Patent Application
20200129711
The present invention relates to a dry powder inhaler. In particular, the present invention relates to a breath-actuated dry powder inhaler comprising an airflow adaptor. The invention also relates to methods of treating respiratory diseases of disorders.
In the treatment of respiratory issues including asthma and COPD a problem is that patients have different levels of severity of disease. This severity can vary between patients and within the same patient on different days (good days and bad days). The most severe patients have difficulty producing a high flow rate when they inhale while the less severe patients may always have a high flow rate when they inhale. At present there is a one size fits all approach to inhaler development. The same device is used to administer medicine to all patients whether severe or mild. In order to treat the severe patients, the amount of active agent is increased. This does not address the variations in inhalation volume flow rate amongst a patient population and the effect that has on fine particle fraction delivery.
Deagglomerators for breath-actuated dry powder inhalers are disclosed in WO 01/97889.
EP 2496294-A discloses one type of inhaler with an air bypass.
There is, however, a continued need to reduce the flow rate dependence of breath-actuated dry powder inhalers and, in particular, the flow rate dependence of the delivered dose of the medicament they deliver. In particular, there is a need to ensure that different patient groups receive substantially the same delivered dose from the same breath-actuated dry powder inhaler.
There is also a need for providing breath-actuated dry powder inhalers, and in particular those with deagglomerators, which provide better delivered dose characteristics. Particularly, there is a need for breath-actuated dry powder inhalers which provide improved delivered dose uniformity.
These and other problems are addressed by a breath-actuated dry powder inhaler comprising an airflow adaptor; and a method for modifying airflow through the outlet port of a deagglomerator according to the independent claim. Further advantageous embodiments are disclosed in the dependent claims.
The present specification discloses an inhaler for the inhalation of powder medication, e.g. dry powder, the inhaler having a body and at least one reservoir containing powder medication, the body having an air inlet and an outlet for the transmission to a patient of air entering the body through the air inlet and dry powder medication, the outlet having a total cross-sectional area for flow which is more than 80% of the total cross-sectional area of the air inlet. This surprisingly and advantageously provides improved fine particle fraction consistency over the range of flow rates. This means that a severe patient will get a similar amount of medicine as would be delivered as a mild patient. Likewise a mild patient having a bad day, i.e. a low inhalation flow rate, would get the same amount as on a good day, i.e. a high inhalation flow rate. The relatively large outlet flow area, including bypass air, relative to inlet flow area would be expected to decrease in drug delivery at the lower flow rates. The addition of an airflow bypass would also be expected to create an unpredictable fine particle fraction delivery. Surprisingly, however, the flow rate dependency is in fact reduced.
The total cross-sectional area of the outlet maybe more than 85% of the total cross-sectional area of the inlet; optionally less than 125%, for example 90 to 100%, about 95% being one example. Arrangements within these values, especially at about 95%, have been found to provide particularly good fine particle fraction delivery across a wide range of flow rates, from 30 to 90 L/min or 45 to 90 L/min.
The outlet may comprise a primary outlet for the transmission of dry powder medicament entrained in air as well as at least one secondary outlet for the transmission of a bypass flow of air alone without medicament.
Each secondary outlet may be non-ring-like or non-annular in form.
Each secondary outlet may comprise a circular aperture.
A plurality of said secondary outlets maybe provided. In this case, said secondary outlets may be arranged in a series configured around the primary outlet. The series may comprise a rectangular grid of four circular apertures, although other arrangements are envisaged.
The primary outlet may be substantially circular.
The primary outlet may have a cross-sectional area of 30 to 50 mm2, typically 35 to 45 mm2, about 38.50 mm2 being one example.
The total cross-sectional area of all said secondary outlets may be 5 to 15 mm2, typically 8 to 12 mm2, about 10.00 mm2 being one example. Optionally, the cross-sectional areas of all said secondary outlets is about 10% to 50% of the area of the air inlet, typically 15% to 25%, about 20% being one example.
The total cross-sectional area of the air inlet may be 40 to 60 mm2, typically 45 to 55 mm2, about 50.80 mm2 being one example.
The air inlet is generally elliptical in shape and may have at least an upper or lower edge portion thereof which is part of an ellipse; the air inlet preferably including at least one grille member extending thereacross parallel to a major axis of the generally elliptical shape of the air inlet.
