Patent Grant
9982445
The present invention generally relates to insulated concrete forms. More particularly, this invention relates to an insulated concrete form that is stronger than conventional insulated concrete forms so that it can hold the weight of a full lift of concrete and extend from floor to ceiling. The present invention also relates to an insulated concrete form that is easier to assemble and easier to use. The present invention also relates to an insulated concrete form that results in stronger concrete cured therein. The present invention also relates to an insulated concrete form that produces a wall that resists or prevents water intrusion. The present invention also related to an insulated concrete form for elevated slabs and roof systems. The present invention also relates to methods of using the insulated concrete form of the present invention. The present invention also related to a concrete structure that has a longer useful life than conventional concrete structures. The present invention further relates to a high efficiency building system that reduces energy consumption.
Concrete walls, and other concrete structures, traditionally have been made by building a form. The forms are usually made from plywood, wood, metal and other structural members. Unhardened (i.e., plastic) concrete is poured into the space defined by opposed spaced form members. Once the concrete hardens sufficiently, although not completely, the forms are removed leaving a concrete wall, or other concrete structure or structural member. The unprotected concrete wall is then exposed to the elements during the remainder of the curing process. The exposure of the concrete to the elements, especially temperature variations, makes the curing of the concrete, and the ultimate strength it can achieve, as unpredictable as the weather. Therefore concrete structures are typically overdesigned with significant safety factors to make up for the unknown variables and uncertainty of the curing process.
Historically concrete has been placed in forms made of plywood reinforced by different types of framing members. Concrete placed in conventional forms is exposed to the temperature and humidity of the environment thus making the curing, and therefore the strength, dependent upon these variable factors. Concrete has high thermal mass and since most concrete buildings are built using conventional forms, the concrete assumes the ambient temperature. Thus, although they have many advantages, concrete buildings have relatively poor energy efficiency.
Insulated concrete form systems are known in the prior art and typically are made from a plurality of modular form members. In order to assist in keeping the modular form members properly spaced when concrete is poured between the stacked form members, transverse tie members are used in order to prevent transverse displacement or rupture of the modular form members due to the hydrostatic pressure created by fluid and unhardened concrete contained therein. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,497,592; 5,809,725; 6,668,503; 6,898,912 and 7,124,547 (the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference) are exemplary of prior art modular insulated concrete form systems.
Insulated concrete forms reduce heat transmission and provide improved energy efficiency to the building in which they are used. However the insulated concrete forms of the prior art have multiple shortcomings.
Concrete is a relatively heavy material. When placed into a vertical form the pressure at the bottom of a form filled with concrete is measured by multiplying the height of the wall by 150 lbs per square foot. In other words when pouring a 10 feet tall wall, the pressure at the bottom of a form will be 1500 lbs/ft2. In addition, safety codes, and various concrete regulating bodies, demand that commercial forms be built to withstand approximately 2.5 times the static concrete pressure a form is actually intended to hold.
Conventional forms typically use aluminum or some type of plywood reinforced by a metal framing system. Opposed form members are held together by a plurality of metal ties that provide the form with the desired pressure rating. Conventional forms are designed to be strong, safe and durable to meet the challenges of any type construction, residential or commercial, low-rise or high-rise, walls, columns, piers or elevated slabs. While insulated concrete forms of the prior art provide relatively high energy efficiency, they lack the strength to withstand the relatively high fluid concrete pressures experienced by conventional concrete forms. Consequently, they are relegated mostly to residential construction or low-rise construction and find few applications in commercial construction.
In order to achieve relatively high energy efficiency, one must use insulated concrete forms made from foams with relatively high R values. However all types of foam have relatively low strength and structural properties. Therefore, insulated concrete forms of the prior art are relatively weak and cannot withstand the same high pressures experienced by conventional forms. Prior art insulated concrete forms have attempted to solve this problem by using higher density foams and/or by using a high number of ties between the foam panel members. However, such prior art insulated concrete form systems still suffer from several common problems.
First, in the construction of an exterior wall of a building, multiple insulated concrete form modules are stacked upon and placed adjacent to each other in order to construct the concrete form. In some insulated concrete form systems, the form spacers/interconnectors are placed in the joints between adjacent concrete form modules. Such form systems are not strong enough to build a form more than a few feet high. Concrete is then placed in the form and allowed to harden sufficiently before another course of insulating forms are added on top of the existing forms. Such systems result in cold joints between the various concrete layers necessary to form a floor-to-ceiling wall or a multi-story building. Cold joints in a concrete wall weaken the wall therefore requiring that the wall be thicker and/or use higher strength concrete than would otherwise be necessary with a wall that did not have cold joints. This generally limits current use of insulated concrete forms to buildings of a single story or two in height or to infill wall applications.
Second, the use of multiple form modules to form a wall, or other building structure, creates numerous joints between adjacent concrete form modules; i.e., between both horizontally adjacent form modules and vertically adjacent form modules. Such joints provide numerous opportunities for water from the concrete mix to leak out of the form. The proper amount of water and heat is necessary for concrete to harden to its maximum potential strength. Thus, the loss of water through leaky joints in adjacent form modules reduces the strength of the concrete.
Third, the use of multiple form modules to form a wall, or other building structure, creates numerous joints between adjacent concrete form modules; i.e., between both horizontally adjacent form modules and vertically adjacent form modules. The sum of all these joints makes the prior art insulated concrete forms inherently unstable and concrete blowouts are not uncommon. Since the wall forms are unstable, the use of additional forming materials, such as plywood, to stabilize the modular insulated concrete forms is required before concrete is poured. These additional materials are costly and time consuming to install. The multiple joints also provide numerous opportunities for water to seep into and through the concrete wall. Furthermore, some of the prior art wall spacer systems create holes in the insulated concrete forms through which water can seep, either in or out. Thus, the prior art modular insulated concrete forms do little, or nothing, to prevent water intrusion in the finished concrete wall.
