Patent Grant
7871021
The present invention relates to an injection nozzle for use in a fuel injector for an internal combustion engine. More particularly, although not exclusively, one aspect of the present invention relates to an injection nozzle for use in a compression ignition internal combustion engine in which at least one valve is operable to control the injection of fuel into a combustion space through one or more nozzle outlets.
Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, a great deal of pressure is levied upon automotive manufacturers to reduce the level of vehicle exhaust emissions, for example, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide. As is well known, an effective method of reducing exhaust emissions is to supply fuel to the combustion space at high injection pressures (around 2000 bar for example) and to adopt nozzle outlets of a small diameter in order to optimise the atomisation of fuel and so improve efficiency and reduce the levels of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases. Although the above approach is effective at improving fuel efficiency and reducing harmful engine exhaust emissions, an associated drawback is that reducing nozzle outlet diameter conflicts against the requirement for high fuel injection flow rates at high engine loads and so can compromise vehicle performance.
So-called “variable orifice nozzles” (VONs) enable variation in the number of orifices (and therefore the total orifice area) used to inject fuel into the combustion space at different engine loads. Typically, such an injection nozzle has at least two sets of nozzle outlets with first and second valves being operable to control whether fuel injection occurs through only one of the sets of outlets or through both sets simultaneously. In a known injection nozzle of this type, as described in the Applicant's co-pending European patent application no. EP04250928, the fuel flow to a first (upper) set of nozzle outlets is controlled by an outer valve and the fuel flow to a second (lower) set of nozzle outlets is controlled by an inner valve. The inner valve is lifted by the outer valve only after the flow of fuel through the first set of nozzle outlets has reached a sufficient rate. An injection nozzle of this type enables selection of a small total nozzle outlet area in order to optimise engine emissions at relatively low engine loads. On the other hand, a large total nozzle outlet area may be selected so as to increase the total fuel flow at relatively high engine loads.
Although beneficial in many ways, such nozzles do have associated problems. For instance, if the valves do not lift with perfect concentricity, high side loads can be generated due to the hydraulic pressure being significantly lower on the side of the outer valve closest to the nozzle body. Under some conditions these side loads can be high enough to prevent the outer valve closing.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a variable orifice nozzle which aims to have the advantages of the above designs, but which serves to alleviate or overcome the aforementioned side load problem.
To this end, the invention resides in an injection nozzle for an internal combustion engine. The injection nozzle comprises: a nozzle body defining a seating surface and having a first nozzle outlet and an outer valve member received within the nozzle body and being engageable with an external seating defined by the seating surface so as to control fuel injection through the first nozzle outlet. The outer valve member is provided with a bore having an internal bore surface. An insert is received within the bore, defining an annular gap with the internal bore surface. The outer valve member is engageable with an internal seating defined by a surface of the insert to control fuel flow through the annular gap to the first nozzle outlet. The arrangement is such that the outer valve member is arranged to disengage with the external seating at the same time as it disengages with the internal seating such that the fuel which is to be ejected from the nozzle is always caused to flow simultaneously along: (a) a first path between the outer valve member and the external seating; and (b) a second path through the annular gap.
An injection nozzle having a combination of features as set out above has been found to provide particular benefits. For example, the outer valve member is provided with both an internal seating and an external seating, one defined being by the nozzle body and one being defined by the insert in the outer valve bore. By providing the insert to define the internal seating, there is no restriction on the seats being at different axial heights (as in the case where two external seats are provided), so that the internal and external seats can be provided at approximately the same, or similar, axial positions. This means that the vertical area of the valve member exposed to unequal side forces near the outlet is reduced. Furthermore, the external seating and the internal seating can be positioned along the axis of the nozzle body in approximate alignment, at least in circumstances in which the outer valve member is seated.
