Patent Application
20100259589
The invention relates to the field of inkjet printing. More specifically, the invention relates to techniques for more efficient curing of ultraviolet curable ink deposited in a printing environment.
Ultraviolet curing of liquid chemical formulations has been an established practice for many years. In ultraviolet curing, a liquid chemical formulation comprising photoinitiators, monomers and oligomers, and possibly pigments and other additives is exposed to ultraviolet light, thereby converting the liquid chemical formulation into a solid state.
Ultraviolet-curable inks are oftentimes used advantageously in the field of ultraviolet inkjet printing. In these applications, ultraviolet-curable ink is jetted from a print head onto a substrate to form a portion of an image. Typically the print head scans back and forth across a width of the substrate, while the substrate steps forward for progressive scan passes. Thus a relatively small print head is used to build a very large image.
In some cases of ultraviolet inkjet printing, an ultraviolet light source is mounted on either side of a print head to cure the ink. Using this configuration, ultraviolet-curable ink can be jetted and cured in the same print head pass. Other times, the ink is jetted in one pass and cured in a subsequent print head pass.
In some cases of ultraviolet inkjet printing, the width of the print head is at least equal to that of the substrate and the entire image is formed with a single pass of the substrate underneath the print head. In these cases, the ultraviolet light source is typically in a fixed location, with the substrate moving under the print head first and subsequently under the ultraviolet light source.
As explained above, curing ink involves directing photons, typically with wavelengths in the ultraviolet spectrum, onto an ink deposit. The photons interact with photoinitiators present within the ink, creating free radicals. The created free radicals initiate and propagate polymerization (cure) of the monomers and oligomers within the ink. This chain reaction results in the ink curing to a polymer solid. However, the presence of oxygen at the ink surface inhibits such a chain reaction from occurring within the ink. This is often referred to as oxygen inhibition.
In normal ultraviolet curing in an air environment, a high amount of ultraviolet energy and/or a high concentration of photoinitiator are needed to achieve a full cure, compared to the ultraviolet power and photoinitiator concentration required in an oxygen free curing environment. Indeed, both higher ultraviolet energy and higher photoinitiator concentration deleteriously affect the final film properties, and increase ink and printer costs.
Common solutions for providing less reactive curing include completely supplanting atmospheric oxygen with a less reactive gas such as nitrogen in the cure zone. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,095 to Matheson et al., entitled “Ultraviolet Curing Apparatus Using an Inert Atmosphere Chamber” teaches a curing apparatus comprising a curing chamber for accommodating a controlled atmosphere. The curing chamber includes inlets and nozzle assemblies for supplying less reactive gas into the chamber and maintaining a less reactive atmosphere therein.
Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,897 to Hahne et al., entitled “Apparatus Replacing Atmospheric Oxygen with an Inert Gas from a Laminar Air Boundary Layer and Application of Said Apparatus” (hereinafter referred to as “Hahne”) teaches completely replacing atmospheric oxygen with a less reactive gas.
These prior art references disclose specialized and expensive approaches to providing reduced oxygen curing conditions, but fall short of achieving feasibility for common inkjet printing systems, because it remains difficult and expensive to supply the printing environments with enough inerting gas to effectively rid the curing region of oxygen. It would be desirable to address this shortcoming.
Additionally, ultraviolet ink has a significant cost associated with it. Therefore, thicker films of ultraviolet-curable ink increase the cost of the finished image. It is oftentimes desirable to lay down as thin a film of ink as possible without compromising color strength. In typical ultraviolet inkjet printing applications, there is a small time delay before a jetted droplet of ink is exposed to the ultraviolet light source. In that time delay, sometimes known as “time to lamp,” the drop generally tends to spread out and wet the media. This phenomenon is known as “dot gain.” Longer time to lamp results in higher dot gain and thinner final ink layer thickness. However, longer times to lamp also tend to increase the size of the print head or printer, and decrease the overall print speed. It would be desirable to address this problem as well.
In scanning printer applications, droplets of ink are laid down then cured. Then additional drops are jetted onto the cured drops. This method tends to create a coarse surface finish, i.e. a matte finish, which reduces the glossiness of the image. In many applications, a high gloss finish is desirable in the final appearance of the print job. However, in some applications, it may be desirable to vary the level of gloss/matte or surface appearance. Current inkjet printing does not allow for such variations in surface appearance. It would be desirable to address these issues as well.
