Patent Application
20070125270
The present invention relates to inorganic pigments to be used in the coloration of various matrices such as cement, concrete, shotcrete, stucco, plaster, mortar, grout, paint, automotive coatings, industrial coatings, coil coatings, ink, plastic, rubber, paper, ceramics, and others, using Smalti and other colored glass or its ingredients as raw material.
Two main families of issues are commonly considered when evaluating pigments for use in the coloration of matrices for construction, industrial, and other types of purposes: aesthetics and durability. It is well known that the pigment component in any formulation for the coloration of a cement-based matrix, paint, or other construction or industrial matrix can either enhance or degrade the overall performance, longevity, and aesthetic value of a finished product that incorporates the colored matrix. The search for perfect pigments for the coloration of paint and other matrices, namely pigments that (a) provide a broad range of colors, (b) retain their color and intensity over time in a variety of environmental conditions, and (c) do not have a deleterious effect on the quality of the matrix, has been an ongoing endeavor for centuries and continues to this day.
Whereas organic pigments can be used readily in a pH neutral environment, their use becomes inadvisable in acidic or highly alkaline matrices. In highly alkaline cement and silicate-based matrices, organic pigments react with the ambient environment to produce compounds that degrade the desired color over time. When used in exterior applications, organic pigments further react with ultra-violet (UV) rays, resulting in reduced weather-fastness and longevity.
Currently available inorganic pigments for coloration of concrete-based and other construction matrices, which are made of various oxides, typically provide only a sparsity of colors in the ranges of reds, browns, and yellows, and are, in any event, still subject to fading.
Some inorganic pigments for providing blue coloration are available, but are currently very expensive and are still subject to fading.
Some attempts have been made to produce pigments made from a combination of organic and inorganic materials, but to date, these pigments, too, are extremely expensive.
With respect to color intensity, in many situations, the quantity of pigment that may be added to a matrix before adversely affecting the functional performance of the matrix may be strictly limited. For example, it is commonly accepted that not more than 4% by weight of the cement in a mixture should comprise any of the currently available pigments for concrete, because higher percentages of pigment may compromise the strength of the finished concrete. One effect of this limitation is that it is nearly impossible to produce brilliantly colored concrete for exterior uses.
Additional considerations come in to play for the coloration of high-performance coatings, where exterior durability is of primary importance, such as those produced for the automotive, industrial, and marine applications, exterior masonry, coil coatings, and “super-durable” powder coatings. These and other exterior coatings may be subjected to high temperatures in the presence of UV radiation, humidity, and oxygen for long periods of time. These factors may combine with the use of unsuitable pigment to initiate binder degradation, even with the most stable resin systems, and may lead to problems such as visible aging, loss of gloss, poor color retention, embrittlement of the coating, chalking, and delamination. Currently, functional demands have frequently necessitated foregoing the use of desired colors in the name of performance.
Of course, the cost of the various pigment options are an important consideration, and the users typically weigh aesthetics versus costs, ease of use versus longevity, etc. To date, the availability of a large palette of brilliant, affordable, and functionally practical colors for use by the construction materials industry, has been nonexistent.
The present invention addresses and alleviates the above-mentioned deficiencies associated with the prior art. Pigments, made from pulverized Smalti or specifically formulated, highly-pigmented glass, suitable for coloring a variety of construction, industrial and other matrices are described, as well as methods for producing and using the pigments. For example, the pigments may be used to color concrete, plaster, grout, shotcrete, stucco, as well as a variety of other industrial paints and coatings produced using a water, alcohol, oil, resin, or petroleum-based solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the pigment particle size is sufficiently small to be suspended in the solvent. The pigments provide a variety of desirable characteristics including: availability of a wide range of brilliant hues, colorfastness over long periods of time in the presence of ultra-violet radiation, humidity, oxygen, and varying temperatures, imperviousness to harsh conditions and a wide range of acid/base variations
Embodiments of a pigment for coloring a material matrix are described wherein the pigment is produced from pulverized, intensely pigmented, opaque glass. Embodiments of a method of coloring a cementious or resin-based matrix are described. The method comprises: creating a suspension of pulverized pigment in solvent, wherein the pigment is produced from specially formulated opaque, intensely pigmented glass; introducing the suspension to ingredients of a matrix; and thoroughly mixing the suspension and the ingredients.