The inhaler may include a deagglomerator which has a swirl chamber which includes at least one inlet port for air without powder medicament, as well as a medicament inlet for air with powder medicament, the area of flow through the at least one inlet port combined with the medicament inlet having a combined cross-sectional area which is less than the total cross-sectional area of the inlet to the body; preferably (a) also less than the cross-sectional area of the outlet and/or (b) about 40 mm2.
The combined cross-sectional area may be 3 to 5 times larger than the total cross-sectional area of all said secondary outlets, for example about 4 times larger.
The outlet may be formed at a mouthpiece of the inhaler.
A cone angle of a plume of substance emitted by the inhaler may be less than 35 degrees. This cone angle may be more than 25 or more than 30 degrees, about 33.5 or 33.52 degrees being some examples. In any of these cases, the cone angle may be achieved with a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied at a mouthpiece of the inhaler to cause air to flow therethrough.
The cross sectional area at a distance 3 cm away from inhaler exit of a plume of substance emitted from the inhaler may be less than 6 cm2, optionally less than 5 cm2, for example about 4.5 cm2. This cross sectional area, in any of these cases, may be more than 2 cm2, more than 3 cm2 or more than 4 cm2. In any of these cases, the cross sectional area may in some examples be achieved with a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied at a mouthpiece of the inhaler to cause air to flow therethrough.
At a distance 3 cm away from inhaler exit the ratio of maximum to minimum cross-dimensions of a plume of substance emitted from the inhaler may be less than 1.8, optionally less than 1.7 or less than 1.6, 1.55 being one example. This ratio may in any of these cases be more than 1.2, more than 1.3, more than 1.4 or more than 1.5. In any of these cases, the ratio may in some examples be achieved with a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied at a mouthpiece of the inhaler to cause air to flow therethrough.
The exit plume may comprise a generally uniform spray pattern of powder particles across the plume, although the spray pattern may have denser spray near and at a centre of the plume than near or at a peripheral edge of the plume.
The inhaler may include dry powder medicament. This may include one or more active ingredients which may comprise a fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination. The salmeterol may be salmeterol xinafoate. Other active ingredients are envisaged for other embodiments, as discussed below.
The primary and secondary ports may be configured such that delivery of Stage 4 particles in a Copley Scientific Next Generation Impactor test at pressure drops of 2 kPa, 4 kPa and 6 kPa varies between a most weight of particles and least weight of particles and the most weight of particles is less than 50% more than the least weight, optionally less than 35% more or less than 30% more, about 25% more being one example. The most weight may be more than 1%, more than 5% or more than 10% more than the least weight.
The primary and secondary ports may be configured such that delivery of Stage 5 particles in a Copley Scientific Next Generation Impactor test at pressure drops of 2 kPa, 4 kPa and 6 kPa varies between a most weight of particles and least weight of particles and the most weight of particles is less than 20% more than the least weight, optionally less than 17.5% more or less than 15% more, about 14% more being one example. The most weight may be more than 1%, more than 5% or more than 10% more than the least weight.
The present specification also discloses in another aspect an inhaler for the inhalation of powder medication, e.g. dry powder, the inhaler having a body and at least one reservoir containing powder medication, the body having an air inlet and an outlet for the transmission to a patient of air entering the body through the air inlet and powder medication, the outlet comprising a primary outlet for the transmission of dry powder medicament entrained in air as well as at least one secondary outlet for the transmission of a bypass flow of air, the primary and secondary outlets being configured to produce a plume of particulate substance emitted by the inhaler with a cone angle of the plume which is less than 35 degrees. This is optionally achieved at a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied across the inhaler.
The present specification discloses in another aspect an inhaler for the inhalation of powder medication, e.g. dry powder, the inhaler having a body and at least one reservoir containing powder medication, the body having an air inlet and an outlet for the transmission to a patient of air entering the body through the air inlet and powder medication, the outlet comprising a primary outlet for the transmission of dry powder medicament entrained in air as well as at least one secondary outlet for the transmission of a bypass flow of air, the primary and secondary outlets being configured to produce a plume of particulate substance emitted by the inhaler which at a plane 3 cm away from inhaler exit has a cross sectional area which is less than 6 cm2. This is optionally achieved at a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied across the inhaler.
