Patent Application
20110250241
The present invention relates to rigid, water-soluble containers. It also relates to capsules, in particular to capsules that may be utilized for the delivery into man or other animals of substances such as ingestible ingredients like pharmaceutically- or nutritionally-active materials, that dissolve or disperse within the gastro-intestinal tract, and to capsule-like containers, in particular to such containers that may be utilized for the delivery into an aqueous environment of substances such as detergents, pesticides, biocides, deodorants, dyes and pigments, and water-treatment chemicals.
Clothes washing compositions may be delivered to a clothes washing machine by a delivery tray from which the composition is fed into the washing drum, or they may be placed directly into the washing drum. The washing compositions may be in powder, liquid or block form. Liquid compositions have the disadvantage that they may be spilled. The same applies to powder compositions. Powder compositions have the additional disadvantage that they may produce dust which can be inhaled. These problems are overcome or lessened when blocks of washing composition are used. These are normally individually wrapped. On unwrapping a block, for use, it is still possible that some dust may be produced. Additionally, it is an inconvenience for the consumer to have to unwrap the block. Furthermore, it is almost impossible for the user to avoid some contact between the block and his or her skin, leading to a requirement for the user to wash his hands after starting the washing machine. In fact, all of the methods described involve a risk of contact between the composition and the skin, and it is desirable in all cases for the user to wash his hands after starting the washing machine. In this context it should be born in mind that many compositions contain enzymes to assist the separated from each other. Although an arrangement has been described to separate incompatible materials in flexible pouches in International patent application Publication No. WO 93108095, the method proposed is complex and is not currently achievable in large-scale manufacturing. It cannot, therefore, be used for producing large numbers of containers.
The third disadvantage is that there is only limited control of the release profile of the compositions held in the containers. For example, when a composition is held between two planar water-soluble films or in a thermoformed package, the composition is simply released at the time when the films dissolve or disperse in water. While it may be possible to control to a certain extent the timing of the start of release of the contents, there can be no control over the rate of release of the contents since the entire film dissolves or disperses at about the same time. Furthermore, it can be difficult to provide an extended time before the contents of the package are released. An additional problem also arises with thermoformed packages. If the thermoforming is not carefully controlled, there may be inadvertent thinning of the film material at the points where the material is drawn down into the mold when it is thermoformed. This could release the contents of the package early. Additionally, in all of the above packages, it is not possible to release different compositions at different times or at different rates since, as discussed above, it is not possible to incorporate more than one composition in each water-soluble container.
The fourth disadvantage is that the containers cannot be produced at a particularly fast rate. When the containers are produced by heat-sealing planar films or by thermoforming, the containers have to be immediately filled and sealed. All of these procedures have to be carried out in succession. This means that it is not possible to obtain a quick throughput for mass-market goods such as household products. For example, standard thermoforming machines can only produce around 400 to 800 containers per minute.
There are numerous forms of systems used in the delivery of medical preparations in the market place today. The two most dominant in relation to oral routes are capsules made from hard gelatin, and tablets—the so-called solid dose formulations. Both of these presentations have remained virtually unchanged for decades. Gelatin capsules are made by a dipping process, building up successive layers, while tablets are formed by compressing a powder or fine granules.
The gelatin capsules currently employed are used extensively throughout the world to deliver thousands of prescribed and over-the-counter medications and nutritional formulations. Unfortunately, they have a number of highly significant limitations, including: their inability to be easily formed into a shape that facilitates the optimum delivery of their ingredients into the patient; the fact that gelatin is animal-based; and the substantial likelihood of them sticking in the patient's esophagus when they are swallowed. In recent years these and other limitations—see below—have been acknowledged, and efforts have been made to overcome them by finding and using a number of materials as alternatives to gelatin. In most cases the materials are even more brittle, more difficult to shape, and significantly more expensive than gelatin and other conventional solid dose delivery systems, and therefore they have not thus far been used successfully for this purpose—which leaves the problem of the hard gelatin capsule, and its disadvantages, still to be solved. Some of these disadvantages are as follows:
As noted above, gelatin is animal-based, being extracted from bones and hides, and as such it carries the risk—or, at least, the perceived risk—of being linked with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The manufacturing process used to make hard gelatin capsules involves a so-called dipping process, which makes thickness parameters difficult to control. More significantly, the process does not lend itself to the more complex shapes, sizes and chemical characteristics now required within the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, more specifically when controlled release is desirable. Hard gelatin capsules also have an inherent problem of attracting a static charge, which makes their handling during manufacture an additional problem, while the gelatin itself has a tendency to undergo detrimental physical and chemical changes during long-term storage.
As also pointed out above, gelatin capsules may be rather hard to swallow properly, for they can all too easily stick in the esophagus. Now, this may seem trivial, but in fact while the most frequent cause of accidents to patients in hospitals is falling out of bed, the second most frequent cause is capsules or tablets sticking in the patient's esophagus! Very few patients are able to swallow a capsule when lying down, and when a gelatin capsule sticks in the esophagus it can be extraordinarily difficult to dislodge. Indeed, it has been shown that drinking liquids such as water fails to move such a stuck capsule even when taking large amounts, and on occasion even eating food fails to overcome the adhesion. Part of the problem may be that a filled gelatin capsule will float if its contents are not dense (as is often the case), and will have a tendency to remain in the mouth, after the initial mouthful of water has been swallowed. This allows stickiness rapidly to develop on the surface of the capsule, which in turn increases the probability that the capsule will stick in the esophagus when finally swallowed.
It has now been appreciated that the above type of capsule has uses other than in medicine and the human or animal body. In particular, it has been realized that many substances that must be packaged for delivery to their use site could, where that site is an aqueous environment, be contained in similar, though somewhat larger, capsules. Thus, a capsule-like container—a “capsular” container—could be employed to deliver, for example, detergents to a washing machine, pesticides to a paddy field, or water-treatment chemicals to a reservoir. Moreover, by appropriately dimensioning the various parts of the container, or by suitably selecting the materials from which they are made, different parts of the container will in use dissolve at different times.
The present invention seeks to provide water-soluble containers which overcome some or all of the above disadvantages. The present invention has a number of different aspects and embodiments as follows:
The present invention provides a rigid, water-soluble container made of an injection molded polymer, for example, a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and/or a cellulose ether such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), which container encases a composition, for example, a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition.
The present invention also provides a capsule, i.e., a container, comprising a self-supporting receptacle part and a closure part, the receptacle part and the closure part together enclosing a composition, for example a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition, the receptacle part being formed of a water-soluble polymer, and the closure part being formed of a water-soluble polymer, wherein, in use, the closure part dissolves before the receptacle part.
The present invention additionally provides an injection-molded capsule container of any size or shape for the delivery of a water-destined ingredient, preferably selected from a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition, which container is made of a material that will dissolve in the intended aqueous destination site.
The present invention further provides a method of ware washing, comprising use of a container, receptacle or washing capsule as defined above, the method entailing introducing the container, receptacle or washing capsule into a ware washing machine prior to commencement of the washing process, the container, receptacle or washing capsule being entirely consumed during the washing process. The ware washing machine may, for example, be a dishwashing or laundry washing machine.
The present invention also provides a capsule container comprising at least two components made of one or more material(s) that can be molded and which are water soluble or water dispersible or in which a substantial part of the surface of these components is water soluble or water dispersible so as to leave perforations throughout the wall when the capsular container is placed in contact with an aqueous environment, wherein the container has one to six compartments, preferably one, two or three, the content of the various compartments being accessible to the aqueous environment when the capsular container is exposed to such an aqueous environment, the accessibility time of the various compartments being the same or different from one compartment to another compartment. The content of the container may, for example, not be a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
The following description and drawings all relate to each and every aspect and embodiment as discussed above and below, either singly or in any combination thereof. The containers of the present invention overcome some or all of the above disadvantages.
Firstly, because the containers are rigid and self-supporting, they have an attractive, uniform appearance which does not vary between different containers. Furthermore, the rigid containers can easily have various elements incorporated which are considered to be pleasing to the eye but which are impossible to incorporate in the flexible containers discussed above.
Secondly, because the containers are rigid, it is easily possible to introduce two or more compartments, or have larger compartments separated by walls, to separate mutually incompatible ingredients. The containers can also hold part of the composition on an external surface, for example in an indentation. Furthermore, the container can be molded in almost any shape that might be useful. In particular it can be given raised or lowered areas.