Fourth, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems are difficult and time consuming to put together, particularly at a constructions site using unskilled labor.
Fifth, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems do little, or nothing, to produce a stronger concrete wall.
Sixth, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems do not meet the high pressure ratings that conventional concrete forms do.
Seventh, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems are designed to form walls and are not suitable for forming columns or piers or elevated concrete slabs.
Eighth, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems do not allow for forming of structural, load bearing high-rise construction
Ninth, prior art modular insulated concrete form systems only allow for one type of wall cladding to be applied, such as a directly applied finish system. To install all other wall claddings, additional systems have to be installed, sometimes at greater expense than even in the conventional concrete forming systems. Some prior art modular insulated concrete form systems do not allow for the use of other types of wall cladding systems.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that is relatively easy to assemble is stronger and permits the construction of floor-to-ceiling high walls without joints in the form and without cold joints in the concrete. It would further be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that reduces or eliminates water leakage from a plastic concrete mix placed in the form that would thereby allow the concrete to retain the moisture necessary for its proper curing to achieve its maximum strength. It would also be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that produces relatively harder concrete. It would also be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that prevents, or reduces, water intrusion through the finished wall. It would further be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that specifically accommodates and economically integrates different types of finished wall and/or ceiling cladding systems for both interior and exterior applications. Also, it would be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that can withstand the fluid concrete pressures equivalent to those of conventional concrete forms. In addition it would be desirable to provide an insulated concrete form system that can be used to form concrete walls, columns, piers, elevated slabs, roof systems and other concrete structures.
The present invention satisfies the foregoing needs by providing an improved insulated concrete form system. In a preferred disclosed embodiment, the present invention provides an insulated concrete form system that can withstand hydrostatic pressures equivalent to those of conventional concrete forms.
In one disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a connector for a pair of opposed spaced concrete forming panels. The connector comprises an elongate spacer member having flanges formed thereon intermediate a central portion of the spacer member and each opposite end thereof. The connector also comprises a portion of at least one end of the spacer member being sized and shaped to selectively engage an elongate panel bracing member. In an alternate disclosed embodiment thereof, the end of the spacer member comprises a head portion and a portion of reduced diameter intermediate the head portion and the flange.
In an alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a form for concrete comprising a pair of opposed and spaced foam insulating panels. The form also comprises a plurality of spacer members disposed between the foam insulating panels for maintaining the foam insulating panels in a spaced relationship, a portion of each spacer member extending through and beyond a surface of at least one of the foam insulating panels.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a pair of opposed and spaced foam insulating panels and a first plurality of elongate panel bracing members removably attached to one of the foam insulating panels, the first plurality of elongate panel bracing members being oriented horizontally and vertically spaced from each other. The concrete form also comprises a second plurality of elongate panel bracing members removably attached to the other of the foam insulating panels, the second plurality of elongate panel bracing members being oriented horizontally and vertically spaced from each other.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a pair of opposed and spaced foam insulating panels and a plurality of elongate panel bracing members removably attached to one of the foam insulating panels, the plurality of elongate panel bracing members being oriented horizontally and vertically spaced from each other. The concrete form also comprises a first vertical elongate form bracing member contacting each of the elongate panel bracing members on a side thereof opposite the foam insulating panel.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a pair of opposed and spaced foam insulating panels, each panel having an inner surface and an outer surface. The form also comprises a first reinforcing material disposed on the outer surface of at least one of the foam insulating panel.
In yet another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete wall system. The concrete wall system comprises a pair of opposed spaced insulated concrete forming panels. A spacer member is disposed between the insulated concrete forming panels. At least one end of the spacer member extends through one of the insulated concrete forming panels and extends outwardly from an outer surface thereof. The end of the spacer member is adapted to selectively engage and alternately retain on the outer surface a horizontal bracing member or a vertical stud member. In a further alternate disclosed embodiment, the end of the spacer member comprises a head portion and a portion of reduced diameter between the head portion and the outer surface of the insulated concrete forming panel.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a pair of opposed and spaced foam insulating panels, each panel having an inner surface and an outer surface. The form also comprises a reinforcing web disposed on the outer surface of at least one of the foam insulating panels.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a foam insulating panel having an exterior surface. The concrete form also comprises a polymer coating on the exterior surface of the foam insulating panel, whereby the polymer coating provides a water-proof weather membrane on the exterior surface of the foam insulating panel.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a connector for a pair of opposed spaced concrete forming panels. The connector comprises an elongate spacer member having flanges formed thereon intermediate a central portion of the spacer member and each opposite end thereof, a portion of at least one end of the spacer member being sized and shaped to selectively engage an elongate panel bracing member.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a method. The method comprises inserting a first elongate spacer member into a first hole defined by a first concrete forming panel, the first spacer member having a flange formed thereon intermediate a central portion and an end portion thereof, the first spacer member being inserted into the first hole such that the flange contacts an inner surface of the first concrete forming panel and the end portion of the first spacer member extend outwardly from an outer surface of the first concrete forming panel. The method further comprises inserting a second elongate spacer member into a second hole defined by the first concrete forming panel, the second spacer member having a flange formed thereon intermediate a central portion and an end portion thereof, the second spacer member being inserted into the second hole such that the flange contacts an inner surface of the first concrete forming panel and the end portion of the second spacer member extend outwardly from an outer surface of the first concrete forming panel. The method also comprises attaching an elongate panel bracing member to the end portions of the first and second spacer members extending from the outer surface of the first concrete forming panel. In a further disclosed embodiment, the method comprises inserting a third elongate spacer member into a third hole defined by a second concrete forming panel, the third spacer member having a flange formed thereon intermediate a central portion and an end portion thereof, the third spacer member being inserted into the third hole such that the flange contacts an inner surface of the second concrete forming panel and the end portion of the second spacer member extend outwardly from an outer surface of the second concrete forming panel. The method also comprises attaching the elongate panel bracing member to the end portion of the third spacer member extending from the outer surface of the second concrete forming panel.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a concrete form. The concrete form comprises a horizontal foam insulating panel. A plurality of anchor members are attached to the horizontal foam insulating panel, a portion of each anchor member extending through and beyond an upper surface of the horizontal foam insulating panel. An end of each panel anchor member distal from the horizontal foam insulating panel is enlarged.