In view of the foregoing, the invention provides enhanced printing solutions by providing ultraviolet curing regions without requiring the introduction of less reactive gas while also increasing ink coverage and adjusting surface appearance.
In some embodiments of the invention, one or more ultraviolet light source and a means for providing a reduced oxygen curing region are used to cure ink. In some embodiments of the invention, an apparatus with a reduced oxygen curing region is used in conjunction with common inkjet printing systems.
In some embodiments of the invention, a reduced oxygen curing region is created by depositing ultraviolet curable ink on a substrate; depositing a barrier over the resulting ink droplets in the curing region; exposing the curing region to ultraviolet radiation; and removing the barrier from the cured ink.
In some embodiments of the invention, a print carriage has one or more attached film canisters. The carriage contains print heads, which deposit ink droplets onto a substrate as they traverse the substrate. The film canisters lay down an atmospheric-barrier film onto the ink droplets as the carriage continues to traverse the substrate, thus creating a reduced oxygen curing region around the ink droplets. The carriage is also coupled to an ultraviolet light source that trails the motion of the carriage. As such, the covered ink is subsequently cured as the UV light source passes over the film-covered droplets. As the carriage continues its movement, the atmospheric-barrier film is removed; leaving only cured, and flattened ink on the substrate.
In some embodiments of the invention, a barrier to atmospheric oxygen is applied to ink droplets with an associated force. According to these embodiments, this force spreads out the ink droplet, thus increasing ink coverage. In some embodiments, the force smoothes out peaks and valleys between neighboring ink droplets, thus altering the surface appearance of the printed substrate. In some embodiments wicking between the substrate and the barrier film also causes the ink drop to spread out.
In some embodiments of the invention, a carriage containing print heads is coupled to one or more ultraviolet lights. The ultraviolet light is coupled to a roller that is substantially transparent to ultraviolet light. In some embodiments the roller is a substantially rigid rolling rod. The rolling rod is configured to make substantial contact with the substrate as the carriage traverses the substrate. According to these embodiments, the rolling rod trails the carriage and rolls over deposited ink laid down by the print heads, thus creating a momentarily oxygen free cure zone at the contact area beneath the roller. The ultraviolet light is directed on the ink beneath the rolling rod at this moment for curing the ink.
In other embodiments, the roller is substantially flexible and spreads out over the ink as it makes contact with the substrate. According to these embodiments, the reduced oxygen curing region is larger and easier to expose to adequate ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, a film-barrier on a roller guide replaces the roller to provide an even larger contact surface area between the film and the substrate.
Some embodiments of the invention involve other methods of providing a reduced oxygen curing region. According to these methods, the process begins with depositing ultraviolet curable ink on a moving ultraviolet-transparent film. The film is then rotated, causing contact to be made at a contact point between the deposited ink and a substrate. This contact point is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, thus transferring the ink to the substrate, and substantially simultaneously curing the ink. Finally, the ultraviolet-transparent film is rotated further, thus removing the film from the contact point and leaving a cured ink deposit on the substrate.
In some other embodiments, a carriage assembly is disclosed that includes one or more inkjet print heads, and an atmospheric-barrier film system that surrounds an ultraviolet light source. The print heads deposit ink onto the film, which rotates around the light source as the carriage assembly traverses a substrate. When the deposited ink makes contact with the substrate the light source exposes the deposited ink with ultraviolet radiation, thus curing the ink and transferring it to the substrate.
In some embodiments of the invention a printing system includes a reduced oxygen curing region using an atmospheric-barrier film, and incorporating less reactive gas introduction. In some embodiments, the curing region comprises a roller system for the application of an atmospheric-barrier film to a substrate, and also a less reactive gas introduction means. In some embodiments, the roller system is disposed at an angle to the surface of the curing region, thus forming a pocket. The less reactive gas introduction means is configured to deliver less reactive gas into the pocket. As explained above, a substrate is fed through the printing region, and ultraviolet-curable ink is deposited onto the substrate. The substrate is then fed into the curing region, thereby encountering the less reactive gas. Subsequently, the substrate makes contact with the atmospheric-barrier film. The less-reactive gas and the atmospheric-barrier film work synergistically to reduce the possibility of oxygen reacting with the ink during curing.