Thirdly, it is possible to control the release profile of the contents of the container. Since the container is rigid, it is possible to adapt the width of all of the walls of the container to control both the start of release of the composition as well as the rate of release. For example, one or more walls may be made thin in order to have an early release of the composition. Alternatively, all the walls may be thick in order to ensure that there is a delayed release of the composition. The rate of release of the composition may also be controlled by ensuring that only part of the container has thin walls which are dissolved or dispersed before the remainder of the container. Different walls or parts of walls of the container may be prepared from different water-soluble polymers which have different dissolution characteristics. For example, a first compartment may be fully enclosed by a polymer such as PVOH which dissolves at a higher or lower temperature than the polymer enclosing a second compartment. Thus, different components can be released at different times. If the container holds a solid or gelled composition, it is not even necessary for the container to fully enclose the composition. A part may be left exposed, so that it immediately begins to dissolve when added to water.
Fourthly, since the containers are rigid and self-supporting, they can easily be filled on a production line using normal filling equipment. Such filling equipment is quite capable of filling at least about 1500 containers per minute.
Desirably the container, apart from its contents, consists essentially of the injection-molded polymer. It is possible for suitable additives such as plasticizers and lubricants to be included. Plasticizers are generally used in an amount of up to about 20 wt %, for example from about 15 to about 20 wt %, lubricants are generally used in an amount of about 0.5 to about 5% wt % and the polymer is generally therefore used in an amount of about 75 to about 84.5 wt %, based on the total amount of the molding composition. Examples of suitable polymers are PVOH and cellulose ethers such as HPMC.
PVOH is a known water-soluble material which is used to prepare water-soluble films for encasing compositions as discussed above. Cellulose ethers have not in general been used to prepare water-soluble films because they have poor mechanical strength.
PVOH materials, unlike gelatin, can be modified to dissolve at different rates under various conditions (including the pH of the aqueous medium into which they are introduced).
The PVOH preferably used to form the container of the present invention may be partially or fully alcoholized or hydrolyzed. For example it may be from about 40 to about 100%, preferably about 70 to about 92%, more preferably about 88%, alcoholized or hydrolyzed polyvinylacetate. The polymer such as PVOH or cellulose ether is generally cold water (about 20° C.) soluble, but may be insoluble in cold water at about 20° C. and only become soluble in warm water or hot water having a temperature of, for example, about 30° C., about 40° C., about 50° C. or even about 60° C. This parameter is determined in the case of PVOH by its degree of hydrolysis.
For certain applications or uses, polymers soluble in aqueous environments at temperatures as low as about 5° C. are also desirable.
In order to ensure that the polymer such as PVOH or cellulose ether is capable of being injection molded, it is usual to incorporate components such as plasticizers and mold release agents in an amount of up to, for example, about 15 wt % of the composition. Suitable plasticizers are, for example, pentaerthyritol such as depentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerine and glycols such as glycerol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
Solids such as talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, zinc stearate, and colloidal silica may also be used. A preferred PVOH which is already in a form suitable for injection molding is sold in the form of granules under the name CP1210T05 by Soltec Developpement SA of Paris, France.
The PVOH may be molded at temperatures of, for example, from about 180 to about 220° C., depending upon the formulation selected and the melt flow index required. It can be molded into containers, capsule bodies, caps, receptacles and closures of the appropriate hardness, texture and solubility characteristics.
One of the great practical problems of current hard gelatin capsules is their ability to hold a static electrical charge. Such capsules in production rapidly pick up a high static charge which has the effect of making them not only stick to each other and to all other non-polar surfaces but also making them attract particles of foreign material from their surroundings. It also means that that the capsules are hard to fill, and that their surfaces must be treated immediately prior to printing. This phenomenon is common to some moldable polymers, but not to PVOH, which is not only soluble, ingestible, moldable and weldable, but in addition will not support a static charge capable of causing the problems described above. So, yet another consequence of using an injection-molding method is that the moldable material may be chosen having regard to its ability to pick up and retain a static charge—or may include one or more additional substances that has some effect on the way the capsule behaves in this respect.
Thus, in a still further aspect this invention provides an injection-molded container such as a receptacle or capsular container made from materials that will not hold a static charge, such as PVOH or a cellulose ether.
One aspect of the present invention is, as indicated above, a capsule, i.e. a container, comprising a self-supporting receptacle part and a closure part, the receptacle part and the closure part together enclosing a composition such as a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition, the receptacle part being formed of a water-soluble polymer, and the closure part being formed of a water-soluble polymer, wherein in use, the closure part dissolves before the receptacle part.
Preferably the capsule is a washing capsule enclosing a washing composition.
Another aspect of the present invention is, as indicated above, an injection-molded capsule container of any size or shape for delivery of a water-destined ingredient, in particular selected from a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition, a detergent, pesticide, biocide, deodorant, dye, pigment or water-treatment chemical, which container is made of a material that will dissolve in the intended aqueous destination site.
In many aspects of the present invention, including these aspects, the water-soluble polymer is not limited to PVOH or a cellulose ether. Other water-soluble compounds may be used, such as polyglycolides, gelatin, polylactides and polylactide-polyglycolide copolymers. These components may also, if necessary, contain components such as plasticizers and mold release agents, such as those described above. All of the polymer compositions, including the PVOH and cellulose ether, may also include other components such as coloring agents and components which modify their properties.
In all aspects and embodiments of the present invention, the container or capsule generally comprises a receptacle part, which holds the composition and a closure part, which may simply close the receptacle part or may itself have at least some receptacle function. The receptacle part preferably has side walls which terminate at their upper end in an outward flange in which the closure part is sealingly secured, especially if the closure part is in the form of a film. The securement may be by means of an adhesive but is preferably achieved by means of a seal, between the flange and the closure part. Heat sealing may be used or other methods such as infra-red, radio frequency, ultrasonic, laser, solvent, vibration or spin welding. An adhesive such as an aqueous solution of PVOH or a cellulose ether may also be used. The seal is desirably also water-soluble.
The closure part may itself be injection molded or blow molded. Preferably, however, it is a plastics film secured over the receptacle part. The film may, for example, comprise PVOH or a cellulose ether such as HPMC or another water-soluble polymer.
The container walls have thicknesses such that the containers are rigid. For example, the outside walls and any inside walls which have been injection molded independently have a thickness of greater than about 100 μm, for example greater than about 150 μm or greater than about 200 μm, about 300 μm, or about 500 μm, about 750 μm or about 1 mm. Preferably, the closure part is of a thinner material than the receptacle part. Thus, typically, the closure part is of thickness in the range of about 10 to about 200 μm, preferably about 50 to about 100 μM, and the wall thickness of the receptacle part is in the range of about 300 to about 1500 μm, preferably about 500 to about 1000 μm. The closure part may, however, also have a wall thickness of about 300 to about 1500 μm, such as about 500 to about 1000 μm.
Preferably, the closure part dissolves in water (at least to the extent of allowing the washing composition in the receptacle part to be dissolved by the water; and preferably completely) at about 40° C. in less than about 5 minutes, preferably in less than about 2 minutes.
The receptacle part and the closure part could be of the same thickness or different thicknesses. The closure part may, for example, be of higher solubility than the receptacle part, in order to dissolve more quickly.
Preferably, the washing capsule is generally cuboid in its external shape, with the top wall being formed by the closure part, and with the side walls and base wall being formed by the receptacle part.
Preferably, a washing capsule of the invention is manufactured by forming an array of receptacle parts, each receptacle part being joined to adjacent receptacle parts, and being separable from them by a snap or tear action. The array is preferably one which has columns and rows of the receptacle parts. The receptacle parts may be separated by frangible webs of the water-soluble polymer such as PVOH or a cellulose ether.
Alternatively, the receptacle parts may be manufactured with the aforementioned flanges, such that they are separated from each other by a line of weakness. For example the material may be thinner, and so able to be broken or torn readily. The thinness may be a result of the molding process or, preferably, of a later scoring step.
In the manufacturing method, the array, formed by injection molding, is fed to a filling zone, and all the receptacle parts are charged with the washing composition. A sheet of a water-soluble polymer such as PVOH or a cellulose ether may then be secured over the top of the array, to form the closure parts for all the receptacle parts of the array. The array may then be split up into the individual washing capsules, prior to packaging, or it may be left as an array for packaging, to be split by the user. Preferably, it is left as an array for the user to break or tear off the individual washing capsules. Preferably, the array has a line of symmetry extending between capsules, and the two halves of the array are folded together, about that line of symmetry, so that closure parts are in face-to-face contact. This helps to protect the closure parts from any damage between factory and user. It will be appreciated that the closure parts are more prone to damage than the receptacle parts. Alternatively, two identical arrays of washing capsules may be placed together with their closure parts in face-to-face contact for packaging.
