Patent Application
20100136076
The present invention relates to insecticidal threads, for example as used for mosquito nets and fabrics.
Different insecticidal treatments of nets and different applications of such nets are disclosed in prior art, for example the general treatment of a netting in International patent application WO01/37662 by Skovmand, the application as a fencing in International patent application WO03/003827 by Bauer and Skovmand, the application as a protective cover in International patent application WO03/090532 by Vestergaard Frandsen.
One of encountered problems for mosquito nets and insecticidal fabrics has turned out in field studies, where it has been found that the efficiency of mosquito nets is reduced when exposed to sunlight or by general exposure to heat. In order to keep a long lasting efficiency, it has been proposed in International patent application WO 03/063587 by Vestergaard Frandsen to incorporate insecticide inside a fibre structure with gradual migration of the insecticide to the surface of the fibre. The mosquito net with registered trademark Olyset Net® by the company Sumitomo® comprises a monofilament polyethylene yarn with insecticide incorporated in the yarn.
In order to enhance the efficiency on a general basis, synergists have been proposed to be included in fabrics and nettings. For example, in US patent application US 2007/0009563 by Hataipitisuk and in International patent application WO 90/14006 by Mooney et al., PBO is proposed as efficiency enhancer in insecticidal fibres and fabrics. International Patent applications WO06/128867 by Koradin et al. and WO06/128870 by Karl et al. propose PBO as a synergist in fabrics and nettings.
Generally, there is an increased problem with metabolic of insects against insecticides, and Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) has been proposed for counteracting resistance. In connection with field spraying, PBO is known as a resistance reducer, for example as disclosed in UK patent application 2 388 778 assigned to Rothamsted. U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,918 by Samson et al. discloses amylopectin as an insecticidal synergist in tent fabrics, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,121 by Yeadon et al. discloses the use of PBO as a synergist in packaging.
When different insecticides are incorporated into a polymer matrix, for example as disclosed in WO03/063587 by Vestergaard Frandsen et al., or if different insecticides are incorporated with a synergist in a polymer matrix for a pet collar, as disclosed in W06/1247067 by Albright, the migration of the insecticides can be difficult to control, as a migration promoter or inhibitor of one insecticide or synergist may influence the migration of the other insecticide. Thus, if a certain release is desired of different insecticides, this is a difficult to achieve, though highly desired.
Especially in connection with mosquito nets or other forms of fibrous insecticidal barriers, a controlled release of different insecticides or of insecticides in combination with synergists is desirable.
It is therefore the object of the invention to provide a method for production of a fibrous product where the release of a combination of an insecticide with another insecticide and/or synergist is controlled in a better way.
This purpose is achieved with an insecticidal thread having a first and a second cross sectional part, the first part having an insecticide, an insect sterilising agent, an entomopathogen, or a synergist or a combination thereof incorporated in a polymeric material of the first part, the second part being free from insecticide, insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, and synergist or the second part having an insecticide, an insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, or synergist or a combination thereof incorporated in a polymeric material of the second part. The content of insecticide or synergist in the second part is different from the content of insecticide, insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, or synergist or combination thereof of the first part.
For example, the first part is a first type of filaments, whereas the second part is a sec-type of filaments. In this case, the insecticidal thread comprises a first type of filaments and a second type of filaments according to the invention. The first type of filaments has an insecticide, an insect sterilising agent, an entomopathogen, or a synergist or combination thereof incorporated in a polymeric material of the first type of filaments. The second type is insecticide-free, free of insect sterilising agent, free of entomopathogen, and synergist-free or has an insecticide, an insect sterilising agent, an entomopathogen, or synergist or a combination thereof incorporated in a polymeric material of the second type of filaments. The content of insecticide, insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, or synergist or the combination thereof in the second type of filaments is different from the content of insecticide, insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, or synergist or the combination thereof in the first type of filaments.