Systems and methods are provided for curing ink, using one or more ultraviolet light sources and a means for providing a reduced oxygen curing region. The means for providing a reduced oxygen curing region can be adapted for use with a common printing system.
As the substrate moves through the system 10, the inkjet print heads deposit ink onto the substrate. The carriage 18 moves along the rail system 16, depositing ink on the substrate as it traverses the rail system 16. Upon the completion of a traversal, the substrate steps ahead by movement of the transport belt 14 to position the substrate for a return traversal and subsequent ink deposit. In some embodiments, the carriage passes over the same area multiple times, laying down swaths of image pixels each time, building an image consecutively.
In some other embodiments of the invention, a fixed group of print heads spans the width of the substrate and remains fixed as the substrate transport system moves a substrate beneath the print heads.
In either case, when ultraviolet curable ink is used, it is desirable to cure the ink shortly after being deposited.
In some embodiments of the invention, the barrier film accomplishes supplementary goals in addition to eliminating oxygen from the curing area of the ink. For example, in some embodiments, a barrier film is applied to the deposited ultraviolet ink with pressure to cause positive dot gain (as explained in more detail below). In some embodiments wicking between the substrate and the barrier film also causes positive dot gain. In some embodiments, the barrier film affects the surface appearance of cured ink (as explained also in more detail below).
The process 200 continues as an ultraviolet light source is directed onto the ink deposit through the barrier film, exposing photoinitiators to ultraviolet radiation 203, thus curing the ink. Finally, the process 200 terminates as the barrier is removed from the cured ink 204.
The process 200 disclosed above effectively removes oxygen from the curing region of a printing system as an ultraviolet-curable ink is deposited on to a substrate. Removing oxygen from the curing region allows a lower power ultraviolet light source to be used. Indeed, in some embodiments of the invention, the power of the ultraviolet light source may be reduced by approximately ninety percent using the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, removing atmospheric oxygen from the curing region allows less photoinitiator to be used in the ink. Ultraviolet power reduction and the reduction of the photoinitiator concentration increases efficiency and reduces cost. Various means for providing an atmospheric-barrier to the curing region exist and are disclosed in more detail below.
According to
A transport belt 314 is disposed on a surface of the printer base 312 and a substrate 399 is arranged between the carriage 318 and the transport belt 314. In operation, the transport belt 314 steps forward and/or backward, thus moving the substrate 399 in and/or out of the page.
The carriage 318 is also coupled to the ultraviolet light sources 320 and 330 with arms 321, 322, 331, and 332. The ultraviolet light sources 320, 330 are enveloped by films 323 and 333. The films 323, 333 are wound between film canisters 324, 325 and film canisters 334, 335, respectively. Furthermore, a lower portion of the films 323, 333 are held substantially parallel with the substrate 399 by application roller guides 326, 327, 336, 337. As such, the films 323, 333 are disposed in near or actual contact with, and substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate 399.
The films 323 and 333 are substantially transparent to at least a portion of the ultraviolet spectrum of light. In other embodiments of the invention, the films 323 and 333 are polyethylene. In some embodiments of the invention, the films 323 and 333 are polyester. It will be readily apparent to those with ordinary skill in the relevant art having the benefit of this disclosure that in other embodiments, any suitable film can be used that is substantially transparent to at least part of the ultraviolet spectrum.
For the purpose of simple viewing, the film canisters 324, 325, 334, 335 and the application roller guides 326, 327, 336, 337 are shown without a means for coupling with the arms 321, 331 and/or the ultraviolet light sources 320, 330. However, it will be clear to those with ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that a variety of coupling means can be used to accomplish this goal, such as arms coupling the axis of the canisters 324, 325, 334, and 335 and guides 326, 327, 336, and 337 to the arms 321 and 331.
In some embodiments of the invention, the carriage 318 moves back and forth across the base 312 to deposit ink onto the substrate 399. According to these embodiments, the film canisters 324, 325, 334 and 335 contain an extra supply of film. As the carriage 318 traverses the base 312 the film canisters 324, 325, 334 and 335 either let out extra film or intake excess film such that the film shared by canisters 324 and 325 and canisters 334 and 335 is long enough to cover the entire width of the substrate 399. The rate at which the canisters 324, 325, 334 and 335 let out and take in film is driven by the roller guides 326, 327, 336, and 337. This rate is synchronized with the speed of the carriage 318 traversing the substrate 399.
