Inhibition of p38 kinase using symmetrical and unsymmetrical diphenyl ureas

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to the use of a group of aryl ureas in treating cytokine mediated diseases and proteolytic enzyme mediated diseases, and pharmaceutical compositions for use in such therapy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Two classes of effector molecules which are critical for the progression of rheumatoid arthritis are pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue degrading proteases. Recently, a family of kinases was described which is instrumental in controlling the transcription and translation of the structural genes coding for these effector molecules.

[0003] The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family is made up of a series of structurally related proline-directed serine/threonine kinases which are activated either by growth factors (such as EGF) and phorbol esters (ERK), or by IL-1, TNFα or stress (p38, JNK). The MAP kinases are responsible for the activation of a wide variety of transcription factors and proteins involved in transcriptional control of cytokine production. A pair of novel protein kinases involved in the regulation of cytokine synthesis was recently described by a group from SmithKline Beecham (Lee et al. Nature 1994, 372, 739). These enzymes were isolated based on their affinity to bond to a class of compounds, named CSAIDSs (cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs) by SKB. The CSAIDs, bicyclic pyridinyl imidazoles, have been shown to have cytokine inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The isolated enzymes, CSBP-1 and -2 (CSAID binding protein 1 and 2) have been cloned and expressed. A murine homologue for CSBP-2, p38, has also been reported (Han et al. Science 1994, 265, 808).

[0004] Early studies suggested that CSAIDs function by interfering with m-RNA translational events during cytokine biosynthesis. Inhibition of p38 has been shown to inhibit both cytokine production (eg., TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and proteolytic enzyme production (eg., MMP-1, MMP-3) in vitro and/or in vivo.

[0005] Clinical studies have linked TNFα production and/or signaling to a number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (Maini. J. Royal Coll. Physicians London 1996, 30, 344). In addition, excessive levels of TNFα have been implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory diseases, including acute rheumatic fever (Yegin et al. Lancet 1997, 349, 170), bone resorption (Pacifici et al. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 1997, 82, 29), postmenopausal osteoperosis (Pacifici et al. J. Bone Mineral Res. 1996, 11, 1043), sepsis (Blackwell et al. Br. J. Anaesth. 1996, 77, 110), gram negative sepsis (Debets et al. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1989, 308, 463), septic shock (Tracey et al. Nature 1987, 330, 662; Girardin et al. New England J. Med. 1988, 319, 397), endotoxic shock (Beutler et al. Science 1985, 229, 869; Ashkenasi et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 10535), toxic shock syndrome, (Saha et al. J. Immunol. 1996, 157, 3869; Lina et al. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 1996, 13, 81), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Anon. Crit. Care Med. 1992, 20, 864), inflammatory bowel diseases (Stokkers et al. J. Inflamm. 1995-6, 47, 97) including Crohn's disease (van Deventer et al. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therapeu. 1996, 10 (Suppl. 2), 107; van Dullemen et al. Gastroenterology 1995, 109, 129) and ulcerative colitis (Masuda et al. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 1995, 46, 111), Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions (Fekade et al. New England J. Med. 1996, 335, 311), asthma (Amrani et al. Rev. Malad. Respir. 1996, 13, 539), adult respiratory distress syndrome (Roten et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991, 143, 590; Suter et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992, 145, 1016), acute pulmonary fibrotic diseases (Pan et al. Pathol. Int. 1996, 46, 91), pulmonary sarcoidosis (Ishioka et al. Sarcoidosis Vasculitis Diffuse Lung Dis. 1996, 13, 139), allergic respiratory diseases (Casale et al. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1996, 15, 35), silicosis (Gossart et al. J. Immunol. 1996, 156, 1540; Vanhee et al. Eur. Respir. J. 1995, 8, 834), coal worker's pneumoconiosis (Borm et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988, 138, 1589), alveolar injury (Horinouchi et al. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1996, 14, 1044), hepatic failure (Gantner et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1997, 280, 53), liver disease during acute inflammation (Kim et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 1402), severe alcoholic hepatitis (Bird et al. Ann. Intern. Med. 1990, 112, 917), malaria (Grau et al. Immunol. Rev. 1989, 112, 49; Taverne et al. Parasitol. Today 1996, 12, 290) including Plasmodium falciparum malaria (Perlmann et al. Infect. Immunit. 1997, 65, 116) and cerebral malaria (Rudin et al. Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 150, 257), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; Stephens et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 971; Ofei et al. Diabetes 1996, 45, 881), congestive heart failure (Doyama et al. Int. J. Cardiol. 1996, 54, 217; McMurray et al. Br. Heart J. 1991, 66, 356), damage following heart disease (Malkiel et al. Mol. Med. Today 1996, 2, 336), atherosclerosis (Parums et al. J. Pathol 1996, 179, A46), Alzheimer's disease (Fagarasan et al. Brain Res. 1996, 723, 231; Aisen et al. Gerontology 1997, 43, 143), acute encephalitis (Ichiyama et al. J. Neurol. 1996, 243, 457), brain injury (Cannon et al. Crit. Care Med. 1992, 20, 1414; Hansbrough et al. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 1987, 67, 69; Marano et al. Surg. Gynecol. Obstetr. 1990, 170, 32), multiple sclerosis (M.S.; Coyle. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 1996, 6, 143; Matusevicius et al. J. Neuroimmunol. 1996, 66, 115) including demyelation and oligiodendrocyte loss in multiple sclerosis (Brosnan et al. Brain Pathol. 1996, 6, 243), advanced cancer (MucWierzgon et al. J. Biol. Regulators Homeostatic Agents 1996, 10, 25), lymphoid malignancies (Levy et al. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1996, 16, 31), pancreatitis (Exley et al. Gut 1992, 33, 1126) including systemic complications in acute pancreatitis (McKay et al. Br. J. Surg. 1996, 83, 919), impaired wound healing in infection inflammation and cancer (Buck et al. Am. J. Pathol. 1996, 149, 195), myelodysplastic syndromes (Raza et al. Int. J. Hematol. 1996, 63, 265), systemic lupus erythematosus (Maury et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1989, 32, 146), biliary cirrhosis (Miller et al. Am. J. Gasteroenterolog. 1992, 87, 465), bowel necrosis (Sun et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 81, 1328), psoriasis (Christophers. Austr. J. Dermatol. 1996, 37, S4), radiation injury (Redlich et al. J. Immunol. 1996, 157, 1705), and toxicity following administration of monoclonal antibodies such as OKT3 (Brod et al. Neurology 1996, 46, 1633). TNFα levels have also been related to host-versus-graft reactions (Piguet et al. Immunol. Ser. 1992, 56, 409) including ischemia reperfusion injury (Colletti et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 85, 1333) and allograft rejections including those of the kidney (Maury et al. J. Exp. Med. 1987, 166, 1132), liver (Inagawa et al. Transplantation 1990, 50, 219), heart (Bolling et al. Transplantation 1992, 53, 283), and skin (Stevens et al. Transplant. Proc. 1990, 22, 1924), lung allograft rejection (Grossman et al. Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am. 1989, 9, 153) including chronic lung allograft rejection (obliterative bronchitis; LoCicero et al. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1990, 99, 1059), as well as complications due to total hip replacement (Cirino et al. Life Sci. 1996, 59, 86). TNFα has also been linked to infectious diseases (review: Beutler et al. Crit. Care Med. 1993, 21, 5423; Degre. Biotherapy 1996, 8, 219) including tuberculosis (Rook et al. Med. Malad. Infect. 1996, 26, 904), Helicobacter pylori infection during peptic ulcer disease (Beales et al. Gastroenterology 1997, 112, 136), Chaga's disease resulting from Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chandrasekar et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 223, 365), effects of Shiga-like toxin resulting from E. coli infection (Harel et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1992, 56, 40), the effects of enterotoxin A resulting from Staphylococcus infection (Fischer et al. J. Immunol. 1990, 144, 4663), meningococcal infection (Waage et al. Lancet 1987, 355; Ossege et al. J. Neurolog. Sci. 1996, 144, 1), and infections from Borrelia burgdorferi (Brandt et al. Infect. Immunol. 1990, 58, 983), Treponema pallidum (Chamberlin et al. Infect. Immunol. 1989, 57, 2872), cytomegalovirus (CMV; Geist et al. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1997, 16, 31), influenza virus (Beutler et al. Clin. Res. 1986, 34, 491 a), Sendai virus (Goldfield et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 87, 1490), Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (Sierra et al. Immunology 1993, 78, 399), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; Poli. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87, 782; Vyakaram et al. AIDS 1990, 4, 21; Badley et al. J. Exp. Med. 1997, 185, 55).

[0006] Because inhibition of p38 leads to inhibition of TNFα production, p38 inhibitors will be useful in treatment of the above listed diseases.

[0007] A number of diseases are thought to be mediated by excess or undesired matrixdestroying metalloprotease (MMP) activity or by an imbalance in the ratio of the MMPs to the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). These include osteoarthritis (Woessner et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259, 3633), rheumatoid arthritis (Mullins et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1983, 695, 117; Woolley et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1977, 20, 1231; Gravallese et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1991, 34, 1076), septic arthritis (Williams et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33, 533), tumor metastasis (Reich et al. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 3307; Matrisian et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., USA 1986, 83, 9413), periodontal diseases (Overall et al. J. Periodontal Res. 1987, 22, 81), corneal ulceration (Bums et al. Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989, 30, 1569), proteinuria (Baricos et al. Biochem. J. 1988, 254, 609), coronary thrombosis from atherosclerotic plaque rupture (Henney et al. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., USA 1991, 88, 8154), aneurysmal aortic disease (Vine et al. Clin. Sci. 1991, 81, 233), birth control (Woessner et al. Steroids 1989, 54, 491), dystrophobic epidermolysis bullosa (Kronberger et al. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1982, 79, 208), degenerative cartilage loss following traumatic joint injury, osteopenias mediated by MMP activity, tempero mandibular joint disease, and demyelating diseases of the nervous system (Chantry et al. J. Neurochem. 1988, 50, 688).

[0008] Because inhibition of p38 leads to inhibition of MMP production, p38 inhibitors will be useful in treatment of the above listed diseases.

[0009] Inhibitors of p38 are active in animal models of TNFα production, including a muirne lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of TNFα production. Inhibitors of p38 are active in a number of standard animal models of inflammatory diseases, including carrageenan-induced edema in the rat paw, arachadonic acid-induced edema in the rat paw, arachadonic acid-induced peritonitis in the mouse, fetal rat long bone resorption, murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, and Fruend's adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Thus, inhibitors of p38 will be useful in treating diseases mediated by one or more of the above-mentioned cytokines and/or proteolytic enzymes.

[0010] The need for new therapies is especially important in the case of arthritic diseases. The primary disabling effect of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis is the progressive loss of articular cartilage and thereby normal joint function. No marketed pharmaceutical agent is able to prevent or slow this cartilage loss, although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been given to control pain and swelling. The end result of these diseases is total loss of joint function which is only treatable by joint replacement surgery. P38 inhibitors will halt or reverse the progression of cartilage loss and obviate or delay surgical intervention.

[0011] Several patents have appeared claiming polyarylimidazoles and/or compounds containing polyarylimidazoles as inhibitors of p38 (for example, Lee et al. WO 95/07922; Adams et al. WO 95/02591; Adams et al. WO 95/13067; Adams et al. WO 95/31451). It has been reported that arylimidazoles complex to the ferric form of cytochrome P450cam (Harris et al. Mol. Eng. 1995, 5, 143, and references therein), causing concern that these compounds may display structure-related toxicity (Howard-Martin et al. Toxicol. Pathol. 1987, 15, 369). Therefore, there remains a need for improved p38 inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] This invention provides compounds, generally described as aryl ureas, including both aryl and heteroaryl analogues, which inhibit p38 mediated events and thus inhibit the production of cytokines (such as TNFα, IL-1 and IL-8) and proteolytic enzymes (such as MMP-1 and MMP-3). The invention also provides a method of treating a cytokine mediated disease state in humans or mammals, wherein the cytokine is one whose production is affected by p38. Examples of such cytokines include, but are not limited to TNFα, IL-1 and IL-8. The invention also provides a method of treating a protease mediated disease state in humans or mammals, wherein the protease is one whose production is affected by p38. Examples of such proteases include, but are not limited to collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin (MMP-3).

