Patent Application
20130051509
The present application claims priority from Japanese Patent application serial no. 2011-188882, filed on Aug. 31, 2011, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an initial core of a nuclear reactor and a method of loading fuel assemblies of a nuclear reactor and more particularly to an initial core of a nuclear reactor and a method of loading fuel assemblies of a nuclear reactor suitable for application to a boiling water reactor.
2. Background Art
In a boiling water reactor, a plurality of fuel assemblies are loaded in a core disposed in a reactor pressure vessel. These fuel assemblies include a plurality of fuel rods filled with a plurality of fuel pellets manufactured with a nuclear fuel material including uranium, a lower tie plate for supporting lower end portions of these fuel rods, an upper tie plate for holding upper end portions of the fuel rods, and a channel box of a square cylinder attached to the upper tie plate and extended toward the lower tie plate. A plurality of fuel rods are bundled by fuel spacers for holding the mutual intervals at a predetermined width and are arranged in the channel box.
A core installed in a reactor pressure vessel of a newly-built boiling water reactor is called an initial core and all the fuel assemblies loaded in the initial core are fresh fuel assemblies with a burnup of 0 GWd/t. In the boiling water reactor having the initial core, a part of the fuel assemblies in the initial core is taken out after end of the operation in the first cycle and is replaced with the fresh fuel assemblies. A plurality of fuel assemblies taken out from the core after end of the operation in the first cycle, have a lower enrichment than the mean enrichment of all the fuel assemblies loaded in the initial core at the point of time of loading in the initial core.
The boiling water reactor having the initial core must continue the operation without supplying fuel assemblies over one operation cycle (for example, one year), so that the initial core includes a fissional material in a quantity larger than the quantity necessary to maintain the critical state. Therefore, the initial core holds excess reactivity, and in order to control the excess reactivity, the boiling water reactor is provided with a plurality of control rods, and furthermore, burnable poison is mixed in the nuclear fuel material in the nuclear fuel rods included in the fuel assemblies loaded in the initial core.
An example of such an initial core is described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-145359. In the initial core described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-145359, the quantity of the fissional material of the plurality of fuel assemblies arranged in peripheral portion in the initial core is larger than the quantity of the fuel assemblies arranged in the region on the inner side of the core from the peripheral portion. In the region on the inner side from the peripheral portion, a plurality of control cells including four fuel assemblies having a low mean enrichment are arranged and the control rods for reactor power adjustment are inserted between the four fuel assemblies composing the control cells.
Also in Japanese Patent No. 2550381, an initial core is described. In the initial core, in first cycle, no fuel assemblies are arranged in a peripheral portion of the initial core and in the second cycle, a plurality of fuel assemblies are arranged in the peripheral portion. As mentioned above, no fuel assemblies are arranged in the peripheral portion of the initial core in the first cycle, so that the number of spent fuel assemblies taken out from the core after end of the first cycle can be reduced and the fuel cycle cost of the initial fuel can be reduced.
In the initial core described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-145359, the quantity of the fissional material in a plurality of fuel assemblies loaded in the peripheral portion in the initial core is increased and as a consequence, the mean enrichment of the initial core is increased. If the mean enrichment of the initial core is increased, the excess reactivity of the initial core is increased, so that the excess reactivity of the initial core must be controlled by the increase in the additional quantity of the burnable poison and the insertion amount of the control rods. The profitability of the reactor is lowered due to the increase in the additional quantity of the burnable poison and the exchange number of the control rods in the periodic inspection is increased due to the increase in the insertion amount of the control rods in the initial core.
In Japanese Patent No. 2550381, in the first cycle, no fuel assemblies are arranged in the peripheral portion in the initial core, and in the second cycle, a plurality of fuel assemblies are arranged in the peripheral portion, and thus the fuel cycle cost of the initial fuel loaded in the initial core is reduced. The inventors followed this technical thought and aimed at simplification of the operation of the control rods in the initial core.
An object of the present invention is to provide an initial core of a nuclear reactor and a method of loading fuel assemblies of a nuclear reactor capable of simplifying control rod operation.
A feature of the present invention for accomplishing the above object is an initial core of a nuclear reactor comprising a central region disposing a plurality of first fuel supports for supporting fuel assemblies in which a first cooling water supply passage is formed every the fuel assembly supported and introduces cooling water to the fuel assembly inserted in the first cooling water supply passage; and a peripheral region surrounding the central region, and disposing a plurality of second fuel supports for supporting fuel assemblies in which a second cooling water supply passage having a pressure loss smaller than that of the first cooling water supply passage is formed every the fuel assembly supported and introduces cooling water to the fuel assembly inserted in the second cooling water supply passage;
wherein a plurality of water regions with no fuel assemblies loaded are formed right above a part of the first fuel supports in the central region; the fuel assemblies disposed in the central region are supported by the remaining first fuel supports; and the fuel assemblies disposed in the peripheral region are supported by the second fuel supports.