The insert may include a part-spherical head which spans the internal diameter of the bore to define the annular gap. Preferably, the internal seating is defined by a surface of the part-spherical head. The provision of the part-spherical head on the insert means that any misalignment at the internal seating for the valve member is accommodated by the head being able to move angularly about the centre of its sphere. As the internal seating can be located close to the centre of the sphere, any torque at the internal seating resisting the realignment is minimised.
In one embodiment, the injection nozzle includes a second nozzle outlet provided in the nozzle body, wherein the insert is an inner valve member which is slidable within the bore and engageable with the insert seating defined by the seating surface so as to control fuel injection through the second outlets.
Further, it is preferred for an annular member to be received within the bore so as to be engageable with the internal seating. It is envisaged that the annular member will be a separate component from the main body of the outer valve member. Alternatively, the outer valve member may be machined such that the annular member is formed integrally therewith.
The injection nozzle may further comprise a sleeve member that is coupled to the inner valve member, wherein the annular member is brought into engagement with the sleeve member when the outer valve member is moved axially through a distance that is greater than a predetermined distance so as to impart axial movement to the inner valve member also.
Preferably, the annular member and the sleeve member have opposed end faces which are spaced apart by the predetermined distance when the outer valve member and the inner valve member are seated against their respective seatings.
In one embodiment, an end face of the annular member that engages the internal seating is substantially flat. However, in some respects, it is beneficial for the end face of the annular member that engages the internal seating to be frusto-conical. A frusto-conical end face generates a distinct annular seating line against the flat upper face of the part-spherical head, which provides an improved seal that is more tolerant of flatness errors and less likely to trap dirt.
Further, it is preferred that inner valve member includes a valve stem, wherein the internal seating is defined by a shoulder between the part-spherical head and the valve stem.
In another embodiment of the invention, the insert does not take the form of a moveable valve member. Instead, the insert may remain engaged with the insert seating during all stages of nozzle operation.
Also in this embodiment, the outer valve member may include an annular member which is received within the bore of the outer valve member so as to be engageable with the internal seating.
Preferably, the nozzle body is provided with a vent passage through which fuel can escape in the event of fuel leakage past the insert seating.
In any embodiment of the invention, the injection nozzle may further comprise an arrangement for urging the insert against the insert seating. For instance, the arrangement for urging the insert against the insert seating may include at least one opening formed in the outer valve member which enables fuel to enter the bore, thereby to apply a hydraulic closing force to the insert. In addition, a spring may be provided to urge the insert against the insert seating.
The above described embodiments provide a fuel flow path past the external seating to the first outlet, and a supplementary flow path to the first outlet past the internal seating when the outer valve member is unseated. The supplementary flow path may include at least one channel provided on the insert.
In a second aspect, the invention resides in an injector for use in an internal combustion engine, wherein the injector includes an injection nozzle as described above and an actuator for operating the injection nozzle.
In order to optimise control over the volume of fuel that is delivered to the combustion chamber, it is preferred that the actuator is a piezoelectric actuator. However, another form of actuator could also be used, such as an electromagnetic actuator.
It will be appreciated that the preferred and/or optional features of the first aspect of the invention may be provided alone, or in appropriate combination, in the second aspect of the invention also.
By way of example, the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the following description, the terms “upper” and “lower” are used having regard to the orientation of the injection nozzles as shown in the drawings. Likewise, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” are used with respect to the direction of fuel flow through the nozzle from a fuel inlet line to fuel outlets.