[0013] Accordingly, these compounds are useful therapeutic agents for such acute and chronic inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, rheumatic fever, bone resorption, postmenopausal osteoperosis, sepsis, gram negative sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, toxic shock syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions, asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary fibrotic diseases, pulmonary sarcoidosis, allergic respiratory diseases, silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, alveolar injury, hepatic failure, liver disease during acute inflammation, severe alcoholic hepatitis, malaria including Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), congestive heart failure, damage following heart disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, acute encephalitis, brain injury, multiple sclerosis including demyelation and oligiodendrocyte loss in multiple sclerosis, advanced cancer, lymphoid malignancies, tumor metastasis, pancreatitis, including systemic complications in acute pancreatitis, impaired wound healing in infection, inflammation and cancer, periodontal diseases, corneal ulceration, proteinuria, myelodysplastic syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus, biliary cirrhosis, bowel necrosis, psoriasis, radiation injury, toxicity following administration of monoclonal antibodies such as OKT3, host-versus-graft reactions including ischemia reperfusion injury and allograft rejections including kidney, liver, heart, and skin allograft rejections, lung allograft rejection including chronic lung allograft rejection (obliterative bronchitis) as well as complications due to total hip replacement, and infectious diseases including tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori infection during peptic ulcer disease, Chaga's disease J resulting from Trypanosoma cruzi infection, effects of Shiga-like toxin resulting from E. coli infection, effects of enterotoxin A resulting from Staphylococcus infection, meningococcal infection, and infections from Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

[0014] The present invention, therefore, provides compounds generally described as aryl ureas, including both aryl and heteroaryl analogues, which inhibit the p38 pathway. The invention also provides a method for treatment of p38-mediated disease states in humans or mammals, e.g., disease states mediated by one or more cytokines or proteolytic enzymes produced and/or activated by a p38 mediated process. Thus, the invention is directed to compounds and methods for the treatment of diseases mediated by p38 kinase comprising administering a compound of Formula I

[0015] wherein

[0016] B is a substituted or unsubstituted, up to tricyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety of up to 30 carbon atoms with at least one 6-member aromatic structure containing 0-4 members of the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein if B is substituted, it is substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, up to per-halo, and Wn, wherein n is 0-3 and each W is independently selected from the group consisting of —CN, —CO2R7, —C(O)NR7R7, —C(O)—R7, —NO2, —OR7, —SR7, —NR7R7, —NR7C(O)OR7, —NR7C(O)R7, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-10-alkenyl, C1-10-alkoxy, C3-C10 cycloaklyl, C6-C14 aryl, C7-C24 alkaryl, C3-C13 heteroaryl, C4-C23 alkheteroaryl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C2-10-alkenyl, substituted C1-10-alkoxy, substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, substituted C4-C23 alkheteroaryl and Q—Ar;

[0017] wherein if W is a substituted group, it is substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —CN, —CO2R7, —C(O)R7, —C(O)NR7R7, —OR7, —SR7, —NR7R7, NO2, —NR7C(O)R7, —NR7C(O)OR7 and halogen up to per-halo;

[0018] wherein each R7 is independently selected from H, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-10-alkenyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C6-C14 aryl, C3-C13 hetaryl, C7-C24 alkaryl, C4-C23 alkheteroaryl, up to per-halosubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, up to per-halosubstituted C2-10-alkenyl, up to per-halosubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, up to per-halosubstituted C6-C14 aryl and up to per-halosubstituted C3-C13 hetaryl,

[0019] wherein Q is —O—, —S—, —N(R7)—, —(CH2)—m, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —(CH2)mO—, —NR7C(O)NR7R7′—, —NR7C(O)—, —C(O)NR7—, —(CH2)mS—, —(CH2)mN(R7)—, —O(CH2)m—, —CHXa, —CXa2—, —S—(CH2)m— and —N(R7)(CH2)m—,

[0020] m=1-3, and Xa is halogen; and Ar is a 5-10 member aromatic structure containing 0-2 members of the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen up to per-halo and optionally substituted by Zn1, wherein n1 is 0 to 3 and each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of of —CN, —CO2R7, —C(O)NR7R7, —C(O)—NR7, —C(O)R7, —NO2, —OR7, —SR7, —NR7R7, —NR7C(O)OR7, —NR7C(O)R7, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C6-C14 aryl, C3-C13 hetaryl, C7-C24 alkaryl, C4-C23 alkheteroaryl, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, substituted C7-C24 alkaryl and substituted C4-C23 alkheteroaryl; wherein the one or more substituents of Z is selected from the group consisting of —CN, —CO2R7, —C(O)NR7R7, —OR7, —SR7, —NO2, —NR7R7, —NR7C(O)R7, —NR7C(O)OR7,

[0021] R3′, R4′, R5′ are each independently H, C1-10-alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo, C1-10 alkoxy, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhaloalkoxy, halogen; NO2 or NH2;

[0022] R6′ is H, C1-10-alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, —NHCOR1; —NR1COR1; NO2;

[0023] one of R4′, R5′ or R6′ can be —X—Y,

[0024] or 2 adjacent R4′—R6′ can together be an aryl or hetaryl ring with 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted by C1-10-alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C1-10 alkanoyl, C6-12 aryl, C5-12 hetaryl or C6-12 aralkyl;

[0025] R1 is C1-10-alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo;

[0026] X is —CH2—, —S—, —N(CH3)—, —NHC(O)—, —CH2—S—, —S—CH2—, —C(O)—, or —O—; and

[0027] X is additionally a single bond where Y is pyridyl;

[0028] Y is phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, pyridone, pyrazine, benzodioxane, benzopyridine, pyrimidine or benzothiazole, each optionally substituted by

[0029] C1-10-alkyl, C1-10-alkoxy, halogen, OH, —SCH3 or NO2 or, where Y is phenyl, by

[0030] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0031] Preferably, the compounds of formula I are of formula Ia

[0032] wherein

[0033] R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently H, halogen, C1-10-alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo, C1-10-alkoxy, optionally substituted by at least one hydroxy group or by halogen, up to perhalo; C6-12 aryl, optionally substituted by C1-10 alkoxy or halogen, C5-12 hetaryl, optionally substitued by C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy or halogen; NO2, SO2F or —SO2CHpX3-p; —COOR1; —OR1CONHR1; —NHCOR1; —SR1; phenyl optionally substituted by halo or C1-10-alkoxy; NH2; —N(SO2R1)2, furyloxy,

[0034] 2 adjacent R3-R6 can together form an aryl or hetaryl ring with 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted by C1-10-alkyl, C1-10-alkoxy, C3-10-cycloalkyl, C2-10-alkenyl, C1-10-alkanoyl, C6-12-aryl, C5-12-hetaryl, C6-12-aralkyl, C6-12-alkaryl, halogen; —NR1; —NO2; —CF3; —COOR1; —NHCOR1; —CN; —CONR1R1; —SO2R2; —SOR2; —SR2; in which R1 is H or C1-10-alkyl and R2 is C1-10-alkyl; optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo, with —SO2-optionally incorporated in the aryl or hetaryl ring;

[0035] one of R4, R5 or R6 can be —X—Y,

[0036] R1 is C1-10-alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo;

[0037] p is 0 or 1;

[0038] X is —CH2, —S—, N(CH3)—, —NHC(O), CH2—S—, —S—CH2—, —C(O)—, or —O—; and

[0039] Y is phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, pyridone, pyrazine, benzodixane, benzopyridine, pyrimidine or benzothiazole, each optionally substituted by C1-10-alkyl, C1-10-alkoxy, halogen or NO2 or, where Y is phenyl, by

[0040] with the proviso that if R3 and R6 are both H, one of R4 or R5 is not H.

[0041] In formula I, suitable hetaryl groups B include, but are not limited to, 5-12 carbon-atom aromatic rings or ring systems containing 1-3 rings, at least one of which is aromatic, in which one or more, e.g., 1-4 carbon atoms in one or more of the rings can be replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Each ring typically has 3-7 atoms. For example, B can be 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 2- or 4-triazinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-pyrimidinyl, 1,2,3-triazol-1-, -4- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-1-, -3- or -5-yl, 1- or 5-tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-4-or -5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2- or -5-yl, 1,3,4-thiadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,2,3-thiadiazol-4- or -5yl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-2H-thiopyranyl, 2-, 3- or 4-4H-thiopyranyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzoturyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzothienyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-indolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-benzimidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzopyrazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzoxazolyl, 3-, 4-, 5- 6- or 7-benzisoxazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzisothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benz-1,3-oxadiazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-isoquinolinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 9-carbazolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-acridinyll, or 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinazolinyl, or additionally optionally substituted phenyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 3-pyrryl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-thiazolyl or 5-thiazolyl, etc. For example, B can be 4-methyl-phenyl, 5-methyl-2-thienyl, 4-methyl-2-thienyl, 1-methyl-3-pyrryl, 1-methyl-3-pyrazolyl, 5-methyl-2-thiazolyl or 5-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl.

[0042] Suitable alkyl groups and alkyl portions of groups, e.g., alkoxy, etc. throughout include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc., including all straight-chain and branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0043] Suitable aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and 1- and 2-naphthyl.

[0044] The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein, refers to cyclic structures with or without alkyl substitutents such that, for example, “C4 cycloakyl” includes methyl substituted cyclopropyl groups as well as cyclobutyl groups. The term “cycloalkyl” also includes saturated heterocyclic groups.

[0045] Suitable halogen groups include F, Cl, Br, and/or I, from one to per-substitution (i.e. all H atoms on a group replaced by a halogen atom) being possible where an alkyl group is substituted by halogen, mixed substitution of halogen atom types also being possible on a given moiety.

[0046] Preferred compounds of formula I include those where R3 is H, halogen or C1-10-alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo, NO2, —SO2F, —SO2CHF2; or —SO2CF3; R4 is H, C1-10-alkyl, C1-10-alkoxy, halogen or NO2; R5 is H, C1-10-alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo; R6 is H, hydroxy, C1-10-alkoxy, optionally substituted by at least one hydroxy group; —COOR1; —OR1CONHR1; —NHCOR1; —SR1; phenyl optionally substituted by halo or C1-10-alkoxy; NH2; —N(SO2R1)2, furyloxy,

[0047] Preferably, R3 is Cl, F, C4-5-branched alkyl, —SO2F or —SO2CF3; and R6 is hydroxy; C1-10-alkoxy optionally substituted by at least one hydroxy group; —COOR1; —OR1CONHR1; —NHCOR1; —SR1; phenyl optionally substituted by halo or C1-10-alkoxy; NH2; —N(SO2R1)2, furyloxy,

[0048] More preferably, R6 is t-butyl or CF3 and R6 is —OCH3. Preferably, R4′ is C1-10-alkyl or halogen; R5′ is H, C1-10-alkyl, halogen, CF3, halogen, NO2 or NH2; and R6′ is H, C1-10-alkyl, halogen, —NHCOCH3, —N(CH3)COCH3, NO2,

[0049] The invention also relates to compounds per se, of formula II

[0050] wherein

[0051] R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently H, halogen, C1-10-alkyl optionally substituted by halogen up to perhalo, C1-10-alkoxy, optionally substituted by at least one hydroxy group or halogen, up to perhalo; NO2, SO2F or —SO2CHnX3-n, C1-10-alkoxy; —COOR1; —OR1CONHR1; —NHCOR1; —SR1; C6-12 aryl, optionally substituted by C1-10-alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy or halogen, C5-12 hetaryl, optionally substituted by C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy or halogen; NH2; —N(SO2R1)2; furyloxy;

[0052] 2 adjacent R3-R6 can together form an aryl or hetaryl ring with 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted by C1-10-alkyl, C1-10-alkoxy, C3-10-cycloalkyl, C2-10-alkenyl, C1-10-alkanoyl, C6-12-aryl, C5-12-hetaryl, C6-12-aralkyl, C6-12-alkaryl, halogen; —NR1; —NO2; —CF3; —COOR1; —NHCOR1; —CN; —CONR1R1; —SO2R2; —SOR2; —SR2; in which R1 is H or C1-10-alkyl and R2 is C1-10-alkyl;

[0053] R3′, R4′ and R5′ are each independently H, C1-10-alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo; NO2 or NH2;

[0054] R6′ is H, C1-10-alkyl, halogen, —NHCOR1; —NR1COR1; NO2;

[0055] 2 adjacent R4′-R6′ can together be an aryl or hetaryl ring with 5-12 atoms;

[0056] R1 is C1-10-alkyl, optionally substituted by halogen, up to perhalo;

[0057] n is 0 or 1;

[0058] with the provisos that

[0059] (a) if R3 and R6 are both H , one of R4 or R5 is not H, and

[0060] (b) that R6 is phenyl substituted by alkoxy or halogen, alkoxy substituted by hydroxy, —SO2CF2H, —OR1CONHR1,

[0061] furyloxy or —N(SO2R1)2; or R6′ is

[0062] and (c) if R6 is phenyl substituted by alkoxy or halogen, the compounds have a pKa greater than 10, e.g., greater than 12, preferably greater than 15.

Preferred 5-tert-butylphenyl Ureas Are

[0063] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-phenyloxphenyl)urea;

[0064] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-methoxyphenyloxy)phenyl)urea;

[0065] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinyloxy)phenyl)urea;

[0066] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)urea;

[0067] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea;

[0068] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-(4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dionyl)methyl)phenyl)uera;

[0069] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-phenylphenyl)-N′-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)urea;

[0070] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-thienyl)phenyl)-N′-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)urea;

[0071] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)urea;

[0072] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)methoxyphenyl)-N′-(1-naphthyl)urea;

[0073] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(N-morpholinocarbonyl)methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)urea;

[0074] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(N-morpholinocarbonyl)methoxyphenyl)-N′-(1-naphthyl)urea;

[0075] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)phenyl)-N′-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)urea; and

[0076] N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(3-pyridinyl)methylphenyl)urea.

Preferred 5-trifuoromethylphenyl Ureas Are

[0077] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea;

[0078] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-2-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0079] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl)urea;

[0080] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)urea;

[0081] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-3-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0082] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2,4-difluorophenyl)urea;

[0083] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-phenyloxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)urea;

[0084] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)urea;

[0085] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea;

[0086] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinyloxy)phenyl)urea;

[0087] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(3-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea; and

[0088] N-(5-Trifluoromethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-(3-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)-phenyloxy)phenyl)-urea.

Preferred 5-sulfonylphenyl Ureas Are

[0089] N-(5-Fluorosulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea;

[0090] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)ureaN-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-fluorophenyl)uera;

[0091] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-2-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0092] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-3-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0093] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)urea;

[0094] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl)urea;

[0095] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)uera;

[0096] N-(5-(Difluromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)urea; and

[0097] N-(5-(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxphenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea.

Preferred 2-naphthyl Ureas Are

[0098] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(2-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0099] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea;

[0100] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(3-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0101] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′(4-methyl-3-fluorophenyl)urea;

[0102] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)urea;

[0103] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(1-naphthyl)urea;

[0104] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)urea;

[0105] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea;

[0106] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-(4-methoxyphenyloxy)phenyl)urea; and

[0107] N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-(4-(4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dionyl)methyl)phenyl)uera.