The plurality of water regions with no fuel assemblies loaded are formed right above a part of the first fuel supports in the central region, so that the infinite neutron multiplication factor of the fuel assemblies adjacent to the water regions can be reduced due to the action of the cooling water in the water regions. Therefore, for control of the excess reactivity of the initial core, the number of control rods for control of reactor power to be inserted into the initial core can be reduced during the operation of the reactor and the control rod operation in the reactor can be simplified.
According to the present invention, the control rod operation in the nuclear reactor can be simplified.
The inventors executed various investigations, reduced the number of fuel assemblies to be loaded in an initial core due to unloading of a part of the fuel assemblies, and furthermore created a new constitution of the initial core capable of simplifying control rod operation in the initial core. The investigation results and the outline of the newly created initial core will be explained below.
The inventors noted that excess reactivity of the initial core is higher than that of an equilibrium core and thus, control rod insertion amount of the initial core is larger than that of the equilibrium core, created an idea that a water region having a cross sectional area capable of disposing the fuel assembly in the initial core may be disposed in the initial core. The inventors investigated the three fuel assembly systems which are a part of the initial core shown in
A second fuel assembly system shown in (b) of
In a third fuel assembly system shown in (c) of
In these three fuel assembly systems, the inventors obtained the infinite neutron multiplication factor. Assuming the void fraction in the respective fuel assemblies in each fuel assembly system as 40%, on the basis of the infinite neutron multiplication factor of the first fuel assembly system shown in (a) of
The embodiments of the present invention with the aforementioned investigation results reflected on will be explained below.
An initial core of a nuclear reactor according to embodiment 1 which is a preferable embodiment of the present invention, will be explained by referring to
Firstly, a rough structure of a boiling water reactor to which the initial core of the present embodiment is applied will be explained by referring to
An upper lattice plate 27 is disposed in the core shroud 7 under the shroud head 10, is attached to the core shroud 7, and is positioned at the upper end of the core 3. A core support plate 8 is positioned at the lower end of the core 3, is disposed in the core shroud 7, and is installed in the core shroud 7. A plurality of internal pumps 13 are attached to bottom of the reactor pressure vessel 2 and an impeller of each internal pump 13 is disposed in an annular down corner 14 formed between the core shroud 7 and the reactor pressure vessel 2. A plurality of fuel supports 9 are installed on the core support plate 8. A plurality of control rod guide pipes 15 are disposed in the reactor pressure vessel 2 under the core support plate 8. Control rods 5 having a cross-shaped cross section are respectively disposed in the respective control rod guide pipes 15 and each control rod 5 is connected to a control rod drive mechanism 16 installed in a control rod driver housing (not drawn) attached to the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel 2.
A plurality (for example, 872 each) of fuel assemblies 4 are loaded in the core 3. The burnup of all the fuel assemblies loaded in the core 3 which is the initial core is 0 GWd/t before start of the operation of the boiling water reactor including the core 3. The boiling water reactor 1 including the core 3 with 872 fuel assemblies 4 loaded uses 205 control rods 5.
The fuel assembly 4 loaded in the core 3 will be explained by referring to
As shown in
A plurality of fuel supports 9 removably attached to the core support plate 8 include a plurality of fuel supports 9a (see
The fuel support 9b also has the aforementioned structure of the fuel support 9a. However, the fuel support 9a and the fuel support 9b are different from each other in one point. It is that opening area of the orifice 33a installed in the fuel support 9a is smaller than opening area of an orifice 33b installed in the cooling water supply passage 32 of the fuel support 9b. In other words, it is that pressure loss of the orifice 33a of the fuel support 9a is larger than pressure loss of the orifice 33b of the fuel support 9b.
A lower end portion 24a of each lower tie plate 24 of the four fuel assemblies 4 in each cell existing in the central portion 3a of the core 3 is separately inserted into the opening of each coolant supply passage 32 formed at the upper end of the support body 29 of the fuel support 9a. In this way, each fuel assembly 4 disposed in the central portion 3a of the core 3 is supported by the fuel support 9a. A lower end portion 24a of each lower tie plate 24 of the four fuel assemblies 4 in each cell existing in the peripheral portion 3b of the core 3 is separately inserted into the opening of each coolant supply passage 32 formed at the upper end of the support body 29 of the fuel support 9b. In this way, each fuel assembly 4 disposed in the peripheral portion 3b of the core 3 is supported by the fuel support 9b.