In another alternate disclosed embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of forming an elevated horizontal concrete slab or roof system. The method comprises temporarily supporting at a desired height a horizontal foam insulating panel. The method also comprises placing a plastic concrete mix on the horizontal foam insulating panel and placing an insulating member on an upper surface of the plastic concrete mix.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved insulated concrete form system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that can be used to form walls, columns, piers, elevated slabs, roof systems and other concrete structures.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an insulated elevated concrete slab or insulated concrete roof system that has improved sound insulation properties.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that is relatively easy to manufacture and/or to assemble.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that produces stronger concrete than prior art insulated concrete form systems, or any other concrete form system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that has a continuous weather membrane on an exterior surface, and also provides a drainage cavity, thereby reducing or preventing water intrusion.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an improved panel spacer member for an insulated concrete form system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for constructing a relatively high, energy efficient exterior building envelope.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system for curing concrete that results in concrete with increased strength, durability and resistance to abrasion.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that keeps concrete moist, by preventing the loss of moisture from the plastic concrete during the period in which it is gaining strength and durability.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that produces hard, dense concrete with improved resistance to corrosive actions in addition to minimizing shrinkage and permeability of the concrete.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that provides improved temperature stability for the curing of concrete.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that permits the placement of concrete during cold weather, which thereby allows construction projects to proceed rather than be shutdown due to inclement weather.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form that has a reinforcing layer on an outer surface of a foam insulating panel that provides a substrate for attaching decorative surfaces, such as ceramic tile, stone, thin brick, stucco or the like.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that can withstand pressures equivalent to conventional concrete form systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form that retains the heat generated by the hydration of the cement during the early stage of concrete setting and curing.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an integrated anchor/attachment system for relatively easy and inexpensive attachment of a variety of exterior or interior wall and ceiling cladding systems.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that provides an improved curing environment for concrete.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that provides a panel spacer member to which elongate panel bracing members can be attached.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an insulated concrete form system that provides a panel spacer member to which exterior or interior wall and ceiling cladding systems can be attached.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended drawing and claims.
Referring now to the drawing in which like numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, there is shown in
The foam insulating panels should also have a density sufficient to make them substantially rigid, such as approximately 1 to approximately 3 pounds per cubic foot, preferably approximately 1.5 pounds per cubic foot. High density extruded expanded polystyrene is available under the trademark Neopor® and is available from Georgia Foam, Gainesville, Ga. The foam insulating panels 12-18 can be made by molding to the desired size and shape, by cutting blocks or sheets of pre-formed expanded polystyrene into a desired size and shape or by extruding the desired shape and then cutting to the desired length. Although the foam insulating panels 12-18 can be of any desired size, it is specifically contemplated that the foam insulating panels will be of a height equal to the distance from a floor to a ceiling where a building wall or column is to be constructed. Thus, the height of the foam insulating panels will vary depending on the ceiling height of a particular building construction. However, for ease of handling, the foam insulating panels will generally be 9 feet 6 inches high and 4 feet 1 inches wide. These dimension will also vary depending on whether the panels are the interior panel or the exterior panel, as is explained in applicant's co-pending patent application Ser. No. 12/753,220 filed Apr. 2, 2010, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Applied to the outer surface of each of the foam insulating panels 12-18 is a layer of reinforcing material, such as the layers of reinforcing material 20, 22 on the foam insulating panels 14, 18 respectively (
The foam insulating panels 12-18 are held in their spaced apart relationship by a plurality of spacer/locking cap assemblies 24. The spacer/locking cap assembly 24 (
Each spacer/locking cap assembly 24 includes three separate pieces: a panel spacer member 26, a first locking cap 28 and a second locking cap 30. The panel spacer member 26 includes an elongate central member 32. The central member 32 can be any suitable shape, such as square, round, oval or the like, but in this embodiment is shown as having a generally plus sign (“+”) cross-sectional shape. The central member 32 comprises four outwardly extending leg members 34, 36, 38, 40 (
Formed intermediate each end 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26 and the central flange 42 are flanges 48, 50, respectively, that extend radially outwardly from the central member 32. Each of the flanges 48, 50 includes a generally flat foam insulating panel contacting portion 52, 54, respectively. The flanges 48, 50 can be any suitable shape, such as square, oval or the like, but in this embodiment are shown as circular. Reinforcing ribs can be provided to reinforce the flanges 48, 50.
Outboard of the flanges 48, 50; i.e., between each of the flanges 48, 50 and the ends 44, 46, respectively, are panel penetrating portions 56, 58, respectively, of the panel spacer member 26. The panel penetrating portions 56, 58 are identical in construction except that they are mirror images of each other. Therefore, only the panel penetrating portion 56 will be described in detail here.
