Patent Grant
9834925
This patent relates to concrete and other masonry blocks, walls and other structures and, more specifically, to such structures that contain insulation and utilize facing materials.
Masonry walls and similar structures have been made with a wide variety of construction materials and methods and therefore exhibit a large number of different characteristics. Among such walls, precast concrete block walls are well known. While precast concrete block or CMU (concrete masonry unit) walls are inexpensive and strong, conventional such walls provide relatively little resistance to heat transmission, may drain water poorly and are often unattractive.
The terms “invention,” “the invention,” “this invention” and “the present invention” used in this patent are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent and the patent claims below. Statements containing these terms should be understood not to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit the meaning or scope of the patent claims below. Embodiments of the invention covered by this patent are defined by the claims below, not this summary. This summary is a high-level overview of various aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts that are further described in the Detailed Description section below. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings and each claim.
This invention provides complementary components for the construction of clad, faced or other masonry walls and similar structures that are strong, inexpensive, avoid thermal bridges, resist transmission of heat, and are attractive and versatile because an enormous variety of decorative face members may be utilized. Moreover, embodiments of this invention effectively drain water while resisting penetration of the entire structure by water and provide structures that prevent facing materials from falling even if fire destroys insulating foam between the structural block and the facing. They may also present attractive systems in seismic properties and resistance to wind loading.
The wall and other structures components and system of this invention include anchoring components that physically connect face materials to structural materials that are separated from the face materials by heat insulation and, generally, without undesirable thermal bridges. The components and system provide anchors that are coated with or imbedded in thermal insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene foams or a wide variety of other plastic or polymeric materials. Alternatively, the anchors may be fabricated from materials or combinations of materials (including, without limitation, materials coated with a thermal insulating coating) that themselves do not efficiently transmit heat and thereby avoid undesirable thermal bridges. Such materials may include, without limitation, basalt fibers, ceramic fibers, glass fibers or carbon fibers and other compatible and appropriate composite materials.
The anchoring components of this invention may have a wide variety of shapes and structures for anchoring face materials to structural wall or other building materials across or through thermal insulation. Generally such anchors will maintain connections between building structure and face materials even if fire or other destructive seismic and other events damage or destroy insulation between the face materials and building structure so that such destructive events do not cause face materials to detach and fall. Generally such anchors have anchor ends that are captured in or otherwise attached to the face materials and structural materials. Such connections may include bulbous, spread, cap-like, plate-like, bent, threaded or other anchor ends that are captured in slots, grooves, threaded members or the like. Such receiving structures can include T-slots, dovetail slots or other anchor-engaging structures, and such slots or structures can open above and or below the assembled location of the anchor, such as one or two edges of the structural material or face material. “Key-hole” slots are also usable that have an opening large enough for the anchor end to be inserted in a space that communicates with space partially covered by a structure defining a narrower slot through which a smaller portion of the anchor can extend. Anchor-to-facing or anchor-to-structure connections can simply slide together, can have “insert and slide” structure, can have an “engage and turn” structure, and can include threaded components (including, without limitation, threaded male members like screws and bolts and threaded female members like nuts) among other alternatives.
Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawing figures:
The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is described here with specificity to meet statutory requirements, but this description is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claims. The claimed subject matter may be embodied in other ways, may include different elements or steps, and may be used in conjunction with other existing or future technologies. This description should not be interpreted as implying any particular order or arrangement among or between various steps or elements except when the order of individual steps or arrangement of elements is explicitly described.
A basic block wall assembly 10 of a first embodiment of the insulated block system of this invention is depicted in
Each insulated block assembly is assembled from three components, a structural block, a facing block, and insulation block between these. The insulated stretcher block 12 depicted in
As will be appreciated by review of the Figures, the exemplary components depicted in the Figures are consistent in size and relative proportions such as height as compared to length and depth. Components of different sizes than those depicted in the Figures and components with different proportions are easily designed and manufactured utilizing the information provided here. For instance, among many other possibilities, a system of this invention may be produced with structural, insulation and facing blocks nominally one-half as tall as the components illustrated in the Figures as compared to length and depth. Numerous other relative proportions are likewise easily utilized.
Details of the structures of the exemplary components of exemplary stretcher block assembly 12 are well depicted in
As is particularly well shown in
Face block 16 face 28 includes two dovetail cross section through slots or grooves 30 on face 28 and three dovetail cross-section stopped slots or grooves 32.
Through slots or grooves 26 on block 14 penetrate both the top 34 and bottom 36 of block 14. Through slots or grooves 30 on facing 16 penetrate both of the top 38 and bottom 40 of facing block 16.
Stopped slots or grooves 30 on face blocks 16 open down (penetrating the bottom 40 of facing block 16), and stopped slots or grooves 24 on block 14 open up (penetrating the top 34 of block 14).
Insulation block 18 may be a single piece of plastic foam or other appropriate material and could also be built up from components among other alternatives. As depicted in the drawings, block 18 is a generally rectangular slab with faces 42 and 44 configured to mate with blocks 14 and 16. Portions of each block 18 may lap a portion of each block 18 beside which it is positioned end to end in order to limit transmission of heat through the wall front to back or back to front. For instance, among other alternatives such as half-lap joint, a tongue 48 on one end of each block 18 may be received in a groove 46 on the other end. Ridges 54 on the top 50 and bottom 52 compress gaskets 58 to limit heat transmission above and below insulation blocks 18.