According to these embodiments, as the carriage 318 traverses from the left limit of the rail system 316 to the right limit of the rail system 316, the film canisters 325 and 335 let out excess film, while the film canisters 324 and 334 intake excess film. As such, a new portion of film is continuously rolling under the trailing roller guide 327 and roller guide 337. Likewise, as the carriage traverses from the right limit of the rail system 316 to the left limit of the rail system 316, the film canisters 324 and 334 let out excess film, while the film canisters 325 and 335 intake excess film. As such, a new portion of film is continuously rolling under the trailing roller guide 336 and roller guide 326.
In some other embodiments of the invention, the arms 322 and 332 are configured to raise and lower. According to these embodiments, the unused film canisters and the roller guides (those not trailing the motion of the carriage) are lifted when preceding the motion of the carriage 318, and thus do not contact the substrate 399.
As the carriage 318 traverses the substrate 399, the print heads 301, 302, 303, 304 deposit ultraviolet-curable ink onto the substrate 399 as ink droplets (not shown). Shortly after the ink droplets are deposited, film 323, 333 is guided under the roller guide trailing the carriage (either 327 or 336, depending on the direction of motion). The roller guide (either 327 or 336, depending on the direction of motion) encounters and passes over an ink droplet. As the roller guide (327 or 336) passes over an ink droplet, it applies pressure to the film (323 or 333) and the ink droplet, effectively depositing the film (323 or 333) onto the droplet. Since the film (323 or 333) is continuously moving between the film canisters 324, 325 and 334, 335, and its rate corresponds with that of the roller guide (327 or 336), it does not tend to drag or plow the ink droplet. As the films 323 and 333 are deposited on ink droplets, the droplets are isolated from atmospheric elements, such as oxygen.
After the film is deposited onto the ink droplets, the carriage 318 continues in its motion. Soon after, the ultraviolet light source (320 or 330) moves over the film-covered ink droplets. The ultraviolet light source (320 or 330) shines ultraviolet radiation on the film-covered ink droplets, thus curing the ink. Due to the presence of the film, the ultraviolet light sources 320, 330 require less power and the ink requires less photoinitiator, as compared to techniques that do not use film in this manner.
The carriage 318 continues its motion along the rail system 316 as the ink droplets are cured with the ultraviolet light source (320 or 330). The next roller guide (326 or 337, depending on the direction of motion) then encounters the film-covered and cured ink droplets. As the roller guide 326, 337 passes over the cured droplets, the film 323 or 333 is directed up toward the film canister 324 or 335, thus removing the film 323 or 333 from the cured ink droplet. The ink is cured to the extent that it does not stick to the film 323 or 333.
The system disclosed by
Finish on printed substrate can range from a matte finish to a high-gloss finish as desired. Matte finishes are a result of an uneven surface texture in which the ink has valleys and peaks, while high-gloss finishes have a smooth surface texture. Inkjet printing typically results in a printed substrate having a matte finish because it necessarily involves depositing a series of ink droplets, thus forming peaks and valleys. According to some embodiments of the invention, the deposition of a smooth film and pressure on ink droplets deposited by an inkjet print head flattens out the surface of the ink, thereby resulting in a more glossy finish.
Likewise, it will be readily apparent to those with ordinary skill in the relevant art, having the benefit of this disclosure, that a textured film can be used in place of the smooth film as disclosed above. Using a textured film will result in a matte finish by causing or increasing the size of the peaks and valleys between deposited ink droplets.
As explained above, common inkjet printing applications involve jetting ink onto a substrate. These methods typically include a small time delay before the ink is exposed to the ultraviolet light source. In that time delay, sometimes known as “time to lamp,” ink drops generally tend to spread out and wet the media. This phenomenon is known as “dot gain.” Longer time to lamp results in higher dot gain and thinner final ink layer thickness. However, longer times to lamp will also tend to increase the size of the print head or printer, and decrease the overall print speed of the printer.
According to the present invention, the pressure applied to the ink droplets encourages ink to spread out, thereby increasing the coverage of deposited ink and reducing the amount of ink needed for the creation of an image. Increasing ink coverage in square meters per liter reduces the end cost of printing.