The panel penetrating portion 56 of the panel spacer member 26 comprises four legs 60, 62, 64, 66 extending radially outwardly from a central round core 68 (
The first and second locking caps 28, 30 are identical in configuration and each are essentially circular disk-shaped, although any other suitable shape can be used, such as square, oval, octagonal, and the like. Each of the first and second locking caps 28, 30 includes a central panel spacer member receiving portion 80 and a circumferential insulating panel contacting portion 82. Each of the locking caps 28, 30 includes a generally flat foam insulating panel contacting portion 84, 86 (
Insulated concrete forms of the present invention can be used to form exterior walls of buildings, load-bearing interior walls, columns, piers, elevated slabs, roof systems and other similar structures. When forming such an exterior wall, one form is the exterior form and the other form is the interior form. The two forms define a concrete receiving space there between. As shown in
The insulated concrete form 10 is prepared by forming holes in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 to receive the ends 44, 46 and panel penetrating portions 56, 58 of the panel spacer member 26. Holes (not shown) in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 can be formed by conventional drilling, such as with a rotating drill bit, by water jets or by hot knives. When the foam insulating panels 12, 14 include a layer of reinforcing material 116, 20, the layer of reinforcing material is preferably adhered to the foam insulating panels before the holes are formed in those panels. It is also preferable to form the holes in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 after the moisture barrier is applied to the outer surfaces 112, 114 of the composite foam insulating panels. First, in each of the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14, round holes are formed through the thickness of the panels extending from the inner surfaces 108, 110 to the outer surfaces 112, 114. The inner diameter of the holes is the equal to the outer diameter of the central round core 68 of the panel spacer member 26 so as to form a tight fit when the panel penetrating portions 56, 58 are inserted into the holes. Then, slots (not shown) radiating outwardly from the initial hole and spaced circumferentially 90 degrees from each other are drilled in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 to accommodate the legs 60-66 of the panel spacer member 26 and to form a tight fit therewith. Alternately, a hole matching the cross-sectional shape of the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26, including the central round core 68 and the legs 60-68, can be formed in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 using a hot knife. The holes formed in the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 extend from the inner surfaces 108, 110 to the outer surfaces 112, 114, respectively, of the composite foam insulating panels so that the foam panel penetrating portions 56, 58 of the panel spacer member 26 can be inserted complete through the composite foam insulating panels, as shown in
The insulated concrete form 10 is assembled by inserting the foam panel penetrating portion 56 of the panel spacer member 26 through the hole in the first composite foam insulating panel 12 until the panel contacting portion 52 of the flange 48 contacts the inner surface 108 of the first composite foam insulating panel and the end 44 of the panel spacer member extends outwardly from the outer surface 112 of the first composite foam insulating panel, such that the legs 60-68 are flush with the outer surface and the slot 70 extends outwardly from the outer surface of the first composite foam insulating panel (
The second composite foam insulating panel 14 and the panel spacer member 26 are then brought together such that the end 46 of the panel spacer member is inserted into the hole in the second composite foam insulating panel, until the panel contacting portion 54 of the flange 50 contacts the inner surface 110 of the second composite foam insulating panel and the end 46 of the panel spacer member extends outwardly from the outer surface 114 of the second composite foam insulating panel, such that the legs are flush with the outer surface and the slot 70′ extends outwardly from the outer surface of the second composite foam insulating panel, as shown in
As shown in
As indicated above, the thickness of the composite foam insulating panels 12-18 is also a factor that must be considered in designing the insulated concrete form 10 in accordance with the present invention and will vary depending on factors including the amount of insulation desired, the thickness of the concrete wall, the height of the concrete pour, the diameter of the locking caps 28, 30 and the distance between adjacent spacer/locking cap assemblies 24. There is no maximum thickness for the foam insulating panels that can be used in the present invention. The maximum thickness is only dictated by economics and ease of handing. However, it is found as a part of the present invention that thicknesses for the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 of approximately 2 to approximately 8 inches, especially approximately 4 inches, is useful for the present invention. Remarkably, the use of the layers of reinforcing material 116, 20 permit the use of smaller locking caps 28, 30; thinner composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 and farther spacing between adjacent spacer/locking cap assemblies 24. It is believed that this results from the force applied to the composite foam insulating panels at the interface between the locking caps 28, 30 and the outer surface 112, 114, respectively, being distributed over a larger surface of the composite foam insulating panel 12, 14 through the layers of reinforcing material 116, 20. Without the layers of reinforcing material 116, 20, all of the outward force is focused on the portion of the locking caps 28, 30 that contacts the outer surfaces 112, 114 of the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14. However, the layers of reinforcing material 116, 20 increase the effective diameter of the locking caps 28, 30 and distributes the force over a larger surface area. The layers of reinforcing material 116, 20 also reduce the possibility of cracking or failure of the outer surfaces 112, 114 of the composite foam insulating panels at the interface with the locking caps 28, 30 and at positions intermediate adjacent locking caps.
It is a specific feature of the present invention that whalers 200 (also know as wales or walers) may be used in combination with the panel spacer members 26 to further reinforce the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 and increase the pressure rating thereof; especially when wet, unhardened (i.e., plastic) concrete is poured into the concrete receiving space 106 and the hydrostatic pressure on the composite foam insulating panels is at a maximum. The whaler 200 comprises an elongate U-shaped channel made from a material having high flexural strength, such as steel, aluminum or composite plastic materials (
The lateral dimension “A” of the opening 210 at 214 (the wider portion) is chosen so that it is larger than the effective diameter of the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26; i.e., the dimension “A” at 214 is greater than the dimension “C” (
Therefore, as shown in
The length of the whaler 200 will depend on the width of the foam insulating panels that are used. However, it is contemplated that the length of the whaler 200 can be at least as long as the width of one of the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 and, preferable, the whaler has a length equal to the width of multiple foam insulating panels, such as the width of 2 to 5 foam insulating panels. Also the distance from the key slot 210 to the next adjacent key slot 224 (
It is also specifically contemplated that the whaler 200 should span the joints between horizontally adjacent foam insulating panels, such as the joint 228. For example,
As a part of the present invention it has been found that the use of horizontal whalers attached to the portion of the panel spacer members 26 that extend beyond the outer surface 112, 114 of the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 provides superior strength to the insulated concrete form 10 of the present invention. Therefore, when the horizontal whalers are used, as described above, the locking caps and the connection of the locking caps to the panel spacer members does not have to be strong enough to withstand the hydrostatic pressure of the concrete when it is poured into the concrete receiving space 106; that pressure is born instead by the panel spacer members and the horizontal whalers. As a result, the diameter of the locking caps only has to be sufficient to retain the foam insulating panels in their spaced configuration during manufacture, transport and erection at a work site. After the whalers are installed on the panel spacer members, the foam insulating panels can withstand many times more hydrostatic pressure than the foam insulating panels could without the whalers. Therefore, when horizontal whalers are used, not only may the diameter of the locking caps be reduced, but the spacing of adjacent panel spacer members can be increased over systems that do not employ the whalers, as described herein. Thus, in an insulated concrete form system in accordance with the present invention that does not use the whalers, adjacent panel spacer members may be spaced on 6 to 8 inch centers. However, when the whalers are used in accordance with the present invention, the panel spacer members can be spaced on 12 to 24 inch centers, such as standard 16 inch spacing for vertical or horizontal studs used in conventional construction. By increasing the spacing of the panel spacer members, the total number of panel spacer members and locking caps for each foam insulating panel is reduced, which thereby reduces the cost of production.