Other Preferred Ureas Are

[0108] N-(2-Hydroxy-4-nitro-5-chlorophenyl)-N′-(phenyl)urea; and

[0109] N-(2-Hydroxy-4-nitro-5-chlorophenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylmethly)phenyl)urea.

[0110] The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of formula I. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid, sulphonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid, and mandelic acid. In addition, pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid salts of inorganic bases, such as salts containing alkaline cations (e.g., Li+ Na+ or K+), alkaline earth cations (e.g., Mg+2, Ca+2 or Ba+2), the ammonium cation, as well as acid salts of organic bases, including aliphatic and aromatic substituted ammonium, and quaternary ammonium cations, such as those arising from protonation or peralkylation of triethylamine, N,N-diethylamine, N,N-dicyclohexylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,4-diazabiclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).

[0111] A number of the compounds of Formula I possess asymmetric carbons and can therefore exist in racemic and optically active forms. Methods of separation of enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures are well known to one skilled in the art. The present invention encompasses any isolated racemic or optically active form of compounds described in Formula I which possess p38 kinase inhibitory activity.

GENERAL PREPARATIVE METHODS

[0112] The compounds of Formula I may be prepared by use of known chemical reactions and procedures, some from starting materials which are commercially available. Nevertheless, the following general preparative methods are presented to aid one of skill in the art in synthesizing these compounds, with more detailed particular examples being presented in the experimental section describing the working examples.

[0113] Nitroaryls are commonly formed by electrophilic aromatic nitration using HNO3, or an alternative NO2+ source. Nitroaryls may be further elaborated prior to reduction. Thus, nitroaryls substituted with

[0114] potential leaving groups (eg. F, Cl, Br, etc.) may undergo substitution reactions on treatment with nucleophiles, such as thiolate (exemplified in Scheme II) or phenoxide. Nitroaryls may also undergo Ullman-type coupling reactions (Scheme II).

[0115] Nitroaryls may also undergo transition metal mediated cross coupling reactions. For example, nitroaryl electrophiles, such as nitroaryl bromides, iodides or triflates, undergo palladium mediated cross coupling reactions with aryl nucleophiles, such as arylboronic acids (Suzuki reactions, exemplified below), aryltins (Stille reactions) or arylzincs (Negishi reaction) to afford the biaryl (5).

[0116] Either nitroaryls or anilines may be converted into the corresponding arenesulfonyl chloride (7) on treatment with chlorosulfonic acid. Reaction of the sulfonyl chloride with a fluoride source, such as KF then affords sulfonyl fluoride (8). Reaction of sulfonyl fluoride 8 with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethane in the presence of a fluoride source, such as tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsiliconate (TASF) leads to the corresponding trifluoromethylsulfone (9). Alternatively, sulfonyl chloride 7 may be reduced to the arenethiol (10), for example with zinc amalgum. Reaction of thiol 10 with CHClF2 in the presence of base gives the difluoromethyl mercaptam (11), which may be oxidized to the sulfone (12) with any of a variety of oxidants, including CrO3-acetic anhydride (Sedova et al. Zh. Org. Khim. 1970, 6, 568).

[0117] As shown in Scheme IV, non-symmnetrical urea formation may involve reaction of an aryl isocyanate (14) with an aryl amine (13). The heteroaryl isocyanate may be synthesized from a heteroaryl amine by treatment with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent, such as trichloromethyl chloroformate (diphosgene), bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (triphosgene), or N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The isocyanate may also be derived from a heterocyclic carboxylic acid derivative, such as an ester, an acid halide or an anhydride by a Curtius-type rearrangement. Thus, reaction of acid derivative 16 with an azide source, followed by rearrangement affords the isocyanate. The corresponding carboxylic acid (17) may also be subjected to Curtius-type rearrangements using diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) or a similar reagent.

[0118] Finally, ureas may be further manipulated using methods familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0119] The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions including a compound of Formula I, and a physiologically acceptable carrier.

[0120] The compounds may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, vaginally, rectally or sublingually in dosage unit formulations. The term ‘administration by injection’ includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, as well as use of infusion techniques. Dermal administration may include topical application or transdermal administration. One or more compounds may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and if desired other active ingredients.

[0121] Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any suitable method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of diluents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; and binding agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. These compounds may also be prepared in solid, rapidly released form.

[0122] Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

[0123] Aqueous suspensions containing the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions may also be used. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

[0124] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example, sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

[0125] The compounds may also be in the form of non-aqueous liquid formulations, e.g., oily suspensions which may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or peanut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

[0126] Compounds of the invention may also be administrated transdermally using methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example: Chien; “Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications”; Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1987. Lipp et al. WO94/04157 Mar. 3, 1994). For example, a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula I in a suitable volatile solvent optionally containing penetration enhancing agents can be combined with additional additives known to those skilled in the art, such as matrix materials and bacteriocides. After sterilization, the resulting mixture can be formulated following known procedures into dosage forms. In addition, on treatment with emulsifying agents and water, a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula I may be formulated into a lotion or salve.

[0127] Suitable solvents for processing transdermal delivery systems are known to those skilled in the art, and include lower alcohols such as ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, lower ketones such as acetone, lower carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetate, polar ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, lower hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane or benzene, or halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform, trichlorotrifluoroethane, or trichlorofluoroethane. Suitable solvents may also include mixtures of one or more materials selected from lower alcohols, lower ketones, lower carboxylic acid esters, polar ethers, lower hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons.

[0128] Suitable penetration enhancing materials for transdermal delivery system are known to those skilled in the art, and include, for example, monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols such as ethanol, propylene glycol or benzyl alcohol, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fatty alcohols such as lauryl alcohol or cetyl alcohol, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fatty acids such as stearic acid, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters with up to 24 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl tertbutyl or monoglycerin esters of acetic acid, capronic acid, lauric acid, myristinic acid, stearic acid, or palmitic acid, or diesters of saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with a total of up to 24 carbons such as diisopropyl adipate, dilsobutyl adipate, diisopropyl sebacate, diisopropyl maleate, or diisopropyl fumarate. Additional penetration enhancing materials include phosphatidyl derivatives such as lecithin or cephalin, terpenes, amides, ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers such as dimethyl isosorbid and diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether. Suitable penetration enhancing formulations may also include mixtures of one or more materials selected from monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fatty alcohols, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters with up to 24 carbons, diesters of saturated or unsaturated discarboxylic acids with a total of up to 24 carbons, phosphatidyl derivatives, terpenes, amides, ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers.

[0129] Suitable binding materials for transdermal delivery systems are known to those skilled in the art and include polyacrylates, silicones, polyurethanes, block polymers, styrenebutadiene coploymers, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Cellulose ethers, derivatized polyethylenes, and silicates may also be used as matrix components. Additional additives, such as viscous resins or oils may be added to increase the viscosity of the matrix.

[0130] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oil phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

[0131] Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.

[0132] The compounds may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal or vaginal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum or vagina to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

[0133] For all regimens of use disclosed herein for compounds of Formula I, the daily oral dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight. The daily dosage for administration by injection, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, and use of infusion techniques will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight. The daily vaginal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight. The daily rectal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight. The transdermal concentration will preferably be that required to maintain a daily dose of from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg. The daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered between one to four times daily. The daily inhalation dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 10 mg/Kg of total body weight.

[0134] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the particular method of administration will depend on a variety of factors, all of which are considered routinely when administering therapeutics. It will also be understood, however, that the specific dose level for a given patient depends on a variety of factors, including specific activity of the compound administered, the age of the patient, the body weight of the patient, the general health of the patient, the gender of the patient, the diet of the patient, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the condition undergoing therapy, etc. It will be further appreciated by one skilled in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e., the mode of treatment and the daily number of doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof given for a defined number of days, can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional course of treatment tests.

[0135] The compounds of FIG. I are producible from known compounds (or from starting materials which, in turn, are producible from known compounds), e.g., through the general preparative methods shown above. The activity of a given compound to inhibit raf kinase can be routinely assayed, e.g., according to procedures disclosed below. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended, nor should they be construde to limit the invention in any way.

[0136] The entire disclosure of all applications, patents and publications cited above and below are hereby incorporated by reference, including provisional application serial nunber attorney docket number Bayer 10-V1, filed on Dec. 22, 1997 as Ser. No. 08/995,749, and converted on Dec. 22, 1998.

[0137] The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended, nor should they be construed to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

[0138] All reactions were performed in flame-dried or oven-dried glassware under a positive pressure of dry argon or dry nitrogen, and were stirred magnetically unless otherwise indicated. Sensitive liquids and solutions were transferred via syringe or cannula, and introduced into reaction vessels through rubber septa. Unless otherwise stated, the term ‘concentration under reduced pressure’ refers to use of a Buchi rotary evaporator at approximately 15 mmHg.

[0139] All temperatures are reported uncorrected in degrees Celsius (° C.). Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

[0140] Commercial grade reagents and solvents were used without further purification. Thinlayer chromatography (TLC) was performed using Whatman® pre-coated glass-backed silica gel 60A F-254 250 μm plates. Visualization of plates was effected by one or more of the following techniques: (a) ultraviolet illumination, (b) exposure to iodine vapor, (c) immersion of the plate in a 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol followed by heating, (d) immersion of the plate in a cerium sulfate solution followed by heating, and/or (e) immersion of the plate in an acidic ethanol solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine followed by heating. Column chromatography (flash chromatography) was performed using 230-400 mesh EM Science® silica gel.

[0141] Melting points (mp) were determined using a Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus or a Mettler FP66 automated melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Fourier transform infrared sprectra were obtained using a Mattson 4020 Galaxy Series spectrophotometer. Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured with a General Electric GN-Omega 300 (300 MHz) spectrometer with either Me4Si (d 0.00) or residual protonated solvent (CHCl3 δ 7.26; MeOH δ 3.30; DMSO δ 2.49) as standard. Carbon (13C) NMR spectra were measured with a General Electric GN-Omega 300 (75 MHz) spectrometer with solvent (CDCl3 δ 77.0; MeOD-d3; δ 49.0; DMSO-d6 δ 39.5) as standard. Low resolution mass spectra (MS) and high resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were either obtained as electron impact (El) mass spectra or as fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra. Electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS) were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 5989A mass spectrometer equipped with a Vacumetrics Desorption Chemical Ionization Probe for sample introduction. The ion source was maintained at 250° C. Electron impact ionization was performed with electron energy of 70 eV and a trap current of 300 μA. Liquid-cesium secondary ion mass spectra (FAB-MS), an updated version of fast atom bombardment were obtained using a Kratos Concept 1-H spectrometer. Chemical ionization mass spectra (CI-MS) were obtained using a Hewlett Packard MS-Engine (5989A) with methane or ammonia as the reagent gas (1×10−4 torr to 2.5×10−4 torr). The direct insertion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) probe (Vaccumetrics, Inc.) was ramped from 0-1.5 amps in 10 sec and held at 10 amps until all traces of the sample disappeared (˜1-2 min). Spectra were scanned from 50-800 amu at 2 sec per scan. HPLC—electrospray mass spectra (HPLC ES-MS) were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard 1100 HPLC equipped with a quaternary pump, a variable wavelength detector, a C-18 column, and a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. Spectra were scanned from 120-800 amu using a variable ion time according to the number of ions in the source. Gas chromatography—ion selective mass spectra (GC-MS) were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with an HP-1 methyl silicone column (0.33 mM coating; 25 m×0.2 mm) and a Hewlett Packard 5971 Mass Selective Detector (ionization energy 70 eV). Elemental analyses are conducted by Robertson Microlit Labs, Madison N.J.

[0142] All compounds displayed NMR spectra, LRMS and either elemental analysis or EMS consistant with assigned structures.

1List of Abbreviations and Acronyms:AcOHacetic acidanhanhydrousBOCtert-butoxycarbonylconcconcentrateddecdecompositionDMPU1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinoneDMFN,N-dimethylformamideDMSOdimethylsulfoxideDPPAdiphenylphosphoryl azideEtOAcethyl acetateEtOHethanol (100%)Et2Odiethyl etherEt3Ntriethylaminem-CPBA3-chloroperoxybenzoic acidMeOHmethanolpet. etherpetroleum ether (boiling range 30-60° C.)THFtetrahydrofuranTFAtrifluoroacetic acidTftrifluoromethanesulfonyl

A. General Methods for Synthesis of Substituted Anilines

A1. Synthesis of 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidinylanilines

[0143]

Step 1

4-tert-Butyl-1-(2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-nitrobenzene

[0144] To a solution of 4-tert-butyl-2-nitroaniline (1.04 g, 5.35 mmol) in xylene (25 m ) was added succinic anhydride (0.0535 g, 5.35 mmol) and triethylamine (0.75 mL, 5.35 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at the reflux temp. for 24 h, cooled to room temp. and diluted with Et2O (25 mL). The resulting mixture was sequentially washed with a 10% HCl solution (50 mL), a saturated NH4CL solution (50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash cromatography (60% EtOAc/40% hexane) to yield the succinimide as a yellow solid (1.2 g, 86%): mp 135-138° C.; 1H NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.38 (s, 9H), 2.94-2.96 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.78 (m, 1H), 8.18-8.19 (m, 1H).

