of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 may include a substrate board 110 on which other components are mounted. The substrate board 110 may be formed from cardboard, a sheet of plastic, fiberboard, for example, a medium density fiberboard, wood, or any other rigid or semi-rigid material. The various components of the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 may be non-releasably secured to the substrate board 110, for example, with an adhesive, or may be releaseably secured to the substrate board 110 with releasable connectors, for example, snaps, VELCRO® hook and loop fasteners, or other fasteners or fastening mechanisms known in the art.

An explosive simulant 120 may be mounted on the substrate board 110. In some embodiments, the explosive simulant may be packaged inside a tube, for example, a cardboard tube 200 as illustrated in FIG. 2 or a plastic tube. The cardboard tube 200 or plastic tube may be filled with the explosive simulant 120 and sealed with end caps 205, 210. The thickness of the cardboard tube 200 or plastic tube may be selected to accommodate explosive simulants 120 packed in the cardboard tube 200 or plastic tube at various packing pressures to achieve desired packing densities. In some embodiments, the thickness of the wall of the cardboard tube 200 or plastic tube is about 0.08 inches. One of the end caps, for example, end cap 210 may include a plastic tube 215 which is open on an external side 215a and closed on an internal side 215b. The plastic tube may be used as a cap well to retain a simulated blasting cap 130 and may have dimensions of, for example, about ⅞ inches in diameter by about 1.5 inches in length. The tube 200 may also include a label 220 identifying the explosive material simulated and indicating that the simulant is inert. Non-limiting examples of different labels 310, 320, and 330 are illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C. The tube 200 may have dimensions of, for example, about 1.5 inches in diameter by about eight inches in length or by about five inches in length, although it should be understood that these and other dimensions of various components disclosed herein are provided as examples only and may vary in different embodiments.

Returning to FIG. 1, a simulated blasting cap 130 may be provided inserted into the explosive simulant 120 or package including the explosive simulant 120. The simulated blasting cap 130 may include an indicator 135, for example, an incandescent light or an LED. The indicator 135 may illuminate upon a charge being sent to the simulated blasting cap 130 to provide an indication to a person training with the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 that an action the trainee has taken would have resulted in the explosive simulant 120, had it been real, being detonated. The simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 further includes a safe and arming switch 150, and a power source 160, which may include, for example, a battery holder and/or one or more batteries, and a firing switch area 140 which in various embodiments may house a trigger switch.

Examples of various embodiments of the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 are illustrated in FIGS. 4A-27. It should be appreciated that the various components illustrated in any of these embodiments may be substituted for one another or provided in addition to the components illustrated in other embodiments.

In FIG. 4A, the trigger switch is a mousetrap 145 and the simulant 120 is a simulant for ammonium based dynamite. Electrical connection is made from the power source 160 to the spring of the mousetrap 145 and to a base of the mousetrap 145. The circuit is completed when a non-conductive material 145a, for example, a piece of paper or plastic is pulled from under the spring of the mousetrap 145. FIG. 4B illustrates a similar mousetrap switch assembly as FIG. 4A, but with a simulated Semtex assembly and arming switch. It should be appreciated that arming switches may be included in any of the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIGS. 4-27 even if not explicitly illustrated in each example.

In FIG. 5A, the trigger switch is a spring-biased clothespin 146 and the simulant 120 is a simulant for PE-4. Electrical connection is made from the power source 160 to jaws of the clothespin. The circuit is completed when a non-conductive material 146a, for example, a piece of paper or plastic is pulled from between the jaws of the clothespin 146. FIG. 5B illustrates a similar clothespin switch assembly as FIG. 5A but further including an arming switch and a simulated pipe bomb.

In FIG. 6, the trigger switch is a modified receiver 147 for a wireless doorbell which has wires in electrical communication between a circuit that would otherwise activate the doorbell and the simulated blasting cap 130. The simulant 120 is a simulant for military grade dynamite Current is sent from the wireless doorbell receiver 147 to the simulated blasting cap 130 upon activation of the wireless doorbell receiver 147 by a transmitter 147a.

In FIG. 7, the trigger switch is a vibration switch 148 which has wires in electrical communication between the power source 160, a circuit in the vibration switch 148 which closes upon detection of vibration, and the simulated blasting cap 130.

In FIG. 8, the trigger switch is a door alarm reed switch 149 which has wires in electrical communication between the power source 160, a circuit in the door alarm reed switch 149 which closes upon activation of the switch 149, and the simulated blasting cap 130. The simulant 120 is a simulant for “El-Blasto” dynamite.

In FIG. 9, the trigger switch is a modified cell phone or cell phone dummy 151 which has wires in electrical communication between the simulated blasting cap 130 and a circuit that would otherwise active, for example, a ringer of the cell phone 151. The simulant 120 is a simulant for “El-Blasto” dynamite.

In FIG. 10, the trigger switch is a modified two way radio 152 which has wires in electrical communication between the simulated blasting cap 130 and a circuit that would otherwise activate, for example, a speaker of the two way radio 152 upon contact with the two way radio 152 from a second two way radio 152a. The simulant 120 is packed in a PVC pipe 122 which may have a length of, for example, about eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about 1.25 inches or about two inches, and is fitted with end caps 122a which may be screwed onto the ends of the PVC pipe to 122 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the PVC pipe 122. The PVC pipe 122 includes a window 170 through which an indicator light 135 may be viewed. Alternatively, the PVC pipe 122 may be empty.