By placing the whalers so that they span the joints between adjacent composite foam insulating panels, such as shown in
It is preferred that whalers are used on both the interior composite foam insulating panel 14 and the exterior composite foam insulating panel 12.
After the insulated concrete form 10 has been installed on the concrete slab 322, as shown in
Use of the concrete insulated form 10 in accordance with various disclosed embodiments of the present invention will now be considered. In order to form an exterior wall of a building, or other structure, multiple composite foam insulating panels must be positioned adjacent like panels and connected together to form an insulated concrete form of a desired shape, length and/or height.
As stated above, the composite foam insulating panels, such as the panels 12, 14, 16, 18 are designed to extend from the floor to the height of the ceiling, or next floor slab, in a single sheet of expanded polystyrene.
The composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 and the concrete slab 322 define a concrete receiving space 106 for receiving unhardened (i.e., plastic) concrete. In order to allow plastic concrete in the concrete receiving space 106 to achieve its maximum hardness, it is desirable to retain as much of the water portion of the plastic concrete in the concrete receiving space for as long as possible. The interface between the upper surface 350 of the concrete slab 322 and the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 form joints through which water from unhardened concrete in the concrete receiving space 106 can leak out of the concrete receiving space. Therefore, it is specifically contemplated that the joints between the upper surface 350 of the concrete slab 322 and the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 should be made water-proof, or substantially water-proof. Accordingly, before the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 are placed on the upper surface 350 of the concrete slab 322, a water-proof adhesive is applied to the lower transverse edges of the composite foam insulating panels. Such adhesive can be applied by any conventional means, such as by brushing, rolling, spraying, spreading, and the like. Therefore, when the composite foam insulating panel 12, 14 are placed on the upper surface 350 of the concrete slab 322, the adhesive on the lower transverse edges of the composite foam insulating panels seals the joints formed between the composite foam insulating panels and the concrete slab thereby rendering the joints water-proof, or substantially water-proof. The adhesive also adheres the composite foam insulating panel 12, 14 to the concrete slab 322. Any water-proof adhesive that is suitable for adhering polystyrene to concrete can be used. A useful adhesive is Senergy EPS insulation adhesive base coat by BASF Wall Systems. For adhering the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 to the concrete slab 322, it is desirable to add Portland cement to the Senergy EPS insulation adhesive base coat in the ratio of approximately 1.1.
In order to further secure the composite foam insulating panel 12 to the concrete slab 322 and to prevent uplift by the force of the fluid plastic concrete, the layer of reinforcing material 116 on the outer surface 112 of the exterior composite foam insulating panel 12 is adhered to the concrete slab. Specifically, the portion of the layer of reinforcing material 116 extending beyond to bottom 330 of the exterior composite foam insulating panel 12 is adhered to the vertical end 328 of the concrete slab 322 (
Additional exterior and interior composite foam insulating panel members, such as the composite foam insulating panel 16, 18 (
Whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238, are attached to the panel spacer members, such as by inserting the ends of the panel spacer members protruding from the outer surface 114 of the panels 12, 18, such as the ends 300, 302, into the wider portion 214 of the key slots 210, 224 and sliding the whaler such that the slots 70 of the panel spacer members are received in the narrower portion 212 of the key slots, thereby locking the whaler to the panel spacer member in the manner described above. A pin can then be placed into the hole 222 to prevent the whaler from moving to a position where the ends 46 of the panel spacer members are in the wider portion 214 of the key slots 210. As described above, the whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238, span the joint 228 between the adjacent panels 14, 18. It is desirable that the whaler be attached to at least one, and preferably all, of the panel spacer members in a horizontal row of one composite foam insulating panel and at least one, and preferably more, of the panel spacer members in the corresponding row of the adjacent composite foam insulating panel. In
After the horizontal whalers are secured to all of the panel spacer members of the interior foam insulating panels, such as the composite foam insulating panels 14, 18, identical horizontal whalers, such as the whalers 240-248, are secured to the ends of all of the panel spacer members of the exterior foam insulating panels, such as composite foam insulating panels 12, 16, in the same manner as described above for the interior composite foam insulating panels 14, 18.
After the whalers are installed on the interior and exterior composite foam insulating panels, the strongbacks, such as the strongbacks 318, 320, are erected adjacent the interior composite foam insulating panels 14, 18. The strongbacks, such as the strongbacks 318, 320, are attached to the whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238, by clips (not shown). The end 342 of the brace/turnbuckle 344 is attached to the strongback 342 and the other end 346 is attached to the bracket 348, which is anchored to the concrete slab 322. The brace/turnbuckle 344 is adjusted so that the strongback 318 is perfectly vertical. Multiple additional strongbacks (not shown) are secured to the whalers on the interior composite foam insulating panels in the same manner as described above. The strongbacks 318, 320 are spaced horizontally from each other at various intervals along the width of the insulated concrete forms of the present invention depending on the height and thickness of the concrete wall being constructed. However, strongbacks can be used with the present invention at intervals of approximately 4 feet to 8 feet; preferably, approximately 6 feet.