Step 2

5-tert-Butyl-2-(2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)aniline

[0145] To a solution of 4-tert-butyl-1-(2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-nitrobenzene (1.1 g, 4.2 mmol) in EtOAc (25 mL) was added a 10% Pd/C (0.1 g). The resulting slurry was placed under a H2 atmosphere using 3 cycles of an evacuate-quench protocol and was allowed to stir under a H2 atmosphere for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and the residue was washed with CHCl3. The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the desired aniline as an off-white solid (0.75 g, 78%): mp 208-211° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.23 (s, 9H), 2.62-2.76 (m, 4H), 5.10 (br s, 2H), 6.52-6,56 (m, 1H), 6.67-6.70 (m, 2H).

A2. General Method for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuranyloxyanilines

[0146]

Step 1

4-tert-Butyl-1-(3-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)-2-nitrobenzene

[0147] To a solution of 4-tert-butyl-2-nitrophenol (1.05 g, 5.4 mmol) in anh THF (25 mL) was added 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran (0.47 g, 5.4 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.55 g, 5.9 mmol) followed by diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.93 ml, 5.9 mmol) and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temp. for 4 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with Et2O (50 mL) and washed with a saturated NH4Cl solution (50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash cromatography (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to yield the desired ether as a yellow solid (1.3 g, 91%): 1H-NMR (CHCl3) δ 1.30 (s, 9H), 2.18-2.24 (m, 2H), 3.91-4.09 (m, 4H), 5.00-5.02 (m, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 2

5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)aniline

[0148] To a solution of 4-tert-butyl-1-(3-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)-2-nitrobenzene (1.17 g, 4.4 mmol) in EtOAc (25 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (0.1). The resulting slurry was placed under a H2 atmosphere using 3 cycles of an evacuate-quench protocol and was allowed to stir under a H2 atmosphere for 8 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and washed with CHCl3. The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield of the desired aniline as a yellow solid (0.89 g, 86%): mp 79-82° C.; 1H-NMR (CHCl3) δ1.30 (s, 9H), 2.16-2.20 (m, 2H), 3.78 (br s, 2H), 3.85-4.10 (m, 4H),4.90 (m, 1H), 6.65-6.82 (m, 3H).

A3. General Method for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethanesulfonylanilines

[0149]

Step 1

2-Methoxy-5-(fluorosulfonyl)acetanilide

[0150] Acetic anhydride (0.90 mL, 9.6 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-methoxymetanilyl fluoride (1.0 g, 4.8 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL). After being stirred at room temp. for 4 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (25 mL), washed with a saturated NaHCO3 solution (25 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a foam which was triturated with a Et2O/hexane solution to provide the title compound (0.85 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.13 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 7.36 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.62 (br s, 1H).

Step 2

2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)acetanilide

[0151] To an ice-cooled suspension of tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsiliconate (0.094 g, 0.34 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added a solution of (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (1.0 mL, 6.88 mmol) in THF (3 mL) followed by a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(fluorosulfonyl)acetanilide (0.85 g, 3.44 mmol) in THF (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h on an ice bath, then was allowed to warm to room temp. and was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (25 mL), washed with water (25 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting material was purified by flash chromatography (3% MeOH/97% CH2Cl2) to provide the title compound as a white solid (0.62 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.13 (s, 3H) 4.00 (s, 3H), 7.42 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.80 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.64 (br s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 298 ((M+1)+).

Step 3

2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline

[0152] A solution of 2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethanesulfonyl)acetanilide (0.517 g, 1.74 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and a 1 N HCl solution (5 mL) was heated at the reflux temp. for 4 h and the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (30 mL), washed with water (30 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a gum (0.33 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.90 (s, 3H) 5.57 (br s, 2H), 7.11-7.27 (m, 3H); FAB-MS m/z 256 ((M+1)+). This material was used in urea formation without further purification.

A4. General Method for Aryl Amine Formation via Phenol Nitration Followed by Ether Formation and Reduction

[0153]

Step 1

2-Nitro-5-tert-butylphenol

[0154] A mixture of fuming nitric acid (3.24 g, 77.1 mmol) in glacial HOAc (10 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of m-tert-butylphenol (11.58 g, 77.1 mmol) in glacial HOAc (15 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 15 min then warmed to room temp. After 1 h the mixture was poured into ice water (100 mL) and extracted with Et2O (2×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to give the desired phenol (4.60 g, 31%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.23 (s, 9H), 7.00 (dd, J=1.84, 8.83, Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=1.84 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.83 Hz, 1H), 10.74 (s, 1H).

Step 2

2-Nitro-5-tert-butylanisole

[0155] A slurry of 2-nitro-5-tert-butylphenol (3.68 g, 18.9 mmol) and K2CO3 (3.26 g, 23.6 mmol) in anh DMF (100 mL) was stirred at room temp with stirring for 15 min then treated with iodomethane (2.80 g, 19.8 mmol) via syringe. The reaction was allowed to stir at room temp for 18 h., then was treated with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired ether (3.95 g, 100%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.29 (s, 9H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 7.10 (dd, J=1.84, 8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=1.84 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H). This material was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 3

4-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyaniline

[0156] A solution of 2-nitro-5-tert-butylanisole (3.95 g, 18.9 mmol) in MeOH (65 mL) and added to a flask containing 10% Pd/C in MeOH (0.400 g), then placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon). The reaction was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp, then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a dark sitcky solid (3.40 g, 99%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.20 (s, 9H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 4.43 (br s, 2H), 6.51 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (dd, J=2.21, 8.09 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.21 Hz, 1H).

A5. General Method for Aryl Amine Formation via Carboxylic Acid Esterification Followed by Reduction

[0157]

Step 1

Methyl 2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate

[0158] To a solution of 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (4.0 g, 17.0 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) at room temp was added conc H2SO4 (2.5 mL). The mixture was heated at the reflux temp for 24 h., cooled to room temp and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO4), concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (14% EtOAc/86% hexane) to give the desired ester as a pale yellow oil (4.17 g, 98%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.87 (s, 3H), 8.09 (d, J=7.72 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J=1.11, 8.09 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (d,J=1.11 Hz, 1H).

Step 2

Methyl 2-Amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate

[0159] A solution of methyl 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (3.90 g, 15.7 mmol) in EtOAc (100 mL) and added to a flask containing 10% Pd/C (0.400 mg) in EtOAc (10 mL), then placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon). The reaction was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp, then was filtered through Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a white crystalline solid (3.20 g, 93%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.79 (s, 3H), 6.75 (dd, J=1.84, 8.46 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (br s, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=0.73 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 1H).

A6. General Method for Aryl Amine Formation via Ether Formation Followed Ester Saponification, Curtius Rearrangement, and Carbamate Deprotection

[0160]

Step 1

Methyl 3-Methoxy-2-naphthoate

[0161] A slurry of methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (10.1 g, 50.1 mmol) and K2CO3 (7.96 g, 57.6 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) was stirred at room temp for 15 min, then treated with iodomethane (3.43 mL, 55.1 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temp overnight, then was treated with water (200 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), concentrated in vacuo (approximately 0.4 mmHg overnight) to give the desired ether as an amber oil (10.30 g): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 7.38 (app t, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.53 (app t, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H).

Step 2

3-Methoxy-2-naphthoic Acid

[0162] A solution of methyl 3-methoxy-2-naphthoate (6.28 g, 29.10 mmol) and water (10 mL) in MeOH (100 mL) at room temp was treated with a 1 N NaOH solution (33.4 mL, 33.4 mmol). The mixture was heated at the reflux temp for 3 h, cooling to room temp, and made acidic with a 10% citric acid solution. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with hexanes and washed several times with hexanes to give the desired carboxylic acid as a white crystalline solid (5.40 g, 92%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.88 (s, 3H), 7.34-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 12.83 (br s, 1H).

Step 3

2
-(N-(Carbobenzyloxy)amino-3-methoxynaphthalene

[0163] A solution of 3-methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (3.36 g, 16.6 mmol) and Et3N (2.59 mL, 18.6 mmol) in anh toluene (70 mL) was stirred at room temp. for 15 min., then treated with a solution of diphenylphosphoryl azide (5.12 g, 18.6 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) via pipette. The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. After cooling the mixture to room temp. benzyl alcohol (2.06 mL, 20 mmol) was added via syringe. The mixture was then warmed to 80° C. overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temp., quenched with a 10% citric acid solution, and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (14% EtOAc/86% hexane) to give the benzyl carbamate as a pale yellow oil (5.1 g, 100%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.89 (s, 3H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 7.27-7.44 (m, 8H), 7.72-7.75 (m, 2H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H).

Step 4

2-Amino-3-methoxynaphthalene

[0164] A slurry of 2-(N-(carbobenzyloxy)amino-3-methoxynaphthalene (5.0 g, 16.3 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (0.5 g) in EtOAc (70 mL) was maintained under a H2 atmospheric (balloon) at room temp. overnight. The resulting mixture was filtered through Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired amine as a pale pink powder (2.40 g, 85%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.86 (s, 3H), 6.86 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); EI-MS m/z 173 (M30 ).

A7. General Method for the Synthesis of Aryl Amines via Metal-Mediated Cross Coupling Followed by Reduction

[0165]

Step 1

5-tert-Butyl-2-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)oxy-1-nitrobenzene

[0166] To an ice cold solution of 4-tert-butyl-2-nitrophenol (6.14 g, 31.5 mmol) and pyridine (10 mL, 125 mmnol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) was slowly added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (10 g, 35.5 mmol) via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min, then allowed to warm up to room temp. and diluted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL). The resulting mixture was sequentially washed with a 1M NaOH solution (3×100 mL), and a 1M HCl solution (3×100 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (8.68 g, 84%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.39 (s, 9H), 7.30-8.20 (m, 3H).

Step 2

5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-nitrobenzene

[0167] A mixture of 3-fluorobenzeneboronic acid (3.80 g, 27.5 mmol), KBr (2.43 g, 20.4 mmol), K3PO4 (6.1 g, 28.8 mmol), and Pd(PPh3)4 (1.0 g, 0.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-tert-butyl-2-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)oxy-1-nitrobenzene (6.0 g, 18.4 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 24 h, at which time TLC indicated complete reaction. The reaction mixture was treated with a saturated NH4Cl solution (50 mL) and extracted EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (3% EtOAc/97% hexane) to give the title compound (4.07 g, 81%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.40 (s, 9H), 6.90-7.90 (m, 7H).

Step 3

5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)aniline

[0168] To a solution of 5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-nitrobenzene (3.5 g, 12.8 mmol) and EtOH (24 mL) in EtOAc (96 mL) was added 5% Pd/C (0.350 g) and the resulting slurry was stirred under a H2 atmosphere for 24 h, at which time TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® to give the desired product (2.2 g, 72%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.35 (s, 9H), 3.80 (br s, 2H), 6.90-7.50 (m, 7H).

A8. General Method for the Synthesis of Nitroanilines

[0169]

Step 1

4-(4-(2-Propoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)methylaniline

[0170] A solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.0 g, 9.2 mmol) and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (1.8 g, 9.2 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was heated at the reflux temp. for 2 h, then cooled to room temp. This mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) sequentially washed with a saturated NH4Cl (200 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), and dried (MgSO4). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to give the desired carbamate (1.3 g, 48%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.51 (s, 9H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 6.60-7.20 (m, 8H).

Step 2

4-(4-(2-Propoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)methyl-1-nitrobenzene

[0171] To an ice cold solution of 4-(4-(2-propoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)methylaniline (1.05 g, 3.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (15 mL) was added m-CPBA (1.2 g, 7.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was slowly allowed to warm to room temp. and was stirred for 45 min, at which time TLC indicated disappearance of starting material. The resulting mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), sequentially washed with a 1M NaOH solution (50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), and dried (MgSO4). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc/80% hexane) to give the desired nitrobenzene (0.920 g): FAB-MS m/z 328 (M+).

Step 3

4-(4-Nitrophenyl)methylaniline

[0172] To a solution of 4-(4-(2-propoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)methyl-1-nitrobenzene (0.920 g, 2.8 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added a conc. HCl solution (4.0 mL) and the resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h at which time TLC indicated disappearance of starting material. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temp. The resulting mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), then washed with a 1M NaOH solution (3×50 mL), and dried (MgSO4) to give the desired aniline (0.570 mg, 89%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.70 (br s, 2H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.10 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H).

A9. General Method for Synthesis of Aryl Anilines via Alkylation of a Nitrophenol Followed by Reduction

[0173]

Step 1

4-(α-Bromoacetyl)morpholine

[0174] To an ice cold solution of morpholine (2.17 g, 24.9 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (3.21 g, 24.9 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (70 mL) was added a solution of bromoacetyl bromide (5.05 g, 25 mmole) in CH2Cl2 (8 mL) via syringe. The resulting solution was kept at 0° C. for 45 min, then was allowed to warm to room temp. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL), sequentially washed with a 1M HCl solution (250 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (250 mL), and dried (MgSO4) to give the desired product (3.2 g, 62%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.40-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.60 (m, 4H), 4.11 (s, 2H).

Step 2

2-(N-Morpholinylcarbonyl)methoxy-5-tert-butyl-1-nitrobenzene

[0175] A slurry of 4-tert-butyl-2-nitrophenol (3.9 g, 20 mmol) and K2CO3 (3.31 g, 24 mmol) in DMF (75 mL) was stirred at room temp. for 15 minutes, then a solution of 4-(α-bromoacetyl)morpholine (4.16 g, 20 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir at room temp. overnight, then was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and sequentially washed with a saturated NaCl solution (4×200 mL) and a 1M NaOH solution (400 mL). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (75% EtOAc/25% hexane) to give the nitrobenzene (2.13 g, 33%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.25 (s, 9H), 3.35-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.58 (m, 4H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.80 (m, 2H).