Embodiments of producing pigment are described, wherein the method comprises milling opaque, highly colored glass granules. Embodiments of a method of producing pigment are described, wherein the method comprises milling glass granules to a particle of 4 microns or less. In some embodiments, the size that of the particle is substantially the size of, or smaller than, a smallest particle in a matrix to be colored.
Embodiments of a material used in construction, wherein the material is colored with a pigment made of opaque, intensely pigmented glass, wherein the material is at least one of: paint, concrete, plaster, grout, shotcrete, stucco, or a pre-cast concrete product.
Embodiments of a method for coloring concrete surfaces are described. The method comprises: broadcasting pulverized glass pigment upon setting concrete; tamping the glass pigment into the matrix; and trawling the surface of the concrete smooth.
Embodiments of a method of creating a thin surface of glass-pigment-colored concrete above a thicker uncolored concrete substrate are described, the method comprises: pouring a substrate of uncolored concrete of a thickness equaling a desired final thickness less the thickness of the top coating; and immediately thereafter, pouring concrete that is colored with glass pigment to the desired final height.
Neither this summary nor the following detailed description defines or limits the invention. The invention is defined by the claims.
Compositions and methods described herein make available a range of inorganic pigments providing a heretofore unavailable full palette of colors and hues, manufactured to meet the industry quest for chemical compatibility, longevity, acidic and alkaline imperviousness, UV opacity, weather-fastness and aesthetic contribution on a par with any pigment palette, while maintaining a cost factor easily borne by the industry.
Generally, a palette of inorganic pigments and methods of producing and using the same are described. Embodiments of the pigment use as raw material a vitreous substance formed by silica and other materials typically used for the manufacture of glass, together with metals, metallic salts, metal oxides and/or metal colloids that provide desired colors. The materials are combined in the presence of a high degree of energy in the form of heat sufficient to produce glass, thereby creating a vitreous substance of highly-concentrated pigmentation that will be known, for purposes of this description, as “base glass.” The heat applied to the above-mentioned materials changes the properties of the materials to produce the desired colors and to bond the color and the glass components of the base glass.
One example of a base glass suitable for use in a variety of embodiments described herein is Smalti glass. The production of Smalti glass is an ancient and secretive art that was developed to provide a broad palette of opaque, intensely pigmented and weather-resistant colors for use in Byzantine-style mosaics. Smalti glass, manufactured by a limited number of sources around the world and available for sale to the public, uses a variety of metals, metallic salts, metallic oxides and/or metallic colloids to produce a virtually infinite range of colors and hues. Although some manufacturers may, for marketing purposes, use the term “smalti” in connection with other types of glass, such as glass in which gold leaf is embedded or other less intensely pigmented types of glass, the traditional meaning of the term “smalti glass” has been well known for centuries to those of skill in the art to refer to the above-described, intensely pigmented, opaque glass. For purposes of this disclosure, the traditional meaning of the terms “smalti” or “smalti glass” is used.
In other embodiments, other types of glass of similar color intensity and opacity may also be used as base glass. In some embodiments, the base glass is a vitreous material that is produced specially for use in manufacturing the pigments described herein. In preferred embodiments, the base glass ingredients include at least 4% by weight of the metallic elements, salts, oxides and/or colloids that are used as pigmenting ingredients to give color to the glass. Such base glass is referred to herein as “intensely pigmented”, “highly pigmented”, “intensely colored” and the like. Also, in preferred embodiments, the ratio of pigmenting ingredients to glass ingredients in the base glass is such that substantially all of the pigmenting ingredients bond with the glass ingredients during the processing of the base glass. As is familiar to those of skill in the art, at very high ratios, such as at 25% by weight of pigmenting materials, “puddling” of excess pigmenting material typically occurs. Vitreous material that is produced specially for use in manufacturing pigments, rather than, for example, a more general use that may include use in mosaics and the like along with use for manufacturing pigments, is referred to herein as “specially formulated.”
The base glass is pulverized or otherwise reduced to particles of very small size, as will be described in greater detail below, such that the resultant particles provide color and UV opacity that is characteristic of metallic-based pigments, as well as reflective capabilities characteristic of glass.
The reflective capabilities of the base glass prevent the color of the pigment from fading over time as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays. Similarly, when the base glass particles are used to color a matrix, the reflective qualities of the base glass particles protect organic components in the matrix from deterioration due to UV exposure.
