Patent Grant
7772855
The present invention relates to an instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, a method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, and a program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid.
Regulations on the emission of harmful substances included in an exhaust gas from a car have been more and more strict, and it is considered in the U.S. that a car-mounted diagnosis device of the emission will be essential in 2010.
Moreover, it is also reported that even a gasoline vehicle discharges a larger amount of particulates (a particulate matter (PM)) than a diesel vehicle on which a particulate collecting filter (DPF) is mounted, in a case where the gasoline vehicle has a system for directly jetting a fuel into a cylinder.
In Patent Document 1, it is noted that particulates included in the exhaust gas are made of particulates having conductivity, and there are disclosed a particulate detection device and a particulate detection filter utilizing a fact that the electric resistance of an electric insulating member decreases, when the conductive particulates are attached to or adsorbed by the member.
Moreover, in Patent Document 2, a technology is disclosed in which light emitted from a light source is transmitted through the flow of the exhaust gas and received by a light receiving portion, and the light impermeability of the exhaust gas having a constant correlation function between the gas and the concentration of the particulates is detected, whereby the impermeability is converted into the concentration of the particulates by control means.
Patent Document 1: JP-A-59-060018
Patent Document 2: JP-A-04-203413
At present, however, there have not been suggested a sufficient instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, a method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid and a program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid.
According to the invention disclosed in Patent Document 1, the amount of the particulates collected by a filter can be measured, but the amount of the particulates included in a gas flow cannot be measured.
Moreover, in a method for transmitting light through an exhaust gas tube to measure the impermeability of the light as in the invention disclosed in Patent Document 2, the whole exhaust gas flow can be measured, but there is a problem that accuracy gradually deteriorates because windows of light emitting and receiving portions become dirty.
The present invention has been developed in view of the problems of such a conventional technology, and an object thereof is to provide an instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, which is capable of determining the concentration of the particulates in the fluid with high accuracy, without being influenced by the amount of the particulates deposited on a detector, a method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, and a program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid.
The present inventors have intensively performed investigations for achieving the above object, and have eventually found that (1) there is a correlation between the amount of the particulates deposited on particulate collecting means and the change of the impedance of the particulate collecting means, (2) the amount of the particulates collected by the particulate collecting means is influenced by the flow rate of the fluid and (3) when a temperature and the flow rate are constant, there is a correlation between the concentration of the particulates in the fluid and the change of the impedance of the particulate collecting means per unit time, whereby the present invention has been completed.
That is, according to the present invention, an instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, a method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid and a program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid are provided as follows.
[1] An instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, including: particulate collecting means for collecting the particulates in the fluid; temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the particulate collecting means; flow rate measuring means for measuring the flow rate of the fluid passing through the particulate collecting means; impedance measuring means for measuring the impedance of the particulate collecting means; and information processing means, wherein the information processing means includes time measuring means for measuring the elapse of time, constant determining means for determining an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant from input temperature and flow rate, impedance change per unit time computing means for computing the change of the input impedance per unit time measured by the time measuring means, and particulate concentration determining means for determining the concentration of the particulates from the change of the impedance per unit time computed by the impedance change per unit time computing means by use of the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant determined by the constant determining means.
[2] A method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, including the steps of: measuring the temperature, flow rate and impedance of particulate collecting means for collecting the particulates in the fluid; determining an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant from the measured temperature and flow rate; computing the change of the measured impedance per unit time; and determining the concentration of the particulates from the computed change of the impedance per unit time by use of the determined impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant.
[3] A program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, which allows a computer to accept the input of temperature, flow rate and impedance, determine an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant from the accepted temperature and flow rate, compute the change of the input impedance per unit time, and determine the concentration of the particulates from the computed change of the impedance per unit time by use of the determined impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant.
According to the present invention, there are provided an instrument for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, which is capable of determining the concentration of the particulates in the fluid at low cost and with high accuracy, without being influenced by the amount of the particulates deposited on a detector, a method for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid, and a program for measuring the concentration of particulates in a fluid.