An example of fungal biopesticides for insect combat is described by Thomas and Read in Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 5, May 2007, p. 377. Though at present, especially fungal entomopathogens seem the most useful, an insect infecting virus, bacteria or protozoa may be applied, alternatively or in addition.
Alternatively, the first and the second part may be parts of a co-extruded filament. For example, an extruder may be configured to extrude a thread where one side of the thread constitutes the first part, and the second side of the thread may constitute the second part. Another example is a co-extruded thread, where the first part surrounds the second part. The latter may be used as a stability enhancing core.
By providing such a thread, the release of the insecticide or synergist in the first and second part, for example type of filaments, can be adjusted independently.
For example, the first part and the second part have different contents of insecticide. Alternatively, or in addition, the first and second part have different content of synergists. As another alternative, or in addition, the first and the second part have different content of entomopathogens. As a further alternative, or in addition, the first and the second part have different content of insect sterilising agents.
The term different content refers to different amounts or different types.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the first part, for example the first type of filaments, may have incorporated therein a first type of insecticide, for example a pyrethroid, with a first migration speed and a first insecticidal efficiency. The second part, for example the second type of filaments, may have incorporated therein a synergist, for example PBO, with a second migration speed. In order to achieve the optimal amount of released insecticide and synergist, the first and the second migration speed may be adjusted independently by migration inhibitors or migration promoters, because the migration inhibitors and promoters are present in independent parts of the thread, for example in independent filaments, without mutual interference.
Alternatively, the first part may have incorporated therein a first type of insecticide with a first migration speed and a first insecticidal efficiency. The second part may have incorporated therein a second type of insecticide, for example in order to combat insects that are resistant against the first type of insecticide. The release of these two types of insecticide can be adjusted independently, for example by suitable migration promoters or inhibitors.
Other alternatives include different types of insect sterilising agents in the first and second part and/or different entomopathogens in the first and second part. A further alternative includes a sterilising agent only in one of the parts, and or an entomopathogen in one part or the other.
As a further alternative, the first part, for example first type of filaments, may contain a synergist migratably incorporated in the material of the first type of filaments. The second part, for example second type of filaments, does not contain any insecticide or synergist but is used to give the thread certain desired physical properties. Another example is a co-extruded thread with a stability enhancing core without insecticide and a surrounding outer part having included a synergist. The entire thread may then be impregnated with an insecticide in order to achieve the desired insecticidal properties. A possible impregnation with a film is disclosed in International patent application WO01/37662 by Skovmand. In order for the synergist, for example PBO, to reach the surface of the thread, the impregnated film must be open for migration of the synergist through the film. Alternative insecticidal coatings applicable in connection with the invention are disclosed in WO 2006/092094 by Liu et al. or in patent application US2007/009563 by Hataipitisuk.
In a preferred embodiment, the thread according to the invention is a single multifilament yarn with a plurality of filaments belonging to the first type of filaments and a plurality of filaments belonging to the second type of filaments. Such yarns can be fabricated by extrusion in an extruder through an extrusion spinneret with a plurality of openings. The material for the first type of filaments is provided over part of the plurality of spinneret openings and the material for the second type of filaments is provided over another part of the plurality of openings. Advantageously, the material for the first type of filaments is identical to the material of the second type of filaments apart from content of insecticide or synergist.
A proper material for extrusion is polypropylene due to the low melting temperature which implies a low risk for evaporation or disintegration of the insecticides and synergists used in the molten polymer during extrusion. However, due to its low flammability and cotton-like feeling, polyester (Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET) is a preferred material for fabrics and nettings for which a thread according to the invention is used. However, the melting temperature of 250° C. of polyester implies a risk for disintegration of the insecticide and synergist.
The synergist can be added to the molten polymer through a channel before the polymer transporting spindle, or if only a very short contact time is desired between the hot polymer and the insecticide/synergist, just upstream of the extrusion nozzle or even in the extrusion nozzle. It has been experimentally verified that a sufficient amount of PBO can be incorporated in polyester, especially, if the time for the exposure to that temperature is kept short.