The present specification discloses in another aspect an inhaler for the inhalation of powder medication, e.g. dry powder, the inhaler having a body and at least one reservoir containing powder medication, the body having an air inlet and an outlet for the transmission to a patient of air entering the body through the air inlet and powder medication, the outlet comprising a primary outlet for the transmission of dry powder medicament entrained in air as well as at least one secondary outlet for the transmission of a bypass flow of air, the primary and secondary outlets being configured to produce a plume of particulate substance emitted from the inhaler which at a plane a distance 3 cm from inhaler exit has a ratio of maximum to minimum cross-dimensions which is less than 1.8. This is optionally achieved at a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied across the inhaler.
The present specification discloses in another aspect an inhaler for the inhalation of powder medication, the inhaler having a body, at least one reservoir containing powder medication and a swirl chamber for deagglomerating the powder medication, the body having an air inlet and an outlet for the transmission to a patient of air entering the body through the air inlet and powder medication, the outlet comprising a primary outlet for the transmission of dry powder medicament entrained in air as well as at least one secondary outlet for the transmission of a bypass flow of air, the primary and secondary outlets being configured to produce a plume of particulate substance emitted by the inhaler with a plume angle of from about 95 degrees to about 100 degrees. This is optionally achieved at a pressure drop of 4 kPa applied across the inhaler.
A further aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a respiratory disease or disorder comprising actuating the inhaler of any of the previous disclosures hereof to administer a therapeutically effective amount of one or more active ingredients.
The inhaler may be a dry powder inhaler and the step of actuating the inhaler may comprise inhaling through the inhaler.
The respiratory disease or disorder may be asthma.
The respiratory disease or disorder may be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The one or more active ingredients may include budesonide and/or formoterol fumarate.
The one or more active ingredients may comprise albuterol or salbutamol sulphate.
The one or more active ingredients may comprise a fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination. The salmeterol may be salmeterol xinafoate.
The one or more active ingredients may be provided in dry powder form. The dry powder may include a fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination. The salmeterol may be salmeterol xinafoate. Other active ingredients may be used in other examples.
The present invention may be carried out in various ways and a preferred disclosure will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The airflow adaptor 200 also comprises means for allowing air to flow from the proximal end 2090 of the adaptor to the distal end 2010 of the adaptor independently of the airflow in the conduit when a breath induced low pressure is applied to the distal end of the airflow adaptor 200. The means for allowing air to flow from the proximal end 2090 of the adaptor to a distal end 2010 of the adaptor independently of the airflow in the conduit 2020 when a breath induced low pressure is applied to the distal end 2010 of the airflow adaptor 200 are in the form of four apertures 202, 203, 204, 205 in the first circumferential flange 2030, which also has a relatively large circular central outlet 201.
In alternative embodiments there may be other numbers of apertures, for instance one, two, three, five, six, eight or more. The apertures shown have a circular cross-section; however, they may have any cross-sectional shape, for instance circular, square or triangular.
The airflow adaptor 200, as shown in
The first and second circumferential flanges may be of any shape; however, they are preferably of a shape which enables them mate with the mouthpiece of a dry powder inhaler. Preferably, they mate such that during use air will not flow across the mating surface.
The proximal end 2090 of the adapter at conduit 2020 allows fluid communication from a deagglomerator outlet port 532 to the distal end of the conduit 2010. In particular, the airflow adaptor 200, as shown in
The airflow adaptor 300 also comprises means for allowing air to flow from a proximal end of the adaptor to a distal end of the adaptor independently of the airflow in the conduit when a breath induced low pressure is applied to the distal end of the airflow adaptor 304, 305, 306 (fourth not shown). The means for allowing air to flow from a proximal end of the adaptor to a distal end of the adaptor independently of the airflow in the conduit when a breath induced low pressure is applied to the distal end of the airflow adaptor are in the form of four second conduits 304, 305, 306 (fourth not shown) running from the second circumferential flange 308 to the first circumferential flange 309. The second conduits shown have circular cross-sections 310, 311, 312 (fourth not shown); however, they may have any cross-sectional shape, for instance circular, square or triangular.
The proximal end 309 of the conduit 302 is suitable for making fluid communication with the outlet port of a deagglomerator of a dry powder inhaler. In particular, the airflow adaptor 300 shown in
The airflow adaptors of the present disclosure may be moulded from any suitable polymeric material. Suitable polymeric materials include polypropylene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (both available from BASF).
