Patent Grant
6884307
The present invention relates to improved insensitive explosive molding powders, and more particular to a process for preparing improved insensitive explosive molding powders using RDX (known variously as cyclonite, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclooctane) or HMX (known variously as cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane) quality B crystals that are subjected to a crystal surface treatment, separation of RDX and HMX crystals and coating in a waterless solvent process. Additionally, specific pressure forces are minimized therefore providing explosive pellets that achieve nearly a 100% theoretical maximum density (t.m.d.) without the need of heavy hardening pressing tools.
Usually water slurry methods have been used for producing explosive molding powders showing sensitive or insensitive characteristics depending on the type of binder employed in regard to the requirements of STANAG 4170 or MIL Std 2105 b. The testing procedures for sufficient insensitivity of explosives to meet “Insensitive Munition” status are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,526.
The insensitivity of an explosive pellet depends on the quality of the high explosive (HE)-crystals, binder type and weight percent present in the pellet, densities close to 100% t.m.d. and the perfect coating on each crystal.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,067,996 and 5,547,526, the influence of the flexibility of the binder on the insensitivity is shown. However, neither the castable HMX mixture of the '996 patent with 15 wt. %-18 wt. % binder, nor the pressable HMX mixture of the '526 patent with 5 wt. % binder fulfill today's requirement of non-rupture (i.e., maximum sustained burning of the explosive) of the encasement described in the '526 patent during fast cook off.
Only the U.S. Navy qualified PBXN 9 explosive molding powder described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,587 with a binder content of about 8 wt. % meets the insensitive requirements. The PBXN 7 mixture of the '587 patent is not considered because of its very high content of already insensitive, but low energy, 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). The other explosive mixtures provided in the '587 patent are still in development as indicated by PBX “W”. The binder employed in the '587 patent consists of HYTEMP®, a polyacrylic elastomer, and di(2-ethylhexyl)-adipate (DOA).
Achievement of a very high t.m.d at minimized pressing forces, which provides explosive pellets that have minimized porosities as well as being substantially crack free, require the use of harmonic crystal classes having mean diameters in the ratio of 1:1/7:1/49:1/343 (approximately, for bimodal use, the first two ratios are used, while for trimodal use, the first three ratios are employed and for tetramodal use, all four ratios are used) and crystal class mass ratios of 70:30 at bimodal, 65:28:7 at trimodal, and 64:27:7:3 at tetramodal (these are rough values, depending on the crystal batches used).
The modality influences the characteristics of the explosive pellets and offers proper choice needed for specific munition types. Grain classes and weight ratios disclosed in the '587 patent, for example, are driven by the total crystal surface depended behavior of the binder system HYTEMP® 4454, a polyacrylic elastomer, and DOA and finally require, relative to the present invention, 50% to 100% higher pressing forces to approach a necessary high t.m.d. for an insensitive explosive and usually fail to achieve this insensitivity goal at binder contents lower than 6 wt. %.
Indicated by the modalities above, crystal class C with a mean diameter are usually chosen as coarse grains; however, there is a need to consider the significantly increased possibility of internal crystal failures, e.g., hot spots of large crystals, due to today's crystallization methods.
Another insensitivity influencing point for consideration is that if water is present or it elevated temperatures are used, the contents of the pellets tend to vaporize. A water content of 0.01%, for example, potentially produces a waterdamp volume of approximately 30% of the pellet volume, thus increasing small pores to critical hot spot pores at munition cook off.
The present invention provides a general method of producing batches of a family of insensitive explosive molding powders. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of:
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the agitation time is about 3 hours, but may vary depending on the type of solvent employed. At a kettle pressure of about 2 mbar, the agitation speed is increased to 40 rpm until all the moisture content is evacuated and a desired agglomeration is achieved. The time for this procedure is about 20 minutes depending on the modality of grain distributions, ratio of binder to plasticizer and ratio of binder system to crystal mass.
The method of the present invention provides an explosive molding powder that is ready for use after cooling down to ambient room temperatures. After the molding powder has been cooled, the powder can be formed into pellets having a predetermined diameter by using sufficient specific pressing pressures. For example, pellets having a diameter of about 22 mm can be made using a specific pressing pressure of about 0.9 kbars. The pressing pressure decreases to 0.55 kbars for pellets having a diameter of about 100 mm. Other pellet diameters ranging from 2 mm to 150 mm can also be formed using the explosive molding powder of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the die and explosive mixture is evacuated to pressure less than 1 mbar. Thus, pellets can be crushed and peeled mechanically out of the casings and can be simply recycled by mechanical granulation without any losses of the pressability and insensitivity characteristics.
As stated above, the present invention provides a method of producing insensitive high explosive molding powders that comprise an explosive component, a binder and a plasticizer. The insensitive molding powders of the present invention comprise explosive crystals that are bound by a binder system. Moreover, the insensitive high explosive molding powder of the present invention has a bi-/tri/tetramodal grain composition comprising coarse grain (280-360 μm with an upper limit of 500-700 μm) and fine grain (35-45 μm and 6-8 μm for trimodal, and 1 μm for tetramodal) explosive crystals that a bonded by a binder system comprising a plasticizer and a binder. The molding powder of the present invention is coated by a waterless solvent process having a solvent content of less than 0.01 wt. % and is immediately ready for pellet pressing.