Step 3

2-(N-Morpholinylcarbonyl)methoxy-5-tert-butylaniline

[0176] To a solution of 2-(N-morpholinylcarbonyl)methoxy-5-tert-butyl-1-nitrobenzene(2.13 g, 6.6 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL) in EtOAc (40 mL) was added 5% Pd/C (0.215 g). The resulting slurry was stirred under a H2 atmosphere for 6 h, at which time TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® to give the desired product (1.9 g, 98%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.18 (s, 9H), 3.40-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.60 (m, 4H), 4.67 (br s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 6.40-6.70 (m, 3H)

A10. General Method for Aryl Amine Formation via Nitrophenol Alkylation Followed by Reduction

[0177]

Step 1

5-tert-Butyl-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0178] A solution of 4-tert-butyl-2-nitrophenol (30 g, 0.15 mol) and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (0.771 g, 3.0 mmol) in ethylene carbonate (10.24 mL. 0.15 mol) was heated at 150° C. for 18 h, then cooled to room temp. and separated between water (50 mL) and CH2Cl2 (50 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (20% EtOAc/80% hexane) to afford the desired product as a brown oil (35.1 g, 90%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.25 (s, 9H), 3.66-3.69 (m, 2H), 4.10-4.14 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.85 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 2

5-tert-Butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0179] A solution of 5-tert-butyl-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (0.401 g, 1.68 mmol), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.46 mL, 2.0 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (0.006 g, 0.05 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (15 mL) was stirred at room temp. for 30 min, at which time TLC indicated consumption of starting material. The resulting mixture was washed with water (20 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (3% MeOH/97% CH2Cl2) to give the desired product as a yellow oil (0.291 g, 51%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.25 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 4.31 (br s, 4H), 7.27 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H) 7.64 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H) 7.77 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 3

5-tert-Butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)aniline

[0180] To a mixture of 5-tert-butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)1-nitrobenzene (0.290 g, 0.86 mmol) and 5% Pd/C (0.058 g) in MeOH (2 mL) was ammonium formate (0.216 g, 3.42 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp. for 12 h, then was filtered through a pad of Celite® with the aid of EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (2% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2) tp give the desired product as a pale yellow oil (0.232 g, 87%): TLC (20% EtOAc/80% hexane) Rƒ 0.63; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 1.17 (s, 9H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 4.03-4.06 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.54 (br s, 2H), 6.47 (dd, J=2.2, 8.1 Hz, 1H) 6.64-6.67 (m, 2H).

A11. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Hydrogenation of a Nitroarene

[0181]

4-(4-Pyridinylmethyl)aniline

[0182] To a solution of 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (7.0 g, 32.68 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (0.7 g) and the resulting slurry was shaken under a H2 atmosphere (50 psi) using a Parr shaker. After 1 h, TLC and 1H-NMR of an aliquot indicated complete reaction. The mixture was filtered through a short pad of Celite®. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a white solid (5.4 g, 90%): 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 3.74 (s, 2H), 4.91 (br s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=5.88 Hz, 2H), 8.40 (d, J=5.88 Hz, 2H); EI-MS m/z 184 (M+). This material was used in urea formation reactions without further purification.

A12. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Dissolving Metal Reduction of a Nitroarene

[0183]

4-(2-Pyridinylthio)aniline

[0184] To a solution of 4-(2-pyridinylthio)-1-nitrobenzene (Menai ST 3355A; 0.220 g, 0.95 mmol) and H2O (0.5 mL) in AcOH (5 mL) was added iron powder (0.317 g, 5.68 mmol) and the resulting slurry stirred for 16 h at room temp. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (75 mL) and H2O (50 mL), basified to pH 10 by adding solid K2CO3 in portions (Caution: foaming). The organic layer was washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO4), concentrated in vacuo. The residual solid was purified by MPLC (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to give the desired product as a thick oil (0.135 g, 70%): TLC (30% EtOAc/70% hexanes) Rƒ 0.20.

A13a. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0185]

Step 1

1-Methoxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene

[0186] To a suspension of NaH (95%, 1.50 g, 59 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at room temp. was added dropwise a solution of 4-methoxyphenol (7.39 g, 59 mmol) in DMF (50 mL). The reaction was stirred 1 h, then a solution of 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (7.0 g, 49 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added dropwise to form a dark green solution. The reaction was heated at 95° C. overnight, then cooled to room temp., quenched with H2O, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and H2O (200 mL) . The organic layer was sequentially washed with H2O (2×200 mL), a saturated NaHCO3 solution (200 mL), and a saturated NaCl solution (200 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated (Et2O/hexane) to afford 1-methoxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (12.2 g, 100%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.93-7.04 (m, 6H), 8.18 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H); EI-MS m/z 245 (M+).

Step 2

4-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)aniline

[0187] To a solution of 1-methoxy-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (12.0 g, 49 mmol) in EtOAc (250 mL) was added 5% Pt/C (1.5 g) and the resulting slurry was shaken under a H2 atmosphere (50 psi) for 18 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® with the aid of EtOAc and concentrated in vacuo to give an oil which slowly solidified (10.6 g, 100%): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.54 (br s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 6.65 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.79-6.92 (m, 6H); EI-MS m/z 215 (M+).

A13b. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0188]

Step 1

3-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-(4-pyridinylthio)nitrobenzene

[0189] A solution of 4-mercaptopyridine (2.8 g, 24 mmoles), 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzotrifluoride (5 g, 23.5 mmoles), and potassium carbonate (6.1 g, 44.3 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (80 mL) was stirred at room temperature and under argon overnight. TLC showed complete reaction. The mixture was diluted with Et2O (100 mL) and water (100 mL) and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with Et2O (2×100 mL). The organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid residue was triturated with Et2O to afford the desired product as a tan solid (3.8 g, 54%): TLC (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) Rƒ 0.06; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.33 (dd, J=1.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.54-8.56 (m, 3H).

Step 2

3-(Trifluoromethyl)-4-(4-pyridinylthio)aniline

[0190] A slurry of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-pyridinylthio)nitrobenzene (3.8 g, 12.7 mmol), iron powder (4.0 g, 71.6 mmol), acetic acid (100 mL), and water (1 mL) were stirred at room temp. for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with Et2O (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 4 with a 4 N NaOH solution. The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was filtered through a pad of silica (gradient from 50% EtOAc/50% hexane to 60% EtOAc/40% hexane) to afford the desired product (3.3 g): TLC (50% EtOAc/50% hexane) Rƒ 0.10; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 6.21 (s, 2H), 6.84-6.87 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H).

A13c. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0191]

Step 1

4-(2-(4-Phenyl)thiazolyl)thio-1-nitrobenzene

[0192] A solution of 2-mercapto-4-phenylthiazole (4.0 g, 20.7 mmoles) in DMF (40 mL) was treated with 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (2.3 mL, 21.7 mmoles) followed by K2CO3 (3.18 g, 23 mmol), and the mixture was heated at approximately 65° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), sequentially washed with water (100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid residue was triturated with a Et2O/hexane solution to afford the desired product (6.1 g): TLC (25% EtOAc/75% hexane) Rƒ 0.49; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.35-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.58-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.90 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H).

Step 2

4-(2-(4-Phenyl)thiazolyl)thioaniline

[0193] 4-(2-(4-Phenyl)thiazolyl)thio-1-nitro-benzene was reduced in a manner analagous to that used in the preparation of 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(4-pyridinylthio)aniline: TLC (25% EtOAc/75% hexane) Rƒ 0.18; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.89 (br s, 2H), 6.72-6.77 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.53 (m, 6H), 7.85-7.89 (m, 2H).

A13d. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0194]

Step 1

4-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0195] To a solution of 5-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine (5.0 g, 45.8 mmol) and 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (6.5 g, 45.8 mmol) in anh DMF (50 mL) was added K2CO3 (13.0 g, 91.6 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was heated at the reflux temp. with stirring for 18 h and then allowed to cool to room temp. The resulting mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organics were sequentially washed with water (3×100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product (8.7 g, 83%). The this material was carried to the next step without further purification.

Step 2

4-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)aniline

[0196] A solution of 4-(6-methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene (4.0 g, 17.3 mmol) in EtOAc (150 mL) was added to 10% Pd/C (0.500 g, 0.47 mmol) and the resulting mixture was placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon) and was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp. The mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a tan solid (3.2 g, 92%): EI-MS m/z 200 (M+).

A13e. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0197]

Step 1

4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0198] To a solution of 3,4-dimethoxyphenol (1.0 g, 6.4 mmol) and 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (700 μL, 6.4 mmol) in anh DMF (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.8 g, 12.9 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was heated at the reflux temp with stirring for 18 h and then allowed to cool to room temp. The mixture was then poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organics were sequentially washed with water (3×50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×50 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product (0.8 g, 54%). The crude product was carried to the next step without further purification.

Step 2

4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenoxy)aniline

[0199] A solution of 4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (0.8 g, 3.2 mmol) in EtOAc (50 mL) was added to 10% Pd/C (0.100 g) and the resulting mixture was placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon) and was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp. The mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a white solid (0.6 g, 75%): EI-MS m/z 245 (M+).

A13f. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0200]

Step 1

3-(3-Pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0201] To a solution of 3-hydroxypyridine (2.8 g, 29.0 mmol), 1-bromo-3-nitrobenzene (5.9 g, 29.0 mmol) and copper(I) bromide (5.0 g, 34.8 mmol) in anh DMF (50 mL) was added K2CO3 (8.0 g, 58.1 mmol) in one portion. The resulting mixture was heated at the reflux temp. with stirring for 18 h and then allowed to cool to room temp. The mixture was then poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organics were sequentially washed with water (3×100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to afford the desired product (2.0 g, 32%). This material was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2

3-(3-Pyridinyloxy)aniline

[0202] A solution of 3-(3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene (2.0 g, 9.2 mmol) in EtOAc (100 mL) was added to 10% Pd/C (0.200 g) and the resulting mixture was placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon) and was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp. The mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a red oil (1.6 g, 94%): EI-MS m/z 186 (M+).

A13g. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0203]

Step 1.

3-(5-Methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0204] To a solution of 3-hydroxy-5-methylpyridine (5.0 g, 45.8 mmol), 1-bromo-3-nitrobenzene (12.0 g, 59.6 mmol) and copper(I) iodide (10.0 g, 73.3 mmol) in anh DMF (50 mL) was added K2CO3 (13.0 g, 91.6 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was heated at the reflux temp. with stirring for 18 h and then allowed to cool to room temp. The mixture was then poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organics were sequentially washed with water (3×100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo . The resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/70% hexane) to afford the desired product (1.2 g, 13%).

Step 2.

3-(5-Methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0205] A solution of 3-(5-methyl-3-pyridinyloxy)-1-nitrobenzene (1.2 g, 5.2 mmol) in EtOAc (50 mL) was added to 10% Pd/C (0.100 g) and the resulting mixture was placed under a H2 atmosphere (balloon) and was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temp. The mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product as a red oil (0.9 g, 86%): CI-MS m/z 201 ((M+H)+).

A13h. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0206]

Step 1.

5-Nitro-2-(4-methylphenoxy)pyridine

[0207] To a solution of 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine (6.34 g, 40 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) were added of 4-methylphenol (5.4 g, 50 mmol, 1.25 equiv) and K2CO3 (8.28 g, 60 mmol, 1.5 equiv). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temp. The resulting mixture was treated with water (600 mL) to generate a precipitate. This mixture was stirred for 1 h, and the solids were separated and sequentially washed with a 1 N NaOH solution (25 mL), water (25 mL) and pet ether (25 mL and pet ether (25 mL) to give the desired product (7.05 g, 76%): mp 80-82° C.; TLC (30% EtOAc/70% pet ether) Fƒ0.79; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ6 2.31 (s, 3H), 7.08 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=9.20 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 2H), 8.58 (dd, J=2.94, 8.82 Hz, 1H), 8.99 (d, J=2.95 Hz, 1H); FAB-MS m/z (rel abundance) 231 ((M+H)+), 100%).

Step 2.

5-Amino-2-(4-methylphenoxy)pyridine Dihydrochloride

[0208] A solution 5-nitro-2-(4-methylphenoxy)pyridine (6.94 g, 30 mmol, 1 eq) and EtOH (10 mL) in EtOAc (190 mL) was purged with argon then treated with 10% Pd/C (0.60 g). The reaction mixture was then placed under a H2 atmosphere and was vigorously stirred for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite®. A solution of HCl in Et2O was added to the filtrate was added dropwise. The resulting precipitate was separated and washed with EtOAc to give the desired product (7.56 g, 92%): mp 208-210 ° C. (dec); TLC (50% EtOAc/50% pet ether) Rƒ0.42; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ2.25 (s, 3H), 6.98 (d, J=8.45 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 2H), 8.46 (dd, J=2.57, 8.46 Hz, 1), 8.63 (d, J=2.57 Hz, 1H); EI-MS m/z (rel abundance) (M+, 100%).

A13i. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0209]

Step 1.

4-(3-Thienylthio)-1-nitrobenzene

[0210] To a solution of 4-nitrothiophenol (80%pure; 1.2 g, 6.1 mmol), 3-bromothiophene (1.0 g, 6.1 mmol) and copper(II) oxide (0.5 g, 3.7 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) was added KOH (0.3 g, 6.1 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated at 130 ° C. with stirring for 42 h and then allowed to cool to room temp. The reaction mixture was then poured into a mixture of ice and a 6N HCl solution (200 mL) and the resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were sequentially washed with a 1M NaOH solution (2×100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo . The residual oil was purified by MPLC (silica gel; gradient from 10% EtOAc/90% hexane to 5% EtOAc/95% hexane) to afford of the desired product (0.5 g, 34%). GC-MS m/z 237 (M+).