10: particulate collecting means, 20: temperature measuring means, 30: flow rate measuring means, 40: impedance measuring means, 50: information processing means, 60: display means, 70: printing means, 80: communication means, 100: central processing means, 110: time measuring means, 120: constant determining means, 130: impedance change per unit time computing means, 140: particulate concentration determining means, 200: storage means, and 210: table.
Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiment and that the present invention includes the appropriate alteration, improvement and the like of the following embodiment based on the ordinary knowledge of a person with ordinary skill without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
The information processing means 50 is connected to the temperature measuring means 20, the flow rate measuring means 30 and the impedance measuring means 40 via the input port, and is also connected to display means 60, printing means 70 and communication means 80 via an output port. The information processing means 50 includes central processing means 100 and storage means 200 in addition to the input port and the output port.
The central processing means 100 is connected to the input port, the output port and the storage means 200. Moreover, the central processing means 100 includes time measuring means 110. Furthermore, the central processing means 100 reads a program stored in the storage means 200 to function as constant determining means 120, impedance change per unit time computing means 130 and particulate concentration determining means 140.
The storage means 200 is connected to the central processing means 100. Moreover, in the storage means 200, a program for causing the central processing means 100 to function as respective means, parameters, tables and the like are stored. In addition, the storage means secures a region for storing data measured by the respective measuring means, data computed as a result of data processing by the central processing means 100 and the like. Moreover, the storage means 200 stores a table 210 in which an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant at each temperature and each flow rate is recorded.
The display means 60, the printing means 70 and the communication means 80 are connected to the output port of the information processing means 50, respectively.
Next, the function of the embodiment of the present invention shown in the function block diagram of
As described later in detail, the present inventors have found that there is a correlation between the amount of the particulates deposited on the particulate collecting means and the change of the impedance of the particulate collecting means and that when the temperature and the flow rate are constant, there is a correlation between the concentration of the particulates in the fluid and the change of the impedance of the particulate collecting means. Moreover, the impedance changes depending on the temperature. Therefore, when an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant at each temperature and flow rate is obtained in advance, the impedance change of the particulate collecting means can be observed to obtain the concentration of the particulates in the fluid.
The constant determining means 120 determines the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant from the temperature input from the temperature measuring means 20 to the information processing means 50 and the flow rate input from the flow rate measuring means 30 to the information processing means 50. Specifically, the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant at each temperature and flow rate is obtained in advance by experiment, calculation or the like, and stored as the table 210 in the storage means 200. When this table 210 is used, the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant is uniquely determined from the temperature and flow rate. When the temperature and flow rate are input, the constant determining means 120 calls the table 210 from the storage means 200, and takes the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant specified by the input temperature and flow rate.
The impedance change per unit time computing means 130 computes the change of the impedance input from the impedance measuring means 40, per unit time measured by the time measuring means 110. Specifically, the impedance change per unit time computing means 130 specifies the impedance input from the impedance measuring means 40 continuously at an arbitrary time point. Next, the impedance change per unit time computing means 130 allows the time measuring means 110 to start the time measurement. When the time measuring means 110 measures the elapse of the unit time, the impedance change per unit time computing means 130 again specifies the impedance input from the impedance measuring means 40 continuously. The impedance change per unit time computing means 130 computes the change of the impedance per unit time from a difference between these impedances.
The particulate concentration determining means 140 determines the concentration of the particulates from the change of the impedance per unit time computed by the impedance change per unit time computing means 130, by use of the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant determined by the constant determining means 120. Specifically, the particulate concentration determining means 140 computes the product of the inverse number of the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant and the change of the impedance per unit time to determine the concentration of the particulates.
The present invention has been described above with respect to
Furthermore, there has been described above an embodiment in which the temperature measuring means 20 and the flow rate measuring means 30 are arranged in the particulate collecting means 10, but the present invention is not limited to this embodiment. In short, there is not any special restriction on the means as long as the temperature in the particulate collecting means 10 and the flow rate of the fluid passing through the particulate collecting means 10 can be measured, and the means may be arranged before or after the particulate collecting means 10. Moreover, there has been described above an embodiment in which the temperature measuring means 20, the flow rate measuring means 30 and the impedance measuring means 40 are directly connected to the input port of the information processing means 50, but these measuring means may be connected to the input port of the information processing means via another means. For example, the temperature measuring means 20 and the flow rate measuring means 30 are connected to second information processing means (not shown), and the means may be connected to the information processing means 50 via the second information processing means.