Illustrative examples of explosive components that can be used in the present invention include but are not limited to: RDX, HMX and other like explosive materials. Combinations of the explosive components are also contemplated in the present invention. Preferred explosive components are RDX and HMX.
The plasticizers, which form part of the binder system of the present invention, include, but are not limited to: polymer plasticizers such as acyclic dicarboxylic acid esters, and phthalates. Examples of acyclic dicarboxylic acid esters include, but are not limited to: esters of adipic acid such as DOA, and diisodecyladipate (DIDA). Illustrative examples of phthalates that can be employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to: di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DOP), diisononylphthalate (DINP) and diisodecylphthalate (DIDP).
The binder employed in the present invention is a polyacrylic elastomer such as for example, HYTEMP® sold by Zeon Chemical L.P., 4100 Bells Lane, Louisville, Ky. 40211. Other polymeric elastomers are also contemplated herein.
The present invention can be used to manufacture and repair, if necessary, or rework any explosive formulation from crystals made by traditional quality B or A of improved quality explosive material specifications, with a binder to plasticizer ratio between 4 to 8 wt. %, preferably 4 to 6 wt. %. The binder to plasticizer ratio may be varied between 1:0.8 to 1:3 wt. % ratio relative to the desired mechanical characteristics of the explosive pellets.
Illustrative examples of preferred organic solvents that can be used in the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to: ethyl acetate, dimethyl ketone (i.e., acetone), ethyl methyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone or a proper mixture thereof. The ratio of solvents to binder employed in the present invention is the range of 3-10 times the mass of the binder process.
The method of the present invention provides explosive molding powders in which the residual moisture is far below 0.01% wt.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the insensitive molding powder includes coarse grains that have a mean grain size of about 300 to about 360 μm with an upper limit of 500 to 700 μm. In this embodiment, the fine grains follow the harmonic rules of highest possible crystal grains packaging.
In other embodiments of the present invention, the insensitive high explosive molding powder in which the fine high explosive grain sizes from tri- or tetramodal distribution are substituted with up to 2 wt. % of a filler, such as AEROSIL (i.e., a fumed silica).
The following explosives powders, which were made using the method of the present invention, will now be described.
HMX, quality B mixture with 8% of binder system near the insensitivity limited in accordance with TL (=TL 1376-0800)
Result: Non-initiation≦31 kbars, fast cook off/bullet impact; Reaction type V.
HMX, quality B mixture with 8% of binder system with a marked distance in relation to the insensitivity limit in accordance with the above-mentioned TL.
As in example 1, with the following differences:
Result: Non-initiation≦31 kbars, fast cook off/bullet impact; Reaction type V.
HMX, quality B mixture with 4% of binder system at the insensitivity limit in accordance with the above-mentioned TL.
As in example 2, with the following differences:
Result: Non-initiation≦26 kbars, fast cook off/bullet impact; Reaction type V.
octogen mixture with 8% binder system
As in example 3, with the following differences:
Result: Non-initiation≦46 kbars, fast cook off/bullet impact; Reaction type V.
RDX quality B mixture with 8% of binder with a distance relation to the insensitivity limit in accordance with TL
Result: Non-initiation≦26 kbars, fast cook off/bullet impact; Reaction type V.
The choice of the bimodal grain size distribution and composition of the solvent for the production of the binder lacquer HYTEMP®, a polyacrylic elastomer, and DOA, as well as a differing proportion of the solvent mixture in the lacquer result in explosive mixtures which are of a different insensitivity and which in the GAP-/Fast Cook/off/Bullet impact test reach the classification of less sensitivity in accordance with STANAG 4170 and, with specific pressing pressures—in dependence on caliber—of only 0.6-0.9 kbars, reaching more than 99% of the t.m.d.
Furthermore, using harmonic tri- or tetramodal grain distributions in the above mentioned mixtures or substitution of finer explosive grains from tri- or tetramodal grain distributions by up to 2% wt. AEROSIL do no change the insensitivity status or the superior pressability, but provide harder pellets preferably for use in high rotating gun projectiles.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrates, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102 16 399 | Apr 2002 | DE | national |
This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/253,036, filed Sep. 24, 2002 now abandoned, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
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| 5932835 | Woodall et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 6217799 | Lee et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6485587 | Han et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 38 04 397 | Sep 1989 | DE |
| 3804397 | Sep 1989 | DE |
| 43 24 739 | Sep 1994 | DE |
| 19719073 | Nov 1998 | DE |
| 0036481 | Feb 1981 | EP |
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| 1312595 | Nov 2002 | EP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10253036 | Sep 2002 | US |
| Child | 10672384 | US |