In FIG. 11, the trigger switch is a modified cordless telephone handset 153 which has wires in electrical communication between the simulated blasting cap 130 and a circuit that would otherwise activate, for example, a ringer of the cordless telephone 153 upon activation of a “find phone” button 153b on a base station 153a of the cordless telephone 153. The simulant is packed in a steel pipe 124 which may have a length of, for example, about six or about eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about one inch or about 1.5 inches, and is fitted with end caps 124a which may be screwed onto the ends of the steel pipe 124 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the steel pipe 124. Alternatively, the steel pipe 124 may be empty.

In FIG. 12, the trigger switch is a passive infrared receiver (PIR) 154 which has wires in electrical communication between the power source 160 (internal to the PIR 154, but in alternate embodiments, external to the PIR 154), a circuit in the PIR 154 which closes upon detection of infrared (IR) light, and the simulated blasting cap 130. The simulant 120 is a simulant for C-4 explosive.

In FIG. 13, the trigger switch is a pair of saw blades 155 in electrical communication between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130. The saw blades 155 may be held apart from one another by one or more blocks of a non-conductive material 155a. The circuit is closed, sending power to the simulated blasting cap 130, upon application of pressure which brings the saw blades 155 into contact with one another.

In FIG. 14, the trigger switch is a pressure activated micro switch 156 in electrical communication between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130. The simulant 120 is a simulant for military grade dynamite.

In FIG. 15, the trigger switch is a pressure activated micro switch 157 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon a release of pressure on the switch 157, for example, by opening a box 157a in which the switch 157 is disposed. The simulant 120 is a simulant for military grade dynamite

In FIG. 16, the trigger switch is a tilt switch 158 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon tilting of the switch 158 so that a conductive ball 158a, for example, an aluminum foil ball, rolls into contact with a pair of electrical contacts 158b within the switch 158. The simulant 120 is packed in a PVC pipe 126 which may have a length of, for example, eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about 1.25 inches or about two inches, and is fitted with end caps 126a which may be screwed onto the ends of the PVC pipe 126 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the PVC pipe 126. The PVC pipe 126 includes a window 170 through which an indicator light 135 may be viewed. Alternatively, the PVC pipe 126 may be empty.

In FIG. 17, the trigger switch is a modified digital clock 159 which has wires in electrical communication between the simulated blasting cap 130 and a circuit that would otherwise activate, for example, an alarm of the clock 159. Alternatively, the trigger switch could be a digital kitchen timer or other form of digital timer. The power source 160 may be located internal or external to the digital timer. The simulant is packed in a steel pipe 128 which may have a length of, for example, about six inches or about eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about one inch or about 1.5 inches, and is fitted with end caps 128a which may be screwed onto the ends of the steel pipe 128 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the steel pipe 128. The steel pipe 128 includes a window 170 through which an indicator light 135 may be viewed. Alternatively, the steel pipe 128 may be empty.

In FIG. 18, the trigger switch is a modified analog clock 161, for example, a Advance Super Bell key wound alarm clock, which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon an electrical contact mounted on a hand 161a of the clock 160 reaching a second electrical contact 161b disposed on the face of the clock 160. The simulant 120 is a simulant for “El-Blasto” dynamite

In FIG. 19, the trigger switch is an egg timer 162 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon an electrical contact mounted on a handle 162a of the timer 162 reaching a second electrical contact 162b disposed on the face of the timer. The simulant 120 is a simulant for nitro-dynamite.

In FIG. 20, the trigger switch is a vibration switch 163 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon an electrical contact 163a mounted on a spring 163b coupled to a wooden base 163c contacting an electrically conductive bottle cap 163d responsive to vibration which causes the spring 163b to sway. The base 163c may alternatively be made of a different material, for example, a plastic. The simulant 120 is a simulant for PE-4.

In FIG. 21, the trigger switch is a servo motor 164 mounted in, for example, a toy car 164b which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon an electrical contact mounted on a portion of the servo motor 164 contacting a second electrical contact mounted on a second portion of the servo motor 164 or within a portion of the toy car 164b. The servo motor 160 may be remotely operated by a wireless transmitter 164a. The simulant 120 is a simulant for Semtex.

In FIG. 22, the trigger switch 165 is a temperature switch 165a and associated relay 165b which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon the temperature reaching a set point programmed into the temperature switch 165a. The simulant 120 is a simulant for Semtex.

In FIG. 23, the trigger switch is an oven temperature switch 166 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulant upon the temperature reaching a point at which an electrical contact mounted to a hand 166a of the oven temperature switch 166 contacts a second electrical contact 166b mounted on the face of the oven temperature switch. The simulant is packed in a PVC pipe 126 which includes a window 170 through which an indicator light 135 may be viewed. Alternatively, the PVC pipe 126 may be empty.

In FIG. 24, the trigger switch is a mercury switch 167 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon tilting of the switch so that a drop of mercury 167a rolls into contact with a pair of electrical contacts 167b within the switch 167. The simulant 120 is a simulant for ammonium dynamite

In FIG. 25, the trigger switch is a photo cell 168 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 upon exposure of the photo cell 168 to light. The simulant 120 is a simulant for C-4 explosive.

In FIG. 26, the trigger switch is a wire loop switch 169. A first exposed wire 169a passes through a loop in a second exposed wire 169b. The second exposed wire 169b passes through a loop in the first exposed wire 169a. The circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 is closed upon vibration or displacement of one of the wires 169a, 169b which brings the wire in contact with the loop of the other wire 169a, 169b. The simulant 120 is a simulant for nitro dynamite.