In some embodiments of the invention the container, capsule or receptacle part may define a single compartment. In other embodiments of the invention the container, capsule or receptacle part may define two or more compartments, which contain different products useful in a washing process. In such a situation, a dividing wall or walls of the compartments preferably terminate at the top of the container, capsule or receptacle part i.e. in the same plane as the top edges of the side walls, so that when the receptacle part is closed by the closure part the contents of the compartments cannot mix. The container, capsule or receptacle part may be provided with an upstand, preferably spaced from the side walls thereof, and preferably of generally cylindrical shape. If wished, the remaining volume of the container, capsule or receptacle part can be divided into two or more parts by means of walls extending between the upstand and the side walls.
The container, capsule, receptacle part or closure may be formed with an opening, for example a depression, formed in the side wall or the base wall, and preferably being open in the outward direction. That is to say, it preferably does not form part of the main volume defined by the container, capsule, receptacle part or closure. Preferably the opening is adapted to receive, in a press-fit manner, a solid block (for example a tablet) of a composition, for example a material useful in a washing process.
Preferably, the closure part is of a transparent or translucent material, so that the contents of the washing capsule can be seen.
Preferably, the container, capsule or receptacle part is of a transparent or translucent material, so that the contents of the washing capsule can be seen.
The washing composition within the container, capsule or receptacle part, or within a compartment thereof, need not be uniform. For example, during manufacture it could be fed first with a settable agent, for example a gel, useful in a washing process, and then with a different material. The first material could dissolve slowly in the washing process so as to deliver its charge over a long period within the washing process. This might be useful, for example, to provide immediate, delayed or sustained delivery of a softening agent in a clothes washing container, capsule or a receptacle part.
The container, or capsule may, for example, be in at least two parts (a body part and a cap part) which fit tightly, and preferably sealingly and inseparably, together to form a compartment in which is stored the ingredient to be achieved. In one example, the container or capsule may have three parts—a body such as a receptacle, a first cap, and then a second cap to fit over the closed end of either the body or the first cap, so as to result in a capsule with two separate compartments. Where there are three such parts (or more; four parts—a body and three caps—make three compartments, and so on), then naturally the ingredients in each compartment may be the same or they may be different.
In all embodiments of the present invention one compartment may contain, for example, a liquid or solid component (such as a powder, granules or a compressed or gelled tablet) and another may contain a different liquid or solid component (such as a powder, granules or a compressed or gelled tablet). Alternatively, more than one component may be present in one or more compartments. For example a compartment may contain a solid component, for example in the form of a ball or pill (such as a powder, granules or a compressed or gelled tablet), and a liquid component.
By using container, receptacle or capsule cap/body parts of different thicknesses, or of different polymers, or both, such as PVOH polymers with different degrees of hydrolysis, this invention enables enhanced control over the release of different ingredients at different times or in different positions within broad scope of the aqueous destination.
The capsular container can be of any size or shape. It is, for example, conveniently of the standard capsule shape—an elongate tubular package with closed, rounded ends. Moreover, although it is possible to have the several parts of much the same sizes, it is usual that there will be a long body with a shorter cap (the cap may be half or a quarter the length of the body). Typically, a capsular container has an overall closed length of about 4 to about 10 cm, such as about 4 to about 6 cm, and an external diameter of about 2 to about 4 cm. However, it should be understood that there is no theoretical limitation, in either size or shape, and what is suitable will normally be decided upon the basis of the “dose” of the container's contents, the size of any aperture the container may have to pass through, and the available means of delivery.
The capsular container may be in at least two parts (a body or receptacle part and a cap part) which fit tightly, and preferably sealingly and inseparably, together. The actual joining of the parts can be carried out in any convenient way, but advantage can be taken of the very nature of the capsule material—that fact that it is one that can be injection-molded (it is a thermoplastic). Thus, the preferred joining method is welding, for example either heat welding, by melting the parts when they are in contact, and allowing them to “run” into each other and then cool and solidify to become an integral device, or solvent welding, where much the same effect is achieved by partially dissolving the adjacent portions of the capsule and letting them again run into each other and then solidify to form a whole. Heat welding is much the preferred way, although any of the sealing techniques described herein may be used.
Indeed, in one of its several aspects the invention specifically provides an injection-molded capsular container having a cap portion and a body portion which, after filling, are welded together into a single indivisible unit (so sealing in and preventing subsequent access to the contents, and thus ensuring containment of the contents, whether solid, powder, granular, liquid, gel or suspension presentations).
In another aspect, this invention provides a capsule that may be utilized for the delivery of some active ingredient or device into the human or animal body, which capsule is made of a material that can be injection-molded and will at least in part dissolve in the body.
The invention provides a capsule—that is to say, a small container for the relevant ingredients, which container is in at least two parts (a body part and a cap part) which fit tightly, and preferably sealingly and inseparably, together to form a compartment in which is stored the ingredient to be delivered. As an alternative, the capsule may have three parts—a body, a first cap, and then a second cap to fit over the closed end of either the body or the first cap, so as to result in a capsule with two separate compartments. And where there are three such parts (or more; four parts—a body and three caps—make three compartments, and so on), then naturally the ingredients in each compartment may be the same or they may be different.
In one example—see
By using capsule cap/body parts of different thicknesses, or of different polymers, or both, this invention enables enhanced control over the release of different active ingredients at different times or in different positions. This difference in release time is useful in many applications or uses including within the gastro-intestinal tract, in which the ability to control release time is of utility in the developing science of chrono-biology.
The capsule is of any shape, preferably an elongate tubular package. The ends are advantageously closed, whether rounded or conical. Moreover, although it is possible to have the several parts of much the same sizes, it is usual that there will be a long body with a shorter cap (the cap may be half or a quarter the length of the body). Typically, a capsule has an overall closed length of about 10 to about 25 mm and an external diameter of about 5 to about 10 mm for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical use.
Although it is possible to have the several parts of much the same sizes, it is usual that there will be a long body with a shorter cap (the cap may be half or a quarter the length of the body). Typically, a capsular container for applications or uses other than pharmaceutical or nutraceuticals has an overall closed length of about 3 to about 12 cm, for example about 4 to about 10 cm and an external diameter of about 1 to about 5 cm, for example about 2 to about 4 cm. However, it should be understood that there is no theoretical limitation, in either size or shape, and what is suitable will normally be decided upon the basis of the “dose” of the container's contents, the size of any aperture the container may have to pass through, and the available means of delivery.
The invention's capsule is intended to be utilized for the delivery of some active ingredient or device into the human or animal body. The delivery may be by any appropriate route; for most active ingredients the oral route is preferred—and it is when the capsule is administered orally that its advantages are most apparent—but rectal or vaginal routes may of course be employed if appropriate. Regardless of the nature of the route, however, it is clearly necessary that the material from which the capsule is made—the material that can be injection-molded—should of course be safe for delivery into the target organism (which may be a human or some other animal). PVOH (polyvinylalcohol) is such a material; not only is it non-toxic but it is available in food-quality grades, and it is very much preferred.
PVOH, or more specifically PVOH-based formulations, is presently the most convenient injection-moldable, water-soluble or water-dispersible material, and of the various commercially-available PVOH formulations, one particularly-preferred variety is that range of materials sold (in the form of granules) under the name CP1210T05 by Soltec Developpement SA of Paris, France
In general, PVOH polymers are synthetic materials capable, when appropriately formulated with other adjuvants—such as plasticizers, particularly glycerine (but other glycols and polyglycols may be used depending upon their acceptability for ingestion), and solids such as talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, zinc stearate, and colloidal silica—of being molded at temperatures of about 180 to about 220° C., depending upon the formulation selected and the melt flow index required, into capsule bodies and caps of the appropriate hardness, texture and solubility characteristics required of a pharmaceutical or like capsule.
PVOH materials, unlike gelatin, can be modified to dissolve at different rates under varying conditions (including the pH of the aqueous medium—such as the interior parts of the target organism's body—into which they are introduced). Capsules made from PVOH materials can therefore be formulated to release their contents in any desirable location. For example, as far as pharmaceutical use is concerned, in the stomach, the upper or lower small intestine, or the colon, as considered desirable.
Furthermore, PVOH formulations generally do not interact with many organic solvents or oils of the type used in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions, while the aqueous gels often utilized in such compositions can be formulated to resist interaction with PVOH, so that capsules made from PVOH can be used to contain such materials.
The invention provides a capsule which is in at least two parts (a body part and a cap part) which fit tightly, and preferably sealingly and inseparably, together. The actual joining of the parts can be carried out in any convenient way, but advantage can be taken of the very nature of the capsule material—the fact that it is one that can be injection-molded (it is a thermoplastic). Thus, the preferred joining method is welding—either heat welding, by melting the parts when they are in contact, and allowing them to “run” into each other and then cool and solidify to become an integral device, or solvent welding, where much the same effect is achieved by partially dissolving the adjacent portions of the capsule and letting them again run into each other and then solidify to form a whole. Heat welding is much the preferred way.