Preferably, the at least one inlet port 524, 525 comprises two diametrically opposed inlet ports 524, 525 that extend in a direction substantially transverse to the axis A and substantially tangential to the circular cross-section of the swirl chamber 514. As a result, airflows, illustrated by arrows 2 and 3 in
Referring to
As shown in
During use of the de-agglomerator 500 in combination with a breath-actuated dry powder inhaler including a dry powder delivery passageway and a dry powder reservoir 800 (
A portion of the combined airflow 4 and the entrained dry powder then collide with the oblique surfaces 528 of the vanes 526 causing particles and any agglomerates of the dry powder to impact against the oblique surfaces and collide with each other. The geometry of the swirl chamber 514 causes the combined airflow 4 and the entrained dry powder to follow a turbulent, spiral path, or vortex, through the swirl chamber. As will be appreciated, the decreasing cross-sections of the swirl chamber 514 continuously changes the direction and increases the velocity of the spiralling combined airflow 4 and entrained dry powder. Thus, particles and any agglomerates of the dry powder constantly impact against the wall 512 of the swirl chamber 514 and collide with each other, resulting in a mutual grinding or shattering action between the particles and agglomerates. In addition, particles and agglomerates deflected off the oblique surfaces 528 of the vanes 526 cause further impacts and collisions. The constant impacts and collisions cause any agglomerates to break into additional particles, and cause the particles to be substantially micronised.
Upon exiting the swirl chamber 514, the direction of the combined airflow 4 and the entrained dry powder is again changed to a transverse direction with respect to the axis A, through the outlet port 532. The combined airflow 4 and the entrained dry powder retain a swirl component of the flow, such that the airflow 4 and the entrained dry powder spirally swirls through the outlet port 532. Since the micronised powder and any remaining agglomerates maintain the swirl imparted from swirl chamber 514, the swirling flow causes additional impacts in the outlet port 532 so as to result in further breaking up of any remaining agglomerates prior to being inhaled by a patient.
Suitable breath-actuated dry powder inhalers including the deagglomerators and airflow adaptors of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,748,947 and are sold under the trade name SPIROMAX⊥.
The apertures 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 211, 212 in the first and second circumferential flanges 2030, 208 perform the function of swirl chamber bypass ports. Accordingly, in use, a breath-actuated low pressure at the distal end 2010 of the airflow adaptor 200 causes air to flow through the apertures in the first 2030 and second 208 circumferential flanges. The breath-actuated low pressure at the distal end 2010 of the airflow adaptor 200 also causes air to entrain medicament and deliver it to the swirl chamber 514 via the supply port.
The vanes 526 are non-rotationally fixedly attached to the first end of the swirl chamber and extend at least in part radially outwardly from the axis A of the swirl chamber 514. The oblique surfaces 528 are such that a portion of the combined airflows is deflected in a substantially longitudinal direction towards the second end 520 of the swirl chamber 514.
The inhaler has a mouthpiece cap 802 which is removable or rotatable for operatively moving a dosing cup 804 via a linkage (not shown) to fill the dosing cup 804 with dry powder medicament from the reservoir 800 and place the dosed dosing cup 804 in the dry powder delivery passageway which leads from an inhaler air inlet 806 (
The air inlet 806 is elliptical with its major axis C horizontal when a main body 808 of the inhaler is held vertical during inhalation. The air inlet 806 has an upper edge 810 and a lower edge 812 both of which are shaped to form part of an ellipse. The air inlet 806 has a central grille member 814 extending along its major axis C. The air inlet 806 has a cross-sectional area of 50.80 mm2. The illustrated inlet 806 is the sole source of airflow to the outlet. The supply port 522, the air bypass port(s), the inlet ports 524, 525, and the outlet port, each share the same inlet 806.
The cross-sectional area of the supply port 522 is about 5 to 15 mm2, about 7.5 mm2 being one example.