Four control cells 34 are disposed in the central portion 3a of the core 3 where the fuel supports 9a are disposed. These control cells 34 are disposed in a position at an equal distance from an axial center of the core 3. Furthermore, five water regions 6 are disposed in the central portion 3a. One water region 6 is disposed at the axial center of the core 3 and other four water regions 6 are disposed in a position at an equal distance from the axial center of the core 3. These four water regions 6 are respectively positioned in the square corners surrounding the axial center of the core 3 on the cross section of the core 3. Each control cell 34 is disposed at the position of the middle point of each side of the square connecting the two water regions 6. The positions where the five water regions 6 are disposed are the positions where the control cells 34 are disposed in the conventional initial core.
Each control cell 34 is a cell of the reactor, into which the control rod 5 for reactor power control for controlling the reactor power is inserted during the rated operation of reactor power of 100%. The infinite multiplication factor of the four fuel assemblies 4 in each control cell 34 is lower than the infinite multiplication factor of the fuel assembly in another cell other than the control cell 34 existing around the control cell 34 in the central portion 3a.
The five water regions 6 are regions having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing four fuel assemblies 4. These water regions 6 are a space formed between the fuel assemblies 4 and having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing four fuel assemblies before the construction of the boiling water reactor including the initial core of the present embodiment is finished and cooling water is filled in the reactor pressure vessel 2. When cooling water is filled in the reactor pressure vessel 2, the cooling water is filled also in the space and the water regions 6 are formed. After cooling water is filled in the reactor pressure vessel 2, cooling water exists in the five water regions 6. In each water region 6, no fuel assemblies exist.
After start of the operation of the boiling water reactor, each control rod 5 is withdrawn from the core 3 and the boiling water reactor reach a state of criticality from a state of subcriticality. The withdrawal operation of each control rod 5 and the insertion operation which will be described later are performed by the control rod drive mechanism 16. Furthermore, when each control rod 5 inserted in the core 3 is gradually withdrawn, the reactor power is increased. When the reactor power becomes, for example, about 60% by the withdrawal of the control rods 5, the withdrawal of the control rods 5 is stopped. Thereafter, the number of revolutions of each internal pump 13 is increased, and the cooling water flow rate supplied to the core 3 is increased. Thus, the core flow rate is increased, and the reactor power is increased up to the rated power (100%). When the reactor power reaches the rated power, the increase of the core flow rate is stopped.
At this time, in the central portion 3a of the core 3, all the control rods 5 disposed in all the cells other than the control cells 34 and in all the water regions 6 are withdrawn from the core 3. In the central portion 3a, the upper end of each handle of all the control rods 5 withdrawn from the core 3 is positioned under the upper end of the fuel support 9a as shown in
The cooling water in the down corner 14 is pressurized by the drive of the internal pumps 13 and is supplied to the core 3 through a lower plenum 17 formed under the core 3. Concretely, the greater part of cooling water reaching the lower plenum 17 is supplied into the respective fuel assemblies 4 supported by the fuel supports 9a through each cooling water supply passage 32 of the fuel support 9a and furthermore is supplied into the respective fuel assemblies 4 supported by the fuel support 9b through each cooling water supply passage 32 of the fuel support 9b. The cooling water rising in the channel box 22 of each fuel assembly 4 is heated by heat generated by the nuclear fission of a fissional material filled in the fuel rods 20 and the partial fuel rods 20A and a part of the heated cooling water is vaporized. The gas-liquid two-phase flow including steam and cooling water is discharged above the core 3 through a through hole (not drawn) formed in the upper tie plate 23 of each fuel assembly 4.
The remaining cooling water reaching the lower plenum 17 is introduced into the respective control rod guide pipes 15 through an opening (not shown) formed in each control rod guide pipe 15. The cooling water is supplied to water gaps 35 formed between the fuel assemblies 4 being adjacent to each other through the through holes 31 formed in the fuel supports 9a and 9b. The cooling water goes up in each water gap 35. Even in the fuel supports 9a existing right under the water regions 6, the cooling water flowing into the control rod guide pipes 15 is introduced into the through holes 31. This cooling water is supplied into the water regions 6 from the through holes 31. The respective cooling water supplied into each water region 6 and each water gap 35 is heated by heat discharged from the inside of the fuel assemblies 4 and goes up in each water region 6 and each water gap 35. However, the cooling water flowing in each water region 6 and each water gap 35 does not boil. In the respective fuel supports 9a existing right under each water region 6, the entrance of each cooling water supply passage 32 formed in these fuel supports 9a is blocked so as to prevent the cooling water from being supplied to the water regions 6 through the cooling water supply passages 32.