How much this “sufficient amount” of a synergist is, depends on the synergist and the acceptable level of loss. In certain cases, a loss of 99% can be acceptable, if the 1% remaining synergist is still within the range of effective amounts to counteract insecticidal resistance for a long term. In other cases, a loss rate of less than 90% may be acceptable. It has been verified experimentally that for polyester, more than 50% of the synergist stays intact despite an extrusion temperature of more than 250° C.
In addition, the extruded polymer may be actively cooled at a short distance down-stream of the extrusion nozzle, for example by a cold air jet.
In an alternative embodiment, the thread is a combination of different type of yarns, where a first yarn consists of only the first type of filaments and a second yarn consists only of the second type of filaments. For example, the thread is a combination, such as a ply, of a first yarn and a second yarn, only.
Different combinations exist, for example the first yarn being a monofilament. An insecticidal monofilament made of polyethylene is known from the Olyset Net® mentioned in the introduction above. The second yarn could be a monofilament as well, for example a polyethylene monofilament with synergist. Alternatively, monofilament yarns may be combined with multifilament yarns. Not only may yarns be plied with different numbers of filaments, but also the materials may be different. For example, a stiff polyester yarn may be combined with a multifilament polyester yarn by plying techniques in order to achieve a combination of the advantages of each yarn.
The thread according to the invention is not limited to two type of filaments but may also comprise further types of filaments. In a further embodiment, the content of insecticide or synergist in the further type of filaments is different from the content of insecticide or synergist of the first and second type of filaments.
In the plying technique as well as in the extrusion technique of a single multi-filament yarn, the amount of insecticide relative to the amount of synergist can be adjusted independently. In the plying technique, the thickness of the first yarn relative to the thickness of the second yarn can be varied in different plying techniques. In the extrusion of a multifilament yarn, the amount of insecticidal polymer relative to the amount of synergistic polymer in the extruder may be variably adjusted to cover a predetermined number of openings in the extrusion spinneret. The result is an adjustment of the number of insecticidal filaments relative to the number of synergistic filaments. In the case of a co-extruded monofilament, the ratio of the cross sectional area between the first and the second part may be adjusted to advantageously corresponding to the desired long term release rate.
As it appears from the foregoing for certain embodiments, the first type of filaments may contain an insecticide but no synergist, and the second type of filaments may contain a synergist but no insecticide or, at least, not the insecticide of the first type of filaments. However, other alternatives are possible, for example, different types and/or combinations of insecticides, insect sterilising agents, entomopathogen, and/or synergists or combinations thereof in the second type of filaments than in the first type.
In a further embodiment, the thread comprises a third type of filaments containing a second or third insecticide or further combination of insecticides different from the first insecticide. Also, the third type of filaments may contain a different type of insect sterilising agent, entomopathogen, or synergist or combination thereof,
As mentioned in the foregoing, co-extruding may be used for providing a thread according to the invention. The thread according to the invention may be a co-extruded monofilament with the first part and the second part in the monofilament or may comprise a co-extruded filament among other filaments, for example monofilament or multi-filaments. Different co-extrusion techniques may be applied, for example wherein the first part is a shell around the second part or wherein the first part and the second part extend from the centre of the monofilament to the rim of the monofilament. The first part and the second part may be made of the same polymer, or alternatively, contain different polymers. Also, as already described above, the first part and the second part may contain different insecticides, for example in order to counteract insecticidal resistance or to combat insects with sensitivities different for the different insecticides. Alternatively, the first part contains a first insecticide but no synergist, and the second part contain a synergist, for example PBO, with or without insecticide.
In addition, the first part and the second part contain different insect sterilising agents, entomopathogen, synergists or combinations thereof, as already indicated above.