[Particulate Collecting Means]
In the present invention, the particulate collecting means is means capable of collecting the particulates in the fluid. The particulate collecting means in the present invention does not have to collect all the particulates passing through the fluid. However, a part of the passing particulates has to be collected. Examples of the particulate collecting means usable in the present invention include a honeycomb structure as a structure having a large number of through channels (cells) partitioned by partition walls and extending through the structure in an axial direction; a particulate collecting filter (DPF) in which the ends of predetermined cells on one side are plugged by plugging portions made of a plugging material charged into the cells and in which the ends of the remaining cells on a side opposite to the ends of the predetermined cells are similarly plugged by plugging portions; and Cerafoam in which a pore former such as foam polyurethane is mixed, kneaded and fired with a ceramic clay so that the porosity of the resultant formed article is 75% or more, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[Temperature Measuring Means]
The temperature measuring means in the present invention is means capable of measuring the temperature of the particulate collecting means. Examples of the temperature measuring means usable in the present invention include a thermocouple, a platinum resistor and a thermister, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. High accuracy is not required, but means having good time response is preferable.
[Flow Rate Measuring Means]
In the present invention, the flow rate measuring means is means capable of measuring the flow rate of the fluid passing through the particulate collecting means. Examples of the flow rate measuring means usable in the present invention include a heat type gas flow rate meter and a differential pressure type meter, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[Impedance Measuring Means]
In the present invention, the impedance measuring means is means capable of measuring the impedance of the particulate collecting means. Examples of the impedance measuring means usable in the present invention include a direct current resistance meter and an LCR meter capable of measuring an alternate current resistance or the like, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. However, the means preferably has a performance capable of measuring a high resistance in a measurement range up to several tens of MΩ. When the particulate collecting means is the honeycomb structure, the DPF or Cerafoam, a pair of electrodes may be arranged in a portion of the honeycomb structure for collecting the particulates, and an alternate current is applied between the electrodes, whereby the impedance can be measured.
[Information Processing Means]
As the information processing means in the present invention, a widespread computer may be employed.
[Communication Means]
As the communication means in the present invention, widespread wired or wireless means may be employed. In the present invention, data obtained by each means, data processed by the information processing means 50 or the like can be transmitted to another device or the like via the communication means. In the present invention, the temperature measuring means 20, the flow rate measuring means 30 and the impedance measuring means 40 may acquire data measured by another ECU or the like by communication with the ECU or the like and use the data as the temperature, flow rate and impedance. A communication signal may be either analog data or digital data, but it is preferable to transport the digital data in consideration of widespread car-mounted data communication CAN. When the particulate concentration measuring instrument of the present invention is disposed in an exhaust gas passage of a car, the present concentration of the particulates in the exhaust gas can be transmitted to the electronic control unit (ECU) or the like via the communication means in real time. It is to be noted that if the communication means is unnecessary in the present invention, the means may be omitted.
[Display Means]
As the display means in the present invention, a widespread display device such as a liquid crystal display, a CRT display, an EL display or a plasma display may be employed. When the particulate concentration measuring instrument of the present invention is disposed in the exhaust gas passage of the car, the display means can display numeric values, graphs or the like in order to inform a driver or the like of the present concentration of the particulates in the exhaust gas in real time. It is to be noted that if the display means is unnecessary in the present invention, the means may be omitted.
To a cordierite forming material prepared by mixing powder of talc, kaolin, calcinated kaolin, alumina, aluminum hydroxide and silica at a predetermined ratio in a range of a chemical composition including 42 to 56 mass % of SiO2, 0 to 45 mass % of Al2O3 and 12 to 16 mass % of MgO, 15 to 25 mass % of graphite as a pore former, and 5 to 15 mass % of a synthetic resin such as PET PMA, or a phenol resin in total were added. Furthermore, the predetermined amounts of methyl celluloses and a surfactant were added, and water was added to and kneaded with the resultant mixture to form a kneaded clay. Next, this clay was vacuum-deaerated, and then extruded to form a honeycomb structure. The structure was dried by a microwave drying process and a hot air drying process, and fired at a maximum temperature of 1400 to 1435° C. to manufacture the honeycomb structure made of a porous ceramic material (cordierite). Two portions of the outer peripheral surface of this honeycomb structure were coated with a silver paste and baked, to form electrodes. Next, the structure was connected to an impedance measuring circuit for measuring an alternate current impedance between the electrodes. This honeycomb structure provided with the electrodes was received in a can member together with a particulate collecting filter.