The cooling water rising in each water region 6 and each water gap 35 is discharged from each water region 6 and each water gap 35 and is mixed with the gas-liquid two-phase flow discharged from each fuel assembly 4. The gas-liquid two-phase flow including the cooling water discharged from the water regions 6 and the water gaps 35 is led into the steam separator 11. The steam included in the gas-liquid two-phase flow is separated from the cooling water by the steam separator 11 and is introduced to the steam dryer 12. The steam from which moisture is further removed by the steam dryer 12 is supplied to a turbine (not drawn) through a main steam pipe 18. The turbine is rotated by the steam and rotates a generator (not drawn) connected to the turbine. Electricity is generated by the rotation of the generator. Steam discharged from the turbine is condensed by a condenser (not drawn) to water. This water is supplied into the reactor pressure vessel 2 as feed water through a feed water pipe 19.
The cooling water separated from the gas-liquid two-phase flow by the steam separator 11 is introduced into the down corner 14 and is mixed with feed water supplied from the feed water pipe 19 in the down corner 14. This cooling water is pressurized by the internal pumps 13 and as described before, is supplied into the core 3, that is, each fuel assembly 4.
When the reactor power is lowered than the rated power in correspondence to the progress of the operation in the first cycle of the boiling water reactor 1, the core flow rate is increased and the reactor power is kept at the rated power. However, when the core flow rate increases to 100%, the core flow rate is reduced, and the reactor power is reduced down to a predetermined reactor power lower than about 60%, and then the control rod pattern is exchanged. Due to the exchange of the control pattern, the control rods 5 in the control cells 34 are withdrawn and the reactor power is increased up to about 60%. Thereafter, the core flow rate is increased and the reactor power is increased up to the rated power. The reduction of the reactor power from the rated power in correspondence to consumption of the fissional material is compensated by an increase in the core flow rate. When the core flow rate increases again to 100%, as mentioned above, the control rod pattern is exchanged. The control rod pattern exchange is repeated until all the control rods 5 in the control cells 34 are withdrawn. When all the control rods 5 in the control cells 34 are withdrawn and the core flow rate increases to 100%, the operation of the boiling water reactor 1 in the first cycle is finished. At the time, all the control rods 5 are inserted into the core 3, and the boiling water reactor 1 is stopped.
In the present embodiment, when the boiling water reactor 1 is in operation, the control of the excess reactivity of the reactor in the first cycle of the initial core is executed by the cooling water in the water regions 6 using the cooling water in the water regions 6 in addition to neutron absorber (for example, B4C) included in the control rods 5 in the control cells 34 and burnable poison included in the fuel assemblies 4. As described before, the infinite neutron multiplication factor of the fuel assemblies 4 is reduced by each water region 6 in which cooling water exists, so that the number of control cells can be reduced than that in the conventional initial core and in correspondence to it, the number of the control rods 5 for reactor power control can be reduced. Therefore, in correspondence to the reduction in the number of the control rods 5 for reactor power control, the withdrawal operation of the control rods 5 for reactor power control in the control cells 34 during the rated power operation of the boiling water reactor 1 can be simplified.
In the present embodiment, the cells of the water regions 6 in the first cycle are changed to the control cells 34 in the second cycle, so that the cells changing the water regions 6 to the control cells 34 can lengthen the life span of the control rods 5. Namely, in the first cycle, each control rod 5 disposed in the position of each water region 6 is in a state that all the control rods are withdrawn from the core 3 during a period of the operation in the first cycle. Therefore, in the second cycle, substantially fresh control rods 5 are inserted into the cells changed to the control cells 34 from the water regions 6.
In the present embodiment, in the first cycle, the fuel assemblies 4 are not disposed in the respective water regions 6, so that the number of spent fuel assemblies taken out from the core 3 after end of the first cycle can be reduced and the fuel cycle cost of the initial fuel can be reduced.
An initial core of a nuclear reactor according to embodiment 2, which is another embodiment of the present invention, will be explained by referring to
A core 3A which is the initial core of the present embodiment has a structure that in the core 3 of the embodiment 1, the water region 6 disposed at the axial center of the core is removed, and two water regions 6B having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing one fuel assembly 4 are disposed in each cell in the diagonal direction instead of the water regions 6 which are regions having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing four fuel assemblies 4. The other structure of the core 3A is the same as that of the core 3.