In FIG. 27, the trigger switch is a non-electrical blasting cap 171, for example, det. cord. The simulant 120 is a simulant for ammonium dynamite.

In accordance with another broad aspect disclosed herein, there is provided embodiments of simulated blasting caps. The simulated blasting caps are designed to look and feel substantially similar to actual “live” blasting caps and are constructed from materials which provide a substantially similar X-ray signature as actual “live” blasting caps.

FIG. 28 illustrates a simulated homemade blasting cap 410. The simulated homemade blasting cap 410 includes a copper tube 415 having a length L of about 2.25 inches and a diameter D of about 0.25 inches. A wooden dowel or a polymer rod such as PTFE 420 having a length of about two inches which simulates an explosive, for example, PETN, is disposed within the copper tube 415 and secured therein with, for example, an adhesive such as glue. An end 415a of the copper tube 415 is pressed flat and retains a bridge wire 430. In some embodiments the bridge wire 430 may be simulated by a portion of a small incandescent light bulb.

FIG. 29 illustrates a simulated commercial blasting cap 440. The simulated commercial blasting cap 440 includes an aluminum tube 455 having a length L of about 2.25 inches and a diameter D of about 0.25 inches. A wooden dowel or a polymer rod such as PTFE 420 having a length of about one inch which simulates an explosive, for example, PETN, is disposed within the aluminum tube 455 and secured therein with, for example, an adhesive such as glue. A metal sleeve 445 is also disposed within the aluminum tube 455 and simulates a protective metal sleeve present in many commercial blasting caps. A bridge wire 430 is disposed within an end of the aluminum tube 455 and may be secured therein by a plastic tube 450 which may be held in place in the aluminum tube 455 by one or more crimps 460.

FIG. 30 illustrates a simulated military blasting cap 470. The simulated military blasting cap 470 includes an aluminum tube 455 having a length L of about 2.25 inches and a diameter D of about 0.25 inches. A wooden dowel or a polymer rod such as PTFE 420 having a length of about 1.25 inches which simulates an explosive, for example, PETN, is disposed within the aluminum tube 455 and secured therein with, for example, an adhesive such as glue. A lead wire 475 having a length of, for example, about 0.25 inches is also disposed within the aluminum tube 455 and simulates a lead azide charge present in many military blasting caps. A bridge wire 430 is disposed within an end of the aluminum tube 455 and may be secured therein by a plastic tube 450 which may be held in place in the aluminum tube 455 by one or more crimps 460.

FIG. 31 illustrates a simulated cardboard blasting cap 480. The simulated cardboard blasting cap 480 includes a cardboard tube 485 having a length L of about 2.00 inches and a diameter D of about 0.25 inches. Powdered sugar which simulates an explosive, for example, TATP, is disposed within the cardboard tube 485 and secured therein with, for example, a cardboard cap 490 and adhesive such as glue. An electric match 495 is disposed within an end of the cardboard tube 485 and may be secured in the cardboard tube 485 by adhesive or heat shrink.

In accordance with another broad aspect disclosed herein, there is provided embodiments of various Threat Screening Kits. The Threat Screening Kits are designed to mimic the look and feel of “live” explosive devices or components thereof and to provide a substantially similar X-ray signature as actual “live” explosive devices.

A first Threat Screening Kit 510, illustrated in FIG. 32, includes a plastic bottle 520, which is at least partially filled with an explosive simulant, for example, black sand 120a to simulate black powder or charcoal 120b to simulate smokeless powder. The plastic bottle 520 may include a label 220 identifying the explosive being simulated and indicating that the simulant is inert. The label 220 may be similar to one of those illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C.

Another Threat Screening Kit 525, illustrated in FIG. 33, may include a simulated emulsion or slurry type explosive simulant 120 packaged within a substantially cylindrical vessel 530 which may be constructed of, for example, a metal, plastic, or a flexible rubber material. The vessel 530 may have a length L of, for example, about eight inches and a circumference C of about six inches. The vessel 530 may include a label 220 identifying the explosive being simulated and indicating that the simulant is inert. The label 220 may be similar to one of those illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. The vessel 530 may also include a cap well 535 inserted into a portion thereof or mounted on a surface thereof to house a simulated blasting cap and may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the vessel to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100.

FIG. 34 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 545 which simulates a block of C-4 explosive. The simulant used may be a mixture of corn syrup, baking soda, water, vegetable oil, and paraffin wax packaged in paper or plastic film. The simulated block of C-4 545 may have a length L of about 11 inches, a width W of about two inches, and a height H of about one inch, which is consistent with conventional packaging of actual C-4 explosive blocks. The simulated block of C-4 545 may include a label 220 identifying the explosive being simulated and indicating that the simulant is inert. The label 220 may be similar to one of those illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. The simulated block of C-4 545 may also include a cap well 535 inserted into a portion thereof or mounted on a surface thereof to house a simulated blasting cap and may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the simulated block of C-4 545 to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100.

FIG. 35 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 550 which simulates a block of Semtex explosive. The simulant used may be a mixture of corn syrup, baking soda, water, and oil vacuum packaged in plastic film. The simulated block of Semtex explosive 550 may have a length of about three inches, a width of about three inches, and a height of about three inches, which is consistent with conventional packaging of actual Semtex explosive blocks. The simulated block of Semtex 550 may include a label 220 identifying the explosive being simulated and indicating that the simulant is inert. The label 220 may be similar to one of those illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. The simulated block of Semtex 550 may also include a cap well 535 inserted into a portion thereof or mounted on a surface thereof to house a simulated blasting cap and may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the simulated block of Semtex to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100.