Indeed, in one of its several aspects the invention specifically provides an injection-molded capsule (suitable for use in the delivery of some active ingredient or device) having a cap portion and a body portion which, after filling, are welded together into a single indivisible unit (so sealing in and preventing subsequent access to the contents, and thus ensuring containment of the contents, whether granular, liquid, gel or suspension presentations).
PVOH materials are particularly suited to thermal welding, a convenient variety of this technique being laser welding, though any suitable method can be used providing it does indeed make a permanent weld with the polymer used to form the capsule. Some other common methods are infra-red (IR), radio frequency (RF), and ultrasonic welding.
Some of these methods may require the addition of other items or processes to ensure their correct operation. For example, RF welding may require the use of a metal (normally aluminum) conductor in content with the capsule surface. Laser welding will normally require the top surface to be transparent to the laser used, and the lower surface to be opaque to it. This can be achieved by avoiding opaque coatings and fillers on the outer surface of the capsule cap and by their application to the outer surface of the capsule body. For example, a circumferential line of a suitable material can be printed around the body at the required joining point to facilitate the weld at that point. As a result of the welding, a circumferential weld situation on a planar cross-section of the capsular container is advantageously obtained.
Of the various methods, the laser weld is preferred as there is no direct contact required, and it can achieve the very high production speeds required.
After placing the intended contents in the capsule body, and putting the cap on the body, the two portions of the capsule can be welded—by means of a laser beam, say—into a single unit which cannot thereafter readily and without leaving visible traces be separated into body and cap in order to gain access to the contents. Accordingly, any attempt to tamper with the contents would be clearly obvious.
The two parts of the capsule that are to be welded together are, for example, made so that the open end of one will pass into the open end of the other with the smallest gap that can be practically achieved to allow easy assembly. Normally, but not necessarily, the capsule is designed with a stop on one or other component so that the entry of one into the other cannot overrun and stops at the same fixed position in every case.
The two halves or shells are in the closed position when the entire periphery of the open end of one is overlapped by the periphery of the open end of the other. The closed capsule is then ready for welding, and this is done by bringing the capsule into close proximity to the welding head. This distance will vary with the method of welding chosen. The welding equipment is operated, and forms a weld between the two layers in contact in the form of a line of weld in a closed loop around the periphery of the capsule. This can be achieved either by having the welding heads in the form of a ring (which may be continuous or made up of a number of discrete heads), or by rotating one or other of the capsule and the head around the other—say, by rolling the capsule past the head. The exact method will depend on the welding technology chosen.
It is also possible to use solvent welding—that is, using a solvent for the chosen injection-moldable material so as to soften and render the surface layers of the material flowable where the two parts are in contact. In the PVOH case the solvent is conveniently water or an aqueous electrolyte solution (typically containing an alkali metal halide such as lithium chloride as the electrolyte). This technique, however, requires another stage to the welding process, in which the solvent is applied to one of the surfaces to be in contact before the two shells are closed. This method is not preferred, however, as it is likely to be comparatively slow, and the addition of water and solute may well be detrimental to the ingredient(s) or other preparation contained within the capsule.
The weldability of the two parts (body and cap) of the injection-molded capsule of the invention into a single unit which cannot subsequently be separated into its two parts without visibly destroying the capsule is in contrast to the nature of the known hard gelatin capsule parts, which cannot be so welded. Thus, the integrity of the contents can be protected by the invention's capsule in a way which cannot take place using capsule parts made of gelatin.
Due to the integrity of the welded seal, in all aspects and embodiments the container, receptacle or capsule can be filled with any appropriate powder, liquid, gel, or oil.
The invention provides a capsule, container or receptacle made of a material that can be injection-molded. The injection-molding process allows controlled variations in the thickness of the walls and domed ends of either or both halves of the capsule, thereby allowing the release characteristics to be infinitely varied. The use of such molded capsule shells permits the development of capsule formulations containing controlled-release beads or granules which can be determined where the contents are released so that the system as a whole can be made to deliver its contents at the desired position, rate and period of release irrespective of differing physioco-chemical properties of the contents. This also enables the delivery system to be used to protect the drug against adverse conditions in other parts of the organism—the gastro-intestinal tract, for example—before absorption occurs if the capsule or container is intended for administration to the human or animal body.
There are many advantages to the production of capsules using injection-molding as compared with the traditional dip-coating methods, and it is worth setting out a few here.
Dip-coating of gelatin is the traditional method for the production of capsule shells. One of the principal properties of a capsule is the rate at which the shell material dissolves or disperses to release the contained ingredients. Using the dipping process there is only a limited control over the final thickness of the capsule shell. The principal advantage of using the injection-molding process is that there is much greater versatility over the final component form, for example:—
a) The thickness of the wall sections can be more closely controlled, and hence may be varied inter alia to obtain the appropriate dissolution rate of the capsule.
b) Reduced wall thickness possible with injection-molded capsule shells will result in increased production rates.
c) The surface form (smoothness) of both inner and outer capsule surfaces can be more closely controlled for molded as compared with dipping, which latter only allows control of the inner surface form.
d) The degree (tightness) of fit between the two capsule halves can be more closely controlled with molding.
e) Injection-molding permits the addition of sectional variation around the rim of either or both of the capsule halves, so that features for final capsule assembly, such as ultrasonic or laser welding, can be included in the basic component design.
f) If both capsule halves are molded simultaneously in the same injection-mold tool, the capsule halves can be assembled automatically as a post-molding operation carried out immediately the tool halves open (with benefits for cleanliness and quality assurance).
g) There are no requirements for further trimming or sizing operations.
The invention provides a capsule for the delivery into the human or animal body of an active ingredient or device. For the most part the ingredient will, as suggested hereinbefore, be a drug—a pharmaceutically-active substance—or perhaps some sort of nutritionally-active material—a “nutraceutically-active” material—such as vitamins or oligo-elements or food supplements. However, it is not impossible for this capsule to be used for the delivery of quite a different sort of “ingredient”—for example, a measuring or sampling device, or machine, as might be required in some forms of medicine or surgery.
In its broadest aspect this invention provides a capsule made of a material that can be injection-molded. This injection-molding concept has several unexpected consequences, as does the choice of a polymer of the PVOH type for this purpose. Specifically, an injection-molded capsule can be molded in almost any shape that might be useful (as might have been inferred from what has been said above). In particular, it can be given external raised (or lowered) areas—this has the advantage that, for the preferred orally delivery route, it significantly reduces the surface area of the capsule that is able to come into contact with the walls of the esophagus as the capsule is being swallowed, and thereby reduces the risk of the capsule sticking in the esophagus, and thus facilitates the passage of the capsule down into the stomach.
In another aspect, therefore, the invention provides an injection-molded capsule (suitable for use in the delivery of some active ingredient or device) having raised portions molded into its external surface.
Thus the container, capsule, capsular container, receptacle or closure may, for example, have raised portions molded into its external surface.
The raised portions—for the most part they are referred to hereinafter as “raised”, though obviously the effect of a raised part can be achieved by lowering the other parts—can be in the form of short, small pimple-like projections, or they can be ribs that extend wholly or partially either around or along the capsule. The portions may be designed to include or act as markings allowing identification of the capsule and its contents—either visually, by the sighted, or tactilely, by the visually-impaired, or even by a machine or reader. Thus a code can be molded into the surface so that a filled capsule can be identified at all stages of its life—by the manufacturer for quality assurance and quality control, by a wholesaler or retailer as part of a stock-control system, and by the user before utilization, particularly those with vision impairment.
The surface of the capsule, container, receptacle or closure needs no pre-treatment prior to printing.
By suitable cutting of the molds used, any required pattern can be molded into the surface, either raised or incuse. Both raised and incuse variants bring different properties to the capsule, and the benefits of each are described hereinafter. The complexity of the pattern is limited only by the practical limitations on mold making.
Thinner areas of the walls of different compartments of the capsular container are preferably disposed longitudinally according to the general elongated shape of the capsular container.
The use of an incuse pattern has a number of interesting possibilities. For example, for sparingly-soluble drugs delivered orally, the gastro-intestinal transit from mouth to rectum is often too short to allow the active ingredient of some orally-delivered medicament to be absorbed, with the consequence that most of the drug is excreted, and so wasted. However, incuse molding in a suitable pattern provides a way of converting the capsule—in, say, the acidic conditions prevailing in the stomach—from an integral, sealed, container to a perforate container from which the contents of the capsule can readily escape as a solution or suspension (rather like a tea bag, or a metal tea infuser).