In each cell that the two water regions 6B are disposed in the diagonal direction, two fuel assemblies 4 are disposed in another diagonal direction orthogonal to the diagonal line connecting the two water regions 6B. In the core 3A, eight cells that two water regions 6B are disposed in the diagonal direction are formed. The water region 6 disposed at the center of the core 3A forms a region having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing four fuel assemblies 4 similarly to the water region 6 in the embodiment 1. The control cells 34 are respectively disposed at a middle point of each side of a square surrounding the water region 6, in which four cells with two water regions 6B disposed in the diagonal direction are disposed in the corners. The diameter of the central portion 3a is 16/17 of the diameter of the core 3A.
At the time of the rated power operation of the boiling water reactor including the core 3A, the control rods 5 of each cell that two water regions 6B having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing one fuel assembly 4 are disposed in the diagonal direction are in a state that all the control rods 5 are withdrawn from the core 3A.
The present embodiment can obtain the effects generated in the embodiment 1. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the number of water regions 6 having a square cross section for occupying the cross sectional area capable of disposing four fuel assembly 4 is smaller than that of the core 3 and instead, a plurality of cells that two water regions 6B are disposed in the diagonal direction are formed in the core 3A, so that the power distribution in a radius direction of the core is more flattened than that of the embodiment 1 and economical efficiency of fuel can be improved.
In the boiling water reactor including the core 3 or 3A, a method of loading fuel assemblies of a nuclear reactor described below can be applied. The method of loading fuel assemblies that is applied to the core 3 will be explained.
In the boiling water reactor 1 having the core 3 which is an initial core, a plurality of fuel assemblies 4 having a burnup of 0 GWd/t are loaded in the core 3 before starting the operation of the boiling water reactor 1. These fuel assemblies 4 are successively loaded in the region other than the region for forming the water regions 6 in the core 3. The fuel assemblies 4 having a burnup of 0 GWd/t are not loaded in the region for forming the water regions 6. The boiling water reactor 1 having the core 3 formed by loading these fuel assemblies 4 is operated in the first cycle which is a first operation cycle after the boiling water reactor 1 is constructed. The operation in the first cycle is finished and the boiling water reactor 1 is stopped. After the stop of the boiling water reactor 1, a part of the fuel assemblies 4 in the core 3 is taken out from the reactor pressure vessel 2 and is exchanged with fresh fuel assemblies 4. Spent fuel assemblies 4 taken out from the reactor pressure vessel 2 for fuel exchange are fuel assemblies 4 having a low mean enrichment which are loaded in the core 3 before start of the first cycle. The fuel assemblies 4 having a high mean enrichment which are loaded in the core 3 before start of the first cycle are not taken out from the reactor pressure vessel 2 after end of the operation in the first cycle and exist in the core 3 even at the time of the operation in the next second cycle.
When the operation in the first cycle is finished and the fuel assemblies 4 in the core 3 are exchanged, a part of the fuel assemblies 4 having a low mean enrichment which are loaded in the core before start of the first cycle, are loaded in the water regions 6, respectively. In each of all the water regions 6, four fuel assemblies 4 having a low mean enrichment which are loaded in the core before start of the first cycle are loaded.
Fresh fuel assemblies 4 having a high mean enrichment and a burnup of 0 GWd/t are loaded in the position in the core 3 where the fuel assemblies 4 taken out from the reactor pressure vessel 2 exist during the operation in the first cycle and in the position in the core 3 where the fuel assemblies 4 loaded in the water regions 6 exist during the operation in the first cycle, respectively.
After the loading of the fuel assemblies 4 aforementioned is finished, the operation of the boiling water reactor 1 in the second cycle is started. The four water regions 6 formed in the core 3 in the first cycle become control cells 34 that four fuel assemblies 4 having a lower infinite neutron multiplication factor than that of the surrounding fuel assemblies 4 are loaded and a control rod 5 for reactor power control is disposed, in the second cycle. In the second cycle, the number of control cells 34 is increased than that in the first cycle. In the second cycle, the water regions 6 substituted for the control rods 5 in the first cycle do not exist, so that the insertion amount of the control rods 5 is increased and the number of control cells (cells for adjusting the reactivity by the control rods) 34 is increased.
Also to the boiling water reactor having the core 3A, the method of loading fuel assemblies applied to the boiling water reactor having the core 3 can be applied.
1: boiling water reactor, 2: reactor pressure vessel, 3, 3A: core, 4: fuel assembly, 5: control rod, 6, 6a, 6b: water region, 7: core shroud, 8: core support plate, 9, 9a, 9b: fuel support, 13: internal pump, 15: control rod guide pipe, 16: control rod drive mechanism, 20: fuel rod, 22: channel box, 29: support body, 31: through hole, 32: cooling water supply passage, 33a, 33b: orifice, 35: water gap.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-188882 | Aug 2011 | JP | national |