FIG. 36 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 555 which includes a motion activated sensor 145 coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The motion activated sensor 145 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the motion activated sensor 145 to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The components of the Threat Screening Kit 555 may be substantially similar to those included in the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 7.

FIG. 37 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 560 which includes a mechanical timer 162 coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The mechanical timer 162 and/or power source 160 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The components of the Threat Screening Kit 560 may be substantially similar to those included in the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 19.

FIG. 38 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 565 which includes a PIR motion sensor 154 coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The PIR motion sensor 154 and/or power source 160 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The components of the Threat Screening Kit 565 may be substantially similar to those included in the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 12.

FIG. 39 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 570 which includes a switch 572, for example, a toggle switch coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The switch 572 and/or power source 160 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100.

FIG. 40 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 575 which includes a modified battery operated digital alarm clock 159, for example, an Elgin battery powered LCD alarm clock, coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The alarm clock 159 and/or power source 160 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The components of the Threat Screening Kit 575 may be substantially similar to those included in the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 17.

FIG. 41 illustrates another Threat Screening Kit 580 which includes a cell phone dummy 151 coupled to a power source 160, for example, a battery pack and to a simulated blasting cap 130. The cell phone dummy 151 and/or power source 160 may include a fastener 540, for example, a sheet of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The components of the Threat Screening Kit 580 may be substantially similar to those included in the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 9.

FIG. 42A illustrates Threat Screening Kit 590a and FIG. 42B illustrates Threat Screening Kit 590b. Threat Screening Kit 590a includes a simulated steel pipe bomb 591 which may have a length of, for example, about six inches or about eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about one inch or about 1.5 inches, and is fitted with end caps 593 which may be screwed onto the ends of the steel pipe bomb 591 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the steel pipe bomb 591. Threat Screening Kit 590b includes a simulated PVC pipe bomb 592 which may have a length of, for example, about eight inches and a diameter of, for example, about 1.25 inches or about two inches, and is fitted with end caps 594 which may be screwed onto the ends of the PVC pipe bomb 592 and/or glued in place onto the ends of the PVC pipe bomb 592. The simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 may include holes 595 for the insertion of simulated blasting caps 130 and may either be filled with an explosive simulant or empty. The simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 may include fasteners 540, for example, sheets of VELCRO® hook and loop fastener to facilitate attaching the components to a substrate board 110 of a simulated IED Circuit Kit 100. The simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 may also include labels 220 which may be similar to one of the labels illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C. The simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 may also include one or more “inert holes” 596, four of which are illustrated in each of the simulated pipe bombs 591, 592. The inert holes 596 in the simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 make it impossible for somebody to use the simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 as real explosive devices. If a person tried to use the simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 as real devices the holes would allow gasses to escape from the burning explosive material contained therein and thus prevent a mechanical detonation. The inert holes 596 are a safety feature to ensure simulated pipe bombs 591, 592 cannot be used as real explosive devices.

In accordance with another broad aspect disclosed herein, there is provided embodiments of various Mail Threat Kits. The Mail Threat Kits are designed to mimic the look and feel of “live” explosive devices or components thereof or of other types of mail threats and to provide a substantially similar X-ray signature as actual “live” explosive devices or other types of mail threats. Embodiments of the Mail Threat Kits may be used to train personnel to identify actual mail threats.

FIG. 43 illustrates a first mail threat kit 605. The mail threat kit 605 includes a pressure activated micro switch 157 which closes a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into an explosive simulant 120 upon a release of pressure on the switch 157, for example, by opening a box (not shown) in which the switch 157 is disposed. The simulant 120 is a simulant for dynamite. The components of the mail threat kit 605 may be similar to those of the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 15.

FIG. 44 illustrates another mail threat kit 610. The mail threat kit 610 includes a mousetrap 145. Electrical connection is made from the power source 160 to the spring of the mousetrap and to a base of the mousetrap 145. The circuit between the power source 160 and a simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into an explosive simulant 120 is completed when a non-conductive material 145a, for example a piece of paper or plastic is pulled from under the spring of the mousetrap 145. The mail threat kit 610 may be disposed within a large envelope and the material 145a may be positioned such that a person opening the envelope would pull the material 145a out, thus activating the device. The components of the mail threat kit 610 may be similar to those of the simulated IED Circuit Kit 100 illustrated in FIG. 4

FIG. 45 illustrates another mail threat kit 615. The mail threat kit 615 includes an envelope 618, for example, a legal sized envelope with a paper filling 619 and a plurality of razor blades 617 disposed at the top of the paper filling 619 or envelope 618. A person opening the envelope 618 could have a finger cut by the razor blades 617. In the mail threat kit 615, the razor blades 617 may be dulled to reduce the chance of someone being cut by them.

FIG. 46 illustrates another mail threat kit 620. The mail threat kit 620 includes an envelope 621, for example, an A4 sized envelope, having a paper filling 622 and a small amount, for example, from about 0.5 ounces to about one ounce of a white powder 624, for example, flour or baby powder enclosed inside the envelope 621. The white powder 624 may simulate a powdered poison, for example, anthrax. The envelope 621 may be provided sealed in a plastic bag 623. The plastic bag 623 is, in actual situations in which a possible mail biological threat is found, a procedural step where the possible mail biological threat is bagged to prevent any further spread of the possible biological threat.

FIG. 47 illustrates another mail threat kit 625. Mail threat kit 625 is substantially the same as mail threat kit 620, but the envelope 621 is a larger legal sized or padded envelope.