Step 2.

4-(3-Thienylthio)aniline

[0211] 4-(3-Thienylthio)-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner analogous to that described in Method B 1.

A13j. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0212]

4-(5-Pyrimininyloxy)aniline

[0213] 4-Aminophenol (1.0 g, 9.2 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 niL) then 5-bromopyrimidine (1.46 g, 9.2 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.9 g, 13.7 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated to 100 ° C. for 18 h and at 130 ° C. for 48 h at which GC-MS analysis indicated some remaining starting material. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temp. and diluted with water (50 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with a saturated NaCl solution (2×50 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residular solids were purified by MPLC (50% EtOAc/50% hexanes) to give the desired amine (0.650 g, 38%).

A13k. General Method for Substituted Aniline Formation via Nitroarene Formation Through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Followed by Reduction

[0214]

Step 1.

5-Bromo-2-methoxypyridine

[0215] A mixture of 2,5-dibromopyridine (5.5 g, 23.2 mmol) and NaOMe (3.76 g, 69.6 mmol) in MeOH (60 mL) was heated at 70 ° C. in a sealed reaction vessel for 42 h, then allowed to cool to room temp. The reaction mixture was treated with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mmL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow, volatile oil (4.1 g, 95% yield): TLC (10% EtOAc /90% hexane) Rƒ0.57.

Step 2.

5-Hydroxy-2-methoxypyridine

[0216] To a stirred solution of 5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine (8.9 g, 47.9 mmol) in THF (175 mL) at −78° C. was added an n-butyllithium solution (2.5 M in hexane; 28.7 mL, 71.8 mmol) dropwise and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir at −78° C. for 45 min. Trimethyl borate (7.06 mL, 62.2 mmol) was added via syringe and the resulting mixture was stirred for an additional 2 h. The bright orange reaction mixture was warmed to 0 ° C. and was treated with a mixture of a 3 N NaOH solution (25 mL, 71.77 mmol) and a hydrogen peroxide solution (30%; approx. 50 mL). The resulting yellow and slightly turbid reaction mixture was warmed to room temp. for 30 min and then heated to the reflux temp. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to room temp. The aqueous layer was neutralized with a 1 N HCl solution then extracted with Et2O (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a viscous yellow oil (3.5g, 60%).

Step 3.

4-(5-(2-Methoxy)pyridyl)oxy-1-nitrobenzene

[0217] To a stirred slurry of NaH (97%, 1.0 g, 42 mmol) in anh DMF (100 mL) was added a solution of 5-hydroxy-2-methoxypyridine (3.5g, 28 mmol) in DMF (100 mL). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temp. for 1 h, 4-fluoronitrobenzene (3 mL, 28 mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction mnixture was heated to 95 ° C. overnight, then treated with water (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×75 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residual brown oil was crystalized EtOAc/hexane) to afford yellow crystals (5.23 g, 75%).

Step 4.

4-(5-(2-Methoxy)pyridyl)oxyaniline

[0218] 4-(5 -(2-Methoxy)pyridyl)oxy-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner analogous to that described in Method B3d, Step2.

A14a. General Method for Substituted Aniline Synthesis via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution using a Halopyridine

[0219]

3-(4-Pyridinylthio)aniline

[0220] To a solution of 3-aminothiophenol (3.8 mL, 34 mmoles) in Am anh DMF (90mL) was added 4-chloropyridine hydrochloride (5.4 g, 35.6 mmoles) followed by K2CO3 (16.7 g, 121 mmoles). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temp. for 1.5 h, then diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was filtered through a pad of silica (gradient from 50% EtOAc/50% hexane to 70% EtOAc/30% hexane) and the resulting material was triturated with a Et2O/hexane solution to afford the desired product (4.6 g, 66%): TLC (100 % ethyl acetate) Rƒ0.29; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6 ) δ5.41 (s, 2H), 6.64-6.74 (m, 3H), 7.01 (d, J=4.8, 2H), 7.14 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=4.8, 2 ).

A14b. General Method for Substituted Aniline Synthesis via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution using a Ha;opyridine

[0221]

4-(2-Methyl-4-pyridinyloxy)aniline

[0222] To a solution of 4-aminophenol (3.6 g, 32.8 mmol) and 4-chloropicoline (5.0 g, 39.3 mmol) in anh DMPU (50 mL) was added potassium tert-butoxide (7.4 g, 65.6 mmol) in one portion. The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. with stirring for 18 h, then was allowed to cool to room temp. The resulting mixture was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined extracts were sequentially washed with water (3×100 niL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography (50 % EtOAc/50% hexane) to afford the desired product as a yellow oil (0.7 g, 9%): Cl-MS m/z 201 ((M+H)+).

A14c. General Method for Substituted Aniline Synthesis via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution using a Halopyridine

[0223]

Step 1.

Methyl(4-nitrophenyl)-4-pyridylamine

[0224] To a suspension of N-methyl-4-nitroaniline (2.0 g, 13.2 nmmol) and K2CO3 (7.2 g, 52.2 mmol) in DMPU (30mL) was added 4-chloropyridine hydrochloride (2.36 g, 15.77 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 20 h, then cooled to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, gradient from 80% EtOAc/20% hexanes to 100% EtOAc) to afford methyl(4-nitrophenyl)-4-pyridylamine (0.42 g)

Step 2.

Methyl(4-aminophenyl)-4-pyridylamine

[0225] Methyl(4-nitrophenyl)-4-pyridylamine was reduced in a manner analogous to that described in Method B 1.

A15. General Method of Substituted Aniline Synthesis via Phenol Alkylation Followed by Reduction of a Nitroarene

[0226]

Step 1.

4-(4-Butoxyphenyl)thio-1-nitrobenzene

[0227] To a solution of 4-(4-nitrophenyl-thio)phenol (1.50 g, 6.07 mmol) in anh DMF (75 ml) at 0° C. was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.267 g, 6.67 mmol). The brown suspension was stirred at 0 ° C. until gas evolution stopped (15 min), then a solution of iodobutane (1.12 g, 0.690 ml, 6.07 mmol) in anh DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise over 15 min at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at room temp. for 18 h at which time TLC indicated the presence of unreacted phenol, and additional iodobutane (56 mg, 0.035 mL, 0.303 mmol, 0.05 equiv) and NaH (13 mg, 0.334 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred an additional 6 h room temp., then was quenched by the addition of water (400 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with Et2O (2×500 mL). The combibed organics were washed with water (2×400 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a clear yellow oil, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradient from 20% EtOAc/80% hexane to 50% EtOAc/50% hexane) to give the product as a yellow solid (1.24 g, 67%): TLC (20% EtOAc/80% hexane) Rƒ0.75; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3 H), 1.42 (app hex, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H).

Step 2.

4-(4-Butoxyphenyl)thioaniline

4-(4-Butoxyphenyl)thio-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner analagous to that used in the preparation of 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-(4-pyridinylthio)aniline (Method B3b, Step 2): TLC (33% EtOAc/77% hexane) Rƒ0.38.

A16. General Method for Synthesis of Substituted Anilines by the Acylation of Diaminoarenes

[0228]

4-(4-tert-Butoxycarbamoylbenzyl)aniline

[0229] To a solution of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (3.00 g, 15.1 mmol) in anh THF (50 mmL) at room temp was added a solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (3.30 g, 15.1 mmol) in anh THF (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at the reflux temp. for 3 h, at which time TLC indicated the presence of unreacted methylenedianiline. Additional di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.664 g, 3.03 mmol, 0.02 equiv) was added and the reaction stirred at the reflux temp. for 16 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with Et2O (200 mL), sequentially washed with a saturated NaHCO3 solution (100 ml), water (100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting white solid was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradient from 33% EtOAc/67% hexane to 50% EtOAc/50% hexane) to afford the desired product as a white solid ( 2.09 g, 46%): TLC (50% EtOAc/50% hexane) Rƒ0.45; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.43 (s, 9H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 4.85 (br s, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 9.18 (br s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 298 (M+).

A17. General Method for the Synthesis of Aryl Amines via Electrophilic Nitration Followed by Reduction

[0230]

Step 1.

3-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine

[0231] A solution of 3-benzylpyridine (4.0 g, 23.6 mmol) and 70% nitric acid (30 mL) was heated overnight at 50° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temp. then poured into ice water (350 mL). The aqueous mixture then made basic with a 1N NaOH solution, then extracted with Et2O (4×100 mL). The combined extracts were sequentially washed with water (3×100 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was purified by MPLC (silica gel; 50 % EtOAc/50% hexane) then recrystallization (EtOAc/hexane) to afford the desired product (1.0 g, 22%): GC-MS m/z 214 (M+).

Step 2.

3-(4-Pyridinyl)methylaniline

[0232] 3-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine was reduced to the aniline in a manner analogous to that described in Method B 1.

A18. General Method for Synthesis of Aryl Amines via Substitution with Nitrobenzyl Halides Followed by Reduction

[0233]

Step 1.

4
-(1-Imidazolylmethyl)-1-nitrobenzene

[0234] To a solution of imidazole (0.5 g, 7.3 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzyl bromide (1.6 g, 7.3 mmol) in anh acetonitrile (30 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.0 g, 7.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rooom temp. for 18 h and then poured into water (200 mL) and the resulting aqueous solution wasextracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were sequentially washed with water (3×50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (2×50 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was purified by MPLC (silica gel; 25% EtOAc/75% hexane) to afford the desired product (1.0 g, 91%): El-MS m/z 203 (M+).

Step 2.

4-(1-Imidazolylmethyl)aniline

[0235] 4-(1Imidazolylmethyl)-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner analogous to that described in Method B2.

A19. Formation of Substituted Hydroxymethylanilines by Oxidation of Nitrobenzyl Compounds Followed by Reduction

[0236]

Step 1.

4-(1-Hydroxy-1-(4-pyridyl)methyl-1-nitrobenzene

[0237] To a stirred solution of 3-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (6.0 g, 28 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (90 mL) was added m-CPBA (5.80 g, 33.6 mmol) at 10° C., and the mixture was stirred at room temp. overnight. The reaction mixture was successively washed with a 10% NaHSO3 solution (50 mL), a saturated K2CO3 solution (50 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (50 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow solid (2.68 g) was dissolved in anh acetic anhydride (30 mL) and heated at the reflux temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (25 mL) and treated with a 20% aqueous NH3 solution (30 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temp. for 1 h, then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was poured into a mixture of water (50 mL) and CH2Cl2 (50 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography (80% EtOAc/ 20% hexane) to afford the desired product as a white solid. (0.53 g, 8%): mp 110-118° C.; TLC (80% EtOAc/20% hexane) Rƒ0.12; FAB-MS m/z 367 ((M+H)+, 100%).

Step 2.

4-(1-Hydroxy-1-(4-pyridyl)methylaniline

[0238] 4-(1-Hydroxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-methyl-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner analogous to that described in Method B3d, Step2.

A20. Formation of 2-(N-methylcarbamoyl)pyridines via the Menisci reaction

[0239]

Step 1.

2-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-4-chloropyridine.

[0240] (Caution: this is a highly hazardous, potentially explosive reaction.) To a solution of 4-chloropyridine (10.0 g) in N-methylformamide (250 mL) under argon at ambient temp was added conc. H2SO4 (3.55 mL) (exotherm). To this was added H2O2 (17 mL, 30% wt in H2O) followed by FeSO4 7H2O (0.55 g) to produce an exotherm. The reaction was stirred in the dark at ambient temp for 1 h then was heated slowly over 4 h at 45° C. When bubbling subsided,the reaction was heated at 60° C. for 16 h. The opaque brown solution was diluted with H2O (700 mL) fol.lowed by a 10% NaOH solution (250 mL). The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×500 mL) and the organic layers were washed separately with a saturated NaCl solution (3×150 mlL. The combined organics were dried (MgSO4) and filtered through a pad of silica gel eluting with EtOAc. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the brown residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradient from 50% EtOAc/50% hexane to 80% EtOAc/20% hexane). The resulting yellow oil crystallized at 0° C. over 72 h to give 2-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-4-chloropyridine in yield (0.61 g, 5.3%): TLC (50% EtOAc/50% hexane) Rƒ0.50; MS; 1H NMR (CDCl3): d 8.44 (d, 1 H, J=5.1 Hz, CHN), 8.21 (s, 1H, CHCCO), 7.96 (b s, 1H, NH), 7.43 (dd, 1H, J=2.4, 5.4 Hz, CICHCN), 3.04 (d, 3H, J=5.1 Hz, methyl); CI-MS m/z 171 ((M+H)+).

A21. Generalmethod for the Synthesis of ω-Sulfonylphenyl Anilines

[0241]

Step 1.

4-(4-Methylsulfonylphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0242] To a solution of 4-(4-methylthiophenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (2 g, 7.66 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (75 mL) at 0° C. was slowly added mCPBA (57-86%, 4 g), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was treated with a 1 N NaOH solution (25 mL). The organic layer was sequentially washed with a 1N NaOH solution (25 mL), water (25 mL) and a saturated NaCl solution (25 mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 4-(4-methylsulfonylphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene as a solid (2.1 g).

Step 2.

4-(4-Methylsulfonylphenoxy)-1-aniline

[0243] 4-(4-Methylsulfonylphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene was reduced to the aniline in a manner anaologous to that described in Method B3d, step 2.

A22. General Method for Synthesis of ω-Alkoxy-ω-carboxyphenyl Anilines

[0244]

Step 1.