The injection nozzle 4 includes a nozzle body 6 provided with an axial bore 8 within which an outer valve member 10 in the form of a needle is slidably received. The nozzle body 6 also includes respective first and second sets of nozzle outlets 12, 14 (not shown in
Fuel is supplied to the injector 2 via an injector inlet 16 from, for example, a common rail or other appropriate source of pressurised fuel, which is also arranged to supply fuel to one or more other injectors. Pressurised fuel is communicated from the inlet 16, through an inlet passage 18 and an accumulator volume 20, to an annular chamber 22 defined within the bore 8 between the nozzle body 6 and an upper end region 10a of the outer valve needle 10. The upper end region 10a has a diameter substantially equal to that of the nozzle body bore 8 such that, in use, co-operation between these parts serves to assist in guiding movement of the outer valve needle 10 as it reciprocates within the bore 8. Spiral flutes 24 machined into the upper region 10a provide a flow path for fuel to be communicated from the annular chamber 22, through the bore 8 and into a nozzle delivery chamber 26 located towards the tip of the outer valve needle 10. The delivery chamber 26 is defined between the outer surface of the outer valve needle 10 and the nozzle body bore 8 in a region upstream of the outlets 12, 14.
Towards its blind end, the nozzle body bore 8 defines a conical seating surface 28 that terminates in a sac volume 30. The seating surface 28 defines an external seat 32 with which a tip region 10b of the outer valve needle 10 is engageable to control fuel injection through the first set of nozzle outlets 12.
As shown in
The outer valve needle 10 is biased towards the external seat 32 by means of a resilient member in the form of a closing spring 45 (shown in
It should be mentioned at this point that although in
The injection nozzle 4 also includes an insert member 50 in the form of an inner valve needle which is slidably mounted within a blind axial bore 52 provided in the tip region 10b of the outer valve needle 10. The lower end of the nozzle is shown more clearly in
In
At its widest point, where the part-spherical head 50a meets the stem 50b, the head 50a defines an upper surface that is received within the opening of the inner bore 52 and spans virtually the entire internal diameter thereof. However, the diameter of the part-spherical head 50a is slightly less than that of the outer valve bore 52 such that an annular gap 55 is defined between the periphery of the head 50a and the inward facing surface of the bore 52.
The upper surface of the part-spherical head 50a is substantially flat and defines a shoulder which provides an internal seating 56 for the outer valve needle 10. The outer valve needle 10 therefore has two seats i.e. the external seating 32 and the internal seating 56.
In the non-injecting position illustrated in
The upper end of the stem region 50b is accommodated in a chamber 62 defined by the blind end of the outer valve bore 52. The chamber 62 is in communication with the nozzle body bore 8 via radial passages 64, in the form of cross drillings, provided in the outer valve needle 10 so that pressurised fuel within the nozzle body 8 is able to flow into the outer valve bore 52 and the chamber 62. Fuel pressure within the chamber 62 therefore acts on the inner valve needle 50 and so provides an arrangement for biasing the inner valve needle 50 against the inner valve seating 60.
As has been mentioned, movement of the inner valve needle 50 towards and away from the inner valve seating 60 controls fuel injection through the second set of outlets 14. However, unlike the outer valve needle 10, the inner valve needle 50 is not actuated directly by the piezoelectric stack 42. Instead, and as will be described in greater detail later, once the outer valve needle 10 has moved upwards (i.e. away from the external seating 32) beyond a pre-determined distance, it conveys movement to the inner valve needle 50 causing it to move upwards also away from the inner valve seating 60.
To this end, the outer valve needle 10 further comprises an annular member or ring 70 which is received within the outer valve bore 52. The ring 70 is a separate and distinct part and is coupled to the outer valve needle 10 through frictional contact between the outer surface of the ring 70 and the internal surface of the outer valve bore 52. That is to say, the ring 70 is an interference fit with the outer valve bore 52. Together, the outer valve needle 10 and the ring 70 form a moveable valve arrangement. The ring 70 includes a first, upper end face 70a and a second, lower end face 70b.
In the closed position, the lower end face 70b of the ring 70 engages the internal seating 56 defined by the upper face of the part-spherical head 50a such that the inner valve needle 50 is held against the inner valve seating 60 by virtue of the ring 70 acting in combination with high pressure fuel within the chamber 62. This is the position shown in
The internal diameter of the ring 70 is greater than the outer diameter of the inner valve stem 50b, such that the stem 50b passes through the ring 70 and defines a clearance fit therewith such that fuel may flow past the clearance between the inner facing surface of the ring 70 and the outer facing surface of the stem region 50b. The upper face 70a of the ring 70 defines fuel channels 71 in the form of slots or grooves to allow fuel to pass into the centre of the ring 70, as will be described later.