Such an incuse pattern design may include a capsule of standard form but with relatively thick walls. Around a suitable section of the capsule is molded an array of thin-walled incuse panels. Once the capsule has reached the stomach, the thin-walled panels in the capsule body quickly dissolve, leaving the capsule with a grid structure of holes. These holes can be small enough to prevent the internal contents from leaving the capsule, but large enough to allow the dissolving medium to enter and make contact with the contents of the capsule. As has been described earlier, PVOH materials can, due to variations in molecular weight and extent of hydrolysis, be selected to dissolve at different speeds and at different temperatures in aqueous conditions. Hence, by varying the thickness and the dissolution characteristics of the injection-molded capsule materials, the body of the capsule may be designed to dissolve or break up at a chosen rate especially in the stomach. Once the capsule has dissolved or broken up, the beads or granules are released but only after being retained in the stomach for an extended period of up to about 12 hours. As long as such capsules with holes remain intact, they do not pass through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum until the housekeeper wave is in operation.
More generally for applications or uses outside of washing, the difference of accessibility time to an aqueous environment from one compartment to another is in the range of about 1 minute to about 12 hours at the same temperature in the range of about 5° C. to about 95° C.
Another possibility is to mold a capsule in a relatively sparingly-soluble polymer material—such as a high molecular weight PVOH having a high degree of hydrolysis—with a similar array of holes (rather than thin-walled soluble panels), and then in a separate process, after filling and capping, to cover the area containing the holes with a relatively soluble polymer either by spraying or by shrinking or gluing a soluble sleeve thereover. It should be noted that in use such a “covered” perforate capsule may either break up in the gastro-intestinal tract after being swept from the stomach, thereby releasing its ingredients, or it may carry on to leave the body in the feces while still containing the active-ingredient-carrying beads or granules (though these have by then been relieved of most of the active-ingredient content). The relatively-sparingly soluble polymer used in this case could even be an insoluble polymer—provided, of course, that it is both injection-moldable and tolerated by the body.
By this means, such a capsule of outer diameter of about 3 to about 6 mm may contain, for example, a plurality of beads slightly larger than the holes which will be formed in the capsule and on which the finely-divided sparingly-soluble drug is layered. The drug dissolves only slowly in the acid conditions prevailing in the stomach. The capsule, because of its size, can be retained in the stomach and thus allow the release in solution form of the drug for absorption in the stomach and gastro-intestinal tract. In this way, the absorption of the sparingly soluble drug in the gastro-intestinal tract will be increased as the beads are held for a longer time in the stomach than they would be if released from a gelatin capsule that rapidly dissolves with the result that the beads pass quickly from the stomach into the small intestine. In the “fed state”, units of dimensions greater than about 3 mm do not pass through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum as long as there are contents in the stomach. Thus, if such a PVOH capsule is taken with the breakfast meal, it will be retained in the stomach until after the evening meal if a normal midday meal was taken. If the capsule has not dissolved or broken up in the stomach, it will be swept from the stomach into the large intestine where it may either dissolve or break up or be eliminated from the body in the feces. The overall result is an increased transit time of the drug delivery system from mouth to feces, and thus increased bio-availability for sparingly-soluble drugs.
The capsule which either contains or develops holes while keeping its integrity can also be used advantageously to retain in the stomach beads containing soluble drugs and possessing controlled-release membranes programmed to take advantage of the better absorption of such drugs in the small intestine rather than the large intestine, and thereby to give a constant rate of systemic drug input.
These hole-containing or hole-developing capsules can be used to release two or more drugs at designated regions each at a controlled relative rate even if the drugs in conventional form have different rates of drug absorption or metabolism in different regions of the gastro-intestinal tract.
While the oral route is preferred for may of the drug applications envisaged using the capsules of the invention, the rectal and vaginal routes, particularly those utilizing perforate capsules which produce holes in vivo, are also important.
The oral route is suitable generally for sparingly-soluble drugs, and for good control of drug input and activation location.
The rectal route is particularly appropriate for use with perforate capsules that produce holes in vivo, together with controlled-release drug-carrying beads or granules. This allows the avoidance of “first pass metabolism”—some drugs are especially sensitive to this when administered orally. The perforate capsule can deliver the drug at a controlled rate via its location in the rectum so that the drug, unlike the delivery from a suppository, is released locally from the beads or granules in the capsule to give a steady, localized, input into the lower hemorrhoidal vein (unlike the higher medium and upper hemorrhoidal veins, which deliver blood to the liver, this allows systemic delivery without “first pass metabolism” by the liver). If they were not contained in the capsule, the beads would move upwards into the descending colon, and so would supply their drug content mainly to the medial and upper hemorrhoidal veins. Thus, using the rectal route with a perforate capsule, a drug can be delivered to a patient in a similar but more acceptable manner to that achieved by intravenous infusion.
The vaginal route with a perforate capsule facilitates drug delivery at a constant rate followed by cessation when the system is withdrawn from the body aperture at the designated time.
From the above examples, other more selective approaches can be developed to maximize and control the rate of drug input by the chosen route of product use, thereby offering solutions to many current problems of drug delivery in man and other animals.
Another consequence of using an injection-molding method is that the moldable material may easily include one or more additional substance that has some effect on the way the capsule behaves in use—for instance, on its surface properties (and specifically on its tackiness, or stickiness), or on its rate of dissolution.
Thus, in yet another aspect the invention provides an injection-molded capsule (suitable for use in the oral delivery of some active ingredient or device) that is made from an injection-moldable material that contains one or more particulate hydrophobic solids in order to both reduce the surface tackiness and also increase the density of the capsule, which effects will reduce the risk of the capsule sticking in the esophagus.
This meets one of the problems of current hard gelatin capsules—and of those made of any other water soluble polymer—namely that upon insertion in the mouth the capsule comes in contact with water, which will begin the softening process prior to dissolving and lead to a stickiness of the surface which can cause problems and interruptions (sometimes leading to release of its contents in the esophagus) on the capsule's path through the esophagus to the stomach. As noted, reduction of this stickiness can be achieved by modifying the moldable polymer formulation by the addition of inert solids in powder form—though naturally the added solids have to be approved for ingestion, and must be compatible with the medical preparation contained within the capsule.
This use of added solids provides a more rigid capsule shell with a surface less immediately affected by the aqueous content of the mouth or esophagus, thereby reducing surface tackiness during the initial swallowing.
In this aspect—the incorporation of a particulate solid to influence tackiness—the solid is very preferably extremely finely divided, typical particle sizes being in the range of about 1 to about 50 microns, and preferably about 5 to about 10 microns. The upper limit is generally a practical one for the molding process, but with increasing solid particle size the capsule surface will be to a greater extent made up of the insoluble solid ingredient and to a lesser extent the polymer (which will be partially concealed below the contact surface with the esophagus).
Materials that can be utilized to reduce the capsule's surface tackiness are most preferably insoluble and preferably hydrophobic. Substances suitable for this purpose are talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate, colloidal silica and magnesium trisilicate, with talc and magnesium stearate being especially preferred.
And in still another aspect the invention provides an injection-molded capsule (suitable for use in the oral delivery of some active ingredient or device) that is made from an injection-moldable material that contains one or more particulate solids in order to accelerate the rate of dissolution of the capsule, for example in the different conditions of pH which exist in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Unlike gelatin capsules, which sometimes release their contents prematurely (especially in elderly patients) when they stick in the esophagus and open, capsules of PVOH (in particular) can be formulated so that they do not open in the esophagus but release their contents only where necessary—i.e. when they reach the relevant target area.
The particulate solid incorporated into the injection mix may be a material that is barely affected in a non-acidic medium but dissolves relatively rapidly in an acidic environment, so as to allow the capsule to release its contents, for example in the stomach. Alternatively, the solid material may be one that is relatively insoluble in an acidic medium but relatively soluble in a neutral environment, so as to allow release of the capsule's contents, for example in the lower small intestine and in the colon.
The simple dissolution of the solid in the chosen medium is sufficient to cause a significant acceleration in the capsule break-up, particularly so when a gas is also generated, when the physical agitation caused will result in the virtually immediate release of the contents from the capsule.
Such solids are of course subject to the same limitations of approval and compatibility as before. The solids which can be used for accelerating the rate of dissolution of the capsular container are preferably the bicarbonate and carbonate salts of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, typically sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, all of which salts may liberate carbon dioxide gas for the purpose of generating effervescence.
The solid is very preferably extremely finely divided, typical particle sizes being in the range of about 1 to about 25 microns, and preferably about 5 to about 10 microns.