The insulated concrete forms 10 are then ready to be filled with concrete. The composite foam insulating panels 12-18 are selected to be of a thickness sufficiently strong to bear the weight of the plastic concrete that they will contain. Portions of concrete mix are added to the concrete receiving space 106 of the insulated concrete forms 10 until the concrete receiving space is filled from the horizontal surface 350 of the concrete slab 322 to the top of the insulated concrete forms. Furthermore, since the concrete receiving space 106 is water tight or substantially water tight; i.e., all possible joints and holes have been sealed such that they are water proof or substantially water-proof, the water portion of the plastic concrete mix is retained within the concrete receiving space, and, therefore, retained in the concrete mix. By retaining the water in the concrete mix in the concrete receiving space 106 and since that space is insulated by the composite foam insulating panels 12-18, the heat of hydration is retained within the insulated concrete form such that the concrete mix will achieve its maximum potential hardness, thereby producing a stronger concrete wall. In addition, the absence of cold joints in the concrete wall also produces a stronger concrete wall, or other concrete structure.
Surprisingly, it has been found as a part of the present invention that when the whalers and strongbacks are used in conjunction with the composite foam insulating panels, as described above, there is essentially no limitation to the height of each lift of concrete that can be added to the concrete receiving space 106. Also, when the whalers and strongbacks are used in accordance with the present invention, the thickness of the composite foam insulating panels can be reduced because the whalers and strongbacks provide additional strength to the concrete forms. Building concrete walls, columns, piers and other elevated concrete structures using the insulated concrete forms of the present invention has an additional advantage in that it's use will not be as foreign to persons skilled in the art compared to the modular insulated concrete forms of the prior art. The insulated concrete forms of the present invention can do everything that conventional steel and plywood forms of the prior art can do, and they are erected in much the same way and will have similar pressure ratings. Therefore, the amount of training necessary to design and build elevated concrete structures using the insulated concrete forms of the present invention is less that that required for the modular insulated concrete forms of the prior art.
After the concrete mix in the concrete receiving space 106 has hardened sufficiently, the strongbacks and the whalers can be removed from the insulated concrete forms 10. The strongback 318 is removed by detaching the clips (not shown) that attach the strongback to all of the whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238, on the interior composite foam insulating panels 14, 18. Then, the screws (not shown) anchoring the bracket 348 to the concrete slab 322 are removed. All of the whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238 and 240-250, are then removed from both the interior and the exterior composite foam insulating panels 12-18. The whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-238, are removed from the panel spacer members, such as the panel spacer member 26, by first removing the pin (not shown) from the hole 222, and, then sliding the whaler so that the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer members are disposed in the wider portion 214 of the key slot 210. The whalers can then simply be pulled off of the panel spacer members and away from the composite foam insulating panels.
In the embodiment disclosed herein, the whaler 400 has an elongate central support member 402 and two elongate flanges 404, 406 arranged orthogonally to the central support member and at opposite lateral ends thereof. The central support member 402, at one end thereof splits into two opposed legs 408, 410 and a base 412 and at the other end into two opposed legs 414, 416 and a base 418. The legs 408, 410 and the base 412 define a first channel 420; the legs 414, 416 and the base 418 define a second channel 422. Formed in the flanges 404, 406 are openings 424, 428, which lead to the channels 420, 422, respectively. The channels 420, 422 are of identical size and shape, although they could be made differently for different purposes. When use as a whaler, only one flange 404, 406 at a time is used to attach the whaler 400 to the panel spacer members 26, as described below. Thus, either the flange 404 or the flange 406 can be used for attachment to the panel spacer member 26, thus making the flanges 404, 406 both equally useful for the same purpose. However, it might be desirable to design one of the flanges 404, 406 differently from the other to perform a different task or serve a different purpose. Therefore, for purposes of the present invention, the I-beam whaler 400 only needs at least one of the flanges 404, 406. The I-beam whaler 400 is preferably made from metal, such as steel or aluminum, or thermosetting plastics, such as vinyl ester fiberglass, and can be made by extrusion, pultrusion or other suitable forming processes.
At longitudinal intervals along the length of the whaler 400 in the flanges 404, 406 are formed opening; such as in the flange 404 are formed openings 428, 430, and in the flange 406 is formed the opening 432. The lateral dimension “H” of the openings 428, 430 is greater than the lateral dimension “J” of the openings 424, 426. The opening 428 can be formed by drilling, routing or any other suitable means. The lateral dimension “H” of the opening 428 is greater than the effective diameter of the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26; i.e., the dimension “H” is greater than the dimension “C” from the ends 216, 218 of the opposite legs 44, 46, respectively, between the slot 70 and the end 44. The lateral dimension “J” of the opening 424 (which is the same as the opening 426) is equal to or wider than the diameter “D” of the central round core 68 but narrower than the effective diameter “C” of the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26; i.e., the dimension “J” is less than the dimension “C” but equal to or wider than the dimension “D”.
Therefore, as shown in
The length of the I-beam whaler 400 will depend on the width of the foam insulating panels that are used. However, it is contemplated that the length of the I-beam whaler 400 can be at least as long as the width of one of the foam insulating panels, and, preferable, the I-beam whaler has a length equal to the width of multiple foam insulating panels, such as the width of 2 to 5 foam insulating panels. Also the distance “K” from the opening 428 to the next adjacent opening 430 is the same as the center-to-center distance from one panel spacer member 26 to the next horizontally adjacent panel spacer member. Thus, each I-beam whaler 400 has a plurality of openings, such as the openings 428, 430, spaced along the length thereof and the number and spacing of such openings corresponds to the number and spacing of the panel spacer members 26 aligned horizontally in the composite foam insulating panels, such as the panels 14, 18, or alternately, one-half of the spacing between horizontally adjacent panel spacer members 26. For example, horizontally adjacent panel spacer members may be space on 16 inch centers and the I-beam whalers may have the openings 428, 430 spaced at either 16 inches or 8 inches. It is also specifically contemplated that the I-beam whaler 400 should span the joints between horizontally adjacent composite foam insulating panels, such as the joint 228 between the panels 14, 18, as shown in
The I-beam whaler 400 can also be used as an I-beam strongback.