In order for movement to be conveyed from the outer valve needle 10 to the inner valve needle 50, the stem region 50b carries a substantially tubular member 72 in the form of a sleeve, which is a separate and distinct part from the inner valve needle 50. The sleeve 72 has an external diameter that is less than the internal diameter of the outer valve bore 52, such that the inner valve needle 50 is free to slide within the bore 52. Further, the sleeve 72 has an internal diameter that is substantially equal to the outer diameter of the stem region 50b and, therefore, the sleeve 72 is an interference fit with the stem 50b and so is coupled to the stem 50b through frictional contact. A lower end face 72a of the sleeve 72 opposes the upper end face 70a of the ring 70, the purpose of which will now be described in further detail.
When both the outer valve needle 10 and the inner valve needle 50 are seated, the lower end face 72a of the sleeve 72 and the upper end face 70a of the ring 70 are separated by a distance ‘L’ that is predetermined at manufacture. The distance ‘L’ determines the amount by which it is necessary for the outer valve needle 10 to lift away from its internal and external seatings 56, 32 before engaging the sleeve 72 to convey movement to the inner valve needle 50. It should be appreciated that the lower end face 72a of the sleeve 72 and the upper end face 70a of the ring 70 are at maximum separation (i.e. predetermined distance ‘L’) when both the inner valve needle 50 and the outer valve needle 10 are seated, as shown in
In use, fuel under high pressure is delivered from the common rail to the nozzle body bore 8 (and thus to the delivery chamber 26) via the inlet 16, the inlet passage 18 and the stack volume 20, as shown in
Referring to
In addition to the first fuel flow path ‘A’, a second fuel flow path ‘B’ is created as the lower surface 70b of the ring 70 disengages the internal seating 56. Fuel flows along flow path ‘B’ from the delivery chamber 26, through the radial drillings 64 and through the channels 71 provided in the upper face 70a of the ring 70 into the annular gap defined between the ring 70 and the stem region 50b. Since the ring 70 is disengaged from the internal seating 56, fuel flows through the annular gap past the seating 56, through the annular gap 55 between the opening of the outer valve bore 52 and to the first outlets 12.
During this initial de-energisation of the stack 42, the outer valve needle 10 is caused to move through a distance less than or equal to the distance ‘L’ (identified on
The above described condition represents fuel injection optimised for relatively low power applications since a relatively small volume of fuel is injected through the first set of relatively small outlets 12 only.
If, at this point, it is necessary to terminate injection through the first outlets 12, the stack 42 is re-energised to its initial energisation level causing the stack 42 to extend. As a result, the outer valve needle 10 is caused to re-engage both with the external seating 32, defined by the conical seating surface 28, and the internal seating 56, defined by the part-spherical head 50a, under the influence of the biasing force of the closing spring 45 (shown in
As the inner valve needle 50 lifts away from the inner valve seating 60, fuel within the delivery chamber 26 is able to flow past the internal and external seatings 56, 32 to the first outlets 12, but also past the inner valve seating 60 to the second (i.e. lower) outlets 14 and into the combustion chamber via the sac volume 30. The flow through the second outlets 14 supplements the fuel flow through the first outlets 12 to provide a higher fuel injection rate suitable for higher engine power modes.
Termination of injection occurs if the stack 42 is energised once again to the higher energisation level, as described previously. Alternatively, the energised level may be increased slightly to the first level so that only the outer valve needle 10 is lifted and the inner valve needle 50 returns to the inner valve seating 60 so as to close the flow path to the second outlets 14.