Each of the two inlet ports 524, 525 has an area of about 10 to 20 mm2, about 15 or about 16 mm2 being two examples, so a total area between them of about 20 to 40 mm2, about 30 or about 32 mm2 being two examples. The cross-sectional area of the central circular outlet 816 of the conduit 2020 is 38.50 mm2 and each of the bypass air apertures 202, 203, 204, 205 as well as each of the four apertures 210, 211, 212 in the second circumferential flange 208 is 2.5 mm2, thus making a total outlet area of 48.50 mm2, which is about 95% of the area of the air inlet 806. The outlet area is therefore relatively large being approximately equal to the inlet area. Furthermore, the bypass area of 10 mm2 for all four apertures 202, 203, 204, 205 at the outlet is about 20% of the inlet area and about 25% of the area of the central outlet 816.
These arrangements have significant advantages as shown by
In
Inhaler mouthpieces as in
The NGI A tests were made at the following three pressure settings using the NGI tester:
NGI A Tests at 3 different Pressure Drop settings:
The materials used were:
Albuterol MDPI 90 mcg/dose 200 doses (Salbutamol Sulphate), 0.65 g fill weight, priming 50 l/min..
The devices were wasted at the same flow rate that the testing was performed at.
The results were as follows in Table 1 below:
) (mcg)
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
As shown in Table 1 and as also drawn in the graphs of
For Stage 4 particles, the high flow devices achieved results at 2 kPa, 4 kPa and 6 kPa of 11.85, 13.38 and 14.72 mcg respectively, the highest of these figures only being 24% higher than the lowest, whereas the standard devices achieved equivalent results of 10.91, 14.61 and 16.46 mcg, of which the highest figure is 51% higher than the lowest. Therefore a more consistent delivery of Stage 4 particles is achieved by the high flow devices than the standard devices across this range of pressure drops applied.
Further, for Stage 5 particles, the high flow devices achieved results at 2 kPa, 4 kPa and 6 kPa of 12.28, 11.39 and 10.79 mcg respectively, the highest of these figures only being 14% higher than the lowest, whereas the standard devices achieved equivalent results of 17.44, 15.31 and 14.41 mcg, of which the highest figure is 21% higher than the lowest. Therefore a more consistent delivery of Stage 5 particles is achieved by the high flow devices then the standard devices across this range of pressure drops applied.
Using a high-speed camera operating at 500 Hz to capture images of the formulation particles from the same types of high flow and standard devices moving through the light-sheet formed by a FireFLY laser provided by Oxford Lasers, with lighting planes along (vertical) and perpendicular (also vertical) to the direction of expected exit flow (i.e. perpendicular to mouthpiece exit/circumferential flange 206), the captured images were processed by the application software, Oxford Lasers Envision Patternate, to provide detailed data on the plume geometry & spray pattern from the device. The software can be purchased from Oxford Lasers.
The air flow rate respective to each device type was when a pressure drop of 4 kPa was applied to the respective mouthpiece, the flow rates resulting from this being about 60 I/min for standard devices and about 85 I/min for high flow devices.
The results are shown in
Typically, the dry powder medicament used in the breath-actuated dry powder inhaler comprises a medicament active selected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cholinergic agents, β2-adrenoreceptor agonists, anti-infective agents, anti-histamines and combinations thereof.
Suitable anti-inflammatory agents include corticosteroids and NSAIDs. Suitable corticosteroids which may be used include those oral and inhaled corticosteroids and their pro-drugs which have anti-inflammatory activity. Examples include methyl prednisolone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate, 6a, 9a-difluoro-17a-[(2-furanylcarbonyl) oxy]-11-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioicacid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6a, 9a-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3-oxo-17a-propionyloxy-androsta-1,4-diene-17p-carbothioic acid S-(2-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3S-yi) ester, beclomethasone esters (e.g. the 17-propionate ester or the 17,21-dipropionate ester), budesonide, flunisolide, mometasone esters (e.g. the furoate ester), triamcinolone acetonide, rofleponide, ciclesonide, butixocort propionate, RPR-106541, and ST-126. Preferred corticosteroids include fluticasone propionate, 6a, 9c-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16a-methyl-17a-[(4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl)oxy]-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17,8-carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester and 6a, 9a-difluoro-17a-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxyl-11-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17p-carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, more preferably 6a, 9a-difluoro-17a-[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester.
Suitable NSAIDs include sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (e.g. theophylline, PDE4 inhibitors or mixed PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors), leukotriene antagonists, inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis, iNOS inhibitors, tryptase and elastase inhibitors, beta-2 integrin antagonists and adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists (e.g. adenosine 2a agonists), cytokine antagonists (e.g. chemokine antagonists) or inhibitors of cytokine synthesis.