Additional parts of the thread may contain different agents. For example one part may contain a synergist, another part may contain insecticide, a third part may contain an entomopathogen, and a fourth part may contain a sterilising agent. Alternatively, the thread may contain only three of these four agents.
In order to protect the insecticides in parts of the thread, these contain advantageously a UV protecting agent for protection of the insecticide from UV degradation.
Typical use of a thread according to the invention includes insecticidal barriers, for example mosquito nets, and woven or knitted fabrics or on-wovens of various kinds. Another application is for Dumuria fabrics or nettings, especially texturised woven fabrics. Commercially, these are available under the trademark PermaNet® Dumuria.
Other uses include a fencing, for example as disclosed in International patent application WO03/003827 by Bauer and Skovmand, application as a protective cover, for example as disclosed in International patent application WO03/090532 by Vestergaard Frandsen, or application as an air cleaning net, for example as disclosed in International patent application WO06/024304 by Vestergaard Frandsen.
As already apparent from the foregoing, the term synergist comprises one synergist or a plurality of synergists, where the plurality of synergist may be a mixture but need not be so. The term insecticide covers one insecticide or a plurality of insecticides, where the plurality of insecticides may be a mixture but need not be so. For example, a pyrethroid may be combined with carbamates or organophosphates in order to combat resistant insects as well.
In addition to the insecticides and/or synergists incorporated into the material, the material may have incorporated therein or impregnated on the surface thereof other relevant components, for example conductivity-enhancing agents to prevent static electricity, flame retardants, anti-soiling agents, antifouling agents, further biocides, pigments and dyestuffs.
Preferably, the insecticide in connection with the invention is a pyrethroid, preferably deltamethrin or permethrin, but other pyrethroids may apply as well, as disclosed as a list in WO 01/37662. However, the invention applies as well in connection with cabamates or organophosphates in the composition for impregnation. A more extensive list of possible insecticide is found in WO 01/37662 or in WO 06/128870 also containing examples of repellents.
Where nets are used in mass campaigns, an alternative or supplemental insecticide may also be a sterilising agent with a sterilising effect thus to sterilise the mosquitoes and avoid the next generation of mosquitoes. Such insecticides can be of the benzoyl urea group or triazins.
Further possible combinations include metaflumizone as disclosed in WO 06/127407, N-arylhydrazine as disclosed in WO06128870 or derivatives of 1-Phenyltriazole as disclosed in WO06128867, for example combined with a pyrethroid.
Other synergists than the above mentioned PBO are Sulfoxide, Tropital, Bucarpolate, ethion, profenofos, or dimethoate, Piperonyl Cylonene, TPP, Di-ethyl maleate, NIA-16388 (NIA), S-421, MGK-264 (bicycloheptenedicarboximide), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithoate (DEF), -N-Octylbicycloheptene dicarboxaminde, Sesamin, Sesamolin, or Sesamex.
As a further alternative, the thread according to the invention may be provided with a first insecticide incorporated into the polymer matrix and with an insecticidal film in addition, for example the film containing another insecticide. In the case of migration of synergist and/or insecticide in the thread, it is important to take into account the migration speed of the synergist and/or insecticide in the matrix and the migration speed of the further synergists or insecticides. For example, this may be regulated by a proper choice of selectively working migration promoters and migration inhibitors.
The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, where
In
a and in enlarged form in
Such multi-filaments can be produced by extrusion as illustrated in
Alternatively, not illustrated however, there may be provided a first molten polymer with insecticide to the nozzle from a first extruder cavity and a second molten polymer with synergist from a second extruder cavity. The two polymers may be added to different part of the nozzle in order to provide multifilaments of two types from the same nozzle. As an alternative to the synergist or in addition, an insect sterilising agent or an entomopathogen may be included
The co-extrusion method may be used to provide a monofilament 40, as illustrated in
As illustrated in
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DK2007/000319 | 6/29/2007 | WO | 00 | 2/4/2010 |