A particular benefit of the nozzle described previously is that the second flow path ‘B’ improves the flow efficiency of the injection nozzle 4 since there is a greater flow area for fuel for a given level of lift of the outer valve needle 10 compared to conventional VONs. In addition, the second flow path ‘B’ serves to reduce the pressure drop between positions upstream and downstream of the seats, 32, 56, 60 such that lateral side loads acting on the outer valve needle 10 are also reduced.
Furthermore, the above described arrangement has the effect of substantially balancing the side loads on the outer valve needle 10. By way of explanation,
A further benefit is achieved as the outer valve needle 10 seats against a component (the inner valve needle 50) which has a part-spherical surface in engagement with the inner valve seating 60. The part-spherical nature of the inner valve needle 50 allows it to rotate, or tilt, about the centre of its sphere to correct any misalignment of the internal seating 56 on its upper face. As the centre of the part-spherical head 50a is paced only a short distance from the internal seating 56 (i.e. a ‘flat top’ of the part-spherical head 50a), any torque on the inner valve needle 50 arising from friction at the seating 56, which would otherwise resist the realignment, is minimal. As the internal seating 56 is defined by the upper surface of the part-spherical head 50a, this also means that the external seating 32 and the internal seating 56 can be approximately aligned along the longitudinal axis of the injection nozzle 4 when the outer valve needle 10 is seated, and only axially spaced by a relatively small amount (at most, by the predetermined lift distance L), when the outer valve needle 10 is lifted.
At higher lifts, as the outer valve needle 10 is lifted further away from its internal and external seatings 56, 32, the effective location of the internal seat restriction will move towards the periphery of the outer valve bore 52 as the clearance between the part-spherical head 50a and the outer valve bore 52 becomes more restrictive than that at the internal seating 56. That is to say, as the outer valve needle 10 is lifted higher the fuel flow is most restricted through the channel formed between the peripheral surface of the part-spherical head 50a and the inner surface of the outer valve bore 52, as this channel becomes smaller relative to the spacing between the lower end face 70a of the ring 70 and the internal seating 56.
Operation of the injection nozzle 4 in
The third embodiment differs in that the nozzle body 4 is provided with only a single set of outlets 100 to the combustion chamber, but is however provided with an additional axially extending outlet or vent 102, the function of which will be described later. A further modification is that the inner valve needle 50 is replaced with a substantially immovable part-spherical insert 104 having a part-spherical external surface 105 and a flat, upper surface 106. The part-spherical surface 105 seats on the insert seating 60 and is received within the lowermost end opening of the outer valve bore 52.
In this embodiment, the bore 52 in the outer valve needle 10 includes a ring 110 having a frusto-conical lower face 110a similar to that shown in
The diameter of the outer periphery of the insert 104 is less than the diameter of the outer valve bore 52 such that a restricted annular flow path is defined between the periphery of the insert 104 and the inner surface of the outer valve bore 52. The dimension of the gap is selected as a compromise between providing sufficient centring force to the outer valve needle 10 and providing sufficient fuel flow through the gap.
In the event that the ring 110 is slightly misaligned in the outer valve bore 52, the insert 104 can adjust its seating angle on the insert seating 60 by rotating, or tilting, about the centre of its sphere, so that its flat upper face 106 can adopt the angle of the ring 110 and, hence, account for the misalignment. The set of nozzle outlets 100 is therefore sealed effectively from high pressure fuel at both the external and internal seatings 32, 56 of the outer valve needle 10.
High pressure fuel enters the outer valve bore 52 via the radial drillings 64 and, together with the force of the spring 45 (not shown in
Referring to
As the part-spherical insert 104 is effectively rooted to the inner seating 60 by virtue of the high pressure fuel in the outer valve bore 52, fuel is unable to flow past the insert seating 60 to the outlet 102.