Suitable other (β2-adrenoreceptor agonists include salmeterol (e.g. as the xinafoate), salbutamol (e.g. as the sulphate or the free base), formoterol (e.g. as the fumarate), fenoterof or terbutaline and salts thereof.
Suitable anticholinergic agents are those compounds that act as antagonists at the muscarinic receptor, in particular those compounds, which are antagonists of the M1 and M2 receptors. Compounds include the alkaloid of the belladonna plants as illustrated by the likes of atropine, scopolamine, homatropine, hyoscyamine; these compounds are normally administered as a salt, being tertiary amines.
Particularly suitable anticholinergics include ipratropium (e.g. as the bromide), sold under the name Atrovent, oxitropium (e.g. as the bromide), glycopyrrolate (e.g. as the bromide), and tiotropium (e.g. as the bromide) (CAS-139404-48-1). Also of interest are: methantheline (CAS-53-46-3), propantheline bromide (CAS-50-34-9), anisotropine methyl bromide or Valpin 50 (CAS-80-50-2), clidinium bromide (Quarzan, CAS-34856-62-9), copyrrolate (Robinul), isopropamide iodide (CAS-71-81-8), mepenzolate bromide (U.S. Pat. No. 2,918,4086), tridihexethyl chloride (Pathilone, CAS-4310-35-4), and hexocyclium methylsulfate (Tral, CAS-115-63-9). See also cyclopentolate hydrochloride (CAS-5870-29-1), tropicamide (CAS-1508-75-4), trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (CAS-144-11-6), pirenzepine (CAS-29868-97-1), telenzepine (CAS-80880-90-9), AF-DX 116, or methoctramine, and the compounds disclosed in WO01/04118.
Suitable antihistamines (also referred to as H1-receptor antagonists) include any one or more of the numerous antagonists known which inhibit H1-receptors, and are safe for human use. All are reversible, competitive inhibitors of the interaction of histamine with H1-receptors. Examples include ethanolamines, ethylenediamines, and alkylamines. In addition, other first generation antihistamines include those which can be characterized as based on piperizine and phenothiazines. Second generation antagonists, which are non-sedating, have a similar structure-activity relationship in that they retain the core ethylene group (the alkylamines) or mimic the tertiary amine group with piperizine or piperidine.
Exemplary antagonists are as follows:Ethanolamines:carbinoxamine maleat, clemastine fumarate, diphenylhydramine hydrochloride, and dimenhydrinate.
Ethylenediamines:pyrilamine amleate, tripelennamine HCl, and tripelennamine citrate.
Alkylamines:chlropheniramine and its salts such as the maleate salt, and acrivastine.
Piperazines:hydroxyzine HCl, hydroxyzine pamoate, cyclizine HCl, cyclizine lactate, meclizine HCl, and cetirizine HCl.
Piperidines:Astemizole, levocabastine HCl, loratadine or its descarboethoxy analogue, and terfenadine and fexofenadine hydrochloride or another pharmaceutical acceptable salt.
Azelastine hydrochloride is yet another H1 receptor antagonist which may be used in combination with a PDE4 inhibitor.
Particularly suitable anti-histamines include methapyrilene and loratadine.
Generally, powdered medicament particles suitable for delivery to the bronchial or alveolar region of the lung have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometers, preferably less than 6 micrometers. Other sized particles may be used if delivery to other portions of the respiratory tract is desired, such as the nasal cavity, mouth or throat. The medicament may be delivered as pure drug, but more appropriately, it is preferred that medicaments are delivered together with excipients (carriers) which are suitable for inhalation. Suitable excipients include organic excipients such as polysaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose and the like), lactose, glucose, mannitol, amino acids, and maltodextrins, and inorganic excipients such as calcium carbonate or sodium chloride. Lactose is a preferred excipient.
Particles of powdered medicament and/or excipient may be produced by conventional techniques, for example by micronisation, milling or sieving.
Additionally, medicament and/or excipient powders may be engineered with particular densities, size ranges, or characteristics. Particles may comprise active agents, surfactants, wall forming materials, or other components considered desirable by those of ordinary skill.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1700727.9 | Jan 2017 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/051036 | 1/16/2018 | WO | 00 |