4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0245] To a solution of -(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Method B3a, step 1, 12 mmol) in acetone (50 mL) was added K2CO3 (5 g) and dimethyl sulfate (3.5 mL). The resulting mixture was heated aaaaaat the reflux tempoerature overnight, then cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of Celite®. The resulting solution was concentrrated under reduced pressure, absorbed onto silica gel, and purified by column chromatography (50% EtOAc/50% hexane) to give 4-(3-methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene as a yellow powder (3 g): mp 115 118° C.

Step 2.

4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene

[0246] A mixture of 4-(3-methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (1.2 g), KOH (0.33 g),and water (5 mL) in MeOH (45 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight and then heated at the reflux temperature for 4 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water (50 mL), and the aqueous mixture was made acidic with a 1N HCl solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 4-(3-carboxy-4-methoxyphenoxy)-1-nitrobenzene (1.04 g).

B. General Methods of Urea Formation

B1a. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0247]

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-tetrahydrofuranytoxy)phenyl)-N′(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0248] To a solution of 5-tert-butyl-2-(3-tetrahydrofuranyloxy)aniline (0.078 g, 0.33 mmol) in toluene (2.0 mL) was added p-tolyl isocyanate (0.048 g, 0.36 mmol) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temp. for 8 h to produce a precipitate. The reaction mixture was filtered and the residue was sequentially washed with toluene and hexanes to give the desired urea as a white solid (0.091 g, 75%): mp 229-231° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.30 (s, 9H), 1.99-2.03 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.23 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.93 (m, 3H), 4.98-5.01 (m, 1H), 6.18-6.90 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 2H, 7.32 (d, J=8.09 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=2.21 Hz, 1H), 9.26 (s, 1H).

B1b. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0249]

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)phenyl)-N′(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0250] p-Tolyl isocyanate (0.19 mL, 1.55 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline (0.330 g, 1.29 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temp. for 18 h. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with Et2O to give a white solid (0.28 g). This material was then purified by HPLC (C-18 column, 50% CH3CN/50% H2O ) and the resulting solids were triturated with Et2O to provide the title compound (0.198 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ7.08 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 9.36 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/s 389 ((M+1)+).

B1c. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0251]

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(difluoromethanesulfonyl)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0252] p-Tolyo isocyanate (0.058 mL, 0.46 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(difluoromethanesulfonyl)aniline (0.100 g, 0.42 mmol) in EtOAc (0.5 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp. for 3 d. The resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with Et2O to provide the title compound as a white solid (0.092 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ2.22 (s, 3H) 4.01 (s, 3H), 7.02-7.36 (m, 6H), 7.54 (dd, J=2.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 9.33 (s, 1H); EI-MS m/z 370 (M+).

B1d. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0253]

N-(2,4-Dimethoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0254] p-Tolyl isocyanate (0.16 mL, 1.24 mmol) was added to a solution of 2,4-dimethoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (0.25 g, 1.13 mmol) in EtOAc (3 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temp. for 18 h. A resulting precipitate was washed with Et2O to give the title compound as a white solid (0.36 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ2.21 (s, 3H). 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 9.09 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 355 ((M+1)+).

B1e. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0255]

N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(1-naphthyl)urea

[0256] To a solution of 2-amino-3-methoxynaphthalene (0.253 g, 1.50 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (3 mL) at room temp. was added a solution of 1-naphthyl isocyanate (0.247 g, 1.50 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir overnight. The resulting precipitate was separated and washed with CH2Cl2 to give the desired urea as a white powder (0.450 g, 90%): mp 235-236° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ4.04 (s, 3H), 7.28-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.38 (s, 1H) 7.44-7.72 (m, 6H), 7.90-7.93 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.08 (m, 1H), 8.21-8.24 (m, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 9.03 (s, 1H), 9.44 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 343 ((M+H)+).

B1f. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with an Aryl Isocyanate

[0257]

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0258] A mixture of 5-tert-butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)aniline (Method A10, 0.232 g, 0.75 mmol) and p-tolyl isocyanate (0.099 mL, 0.79 mmol) in EtOAc (1 mL) was stirred at room temp. for 3 d to produce a solid, which was separated. The filtrate was purified by column chromatography (100% CH2Cl2) and the residue was triturated (Et2O/hexane) to give the desired product (0.262 g, 79%): mp 155-156 ° C.; TLC (20% EtOAc/80% hexane) Fƒ0.49; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.22 (s, 9H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 4.22-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.33-4.35 (m, 2H), 6.89-7.00 (m, 4H), 7.06 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H) 7.32 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H); 8.22 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 9.22 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z (rel abundance) 443 ((M+H)+, 6%).

B2a. General Method for Reaction of an Aryl Amine with Phosgene Followed by Addition of a Second Aryl Amine

[0259]

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N′-(3-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea

[0260] To a solution of pyridine (0.61 mL, 7.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and phosgene (20% in toluene; 2.65 mL, 5.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (20 rmL) was added 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (0.48 g, 2.5 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed warm to room temp. stirred for 3 h, then treated with anh. toluene (100 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in a mixture of CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and anh. pyridine (10 mL) and treated with 3-(4-pyridinylthio)aniline (0.61 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temp., then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH2Cl2 and treated with pet. ether to give the desired product as a white precipitate (0.74 g, 70%): mp 202° C.; TLC (5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2) Rƒ0.09; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ7.06 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (dd, J=2.4, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J=2.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 2H), 8.50 (dd, J=2.2, 9.2 Hz, 2H), 9.63 (s, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 420 ((M+H)+,

B2b. General Method for Reaction of an Aryl Amine with Phosgene Followed by Addition of a Second Aryl Amine

[0261]

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N′(4-(4-pyridinylthio)phenyl)urea

[0262] To a solution of pyridine (0.61 mL, 7.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and phosgene (20% in toluene; 2.65 mL, 5.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL) was added 4-(4-pyridinylthio)aniline (0.506 g, 2.5 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring for 3 h at room temp., the mixture was treated with anh. toluene (100 mL) then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in a mixture of CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and anh. pyridine (10 mL) and treated with 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (0.50 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv). After stirring the mixture overnight at room temp., it was poured into a 1 N NaOH solution (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the desired urea (0.74 g, 71%): mp 215° C.; TLC (5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2) Rƒ0.08; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ3.96 (s, 3H), 6.94 (dd, J=1.1, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=2.2, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.32 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 8.53 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 420 ((M+H)+).

B3a. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with Phosgene with Isolation of the Isocyanate, Followed by Reaction with a Second Aryl Amine

[0263]

Step 1.

5-(Difluoromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl isocyanate

[0264] To a solution of phosgene (1.95 M in toluene; 3.0 mL, 5.9 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (40 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of 5-(difluoromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyaniline (0.70 g, 2.95 mmol) and pyridine (0.44 mL, 8.85 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) dropwise. After being stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and at room temp. for 3 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, then treated with toluene (50 mL). The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, then was treated with Et2O (50 mL) to produce a precipitate (pyridinium hydrochloride). The resulting filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a white solid (0.33 g). This material was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2.

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(difluoromethanesulfonyl)phenyl)-N′-(2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)urea

[0265] 2-Fluoro-4-methylaniline (0.022 mL, 0.19 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-(difluoromethanesulfonyl)-2-methoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.046 g, 0.17 mmol) in EtOAc (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temp. for 3 d. The resulting precipitate was washed with Et2O to provide the title compound as a white solid (0.055 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ2.24 (s, 3H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 6.93 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.56 (dd, J=2.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (app t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 9.26 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 389 ((M+l)+).

B3b. General Method for the Reaction of an Aryl Amine with Phosgene with Isolation of the Isocyanate, Followed by Reaction with a Second Aryl Amine

[0266]

100

Step 1.

2-Methoxy-5-trifluoromethylphenyl Isocyanate

[0267] To a solution of phosgene (1.93 M in toluene; 16 mL, 31.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (120 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (3.0 g, 15.7 mmol) and pyridine (2.3 mL, 47.1 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (30 mL) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and at room temp for 3 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with toluene (30 mL), concentrated under reduced pressure, and treated with Et2O. The resulting precipitate (pyridinium hydrochloride) was removed and the filtrate was concentrated under redeuced pressure to give the title compound as a yellow oil (3.0 g) which crystallized upon standing at room temp. for a few days.

101

Step 2.

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- N′-(4-fluorophenyl)urea

[0268] 4-Fluoroaniline (0.24 mL, 2.53 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate (0.50 g, 2.30 mmol) in EtOAc (6 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temp. for 3 d. The resulting precipitate was washed with Et2O to give the title compound as a white solid (0.60 g): NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H). 7.13-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.30 (dd, J=1.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.42 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 329 ((M+1)+).

B4. General Method for Urea Formation via Curtius Rearrangement, Followed by Trapping with an Amine

[0269]

102

N-(3-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0270] To a solution of 3-methoxy-2-naphthoic acid (Method A6, Step 2; 0.762 g, 3.80 mmol) and Et3N (0.588 mL, 4.2 mmol) in anh toluene (20 mL) at room temp. was added a solution of diphenylphosphoryl azide (1.16 g, 4.2 mmol) in toluene (5 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 h, cooled to room temp., and p-toluidine (0.455 g, 4.1 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight, cooled to room temp., quenched with a 10% citric acid solution, and extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated NaCl solution (25 miL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with CH2Cl2 to give the desired urea as white powder (0.700 g, 61%): mp 171-172° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ2.22 (s, 3H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 7.07 (d, J=8.49 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.36 (m, 5H), 7.67-7.72 (m, 2H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 9.33 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 307 ((M+H)+).

B5. General Method for the Reaction of Substituted Aniline with N,N′-Carbonyldiimidazole Followed by Reaction with a Second Amine

[0271]

103

N-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxy4-nitrophenyl)-N′-(4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)urea

[0272] A solution of 4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)aniline (0.300 g, 1.63 mmol) and N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.268 g, 1.65 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) was stirred at room temp. for 1 h at which time TLC analysis indicated no starting aniline. The reaction mixture was then treated with 2-amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol (0.318 g, 1.65 mmol) and stirred at 40-45° C. for 48 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temp. and diluted with EtOAc (25 mL). The resulting precipitate was separated to give the desired product (0.416 g, 64%): TLC (50% acetone/50% CH2Cl2) Rƒ0.40; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ3.90 (s, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.21(d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), (s, 1H), 8.43-8.45 (m, 3H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 9.56 (s, 1H), 11.8 (br s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z (rel abundance) 399 ((M+H)+, 10%).

B6. General Method for the Synthesis of Symmetrical Diphenyl Ureas as Side-Products of Urea Forming reactions

[0273]

104

Bis(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea

[0274] To a solution of 5-amino-3-tert-butylisoxazole (0.100 g) in anh toluene (5 niL) was added 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate (0.395 g). The reaction vessel was sealed, heated at 85° C. for 24 h, and cooled to room temp. The reaction mixture was added to a slurry of Dowex®50WX2-100 resin (0.5 g) in CH2Cl2 (40 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred vigorously for 72 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient form 100% CH2Cl2 to 5% MeOH/95% CH2Cl2) to give bis(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea followed by N-(3-tert-butyl-5-isoxazolyl)-N′-(4-chloro-3-(trifuoromethyl)phenyl)urea. The residue from the symmetrical urea fractions was triturated (Et2O/hexane) to give the urea as a white solid (0.110 g): TLC (3% MeOH/97% CH2Cl2) Rƒ0.55; FAB-MS m/z 417 ((M+H)+).

C. Urea Interconversions and Misc. Reactions

C1. General Method for Alkylation of Hydroxyphenyl Ureas

[0275]

105

Step 1.

N-(2-Hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethylthio)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0276] p-Tolyl Tolyl isocyanate (0.066 mL, 0.52 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethylthio)aniline (0.100 g, 0.48 mmol) in EtOAc (2 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temp. for 2 d. The resulting precipitate was washed with EtOAc to provide the title compound (0.13 g): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ2.24 (s, 3H). 7.44-7.03 (m, 6H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 9.16 (s, 1H), 10.41 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 343 ((M+1)+). This material was used in the next step without purification.

106

Step 2.

N-(2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethylthio)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0277] A solution of N-(2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethylthio)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea (0.125 g, 0.36 mmol), iodomethane (0.045 mL, 0.73 mmol), and K2CO3 (100 mg, 0.73 mmol) in acetone (2 mL) was heated at the reflux temp. for 6 h, then was cooled to room temp. and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of MeOH, absorbed onto silica gel, and then purified by flash chromatograpy (3% Et2O/0/97% CH2Cl2) to provide the title compound as a white solid (68 mg): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ2.22 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 7.05-7.32 (m, 6H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.27 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 357 ((M+1)+).

C2. General Method for the Reduction of Nitro-Containing Ureas

[0278]

107

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2-amino-4-methylphenyl)urea

[0279] A solution of N-(5-tert-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(2-nitro-4-methylphenyl)urea (prepared in a manner analogous to Method B1a; 4.0 g, 11.2 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was added to a slurry of 10% Pd/C (0.40 g) in EtOH (10 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of H2 (balloon) at room temp. for 18 h. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product (3.42 g, 94%) as a powder: mp 165-166° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.30 (s, 9H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 3.50 (br s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J=2.21, 8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=2.57 Hz, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 328 ((M+H)+).

C3. General Method of Thiourea Formation by Reaction with a Thioisocyanate

[0280]

108

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-(1-naphthyl)thiourea

[0281] To a solution of 5-tert-butyl-2-methoxyaniline (0.372 g, 2.07 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was added 1-naphthyl thioisocyanate (0.384 g, 2.07 mmol) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temp. for 8 h to produce a precipitate. The solids were separated and sequentially washed with toluene and hexane to give the desired product as an off-white pwoder (0.364 g, 48%): mp 158-160° C.; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.31 (s, 9H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 6.74 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=2.21, 8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.62 (m, 4H), 7.88-7.95 (m, 4H), 8.06-8.08 (m, 1H), 8.09 (br s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z 365 ((M+H)+).