A method by which the inner and outer valves members 50, 10 according to the first embodiment may be assembled within the nozzle body 6 will now be described, with general reference to the aforementioned
Initially, the ring 70 is caused to receive the stem region 50b of the inner valve needle 50 so that the lower face 70b of the ring 70 abuts the internal seating 56 defined by the part-spherical head 50a. With the ring 70 in position, the stem region 50b is received in the sleeve 72 such that the ring 70 is retained on the inner valve needle 50.
In order to set the predetermined distance ‘L’, a spacer tool, such as a shim of thickness ‘L’ (not shown), is positioned against the upper end face 70a of the ring 70, whereby the sleeve 72 is pushed so as to engage the shim. When the shim is removed, the necessary separation of distance ‘L’ is established between the upper end face 70a of the ring 70 and the lower end face 72a of the sleeve 72.
Following assembly of the inner valve needle 50, the ring 70 and the sleeve 72, the combined inner valve and ring/sleeve assembly is pushed into the bore 52 of the outer valve needle 10. The inner and outer valves needles 50, 10 are then together inserted into the nozzle body bore 8 such that the outer valve needle 10 engages with its internal and external seatings 56, 32 and the inner valve needle 50 engages the inner valve seating 60. Following assembly of the nozzle 4, a seat bedding operation is performed in order to establish effective seals at the seatings of the inner and outer valve needles 50, 10, respectively. The seat bedding operation comprises applying a constant predetermined axial force to the outer valve needle 10, which causes it to “bed in” over the external seating 32. As an alternative to applying a predetermined constant axial force to the outer valve needle 10, the bedding in operation could also be dynamic.
Regarding the manufacture of the embodiment in
It will be understood by those who practice the invention and those skilled in the art, that various modifications and improvements may be made to the invention without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined by the claims. For example, in the first, second and third embodiments the inner valve needle 50 is forced into engagement with its seating 60 by the high pressure fuel in the outer valve bore 52 and the ring 70 in abutment with the part-spherical head 50a. However, it is possible that, in use, the lower end face 70a of the ring 70 may wear such that a clearance develops at the seating 60 even when the inner and outer valve needle 50, 10 are seated, so compromising the seal established by the inner valve needle 50 on the nozzle body 6. To address this, it may be desirable to provide a resilient member such as a helical spring (not shown) within the chamber 62 to provide a further biasing force to the inner valve needle 50. Such a spring may abut against an upper end face of the sleeve 72 such that the biasing force is transmitted to the inner valve needle 50 via the frictional coupling between these parts. Alternatively the spring may abut a separate abutment member located within the chamber 62.
Furthermore, although the ring 70 and the sleeve 72 are coupled to the outer valve needle 10 and inner valve needle 50, respectively, through frictional contact, it will be appreciated that coupling may be achieved through alternative arrangement, for example by gluing or soldering.
In addition, although the vent 102 in the embodiment described with reference to
It should be understood that although the injection nozzle of the present invention has been described as suitable for use within an injector having a piezoelectric actuator, it is entirely possible that the injector may include an alternative form of actuator for moving the valve(s). For example, instead of a piezoelectric actuator, the outer valve may be moved by means of an electromagnetic actuator.
Although the nozzle body 6 has been described as defining the external seating 32 and the insert seating 60 for the outer valve needle 10 and the inner valve needle 50, respectively, the nozzle body 6 may be provided with a lining plate, sleeve or similar so as to define these surfaces. Similarly, the ring 70 could be provided with a covering plate over its lower end face 70a to define that surface of the outer valve needle 10 that engages with the internal seating 56. Also, either the inner valve needle 50 or the insert 104 could be provided with covering plates or similar so as to define the internal seating 56. In another modification, the outer valve bore 52 may be provided with a lining sleeve, or similar component, so as to define the internal bore surface.
In an alternative embodiment, the inner valve needle 50 may be constructed differently so that the ring 70 forms an integral part of the outer valve needle 10.
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| 05254381 | Jul 2005 | EP | regional |
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| 20070023545 A1 | Feb 2007 | US |