As disclosed above, the deposition of an atmospheric-barrier film is effective for providing a reduced oxygen curing region to cure deposited ink. Various other configurations can also provide a less reactive curing region for inkjet printing applications.
A transport belt 514 is disposed on the surface of the base 512, and a substrate 599 is arranged between the carriage 518 and the transport belt 514. In operation, the transport belt 514 steps forward and/or backward, as explained above, thus moving the substrate 599 in and/or out of the page.
The carriage 518 is also coupled to ultraviolet light sources 520 and 530. The ultraviolet light sources 520 and 530 are coupled to arms 531 and 532, respectively. The arms 531 and 532 are coupled to the rotating rods 528 and 529 by a substantially axial member.
In some embodiments of the invention, the carriage 518 moves back and forth across the base 512 to deposit ink onto the substrate 599. According to these embodiments, the print heads 501, 502, 503, and 504 deposit ink on the substrate 599 as it moves across the rail system 516. Shortly after depositing ink, a rotating rod (528 or 529, depending on the direction of the carriage) encounters the ink droplet. The rotating rod 528 or 529 passes over the ink droplet, thus applying pressure to the droplet and isolating a portion of the droplet from atmosphere. The isolation of the droplet from atmosphere creates a momentarily oxygen-free curing environment. At that time ultraviolet light is directed to the isolated droplet, thus curing the ink.
In some embodiments, the vertical position of the substrate 599 is adjustable such that the amount of pressure applied to ink droplets by the rotating rods 528 and 529 can vary. According to these embodiments, the rotating rods 528 and 529 apply pressure to the ink droplet, thus affecting surface appearance and dot gain as explained above. Also, since the rotating rods 528 and 529 rotate at a rate that corresponds with that of the carriage 518, they tend not to drag or plow the ink droplet.
The rotating rods 528 and 529 are substantially transparent to at least a portion of the ultraviolet spectrum of light. In one embodiment of the invention, the rotating rods 528 and 529 are quartz, however it will be readily apparent to those with ordinary skill in the relevant art having the benefit of this disclosure that any suitable material can be used that is substantially transparent to at least part of the ultraviolet spectrum.
Similar to the printer system 500 of
The carriage 618 is also coupled to the ultraviolet light sources 620 and 630. The ultraviolet light sources 620 and 630 are coupled to arms 631 and 632, respectively. The arms 631 and 632 are coupled to flexible rotating cylinders 628 and 629 by a substantially axial member.
The carriage 618 moves back and forth across the base 612 to deposit ink onto the substrate 699. According to these embodiments, the print heads 601, 602, 603, and 604 deposit ink on the substrate 699 as it moves across the rail system 616. Shortly after depositing ink, a flexible rotating cylinder (628 or 629, depending on the direction of the carriage) encounters the ink droplet. The flexible rotating cylinder 628 or 629 passes over the ink droplet, thus applying pressure to the droplet and isolating a portion of the droplets from atmosphere.
According to these embodiments, the surface area under the flexible rotating cylinders 628 and 629 is greater because the cylinders 628 and 629 are flattened due to their flexibility. The increased surface area increases the size of the portion of the droplets isolated from atmosphere. Therefore the reduced oxygen curing region is larger than would be available by using rigid cylinders. The isolation of the droplets from atmosphere creates a momentarily oxygen-reduced curing environment. At that time ultraviolet light is directed to the isolated droplets, thus curing the ink.
The printing system 600 also includes a carriage 618 containing print heads 601, 602, 603, and 604. The carriage 618 is coupled to the base 612 of the printer 600 via the rail system 616. The rail system 616 includes a belt 640 for moving the carriage 618 back and forth across the base 612. Also, a transport belt 614 is disposed on the surface of the base 612, and a substrate 699 is arranged between the carriage 618 and the transport belt 614. In operation, the transport belt 614 steps forward and/or backward, as explained above, thus moving the substrate 699 in and/or out of the page.
The carriage 618 is also coupled to the ultraviolet light sources 620 and 630. The ultraviolet light sources 620 and 630 are coupled to film-barrier rollers 650 and 651, respectively. The film-barrier rollers 650 and 651 comprise two rotating guides having an ultraviolet transparent film strung around them. The film-barrier rollers 650 and 651 lay down a film upon ink droplets as the carriage 618 traverses the substrate 699. The film-barrier rollers 650 and 651 provide an increased area of contact between the film and the substrate 699.