FIG. 48 illustrates another mail threat kit 630. The mail threat kit 630 includes a shipping box 632 in which is mounted a metal pipe 634 which may be filled with an explosive simulant to simulate a pipe bomb and may include a simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into one end. The simulated blasting cap 130 may be coupled to a power source 160 through a photo cell 168. Opening the box 632 allows light to reach the photo cell 168 and close the circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated pipe bomb 634. The metal pipe 634, photocell 168, and power source 160 may be secured to internal sides of the box 632 with tape or an adhesive such as a glue to prevent these components from moving within the box 632.

FIGS. 49A and 49B illustrate another mail threat kit 635. The mail threat kit 635 is created by modifying a conventional musical greeting card 635a. A simulated sheet explosive 639, for example, charcoal in a plastic bag, and simulated blasting cap 130 are inserted into the musical greeting card 635a and wires 638 which power the speaker 637 of the conventional musical greeting card 635a from a battery 160 on a circuit board 636 are diverted from the speaker 637 to the blasting cap 130. Upon opening the modified musical greeting card, power is supplied from the battery 160 to the simulated blasting cap 130.

FIG. 50 illustrates another mail threat kit 640. The mail threat kit 640 includes a power source 160 electrically coupled to a simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into an explosive simulant 120, for example, a C-4 explosive simulant through a wire loop switch 169 similar to that illustrated in FIG. 26. The C-4 explosive simulant 120 may be packaged in a plastic bag. These components are disposed within a large padded envelope 621. One of the wires 169a of the wire loop switch is secured to the envelope 621, for example, with tape or an adhesive. A second wire 169b of the wire loop switch 169 is secured to a piece of paper 622 within the envelope 621, for example, with tape or an adhesive. Removal of the paper 622 from the envelope 621 causes the wires 169a, 169b to come into contact, completing an electrical circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130.

FIG. 51 illustrates another mail threat kit 645. The mail threat kit 645 includes a mailing tube 646 in which is mounted a PVC pipe 637 which may be filled with an explosive simulant to simulate a pipe bomb and may include a simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into one end. The simulated blasting cap 130 may be coupled to a power source 160 through a wire loop switch 169. Removing the lid 649 of the mailing tube 646 pulls a string or cable 648 secured to one of the wires of the wire loop switch 169 causing the wires of the wire loop switch 169 to come into contact and close the circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130. The PVC pipe 637, wire loop switch 169, and power source 160 may be secured to internal sides of the mailing tube 646 with tape or an adhesive such as a glue to prevent these components from moving within the mailing tube 646.

FIG. 52A illustrates another mail threat kit 650 and FIG. 52B illustrates another mail threat kit 650a. The mail threat kits 650, 650a each include a simulated blasting cap 130 which is coupled to a simulated detonating cord (det. cord) explosive 652 and to a power source 160 through a wire loop switch 169 in a box 651. Upon opening the box 651, the wire loop switch 169 may be caused to close by any one or more of the mechanisms discussed with regard to other embodiments herein, completing a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulating blasting cap 130. Mail threat kit 650a differs from mail threat kit 650 in that mail kit 650a includes a lead sheet 654 which may render X-ray imaging of the mail threat kit 650a more difficult.

FIG. 53 illustrates another mail threat kit 655. The mail threat kit 655 includes a mailing box 657 in which is mounted a pair of bottles 658 which may contain simulated components of a liquid binary explosive. A simulated blasting cap 130 is placed proximate the bottles 658 and coupled to a power source 160 through a micro switch 157. Upon opening the box 657, the micro switch 157 would close, completing a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130. The bottles 658, micro switch 157, and power source 160 may be secured to internal sides of the mailing box 657 with tape or an adhesive such as a glue to prevent these components from moving within the mailing box 657.

FIG. 54 illustrates another mail threat kit 660. The mail threat kit 660 includes a power source 160 electrically coupled to a simulated blasting cap 130 inserted into an explosive simulant 120 in a mailing box 657. A wire 661 from the power source is electrically connected to a first layer of aluminum foil wrap 662 wrapped about the mailing box 657. A wire 663 from the simulated blasting cap 130 is electrically connected to a second layer of aluminum foil wrap 664 wrapped about the mailing to box 657 and separated from the first layer of aluminum foil wrap 662 by a layer of paper 665. A second layer of paper 665 may cover the second layer of aluminum foil wrap 664. Upon ripping the paper 665 and aluminum foil wrapping 662, 664 about the mailing box 657, the first layer of aluminum foil wrap 662 contacts the second layer of aluminum foil wrap 664, completing a circuit between the power source 160 and the simulated blasting cap 130.