Materials that can be utilized to affect the capsule's dissolution rate in a non-acid medium (for example, the lower intestine or the colon) but without being affected by an acid medium (for example, the stomach) are most preferably solid acidic substances with carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups or salts thereof. Substances suitable for this purpose are cinnamic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, pamoic acid, citric acid, and naphthalene disulphonic acid, as free acids or as their alkali or alkaline-earth metal salts, with tartaric acid, citric acid, and cinnamic acid in the form of acids or their alkali metal salts being especially preferred.
One of the great practical problems of current hard gelatin capsules is their ability to hold a static electrical charge. Such capsules in production rapidly pick up a high static charge which has the effect of making them not only stick to each other and to all other non-polar surfaces but also making them attract particles of foreign material from their surroundings. It also means that the capsules are hard to fill, and that their surfaces must be treated immediately prior to printing.
This phenomenon is common to some moldable polymers, but not to PVOH, which is not only soluble, ingestible, moldable and weldable, but in addition will not support a static charge capable of causing the problems described above. So, yet another consequence of using an injection-molding method is that the moldable material may be chosen having regard to its ability to pick up and retain a static charge—or may include one or more additional substance that has some effect on the way the capsule behaves in this respect.
Thus, in a still further aspect this invention provides an injection-molded capsule (suitable for use in the delivery of an active ingredient or device into the human or animal body) being made from materials that will not hold a static charge.
The capsule of the invention is one that, utilized for the delivery of some active ingredient or device into the human or animal body, dissolves in the body to release its contents therein. The term “dissolve” is used herein in a fairly general sense, to indicate that the capsule crumbles, decomposes, disintegrates or disperses; it need not actually dissolve, although most often it will.
Another possibility is to mold a capsule, container or receptacle in a relatively sparingly-soluble polymer material—such as a high molecular weight PVOH having a high degree of hydrolysis—with a similar array of holes (rather than thin-walled soluble panels), and then in a separate process, after filling and capping, to cover the area containing the holes with a relatively soluble polymer either by spraying or by shrinking or gluing a soluble sleeve thereover. The relatively-sparingly soluble polymer used in this case could even be an insoluble polymer—provided, of course, that it is injection-moldable.
Another consequence of using an injection-molding method is that the moldable material may easily include one or more additional substance that has some effect on the way the capsule behaves in use—for instance, on its rate of dissolution.
Thus, in still another aspect the invention provides a container, for example, a relatively-large injection-molded capsular container, receptacle, capsule or closure that is made from an injection-moldable material that contains one or more particulate solids in order to accelerate the rate of dissolution of the container. This solid may also be present in the contents of the container, receptacle or capsule.
The simple dissolution of the solid in the chosen medium is sufficient to cause a significant acceleration in the container break-up, particularly so if a gas is also generated, when the physical agitation caused will result in the virtually immediate release of the contents from the container.
The most obvious solids for this purpose are the bicarbonate and carbonate salts of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, typically sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.
The solid is very preferably extremely finely divided, typical particle sizes being the range of about 1 to about 25 μm, and preferably about 5 to about 10 μm.
Other materials that can be utilized to affect the capsule's dissolution rate are most preferably solid acidic substances with carboxylic or sulphonic acid groups or salts thereof. Substances suitable for this purpose are cinnamic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, pamoic acid, citric acid and naphthalene disulphonic acid, as free acids or as their alkali or alkaline-earth metal salts, with tartaric acid, citric acid, and cinnamic acid in the form of acids or their alkali metal salts being especially preferred.
The container or capsule of the present invention may contain any composition which is intended to be released when the container is placed in an aqueous environment.
Thus it may, for example, contain a fabric care, surface care or dishwashing composition. A fabric care composition is any composition which is used in the field of fabric care, such as in a fabric washing, fabric treating or dyeing process. A surface care composition is any composition which is used in the field of surface care, for example to clear, treat or polish a surface. Suitable surfaces are, for example, household surfaces such as worktops, as well as surfaces of sanitary ware, such as sinks, basins and lavatories. A dishwashing composition is any composition which is used in the field of dishwashing, such as a dishwashing, water-softening or rinse aid composition.
Examples of such compositions are a dishwashing, water-softening, laundry, detergent and rinse-aid compositions. In this case the composition is especially suitable for use in a domestic washing machine such as a clothes washing machine or dishwashing machine. Other examples are disinfectant, antibacterial and antiseptic composition, for example those intended to be diluted with water before use, or a concentrated refill composition, for example for a trigger-type spray used in domestic situations. Such a composition can simply be added to water already held in the spray container.
The container may be used to contain any composition. Desirably the composition has a mass of at least about 10 g or about 15 g, for example, from about 10 g or about 15 g to about 100 g, especially from about 10 g or about 15 g to about 40 g. For example, a dishwashing composition may weigh from about 10 g or about 15 g to about 20 g, a water-softening composition may weigh from about 25 g to about 35 g, and a laundry composition may weigh from about 10 g to about 40 g, about 20 g to about 40 g or about 30 g to about 40 g.
The container may also contain, for example, a detergent, pesticide, biocide, deodorant, dye, pigment or water-treatment chemical. It may, for example, deliver detergents or water-treatment chemicals to a washing machine.
For pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications or uses, the typical mass of the contents of the capsular container is in the range of about 10 mg to about 15 g, preferably about 50 mg to about 1 g.
For uses other than pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or washing, the typical mass of the contents of the capsular container is in the range of about 1 g to about 100 g, preferably about 2 g to about 50 g.
In general, particularly when used in a domestic environment, the maximum dimension of the container is about 5 cm. For example, a cuboid container may have a length of about 1 to about 5 cm, especially about 3.5 to about 4.5 cm, a width of about 1.5 to about 3.5 cm, especially about 2 to about 3 cm, and a height of about 1 to about 2 cm, especially about 1.25 to about 1.75 cm.
The composition contained by the capsule may be, for example, any which is suitable for the designated application, for example a clothes washing or dishwashing application. It may be a powder or a liquid but if a liquid, may be a low water formulation, preferably having a maximum water content of about 5 wt %, in order to maintain the integrity of the walls of the capsule or a higher water formulation containing, for example, at least about 8 wt % water. The composition may be formulated having regard to the fact that the user will not come into contact with the composition, whether by inhalation or by skin contact. For example, the composition may include an enzyme, without concern about physical contact between the composition containing the enzyme, and the user.
If the container contains an aqueous liquid having a relatively high water content, it may be necessary to take steps to ensure the liquid does not attack the water-soluble polymer if it is soluble in cold water (about 20° C.), or water at a temperature of up to, say, about 35° C. Steps may be taken to treat the inside surfaces of the container, for example by coating it with agents such as PVdC (poly(vinylidene chloride)) or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or to adapt the composition to ensure that it does not dissolve the polymer. For example, it has been found that ensuring the composition has a high ionic strength or contains an agent which minimizes water loss through the walls of the container will prevent the composition from dissolving the polymer from the inside. This is described in more detail in European published patent application No. EP-A-518,689 and International patent application Publication No. WO 97/27743.
The composition held within the container depends, of course, on the intended use of the composition. It may, for example, contain surface active agents such as an anionic, non-ionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surface active agent or mixture thereof.
Examples of anionic surfactants are straight-chained or branched alkyl sulfates and alkyl polyalkoxylated sulfates, also known as alkyl ether sulfates. Such surfactants may be produced by the sulfation of higher C8-C20 fatty alcohols.
Examples of primary alkyl sulfate surfactants are those of formula: ROSO3−M+ wherein R is a linear C8-C20 hydrocarbyl group and M is a water-solubilizing cation. Preferably R is C10-C16 alkyl, for example C12-C14, and M is alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium.
Examples of secondary alkyl sulfate surfactants are those which have the sulfate moiety on a “backbone” of the molecule, for example those of formula: CH2(CH2)n(CHOSO3−M+)(CH2)mCH3 wherein m and n are independently 2 or more, the sum of m+n typically being about 6 to about 20, for example about 9 to about 15, and M is a water-solubilizing cation such as lithium, sodium or potassium.
Especially preferred secondary alkyl sulfates are the (2,3) alkyl sulfate surfactants of formulae: CH2(CH2)x(CHOSO3−M+)CH3 and CH3(CH2)x(CHOSO3−M+)CH2CH3 for the 2-sulfate and 3-sulfate, respectively. In these formulae x is at least about 4, for example about 6 to about 20, preferably about 10 to about 16. M is a cation, such as an alkali metal, for example lithium, sodium or potassium.