C4. General Method for Deprotection of tert-Butyl Carbonate-Containing Ureas

[0282]

109

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea

[0283] A solution of N-(5-tert-butyl-2-(2-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-methylphenyl)urea (Method B1f; 0.237 g, 0.54 mmol) and TFA (0.21 mL, 2.7 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) was stirred at room temp for 18 h, then was washed with a saturated NaHCO3 solution (2 mL). The organic layer was dried by passing through 1PS filter paper (Whatman®) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting white foam was triturated (Et2O/hexane), then recrystallized (Et2O) to give the desired product (3.7 mg): TLC (50% EtOAc/50% hexane) Rƒ0.62; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ1.22 (s, 9H), 3.75-3.76 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.80 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.89 (m, 4H), 7.06 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.20 br s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H); FAB-MS m/z (rel abundance) 343 ((M+H)+, 100%).

[0284] The following compounds have been synthesized according to the General Methods listed above:

2TABLE 12-Substituted-5-tert-butylphenyl Ureas

110

mpTLCSolventMassSynth.ExampleR1R2(° C.)RfSystemSpec.SourceMethod1OH

111

0.542% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2299 (M + H)+FABB1d2OMe

112

199-200313 (M + H)+FABB1d3OMe

113

208-209390 (M+)EIB1d4OMe

114

192-194389 (M + H)+FABB1d5OMe

115

0.5850% EtOAc/50% hexane347 (M + H)+FABB3b6OMe

116

0.6250% EtOAc/50% hexane351 (M + H)+FABB3b7OMe

117

0.7150% EtOAc/50% hexane331 (M + H)+FABB1d8OMe

118

0.7450% EtOAc/50% hexane331 (M + H)+FABB3b9OMe

119

0.6620% EtOAc/80% hexane327 (M + H)+FABB1d10OMe

120

0.6220% EtOAc/80% hexane331 (M + H)+FABB1d11OMe

121

0.4213% EtOAc/87% hexane335 (M + H)+FABB1d12OMe

122

0.522% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2327 (M + H)+FABB1d13OMe

123

0.562% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2335 (M + H)+FABB1d14OMe

124

0.482% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2351 (M + H)+FABB1d15OMe

125

0.502% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2347 (M + H)+FABB1d16OMe

126

201-202390 (M + H)+FABB2a17OMe

127

199-200390 (M + H)+FABB2a18OMe

128

198-1990.4525% EtOAc/75% hexaneB1a19OMe

129

181-182389 (M + H)+CIB2a20OMe

130

181-183390 (M+)EIB1a21OMe

131

175-177358 (M + H)+FABB1a22OMe

132

219-220358 (M + H)+FABB1a23OMe

133

165-166328 (M + H)+FABC224OMe

134

102-104271 (M + H)+FABC225OMe

135

236-238349 (M + H)+FABB1a26OMe

136

192-194367 (M + H)+FABB1a27OMe

137

137-140550 (M + H)+FABB2a28OMe

138

197-199434 (M + H)+CIA8, B2a29OMe

139

212-215416 (M + H)+FABB2a30OMe

140

195405 (M + H)+FABB1e31OMe

141

1100.075% acetone/95% CH2Cl2408 (M + H)+FABB2b32OMe

142

1850.675% acetone/95% CH2Cl2425 (M + H)+FABB2a33OMe

143

214-2150.545% acetone/95% CH2Cl2448 (M + H)+FABB2a34OMe

144

1800.565% acetone/95% CH2Cl2421 (M + H)+FABB2a35

145

146

0.6750% EtOAc/50% hexane343 (M + H)+FABA10, B1f, C436

147

148

0.4550% EtOAc/50% hexane340 (M + H)+FABB1d37

149

150

222-223354 (M + H)+ESB1c38

151

152

203-205366 (M + H)+FABB1d39

153

154

230-232367 (M + H)+FABB1d40

155

156

197-198406 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a41

157

158

204-205392 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a42

159

160

217-218424 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a43

161

162

187-188370 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a44

163

164

118-120462 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a45

165

166

146-148448 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a46

167

168

110-113480 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a47

169

170

95-100400 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a48

171

172

107-110398 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a49

173

174

180-182472 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a50

175

176

217-219388 (M + H)+FABA9, R1a51

177

178

116-120420 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a52

179

180

100-105406 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a53

181

182

103-105438 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a54

183

184

118-120384 (M + H)+FABA9, B1a55

185

186

125-128394 (M + H)+FABA1, B1a56

187

188

227-230468 (M + H)+FABA1, B1a57

189

190

154-156434 (M + H)+FABA1, B1a58

191

192

169-171373 (M + H)+FABA2, B1a59

193

194

157-159423 (M + H)+FABA2, B1a60

195

196

229-231369 (M + H)+FABA2, B1a61

197

198

200-204468 (M + H)+FABB2a62

199

200

187-188508 (M + H)+FABB2a63

201

202

204-206413 (M + H)+FABB1a64

203

204

192-194389 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a65

205

206

183-185425 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a66

207

208

159-160443 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a67

209

210

179-180411 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a68

211

212

0.0610% EtOAc/90% hexane408 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a69

213

214

227-229377 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a70

215

216

216-217381 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a71

217

218

213-214431 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a72

219

220

200-201399 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a73

221

222

134-136443 (M+)EIA7, B1a74

223

224

185-186459 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a75

225

226

207-208419 (M + H)+FABA7, B1a

[0285]

3

TABLE 2

2-Substituted-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl Ureas

227

mp
TLC
Solvent
Mass

Synth.

Example
R1
R2
(° C.)
Rf
System
Spec.
Source
Method

76
OMe

228

185-186

325 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

77
OMe

229

0.22
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
329 (M + H)+
FAB
B3b

78
OMe

230

0.49
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
343 (M + H)+
FAB
B3b

79
OMe

231

0.32
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
343 (M + H)+
FAB
B3b

80
OMe

232

0.37
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
359 (M + H)+
FAB
B3b

81
OMe

233

0.44
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
363 (M + H)+
FAB
B3b

82
OMe

234

0.68
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
339 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

83
OMe

235

0.68
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
343 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

84
OMe

236

0.60
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
347 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

85
OMe

237

0.53
2% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2
339 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

86
OMe

238

0.29
2% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2
347 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

87
OMe

239

0.27
2% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2
363 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

88
OMe

240

0.45
2% MeOH/98% CH2Cl2
359 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

89
OMe

241

184-185

401 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

90
OMe

242

176-178

402 (M+)
EI
B1a

91
OMe

243

231-233

361 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

92
OMe

244

192-194

379 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

93
OMe

245

198

417 (M + H)+
FAB
B1e

94
OMe

246

206
0.58
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
437 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

95
OMe

247

98-99
0.50
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2

B2a

96
OMe

248

190
0.65
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2

B2a

97
OMe

249

194
0.76
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
464 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

98
OMe

250

210-211
0.07
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
402 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

99
OMe

251

202
0.09
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
420 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

100
OMe

252

215
0.08
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
420 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

101
OMe

253

206
0.05
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
404 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

102
OMe

254

0.78
5% acetone/95% CH2Cl2
471 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

103
OMe

255

471 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

104
OMe

256

487 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

105

257

258

0.65
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
352 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

106

259

260

159-160
0.33
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
353 (M + H)+
FAB
A5, B1a

107

261

262

152-153
0.35
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
339 (M + H)+
FAB
A5, B1a

108
SMe

263

246-247
0.30
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
377 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

109
SMe

264

210-211
0.35
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
345 (M + H)+
CI
B1a

110
SMe

265

195-196
0.35
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
314 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

111
SMe

266

196-197
0.40
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
395 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

[0286]

4

TABLE 3

S-Substituted 2-Methoxy-5-sulfonylphenyl Ureas

267

mp
TLC
Solvent
Mass

Synth.

Example
R2
R3
(° C.)
Rf
System
Spec.
Source
Method

112

268

F
205-207

339 (M + H)+
HPLC ES-MS
B1d

113

269

CHF2
195-196

370 (M+)
EI
B1d

114

270

CHF2

0.46
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
389 (M + H)+
FAB
B3a

115

271

CHF2

0.21
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
405 (M + H)+
FAB
B3a

116

272

CHF2

0.23
20% EtOAc/80% hexane
409 (M + H)+
FAB
B3a

117

273

CHF2

0.40
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
389 (M + H)+
FAB
B3a

118

274

CHF2

0.53
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
375 (M + H)+
FAB
B3a

119

275

CHF2

0.58
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
389 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

120

276

CHF2

0.48
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
389 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

121

277

CHF2

0.44
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
393 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

122

278

CHF2

0.33
5% MeOH/95% CH2Cl2
385 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

123

279

CHF2

393 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

124

280

CHF2

409 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

125

281

CHF2

405 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

126

282

CHF2

0.56
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
385 (M + H)+
FAB
B1c

127

283

CF3

0.56
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
389 (M + H)+
FAB
A3, B1d

[0287]

5

TABLE 4

3-Substituted-2-naphthyl Ureas

284

mp
TLC
Solvent
Mass

Synth.

Example
R1
R2
(° C.)
Rf
System
Spec.
Source
Method

128
OMe

285

171-172
0.40
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
307 (M + H)+
FAB
B4

129
OMe

286

197-199
0.40
14% EtOAc/86% hexane
325 (M + H)+
FAB
B4

130
OMe

287

235-236
0.45
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
343 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

131
OMe

288

236-237
0.45
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
311 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

132
OMe

289

209-211

311 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

133
OMe

290

225-226

321 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

134
OMe

291

199-200

395 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

135
OMe

292

227-228

361 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

136
OMe

293

207-208

327 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

137
OMe

294

234-235

361 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

138
OMe

295

228-229

352 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

139
OMe

296

190-195

323 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

140
OMe

297

203-205

310 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

141
OMe

298

209-210

307 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

142
OMe

299

200-201

323 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

143
OMe

300

201-202

307 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

144
OMe

301

216-218

385 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

145
OMe

302

181-182

361 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

146
OMe

303

238-239
0.25
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
402 (M + H)+
FAB
B4

147
OMe

304

199-200
0.20
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
384 (M + H)+
FAB
B4

148
OMe

305

175-176

321 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

149
OMe

306

164-166

544 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

150
OMe

307

206-209

446 (M + H)+
FAB
A6, B1a

151
OMe

308

234-237

410 (M + H)+
FAB
B2a

152
OMe

309

209-211
0.40
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
414 (M+)
EI
B4

[0288]

6

TABLE 5

Misc. Ureas

mp
TLC
Solvent
Mass

Synth.

Example
R2
(° C.)
Rf
System
Spec.
Source
Method

153

310

183-184

327 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

154

311

156-157

312 (M+)
EI
B1d

155

312

0.46
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
291 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

156

313

157

314

0.40
50% acetone/50% CH2Cl2
399 (M + H)+
FAB
B5

158

315

219-221

336 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

159

316

204-205

305 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

160

317

208-210

302 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

161

318

226-228

355 (M + H)+
FAB
B1d

162

319

160-162

328 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

163

320

0.85
50% EtOAc/50% hexane
291 (M + H)+
FAB
B1b

164

321

225-226
0.60
25% EtOAc/75% hexane
367 (M + H)+
FAB
A4, B1a

165

322

0.55
3% MeOH/97% CH2Cl2
417 (M + H)+
FAB
B6

166

323

169-171

407 (M + H)+
FAB
B1a

167

324

158-160

C3
365 (M + H)+
FAB
C3

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES

b 38 Kinase Assay

[0289] The in vitro inhibitory properties of compounds were determined using a p38 kinase inhibition assay. P38 activity was detected using an in vitro kinase assay run in 96-well microtiter plates. Recombinant human p38 (0.5 μg/mL) was mixed with substrate (myelin basic protein, 5 μg/mL) in kinase buffer (25 mM Hepes, 20 mM MgCl2 and 150 mM NaCl) and compound. One μgCi/well of 33P-labeled ATP (10 μM) was added to a final volume of 100 μL. The reaction was run at 32 ° C. for 30 min. and stopped with a 1M HCl solution. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the substrate was determined by trapping the labeled substrate onto negatively charged glass fiber filter paper using a 1% phosphoric acid solution and read with a scintillation counter. Negative controls include substrate plus ATP alone.

[0290] All compounds exemplified displayed p38 IC50 s of between 1 nM and 10 μM.

LPS Induced TNFα Production in Mice

[0291] The in vivo inhibitory properties of selected compounds were determined using a murine LPS induced TNFα production in vivo model. BALB/c mice (Charles River Breeding Laboratories; Kingston, N.Y.) in groups of ten were treated with either vehicle or compound by the route noted. After one hour, endotoxin (E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 100 μg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 90 min, animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation and plasma was obtained from individual animals by cardiac puncture ionto heparinized tubes. The samples were clarified by centrifugation at 12,500×g for 5 min at 4 ° C. The supernatants were decanted to new tubes, which were stored as needed at −20 ° C. TNFU. levels in sera were measured using a commercial murine TNF ELISA kit (Genzyme).

[0292] The preceeding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically of specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceeding examples

[0293] From the foregoing discussion, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09458015	Dec 1999	US
Child	10060396	Feb 2002	US
Parent	09285522	Dec 1998	US
Child	10060396	Feb 2002	US

Inhibition of p38 kinase using symmetrical and unsymmetrical diphenyl ureas

Information

Publication Number

Date Filed

Date Published

Inventors

Original Assignees

CPC

US Classifications

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Provisional Applications (1)

Continuations (2)