In some embodiments of the invention, the method described in
The carriage 718 contains two inkjet cartridges 725 and 735, one on either side of a barrier film assembly 730. The barrier film assembly 730 contains an ultraviolet light source 720. The inkjet cartridges 725 and 735 contain print heads 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, and 708. The barrier film assembly comprises the UV light source 720 surrounded by a film 750 supported by guides 751, 752, 753, and 754.
The carriage 718 moves back and forth across the base 712. As the carriage 718 traverses the substrate 799, the film 750 rotates around the guides 751, 752, 753, and 754. The print heads 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, and 708 deposit droplets of ink on the film 750. Accordingly, the droplets make contact with the substrate 799 when it rotates under the guides 753 or 754 (depending on the direction of motion). When the ink contacts the substrate 799 it is transferred to the substrate 799 and cured simultaneously or nearly simultaneously by the UV light source 720 passing nearby or directly over the transferred ink.
After the substrate receives ink droplets from the carriage 804, it continues into the curing region 803, which includes a roller system 805; a less-reactive gas introduction means 806; a less reactive gas pocket 807; and a UV light source 809.
The curing region 803 comprises a roller system 805 for the application of an atmospheric-barrier film 808 to a substrate, as well as less reactive gas introduction means 806. In some embodiments, the roller system is disposed at an angle to the surface of the curing region 803, thus forming a pocket 807. The less reactive gas introduction means 806 is configured to deliver less reactive gas into the pocket 807.
In some embodiments of the invention, the roller system 805 extends the full width of the printing system 800. Likewise, in some embodiments, the UV light source 809 can extend the full width of the printing system 800. In some other embodiments, the UV light source 809 is coupled to the printing system 800, and configured to traverse the curing area 803 in concert with the carriage 804.
In some embodiments of the invention, the printing system 800 with a reduced oxygen curing region accomplished by using atmospheric-barrier films, and incorporating less reactive gas introduction is used by choosing either the barrier film application or less reactive gas introduction in a given application. For instance, in applications demanding a matte finish, the application of barrier film will smooth out the peaks and valleys, as explained above. Therefore, according to these embodiments, a gas introduction method is desired over the barrier film application. Likewise, the barrier film application can be chosen over the gas introduction methods.
In other embodiments, both the barrier film application and the gas introduction methods are used together. According to these embodiments, a substrate is fed through the printing region 802, and UV-curable ink is deposited onto the substrate. It is then fed into the curing region 803, thus encountering the less reactive gas. Subsequently, the substrate makes contact with the atmospheric-barrier film 808. The less reactive gas and the atmospheric-barrier film 808 work synergistically to reduce the possibility of oxygen reacting with the ink during curing. Furthermore, the film barrier 808 applies pressure to the ink droplets, thus increasing coverage and altering surface appearance, as explained above.
In some embodiments, the roller system 805 begins at an angle to the curing region 803, thus forming the less reactive gas pocket 807, and rotates down to contact the substrate for curing. In any event, the “downstream” roller in the roller system 805 consistently makes contact with substrate that is passing through.
In some cases of UV inkjet printing, the UV light source is a low power UV source, sufficient to only partially cure the ink. This practice is known as pinning because it prevents movement of the ink droplets, but does not fully cure them. In these cases, a full cure is oftentimes performed after the image is completely printed. In some embodiments, a low power UV lamp (not shown) is additionally included upstream from the curing region 803 to “pin” the ink droplets before a full cure.
The covered and less reactive gas exposed substrate is then exposed to UV radiation from the light source 809, thus curing the ink. The substrate continues past the roller system 805 and the film barrier 808 is removed, leaving cured ink on the substrate.
It will be readily apparent to those with ordinary skill in the relevant art having the benefit of this disclosure that in other embodiments, electromagnetic radiation at other ranges of wavelengths can be used to cure ink. According to these embodiments, the barrier used is substantially transparent to those ranges of wavelengths.
As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Likewise, the particular naming and division of the members, features, attributes, and other aspects are not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names, divisions and/or formats. Accordingly, the disclosure of the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following Claims.