The distance between the flanges 48, 50 and the ends 602, 604, respectively, of the panel spacer member 600 is equal to the thickness of the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14. Therefore, when the panel penetrating portions 56, 58 of the panel spacer member 600 are inserted through the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14, as shown in
If it is desired to attach horizontal whalers or vertical wall studs to the panel spacer member 600, it can easily be done by inserting a self-tapping screw 610 through, for example, a hole (not shown) in a whaler 240 and into the hole 606 in the end 602 of the panel spacer member 600. The screw 610 can then be tightened so that the whaler 240 is held firmly in place. It may be desirable to place a washer 614 between the screw head and the whaler 240 so as to spread the load over a larger surface area. Similarly, a whaler 200 can be attached using a screw 612 and a washer and inserting the screw through a hole in the whaler (not shown) and into the opening 608 in the end 604 of the panel spacer member 600. A vertical wall stud (not shown) can be attached to the panel spacer member 600 in the same manner. The whalers 200, 240 can be removed from the panel spacer member 600 by merely removing the screws 610, 612 from the holes 606, 608 and pulling the whalers away from the foam insulating panels 12, 14. Thus, the panel spacer member 600 provides a relatively easy way to temporarily attach and remove a whaler, such as the whaler 240, or to permanently attach a vertical wall stud.
The panel spacer members 26, 600 not only function for attachment of horizontal whalers, but also for the attachment of vertical walls studs. Thus, after the whalers are removed, they can be replaced with vertical wall studs. The vertical wall studs allow for the installation of many different types of wall claddings without penetrating the foam, the concrete or the weather membrane.
The lateral dimension “F” of the key slot 710 at 714 (the wider portion) is chosen so that it is larger than the effective diameter of the ends 44, 46 of the panel spacer member 26; i.e., the dimension “F” at 714 is greater than the dimension “C” from the ends 216, 218 of the opposite legs 62, 66, respectively, between the slot 70 and the end 44. The lateral dimension “G” of the key slot 710 at 712 (the narrower portion) is chosen so that it is equal to or wider than the diameter “D” of the central round core 68 but narrower than the effective diameter “C” of the ends 44, 46 the panel spacer member 26; i.e., the dimension “G” at 712 is less than the dimension “C” from the ends 216, 218 of the opposite legs 62, 66, respectively, between the slot 70 and the end 44. Therefore, the wall stud 700 can be placed over the end 44 of the panel spacer member 26 such that the end of the panel spacer member fits through the wider portion 714 of the key slot 710. Then, the wall stud 700 can be slid so that the end 44 of the panel spacer member 26 is positioned in the narrower portion 712 of the key slot 710 and the sides of the key slot fit in the slot 70 in the panel spacer member. When the end 44 of the panel spacer member 26 is in the narrower portion 712 of the key slot 710, the wall stud 700 is locked in place and cannot be removed from the end of the panel spacer member (longitudinally with respect to the panel spacer member). Holes 716, 718 are provided in the side wall 702, 704, respectively, aligned with the approximate mid-point of the narrower portion 712 of key slot 710. A screw or pin (not shown) can then be screwed or inserted into the holes 716, 718 so that the shaft of the screw or pin extends transversely across the width of the wall stud 700 and across the narrow portion 712 of the key slot 710, thereby capturing the end 44 of the panel spacer member 26 in the narrow portion of the key slot. When the screw or pin (not shown) is positioned in the holes 716, 718 as described above, the wall stud 700 cannot be slid up or down, thereby locking the wall stud in position.
The length of the wall stud 700 will depend on the height of the composite foam insulating panels 12-18 that are used. However, it is contemplated that the length of the wall stud 700 will be equal to the height of the composite foam insulating panels used in the building being constructed, such as 8, 9, 10 or 12 feet long. Also, the distance M from the key slot 714 to the next adjacent key slot 720 is the same as the center-to-center distance from one panel spacer member to the next vertically adjacent panel spacer member; e.g., from panel spacer member 26 to panel spacer member 26′ (
The wall studs, such as the wall studs 700, 700′, can be installed on the foam insulating panels, such as the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14 (
All of the above wall cladding systems have in common the drainage cavity, the weather membrane on the outer surface of the composite foam insulating panels that repeals water intrusion and the fact that the panel spacer member 26 embedded into the concrete becomes an integrated cast in place anchor for the studs. Also, the attachment of the wall studs to the panel spacer members, such as the panel spacer member 26, at the ends thereof, such as the end 44, does not damage or penetrated the weather membrane. Furthermore, all attachments to the studs do not penetrate the weather membrane. Therefore, the present invention not only provides a drainage cavity for any water that may penetrate the exterior cladding, but also provides a continuous weather membrane on the outer surface of the exterior composite foam insulating panels such that water cannot penetrate through the concrete wall to the inside of the building.
While some of the disclosed embodiments of the present invention do not show the use of steel rebar, it is preferred that the concrete be reinforced vertically with steel rebar and horizontally with fibers, such as steel fibers or plastic fibers. Many different types of steel fibers are known and can be used in the present invention, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,235,108; 7,419,543 and 7,641,731, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Plastic fibers can also be used, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,753,081; 6,569,525 and 5,628,822, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The steel fibers in the concrete can be used as a replacement for horizontal rebar. The vertical steel rebar, such as the rebar 840 (
In the prior art modular insulated concrete form systems, the panel spacer members are used to hold the opposed forms together and to keep them from moving apart when the concrete is placed in the form. In the present invention, the panel spacer members perform many more tasks. In addition to the aforementioned functions, the panel spacer members provide mountings for horizontal whalers, for vertical wall studs and clips for attaching various types of wall cladding, such as brick, marble, stone, metal panels, wood or cement siding or the like.