Examples of alkoxylated alkyl sulfates are ethoxylated alkyl sulfates of the formula: RO(C2H4O)nSO3−M+ wherein R is a C8-C20 alkyl group, preferably C10-C18 such as a C12-C16, n is at least about 1, for example from about 1 to about 20, preferably about 1 to about 15, especially about 1 to about 6, and M is a salt-forming cation such as lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, alkylammonium or alkanolammonium. These compounds can provide especially desirable fabric cleaning performance benefits when used in combination with alkyl sulfates.
The alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates will generally be used in the form of mixtures comprising varying alkyl chain lengths and, if present, varying degrees of alkoxylation.
Other anionic surfactants which may be employed are salts of fatty acids, for example C8-C18 fatty acids, especially the sodium potassium or alkanolanunonium salts, and alkyl, for example C8-C18, benzene sulfonates.
Examples of nonionic surfactants are fatty acid alkoxylates, such as fatty acid ethoxylates, especially those of formula: R(C2H4O)nOH wherein R is a straight or branched C8-C16 alkyl group, preferably a C9-C15, for example C10-C14, or C12-C14 alkyl group and n is at least about 1, for example from about 1 to about 16, preferably about 2 to about 12, more preferably about 3 to about 10.
The alkoxylated fatty alcohol nonionic surfactant will frequently have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) which ranges from about 3 to about 17, more preferably from about 6 to about 15, most preferably from about 10 to about 15.
Examples of fatty alcohol ethoxylates are those made from alcohols of about 12 to about 15 carbon atoms and which contain about 7 moles of ethylene oxide. Such materials are commercially marketed under the trademarks Neodol™ 25-7 and Neodol™23-6.5 by Shell Chemical Company. Other useful Neodols include Neodol™ 1-5, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol averaging 11 carbon atoms in its alkyl chain with about 5 moles of ethylene oxide; Neodol™ 23-9, an ethoxylated primary C12-C13 alcohol having about 9 moles of ethylene oxide; and Neodol™ 91-10, an ethoxylated C9-C11 primary alcohol having about 10 moles of ethylene oxide.
Alcohol ethoxylates of this type have also been marketed by Shell Chemical Company under the Dobanol trademark. Dobanol™ 91-5 is an ethoxylated C9-C11 fatty alcohol with an average of 5 moles ethylene oxide and Dobanol™ 25-7 is an ethoxylated C12-C15 fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
Other examples of suitable ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactants include Tergitol™ 15-S-7 and Tergitol™ 15-S-9, both of which are linear secondary alcohol ethoxylates available from Union Carbide Corporation. Tergitol™ 15-S-7 is a mixed ethoxylated product of a C11-C15 linear secondary alkanol with 7 moles of ethylene oxide and Tergitol™ 15-S-9 is the same but with 9 moles of ethylene oxide.
Other suitable alcohol ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are Neodol™ 45-11, which is a similar ethylene oxide condensation products of a fatty alcohol having 14-15 carbon atoms and the number of ethylene oxide groups per mole being about 11. Such products are also available from Shell Chemical Company.
Further nonionic surfactants are, for example, C10-C18 alkyl polyglycosides, such as C12-C16 alkyl polyglycosides, especially the polyglucosides. These are especially useful when high foaming compositions are desired. Further surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, such as C10-C18 N-(3-methoxypropyl) glycamides and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers of the Pluronic™ type.
Examples of cationic surfactants are those of the quaternary ammonium type.
Examples of amphoteric surfactants are C10-C18 amine oxides and the C12-C15 betaines and sulfobetaines.
The total content of surfactants in the laundry or detergent composition is desirably about 60 to about 95 wt %, especially about 75 to about 90 wt %. Desirably an anionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 50 to about 75 wt %, the nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 5 to about 20 wt %, the cationic surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0 to about 10 wt % and/or the amphoteric surfactant is present in the amount of from about 0 to about 10 wt %. These amounts are based on the total solids content of the composition, i.e. excluding the water when present.
Dishwasher compositions usually comprise a detergency builder. Suitable builders are alkali metal or ammonium phosphates, polyphosphates, phosphonates, polyphosphonates, carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, polyhydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, carboxylates such as citrates and other polycarboxylates. The builder is desirably present in an amount of up to about 90 wt %, preferably about 15 to about 90 wt %, more preferably about 15 to about 75 wt %, relative to the total weight of the composition. Further details of suitable components are given in, for example, European published patent applications EP-A-694,059 and EP-A-518,720 and International patent application Publication No. WO 99/06522.
The compositions, particularly when used as laundry washing or dishwashing compositions, may also comprise enzymes, such as protease, lipase, amylase and cellulase enzymes. Such enzymes are commercially available and sold, for example, under the registered trademarks Esperase™, Alcalase™, Savinase™, Termamyl™, Lipolase™ and Celluzyme™ by Nova Nordisk A/S. Desirably the enzymes are present in the composition in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 3 wt %, especially about 1 to about 2 wt %.
The compositions may, if desired, comprise a thickening agent or gelling agent. Suitable thickeners are polyacrylate polymers such as those sold under the trademark CARBOPOL™, or the trademark ACUSOL™ by Rohm and Haas Company. Other suitable thickeners are xanthan gums. The thickener, if present, is generally present in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 4 wt %, especially about 0.2 to about 2 wt %.
The compositions can also optionally comprise one or more additional ingredients. These include conventional detergent composition components such as further surfactants, bleaches, bleach enhancing agents, builders, suds boosters or suds suppressors, anti-tarnish and anti-corrosion agents, organic solvents, co-solvents, phase stabilizers, emulsifying agents, preservatives, soil suspending agents, soil release agents, germicides, phosphates such as sodium tripolyphosphate or potassium tripolyphosphate, pH adjusting agents or buffers, non-builder alkalinity sources, chelating agents, clays such as smectite clays, enzyme stabilizers, anti-limescale agents, colorants, dyes, hydrotropes, dye transfer inhibiting agents, brighteners, and perfumes. If used, such optional ingredients will generally constitute no more than about 10 wt %, for example from about 1 to about 6 wt %, the total weight of the compositions.
The builders counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness encountered during laundering or bleaching use of the compositions herein. Examples of such materials are citrate, succinate, malonate, carboxymethyl succinate, carboxylate, polycarboxylate and polyacetyl carboxylate salts, for example with alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cations, or the corresponding free acids. Specific examples are sodium, potassium and lithium salts of oxydisuccinic acid, mellitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids, C10-C22 fatty acids and citric acid. Other examples are organic phosphonate type sequestering agents such as those sold by Monsanto under the trademark Dequest™ and alkylhydroxy phosphonates. Citrate salts and C12-C18 fatty acid soaps are preferred.
Other suitable builders are polymers and copolymers known to have builder properties. For example, such materials include appropriate polyacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, and polyacrylic/polymaleic and copolymers and their salts, such as those sold by BASF under the trademark Sokalan™.
The builders generally constitute from about 0 to about 3 wt %, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 1 wt %, by weight of the compositions.
Compositions which comprise an enzyme may optionally contain materials which maintain the stability of the enzyme. Such enzyme stabilizers include, for example, polyols such as propylene glycol, boric acid and borax. Combinations of these enzyme stabilizers may also be employed. If utilized, the enzyme stabilizers generally constitute from about 0.1 to about 1 wt % of the compositions.
The compositions may optionally comprise materials which serve as phase stabilizers and/or co-solvents. Examples are C1-C3 alcohols or diols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and 1,2-propanediol. C1-C3 alkanolamines such as mono-, di- and triethanolamines and monoisopropanolamine can also be used, by themselves or in combination with the alcohols.
If the composition is in liquid form, it may be anhydrous, or, for example, contain up to about 5 wt % water. Aqueous compositions generally contain greater than about 8 wt % water based on the weight of the aqueous composition. Desirably the aqueous compositions contain more than about 10 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 20 wt %, about 25 wt % or about 30 wt % water, but desirably less than about 80 wt % water, more desirably less than about 70 wt %, about 60 wt %, about 50 wt % or about 40 wt % water. They may, for example, contain from about 30 to about 65 wt % water.
The compositions may optionally comprise components which adjust or maintain the pH of the compositions at optimum levels. Examples of pH adjusting agents are NaOH and citric acid. The pH may be from, for example, about 1 to about 13, such as about 8 to about 11 depending on the nature of the composition. For example, a dishwashing composition desirably has a pH of about 8 to about 11, a laundry composition desirably has a pH of about 7 to about 9, and a water-softening composition desirably has a pH of about 7 to about 9.
The composition, such as a washing composition within the container, capsule or receptacle part, or within a compartment thereof if there is more than one compartment, need not be uniform. For example during manufacture it could be fed first with a settable agent, for example a gel, useful in a washing process, and then with a different material. The first material could dissolve slowly in the washing process so as to deliver its charge over a long period within the washing process. This might be useful, for example, to provide delayed or sustained delivery of a softening agent in a clothes washing capsule.