As described above, usable pigment that provides the desired characteristics listed above may be formed from particles of Smalti or other commercially available or specially manufactured opaque colored glass of highly-concentrated pigmentation. In various embodiments, the glass particles may be of different sizes as appropriate to the matrix and the application for which the pigment is being used. The ability to thoroughly mix into the matrix being colored and the effects of light reflection and refraction on the brilliance of the color imparted by the pigment may be taken into account in determining a desired particle size for use of the glass particles as pigment. Furthermore, in most embodiments, a desired particle size for coloration of a given matrix may be identified as a size that advantageously provides a greater coloration of the matrix with a lesser amount of pigment, thereby reducing costs, and transportation and storage resources associated with use of the pigment.
In general, for most embodiments in which the matrix to be colored is composed of one or more opaque materials, a desired particle size for the pigment approximates or is smaller than the size of a smallest matrix component particle. For example, when the pigment is used to color concrete, a desired pigment particle size approximates or is less than the size of a particle of cement in the matrix (approximately 0.1 micron) rather than the larger size of sand granules or other aggregate included in the concrete mix. In some embodiments a particle size less than one micron, such as substantially between 0.01 and one micron, is preferred. In some embodiments, a particle size substantially between one micron and three microns is preferred. In some embodiments, such as in some embodiments where the matrix to be colored is translucent, desired particle size for the pigment may be based on considerations other than the size of matrix particles. In general, a particle size of 4 microns or less is preferred for most matrices.
Another test known to practitioners of skill in the art for identifying a desired particle size for use with a given matrix is to identify the size of particles that are sufficiently small to suspend for at least several minutes in drinkable water, such as commonly available tap water, or other solvent used in preparation of the desired matrix, thereby allowing for an even dispersion of the pigment throughout the matrix. Examples of other commonly used solvents include: oil, alcohol, resin, or other petroleum-based solvents. Such sufficiently small particles will change the color of the water or other solvent to that of the pigment in suspension. When water or other solvent so colored is introduced to an appropriate matrix, the pigment may be evenly dispersed and distributed throughout the matrix. For example, in this way, the pigment may be used to color concrete, paint, plaster, shotcrete, or grout. The pigment may also be used for non-cementious matrices such as resin-based matrices and the like.
In other embodiments, rather than first mixing the pigment in a solvent and then mixing the pigment-colored solvent into the matrix, the pigment may be mixed into one or more ingredient for the matrix, or directly into the matrix. For example, when using the pigment to color concrete, the pigment may be mixed into the cement or concrete in powder form before adding the water that is customary in the production of concrete applications. In another embodiment, pigment may be broadcast or otherwise applied to a surface of a matrix, thus forming a thin top or outer layer of colored matrix. In yet another embodiment, pigment may be combined with a small portion of the matrix, and the colored matrix may be applied over uncolored matrix, in order to produce a colored surface. These and other methods for using pigment produced with metallic elements bonded in a glass matrix to color a wide variety of matrices and objects are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention as described herein.
Embodiments of a process by which base glass is converted into pigments suitable for use in the construction, paint, and other industries consist of a series of steps through which the base glass raw material is pulverized, such as by a Ball Mill, Impact Mill, Jet Mill, or other type of mill. In other embodiments, other methods of pulverizing base glass to a size usable as a pigment may also be used.
Ingredients used for making base glass may include silicon dioxide or other type of sand, soda ash, potash, sodium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and stabilizers such as oxides of calcium, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, or boron. Coloring agents for the base glass may include manganese, iron, nickel, and cobalt for brown and gray colors, and, in high concentrations, black. Intensive red, orange, and yellow colors may be produced by the precipitation of precious metal colloids, as well as those of selenium, cadmium sulfide, and cadmium selenide. Tin oxide or other opacifying materials may be used to provide greater opacity to the base glass.
Although the foregoing systems and methods have been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. Additionally, other combinations, omissions, substitutions and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein. While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Accordingly, the accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 11/185,456, filed on Jul. 20, 2005, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/589,233, filed on Jul. 20, 2004 and entitled INORGANIC PIGMENTS USING COLORED GLASS AS BASE MATERIAL AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/613,279, filed on Sep. 27, 2004 and entitled INORGANIC PIGMENTS USING COLORED GLASS OR ITS INGREDIENTS AS BASE MATERIAL AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME, and the entireties of all of the above-listed applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60589233 | Jul 2004 | US | |
| 60613279 | Sep 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11185456 | Jul 2005 | US |
| Child | 11672911 | Feb 2007 | US |