In addition to any of the Threat Screening Kits or mail threat kits described above, threat kits may include any one or more of the combinations of packages, explosive simulant quantities, firing circuit types, power source types, and/or detonator types listed in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2
Assembley	Device Container	Explosive	Simulant Weight	Firing	Power
Name	and/or Concealment	Simulant	Range (kg)	Circuit	Source	Detonator
Laptop IED	Laptop	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Internal	Laptop	Improvised Copper
					Batteries	Blasting Cap
Laptop IED	Laptop	HMTD	0.1-0.5	Digital Timer	Laptop	Cardboard TATP
					Batteries	Blasting Cap
Stuffed Animal	Stuffed animal	Detonation	0.1-0.5	Non-Electrical	N/A	Non-Electrical
		Cord				Blasting Cap
Tablet IED	Tablet	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Victim activated	2 AA	Military
						Blasting Cap
Childs Toy IED	Childs Toy	ANFO	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	2 AA	Military Blasting
				pressure switch		Cap with Slide-on
						Booster
RCIED	Cell Phone	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Cell Phone	Internal	Improvised Copper
				RCIED		Blasting Cap
RCIED	Cell Phone	PETN	0.1-0.5	Cell Phone	External	Commercial
				RCIED		Blasting Cap
Hair Dryer IED	Hair Dryer	Cast TNT	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	2 AA	Military
				toggle twitch		Blasting Cap
Home DVD	Home DVD Player	ANFO	0.1-0.5	Cell Phone	9 V	Military Blasting
Player IED				RCIED		Cap with Slide-on
						Booster
Baby Wipe	Baby Wipe Tub	HMTD	0.5-1.0	Wireless	4 AA	Improvised Copper
Tub IED				Door Bell		Blasting Cap
Can Opener IED	Can Opener	C-4	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	1 C	Commercial
				pressure switch		Blasting Cap
Boom Box IED	Boom Box	C-4	1.0-2.0	Barometric	2 AA	Commercial
				Pressure Switch		Blasting Cap
Computer Bag	Computer bag	PE-4	1.0-2.0	Light-Sensitive	9 V	Commercial
				Photocell		Blasting Cap
Drill IED	Drill	HMTD	0.5-1.0	Pressure Switch	4 AAA	Improvised Copper
						Blasting Cap
Large Suit	Large Suitcase	Semtex H	1.0-2.0	Micro switch	Lantern	Commercial
Case IED				(Pressure	Battery	Blasting Cap
				Release)
Small Suit	Small Suitcase	ANAL	1.0-2.0	RCIED Cell	2 D Cell	Commercial
Case IED				Phone Trigger		Blasting Cap
				Assembly
Duffle Bag IED	Duffle Bag	Semtex H	1.0-2.0	RCIED Radio	9 V	Military
						Blasting Cap
Water Hose IED	Water Hose	PETN	1.0-2.0	Tilt Switch	1 AAA	Military
						Blasting Cap
Tennis Shoe IED	Tennis Shoe	Semtex 10	0.1-0.5	Suicide switch	9 V	Improvised Copper
				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Hiking Shoe IED	Hiking Shoe	PETN/RDX	0.1-0.5	Time Fuse	N/A	Non-Electrical
						Blasting Cap
Sandal Shoe IED	Shoe Sandal	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Time Fuse	Non-	Non-Electrical
					Electrical	Blasting Cap
Belt IED	Belt	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Suicide switch	2 AAA	Military
				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Cordless	Cordless Hand	PE-4	1.0-2.0	Victim activated	Internal	Improvised Copper
Vacuum IED	Vacuum					Blasting Cap
Knee Brace IED	Knee Brace	Semtex H	0.1-0.5	Suicide switch	2 AAA	Military
				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Hand Brace IED	Hand Brace	HMTD	0.1-0.5	Suicide switch	9 V	Improvised Copper
				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Leg Brace IED	Leg Brace	TATP	0.1-0.5	Suicide switch	4 AA	Cardboard TATP
				Assembly with		Blasting Cap
				back up RCIED
Hard Case IED	Hard case	Extra Gelatin	1.0-2.0	Digital Timer	9 V	Commercial
		Dynamite (8)				Blasting Cap
Printer	Printer Cartridge	PETN	1.0-2.0	RCIED Cell	9 V	Improvised Copper
Cartridge IED				Phone Trigger		Blasting Cap
				Assembly
Portable CD	CD Player	C-4	0.1-0.5	Victim activated	2 AA	Commercial
Player IED						Blasting Cap
Electric	Electric	PETN	0.1-0.5	Victim activated	Internal	Cardboard TATP
Screwdriver IED	Screwdriver					Blasting Cap
Radio IED	Radio	C-4	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	2 C	Improvised Copper
						Blasting Cap
Circular	Circular saw	Ammonium	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	2 C	Improvised Copper
Saw IED		Dynamite				Blasting Cap
Walking	Walking Cane	PETN	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	1 AA	Military
Cane IED						Blasting Cap
Walker IED	Walker	PE-7	1.0-2.0	Suicide switch	9 V	Commercial
				in handle		Blasting Cap
Baseball	Baseball Hat	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Victim activated	1 AAA	Improvised Copper
Hat IED						Blasting Cap
Picnic Cooler	Picnic Cooler	Semtex H	1.0-2.0	PIR Motion	4 AA	Military
IED				Sensor		Blasting Cap
Jacket IED	Jacket	Sheet	1.0-2.0	Suicide switch	4 AA	Improvised
				in sleeve		Blasting Cap