Without wall studs, the exterior surface 112 of the exterior composite foam insulating panel 12 can be finished with coatings, such as stucco or thin brick. If it is desired to have a flat interior wall surface, such as would be required for stucco, the portion of the panel spacer member 26 that extends beyond the locking caps 28, 30 can be removed by sawing, cutting or grinding. Similarly, if it is desired to have a flat exterior wall surface, the portion of the panel spacer member 26 that extends beyond the locking caps 28, 30 can be removed by sawing, cutting or grinding.
The insulated concrete form for the elevated concrete slab or roof structure is then prepared by first erecting a supporting structure. The supporting structure comprises a plurality of post shores, such as the post shores 904, 906, the bottoms of which sit on the top surface 350 of the concrete slab 322. The top portion of the post shores, such as post shores 904, 906 support a plurality of horizontal elongate beams, such as the beam 910. The beams, such as the beam 910, can be of any conventional design, but can conveniently be of the same design as the strongbacks 318, 360. The beams, such as the beam 910, extend laterally from the vertical wall 902 to the opposing wall (not shown). The plurality of beams, such as the beam 910, support a plurality of stringers, such as the stringers 912, 914, 916, 918, 920, 922. The stringers, such as the stringers 912-922, can be of any conventional design, but are preferably of the same design as the whalers, such as the whalers 200, 230-250 disclosed above, especially the I-beam whalers, such as the I-beam whalers 400, 434-454. Each of the stringers 912-922 is connected to the end of an alternated disclosed embodiment of the panel spacer member 26 as described below.
For elevated slab construction, an alternated disclosed embodiment of the panel spacer member 26 is used. As shown in
As stated above, the stringers 912-922 can be in the same form as the U-shaped whalers 200, 230-250 or the I-beam whalers 400, 434-454.
The horizontal composite foam insulating panel 926 is identical in size and shape to the foam insulating panels 12, 14, such as 9 feet 6 inches long and 4 feet 1 inches wide, although any desired size can be used. The horizontal composite foam insulating panels 926 should also have the same insulating properties as the foam insulating panels 12, 14. If the horizontal composite foam insulating panel is made from a material other than polystyrene, the horizontal composite foam insulating panel should have insulating properties equivalent to at least 1 inch of expanded polystyrene foam; preferably, between 2 and 8 inches of expanded polystyrene foam; especially at least 2 inches of expanded polystyrene foam; more especially at least 3 inches of expanded polystyrene foam; most especially, at least 4 inches of expanded polystyrene foam.
Before the horizontal composite foam insulating panel 926 is placed on top of the beam 910, the panel anchor members, such as the panel anchor members 924, 932, 934, 936, 938, 940, are attached to the horizontal composite foam insulating panel at spaced intervals in rows and columns in the same manner as the panel spacer member 26, as shown in
The panel anchor members, such as the panel anchor member 924, each optionally includes a C-shaped clamping member 942 extending upwardly from the flange 42′ (
After the rebar 944, 945, 946 grid has been formed, unhardened concrete mix is poured on top of the top surface 930 of the horizontal foam insulating panel 926 to a desired depth, but in any case deep enough such that the clamping member 942 (or the flange 42′ if no clamping member is used) and the rebar 944, 946 are positioned at the appropriate depth of the concrete slab 900, as required by structural design calculations. Of course, for an elevated concrete slab, such as shown here, it may be desirable to use lightweight concrete instead of conventional concrete.
As shown in
After the elevated concrete slab 900 has achieved a sufficient degree of cure so that it is self-supporting, the post shores, such as the post shores 904, 906, the beams, such as beam 910, and the stringers, such as the stringers 912-922 are removed. The stringers, such as the stringers 912-922, can be removed from the panel anchor members, such as the panel anchor members 924, 932-940, in the same manner that the I-beam whaler 400 is removed from the panel spacer member 26, as described above.
If it is desired to add a cladding surface to the lower surface 928 of the horizontal foam insulating panel 926, studs identical to the vertical wall studs 700 (
Although the elevated slab 900 has been shown as being supported on the edges by a poured-in-place vertical concrete wall, such as the shown in
In an alternate disclosed embodiment, the elevated concrete slab can be used as a roofing system. In such a case, instead of supporting the horizontal composite foam insulating panel 926 with post shores, such as the post shores 904, 906, the beams, such as beam 910, and stringers, such as the stringers 912-922, the horizontal composite foam insulating panel can be supported by metal roof joists.
As stated above, the present invention can be used for the construction of columns and piers. To form a column or pier, the composite foam insulating panels, such as the panels 12, 14, are placed on opposite sides of where the pier or column is to be formed. If the column or pier is to be of a larger dimension than the wall, panel spacer members of a desired dimension are used to space the foam insulating panels 12, 14 at the desired distance. The open ends of the form are then covered with another piece of a composite foam insulating panel on each open end. Whalers are then used to wrap the four composite foam insulating panels like a belt. Plastic concrete mix can then be poured into the form. After the concrete has achieved a sufficient cure, the whalers are removed. Then, the composite foam insulating panels covering the ends of the panels 12, 14 are removed. And, if desired the foam insulating panels 12, 14 can be removed or they can be left in place, as desired. If it is desired to remove the composite foam insulating panels 12, 14, they can be removed by cutting the locking caps 28, 30 off the panel spacer members 26 and pulling the foam insulating panels off the panel penetrating portions 56, 58, respectively, of the panel spacer member. Then, any portion of the panel spacer member 26 extending outwardly from the surface of the column or pier can be cut off or ground down to provide a flush surface on the pier or column.
The concrete form system of the present invention provides a very versatile building system. And, unlike the modular insulated concrete forms of the prior art, the concrete form system of the present invention provides a building system that can perform all of the same tasks as conventional steel and/or wood concrete form systems, including building high-rise buildings.
It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing relates only to certain disclosed embodiments of the present invention and that numerous modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/628,958 filed Feb. 23, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,624,679, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/311,310 filed Jun. 22, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,115,503, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/247,133 filed Sep. 28, 2011, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 8,756,890.
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