The composition, such as a washing composition may, especially for dishwashing or laundry, include a tablet. Preferably a tablet contains a material useful in a washing process and is formulated to provide slow release of that material during a washing process and/or delayed release thereof. Delayed release may be achieved by providing the tablet with a coating which is slow to dissolve during the washing process. Alternatively the tablet may provide a quick release of components required early in the wash, for example water-softening components and/or enzymes. The tablet may, for example, comprise a disrupting agent, such as one which effervesces when in contact with water such as a combination of citric acid and an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate.
A tablet may be provided in the main volume of the receptacle part or may be provided in an outwardly facing opening or depression, as previously described.
When a washing capsule of the invention has a tablet retained in an outwardly facing opening or depression the tablet is preferably one which will not transfer any washing composition to the hands of a user. For example, it may be coated with a soluble polymeric material. As mentioned above, this may also be desirable for delayed release of its charge. If it is desired that the tablet dissolves quickly it may, for example, comprise a disrupting agent such as an effervescing agent.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of ware washing, comprising use of a container, receptacle or washing capsule as described and defined above, the method entailing introducing the container, receptacle or washing capsule into a ware washing machine such as a laundry washing machine or dishwashing machine, prior to commencement of the washing process, the container, receptacle or washing capsule being entirely consumed during the washing process.
The invention also provides a capsule—that is to say, a container for the relevant ingredients, which container is in at least two parts (a body part and a cap part) which fit tightly, and preferably sealingly and inseparably, together to form a compartment in which is stored the ingredient to be delivered. In one example—see
The capsule of the invention is one that dissolves in the destined aqueous medium to release its contents therein. The term “dissolve” is used herein in a fairly general sense, to indicate that the capsule crumbles, decomposes, disintegrates or disperses; it need not actually dissolve, although in most cases it will.
The array shown in the drawing is made by injection molding. The thermoplastic polymer employed in this embodiment is polyvinyl alcohol, and is translucent. The wall thickness is about 0.7 mm. The resulting molded array is self-supporting.
After injection molding score lines may be cut into the webs 8 between the flanges, to aid the breaking apart of the washing capsules, for use.
The molded array is fed to a filling zone where the receptacle parts are simultaneously filled via eight nozzles with a dishwashing composition. The dishwashing composition could be a powder, gel or paste or could be a liquid formulation. If it is a liquid it may be a liquid formulation of relatively low water content, for example, about 2 to about 5 wt %, given the properties of the polymer. Alternatively the water content may be higher, for example up to about 60 wt % or even about 80 wt %, so long as the PVOH is not attacked by the composition. Such steps are described above. A translucent cover film is then laid over the array and heat sealed against the flanges 6, so that each receptacle part has, over it, a closure part. The closure part is also of polyvinyl alcohol, but is much thinner, about 80 μm in this embodiment.
Although the film which constitutes the closure parts is tough, it will be appreciated that it is generally less robust than the receptacle parts. In this case, before packaging the product, the capsules may be put into face-to-face contact. An array of washing capsules identical to that of the drawing may be placed in face-to-face contact with it. Alternatively, and conveniently, the array shown in the drawing may be folded about line A-A shown in
The drawing illustrates the invention but in practice an array of receptacle parts is likely to be considerably larger. Nevertheless, the manufacturing method would be as described.
In use, a user will simply break off a washing capsule from the array, and put it in the dishwashing machine. During the washing process the entire washing capsule will dissolve. The first part to dissolve will generally be the closure part. This may happen very quickly once the washing process starts and the washing composition will immediately be delivered. The receptacle part will generally dissolve more slowly but it will have dissolved entirely by the end of the washing process.
As shown in
Another difference between the embodiment of
The array shown in
The embodiment shown in
The embodiment of
In the embodiments of
The body 111 and cap 112 are to be welded together and are made so that the open end 111a of one will pass into the open end 112a of the other with the smallest gap that can be practically achieved to allow easy assembly. There is a “stop”—a ridge 111b running all round outside of the body 111 that co-operates with a groove 112b running all round the inside of the cap 112—so that the entry of one into the other cannot overrun, and stops at the same fixed position in every case.
When the two halves or shells 111, 112 are in the closed position (as in
In
As shown (in
There is theoretically no limit to the number of separate chambers that can be produced either linearly (as in
In
Inert solids in powder form have been added to the polymer formulation prior to molding. This provides a more rigid shell. It especially provides a more rigid capsule shell with a surface less immediately affected by the aqueous content of the mouth or esophagus, thereby reducing surface tackiness during the initial swallowing. The capsule surface is to a significant extent made up of the particulate insoluble solid ingredient as 154; the soluble polymer 155 is partially concealed below the contact surface 156.
These are sell-evident, and need little comment.
The invention is further explained in the following Examples.
Capsules according to the invention were made by the injection molding method utilizing an Arborg 220D (35 ton) injection molding machine. The injection cavities were in a two-impression (cap/body) composite water-cooled stainless-steel mold. The PVOH had a material melt flow index of 10-20 grams/10 min (DIN 53735).
Injection temperatures were 175° C., 180° C., 180° C. and 185° C. in the feed, zone 2 and 3, and Nozzle areas. The first stage injection pressure was 400 psi ( . . . ), and the hold stage pressure was 270 psi ( . . . ). The pressure well time was 3 secs in the first stage and 5 secs in the hold stage. Tool temperatures were between ambient and 40° C.
The molding pressures were just sufficient to fill the cavities on the first pressure stage and then sufficient packing pressure to hold on the second stage. Mold open and close rates were as fast as possible.
As noted, the mold layout was divided into two halves, one half molding capsule bases and the other half capsule caps. After the mold opening sequence, two robotically controlled loading plates pneumatically picked up each capsule half from each tool face. With identical cavity pitch centers, these loading plates were brought together so that each capsule half was located resulting in the usual temporary location of the pair ready for automatic filling.
For test purposes the capsules were filled by hand with various test materials (see below).
The closed capsule is introduced into a transparent tube with an internal diameter not more than 20% greater than the external diameter of the capsule. An array of diodes is located circumferentially around the outside of the tube. As the capsule passes by the diode array, a weld is formed. The velocity of the capsule and the power of the IR emitted by the diode array provide the necessary control over the melting process. The IR emission is either continuous or discontinuous. In the case of discontinuous emission, this is achieved by synchronization of switching depending on the form of weld required and the sensitivity of the contents of the capsule to the IR.
If the characteristics of the material contained within the capsule are such that they absorb the IR, switching of the laser is necessary such that exposure to the IR is limited to the area of the join. This is effected by means of electrical switching or, in a further embodiment, by a form of optical switching using a lens/prism arrangement. In order to overcome the difficulty of synchronization, again optical fiber delivery of the IR is used to restrict the area of exposure.
In an alternative laser welding stage, the laser or other IR source is arranged to focus on the area of the join. This does not create a full circumferential weld but generates a spot weld. Again, the laser is continuously emitting. By forcing the filled capsules to roll (by mechanical means) whilst exposed to the laser, a full circumferential weld results. Alternatively, an optical fiber is used to deliver the IR to the join.
PVOH capsules made in the manner described in Example 1 above were filled with either sugar or tea leaves. They were designed to have a cap portion that would dissolve sooner than the body, and thus open the capsule progressively. Similarly, a number of conventional gelatin capsules were also prepared and so filled.
In the test, a capsule was placed in each test subject's mouth (in the buccal cavity), and the subject was asked to note when he/she became aware of the taste of the contents—thus, when the capsule “opened”—and then when the capsule had completely dissolved. There were two test subjects, and each test was carried out twelve times (for each filling).
The conventional gelatin capsules opened in 3-4 minutes, and dissolved completely in 5-8 minutes. The sugar-filled PVOH capsules of the invention opened in 8-12 minutes, while the tea-filled ones took longer—14-18 minutes. Complete dissolution took 30-40 minutes in each case.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9927144.7 | Nov 1999 | GB | national |
| 0003304.3 | Feb 2000 | GB | national |
| 0008174.5 | Apr 2000 | GB | national |
| 90021242.3 | Aug 2000 | GB | national |
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/150,216, filed May 17, 2002, which is in turn a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB00/04376, filed Nov. 17, 2000, which was published in the English language on May 25, 2001 under International Publication No. WO 01/36290 A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11844493 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 13114597 | US | |
| Parent | 10748073 | Dec 2003 | US |
| Child | 11844493 | US | |
| Parent | 10150216 | May 2002 | US |
| Child | 10748073 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/GB00/04376 | Nov 2000 | US |
| Child | 10150216 | US |