Jacket IED	Jacket	TATP	1.0-2.0	Suicide switch	2 D	Commercial
				in pocket		Blasting Cap
Thermos IED	Thermos	Flake TNT	0.5-1.0	Improvised	2 AA	Cardboard TATP
				Vibration Switch		Blasting Cap
Briefcase IED	Briefcase	Semtex 10	1.0-2.0	LRCT	4 AA	Commercial
						Blasting Cap
Paperback	Book Paperback	TNT Cast	1.0-2.0	Micro switch	9 V	Military
Book IED		Booster		(Pressure		Blasting Cap
				Release)
Hardcover	Book Hard Cover/	Black Powder	0.1-0.5	Clothespin	4 AA	Electric
Book IED	Metal Pipe			Pull Switch		Match/Squib
Computer Power	Computer	TATP	0.1-0.5	Victim activated	External	Military
Cord IED	Power Cord					Blasting Cap
Tire Air	Tire air pump	ANFO	0.5-1.0	RCIED Cell	9 V	Military Blasting
Pump IED				Phone Trigger		Cap with slide-on
				Assembly		booster
Disposable	Disposable Camera	TATP	0.1-0.5	digital timer	2 AA	Cardboard TATP
Camera IED						Blasting Cap
Digital Camera	Camera digital	PE-4	0.1-0.5	Time Fuse	N/A	Non-Electrical
IED						Blasting Cap
Coffee Mug IED	Coffee Mug	HMTD	0.5-1.0	Light-Sensitive	9 V	Military
				Photocell		Blasting Cap
Neck Pillow IED	Neck Pillow	C-4	0.5-1.0	Digital Timer	2 AA	Commercial
						Blasting Cap
Bottle of	Bottle of wine	Nitromethane	1.0-2.0	Time Fuse	N/A	Non-Electrical
Wine IED		(PLX)				Blasting Cap
Back Pack/	Back Pack/	ANFO	1.0-2.0	RCIED Cell	4 AA	Electric
Pressure	Pressure Cooker			Phone Trigger		Match/Squib
Cooker IED				Assembly
Back pack/2	Back pack/2	Black Powder	1.0-2.0	Mechanical	2 D	Electric
Metal Pipes IED	Metal Pipes			Time Delay II		Match/Squib
Shower Bag IED	Shower bag	HMTD	0.5-1.0	Wire-Loop Switch	2 C	Cardboard TATP
						Blasting Cap
Flashlight IED	Flashlight	Extra Gelatin	0.5-1.0	Victim acivated	2 AAA	Improvised Copper
		Dynamite				Blasting Cap
		Mixture
Contact Lens	Contact Lens	Nitromethane	0.5-1.0	Digital Timer	9 V	Improvised Copper
Cleaner IED	cleaner	(PLX)				Blasting Cap
Micro-switch	Mail Box/Package	Ammonium	0.5-1.0	Micro switch	9 V	Commercial
Pressure		Nitrate/Nitro-		(Pressure		Blasting Cap
Release IED		Glycerin		Release)
Mouse-Trap Pull	Mail Box/Package	PE-4	0.5-1.0	Mouse Trap	4 AA	Military
Switch IED				Pull Switch		Blasting Cap
Metal-Pipe IED	Mail Box/Package	Black Powder	0.5-1.0	Metal-Pipe IED	2 D	Electric
with Photocell				with Photocell		Match/Squib
Wire-Loop	Mail Box/Package	Sheet	0.1-0.5	Wire-Loop Switch	4 AA	Military
Switch IED						Blasting Cap
Clothespin Pull	Mail Box/Package	Black Powder	0.5-1.0	Clothespin	2 C	Electric
Switch IED				Pull Switch		Match/Squib
Wire Loop with	Mail Box/Package	Det Cord	0.5-1.0	Wire Loop with	9 V	Military
Lead Sheet IED				Lead Sheet		Blasting Cap
Chemical IED	Mail Box/Package	Bleach/Ammonia	0.5-1.0	Chemical IED	2 D	Improvised Copper
						Blasting Cap
Anti-Probe IED	Mail Box/Package	M112 C-4	0.5-1.0	Anti-Probe	2 D	Improvised Copper
						Blasting Cap
Barometric	Mail Box/Package	Semtex H	0.5-1.0	Barometric	9 V	Military
Pressure				Pressure Switch		Blasting Cap
Switch IED
Small Tool Box	Small Tool Box	PE-7	1.0-2.0	Magnetic	Lantern	Commercial
				Reed Switch	Battery	Blasting Cap
Tooth Paste	Toothpaste tube	PETN	0.1-0.5	External	External	External
Tube IED
Women's	Women's purse	Extra Gelatin	1.0-2.0	RCIED radio	9 V	Commercial
Purse IED		Dynamite (4)				Blasting Cap
Iron IED	Iron	Ammonium	0.5-1.0	Victim activated	9 V	Cardboard TATP
		Dynamite		toggle switch		Blasting Cap
Toy Car IED	Toy car	TATP	0.5-1.0	Servo Switch	Internal	Cardboard TATP
						Blasting Cap
Legal	Legal binder	Detonation	0.1-0.5	Digital Timer	2 D	Military
Binder IED		Cord				Blasting Cap
Laundry	Laundry detergent	Smokeless	1.0-2.0	Ball-Tilt Switch	2 AA	Electric
detergent	box/PVC pipe	Powder				Match/Squib
Box/PVC
pipe IED
Lotion IED	Lotion large	Nitromethane	0.5-1.0	Ball-Tilt Switch	2 AA	Commercial
		(PLX)				Blasting Cap
Small Cooler	Small Cooler	Semtex H	1.0-2.0	PIR Motion	4 AA	Cardboard TATP
IED				Sensor		Blasting Cap
Foot Powder	Foot Powder Bottle	Emulsion	0.1-0.5	Vibration Sensor	2 AA	Commercial
Bottle IED				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Hair Gel IED	Hair Gel	Emulsion	0.1-0.5	Anti Lift Micro	1 AA	Improvised
				switch (Presure		Blasting Cap
				Release)
Can of	Can of soda	ANAL	0.1-0.5	Non-Electrical	N/A	Improvised
Soda IED				Time Fuse		Blasting Cap
Pressure	Pressure cooker	Smokeless	1.0-2.0	RCIED Cell	4 AA	Electric
Cooker IED		Powder		Phone Trigger		Match/Squib
				Assembly
Lunch Box IED	Lunch Box	Semtex H	0.5-1.0	Mouse Trap	2 AA	Military
				Pull Switch		Blasting Cap
Vest with	Vest frag	TATP	1.0-2.0	Suicide switch	9 V	Improvised
Frag IED				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Vest without	Vest no frag	Sheet	1.0-2.0	Suicide switch	2 AAA	Commercial
Frag IED				Assembly		Blasting Cap
Limpet	Limpet device	Black Powder	1.0-2.0	Magnetic	1 D	Electric
Device IED				Reed Switch		Match/Squib