A diesel engine exhaust gas including particulates (soot) was caused to flow through the can member, and the alternate current impedance between the electrodes was measured while depositing the particulates on the honeycomb structure provided with the electrodes, whereby a relation between the mass of the deposited particulates and the change ratio of the measured alternate current impedance was obtained as shown in
A burner combustion gas simulating the diesel engine exhaust gas including the particulates were caused to flow while changing the flow rate by use of the above can member, whereby the particulates were deposited on the honeycomb structure provided with the electrodes. The amount of the collected particulates was obtained from a weight difference between the honeycomb structures before and after a test. Results are shown in
The diesel engine exhaust gas including the particulates (the soot) having a predetermined concentration was caused to flow through a can member similar to the above can member, and the alternate current impedance between the electrodes was measured while depositing the particulates on the honeycomb structure provided with the electrodes in the same manner as described above, except that to improve an impedance detection sensitivity, one end surface of the above honeycomb structure was bored in a spherical shape so that the center of the end surface was dented most, and the structure was received in the can member so that the end surface was positioned between the electrodes and so that the bored end surface was positioned on the side of the particulate collecting filter. A relation between an elapsed time and the impedance was obtained as shown in
A relation of equation (1) is derived from
ΔZ/Δt∝n (particulate concentration) (1), in which Z is impedance, t is time and n is the particulate concentration.
ΔZ/Δt changes in accordance with the impedance Z, and hence a relation of equation (2) is established.
a(Z)=(1/n)×ΔZ/Δt (2), in which a(Z) is an impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant.
When a(Z) is obtained by an experiment or the like, the particulate concentration can be obtained from equation (3).
n=1/a(Z)×ΔZ/Δt (3).
a(Z) is the impedance change per unit time-particulate concentration constant at each impedance, but needless to say, a(ΔZ) may be represented as the impedance change-particulate concentration constant at an impedance change amount ΔZ from an initial value Z0.
Hereinafter, the present invention will specifically be described in accordance with examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
A diesel engine exhaust gas including particulates (soot) was caused to flow through the above can member while changing the concentration of particulates. An exhaust gas temperature measured by a thermocouple as temperature measuring means was 220° C., and a flow rate measured by a flow rate sensor as flow rate measuring means was 1.3 m3/min at 25° C. An impedance change-particulate concentration constant at an impedance change amount ΔZ from an initial value Z0, determined from this temperature and the flow rate, was obtained as shown in equation (4).
a(ΔZ)=−1.00×10−15×ΔZ3+6.17×10−9×ΔZ2−1×10−2×ΔZ (4).
The particulate (soot) concentration obtained from the measurement result of the impedance is shown in
Moreover, at this time, the particulate (soot) concentration was measured by a smoke meter manufactured by AVL CO., Ltd. for measuring a soot and smoke concentration by use of a shielding function of the soot and smoke in a discharged gas. The results are shown in
The present invention can be used for measuring the amount of particulates discharged from an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine or the like.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-031060 | Feb 2007 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4656832 | Yukihisa et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4686453 | Kato et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 5968371 | Verdegan et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 7096855 | Renner et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7261008 | Saaski et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7299682 | Boyle et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 20030070423 | Morinaga et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20080048681 | Birkhofer et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20090140754 | Schenkl et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 675 267 | Oct 1995 | EP |
| 58-143816 | Aug 1983 | JP |
| 59-060018 | Apr 1984 | JP |
| 61-111450 | May 1986 | JP |
| 04-203413 | Jul 1992 | JP |
| 07-270296 | Oct 1995 | JP |
| 08-261904 | Oct 1996 | JP |
| 2005093233 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090284271 A1 | Nov 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2008/052134 | Feb 2008 | US |
| Child | 12506591 | US |