FIGS. 55-63 illustrate various explosive simulant assemblies.

FIG. 55 illustrates an inert PE-4 long assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 9 packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in white card stock paper with a wax coating.

FIGS. 56A and 56B illustrate an inert PE-4 short assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 9 packed within 5 inch×1.5 inch mailing tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in white card stock paper with a wax coating.

FIG. 57 illustrates an inert TNT cast booster assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 9 packed within 5 inch×1.5 inch mailing tube sealed with end caps. The tube is wrapped in red card stock paper with a mod podge coating. The ends of the assembly are drilled with 0.25 inch×1 inch holes on each end.

FIG. 58 illustrates an inert El Blasto Dynamite assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 1 packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in brown card stock paper with a wax coating.

FIGS. 59A and 59B illustrate an inert nitro dynamite assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 1B packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in red card stock paper with a wax coating.

FIGS. 60A and 60B illustrate an inert military M1 dynamite assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 3 packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in brown card stock paper with a wax coating.

FIG. 61 illustrates an inert ammonium dynamite assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 1A packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in yellow stock paper with a wax coating.

FIG. 62 illustrates an extra gelatin dynamite assembly. This assembly includes simulant mix 2 packed within an 8 inch×1.25 inch plastic tube sealed with end caps including cap wells. The tube is wrapped in brown stock paper with a wax coating.

FIG. 63 illustrates an inert Semtex assembly. The assembly includes simulant mix 5 and an orange, red, and/or black pigment molded in a baking pan form vacuum sealed and labeled.

Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. For example, it is to be appreciated that any of the features of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be combined or substituted for features of any other embodiment disclosed herein. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.

Claims

1. A simulated blasting cap comprising: a tube;an explosive simulant disposed within the tube, the explosive simulant comprising one or more inert components and having a density substantially similar to an explosive material; anda bridge wire disposed within the tube.

2. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, wherein the explosive simulant includes one of a wooden dowel and a polymer rod.

3. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, further comprising a metal sleeve disposed within the tube.

4. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, further comprising a lead tube disposed within the tube.

5. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, having a look and feel substantially similar to a live blasting cap.

6. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, having an X-ray signature substantially similar to a live blasting cap.

7. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, wherein the tube has a length of about 2.25 inches and a diameter of about 0.25 inches.

8. The simulated blasting cap of claim 7, wherein the tube comprises copper.

9. The simulated blasting cap of claim 8, including one of a wooden dowel and a polymer rod secured within the tube.

10. The simulated blasting cap of claim 9, including an end portion pressed flat and retaining the bridge wire.

11. The simulated blasting cap of claim 7, wherein the tube comprises aluminum.

12. The simulated blasting cap of claim 11, including one of a wooden dowel and a polymer rod secured within the tube.

13. The simulated blasting cap of claim 12, further comprising a metal sleeve disposed within the tube.

14. The simulated blasting cap of claim 13, further comprising a plastic tube securing the bridge wire in the tube.

15. The simulated blasting cap of claim 14, further comprising at least one crimp holding the plastic tube in place in the aluminum tube.

16. The simulated blasting cap of claim 15, further comprising a lead wire disposed within the tube.

17. The simulated blasting cap of claim 16, wherein the lead wire simulates a lead azide charge.

18. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises cardboard.

19. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, wherein the tube has a length of about 2 inches and a diameter of about 0.25 inches.

20. The simulated blasting cap of claim 19, further comprising a powdered sugar secured within the tube.

21. The simulated blasting cap of claim 20, further comprising a cardboard cap securing the powdered sugar within the tube.

22. The simulated blasting cap of claim 21, further comprising an electric match secured in the tube.

23. The simulated blasting cap of claim 1, included in a simulated IED Circuit Kit comprising: a second explosive simulant comprising one or more inert components and having a density substantially similar to an explosive material, the simulated blasting cap disposed adjacent to the explosive simulant;a trigger switch; anda power source.

24. The simulated blasting cap of claim 23, wherein the second explosive simulant consists essentially of three or more inert components, the density of the simulated explosive material being within a range of from about 0.8 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) to about 4.7 g/cm3, the simulated explosive material configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of the explosive material when scanned in an X-ray scanner, the three or more inert components including one or more of sugar, baking soda, corn starch, or calcium chloride.

25. The simulated blasting cap of claim 23, wherein the second explosive simulant comprises two or more inert components and having a density substantially similar to a plastic explosive, the density of the simulated explosive material being within a range of from about 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) to about 1.72 g/cm3, the simulated explosive material configured to produce an output signal consistent with the presence of the plastic explosive when scanned in an X-ray scanner, the two or more inert components selected from among the components of one of the groups consisting of: baking soda and corn starch;baking soda and paraffin wax;sugar and corn syrup;corn starch, baking soda, and glycerin; oralumina and hydrogen peroxide.