As is apparent in several of the figures, the tongue 48 and groove 46 ends inter-fit to provide continuous insulation horizontally.
Numerous alternative insulation block end structures are possible, including among others, ship-lapping, multiple tongues and grooves, scarfing and butting.
Gasket strips 58 are captured between opposed tops 50 and bottoms 52 of insulation blocks 18 (and, more specifically between ridges 54 on the tops 50 and bottoms 52 of the insulation blocks 18), thereby providing continuous insulation vertically in the system 10. The exemplary insulation blocks 18 shown in the figures have round regions 178 (marked in
Gasket 58 may be made of any appropriate material. Compliant material that can compress to adjust for differences in the thickness of mortar between blocks, which mortar establishes the spacing between blocks, is desirable so that a good seal will be achieved notwithstanding such variations in mortar thickness and block spacing.
Appropriate gasket materials will typically be somewhat flexible, preferably provides good insulation slowing transmission of heat and should be a resilient material that can be somewhat compressed between insulation blocks 18 to provide a seal between such blocks while resisting passage horizontally of air, water or heat. Usable materials may include expanded styrene, polystyrene, polypropylene and other foams, neoprene, natural and synthetic rubbers and other polymer materials and other suitable conventional and newly-developed gasket materials. Adhesive may be pre-applied to one or both of the top and bottom gasket surfaces, and such adhesive may be protected with a release paper or film that is removed before installation.
The faces 42 and 44 of each insulation block 18 are the same but are rotated 180 degrees (or flipped) about a horizontal axis relative to each other. Each face 42 and 44 includes two vertically oriented dovetail “tails” or keys 60 essentially the full height of block 18 and three dovetail tails or keys 62 that are not full height. Keys 62 are topped by a sloping ramp surface 64 that dies into the face 42 or 44 of the block 18 as the case may be, and each of tails or keys 60 terminates in a shorter ramp 66 that does not extend all the way to face 42 or 44 as the case may be. Grooves 24 in block 14 and grooves 32 in face block 16 terminate in sloping regions or ramps 68 in the case of grooves 24, and ramps 70 in the case of grooves 32.
As may be appreciated by reference to
As can also be seen on
As can be appreciated by reference to
Anchors 20 are dimensioned so that they can be positioned within insulation block 18 entirely encapsulated by the material of the insulation block 18, and with the dovetail-shaped ends 90 positioned within opposed grooves 24 and 32 of face block 16 and structural block 14, respectively, when insulation blocks 18 are assembled with structural blocks 14 and face blocks 16. If the insulating material of insulation block 18 burns, melts or otherwise loses its integrity, because, for instance, the structure 10 is loaded beyond the ability of insulation blocks 18 to secure face block 16 to stretcher block 14, anchors 20 will prevent face blocks 16 from falling away from structural blocks 14 because the ends 90 are wider than the mouths of grooves 24 and 32. As a result, vertical downward movement of face block 16 will drive the end 90 of anchors 20 up against ramp 70 in facing block 16 and down against ramp 68 in block 14. This will typically prevent the face block 16 from falling off or otherwise away from the structure provided by blocks 14.
Because anchor 20 is entirely encapsulated by the insulation material of block 18 (absent fire or other degradation of insulation 18), anchor 20 does not contact either of block 14 or face block 16 and thus does not provide a thermal bridge between face block 16 and structural block 14.
As depicted in the Figures illustrating an exemplary system of this invention, anchor 20 may be fabricated of sheet metal of any suitable type, including steel, stainless steel, aluminum and other metals and alloys. Many other materials and cross sectional and longitudinal shapes are possible. For instance, among other possibilities, anchor 20 could be forged, molded or cast of metal or another material (including, without limitation, polymers and polymer composites) with appropriate thermal and structural properties so that the anchor 20 will not melt or burn at the temperatures encountered in structure fires and have sufficient strength and an appropriate shape to keep the face block 16 coupled to the structural blocks 14 in the event of a fire or other circumstance that damages the material of insulation block 18.
Anchor 20 also may be made of wire, bar or rod bent or otherwise formed into a suitable shape. Selection of material and configuration of anchor 20 will be typically dictated by the size and composition of the other system components and the temperature (in a fire) and other extreme physical conditions it is desired that anchor 20 be able to withstand. For instance, stainless steel anchors 20 may be desirable in particularly corrosive environments.
This masonry system may provide highly effective management of water. As an example, the components depicted in the figures provide drainage of water away from the interior of structural stretcher blocks 14 and, therefore, away from the interior of a building wall or other structure made of the components of this invention.
First, full length grooves 26 in stretcher block 14 and grooves 30 in face blocks 16 permit any water within those grooves to drain down while remaining near the exterior of a structure made from these components. Water that enters grooves 24 in block 14 drains down and then away from the interior of block 14 when it encounters ramps 68. The vertical spaces between the interlocking components illustrated in
Second, vertical water management grooves 94 are incorporated in both the front and rear faces 42 and 44, respectively, of insulation blocks 18 to permit water to flow down either the front or back of blocks 18.
Third, gasket 58 (
Fourth (and finally), an appropriate water path may be provided out the front of the wall at a foundation, at a lintel, or at another location where the downward extending wall stops. Such a “bottom row” detail at a floor or foundation is depicted in
Insulation block 106 shown in
Insulation blocks 18 may be formed of expanded polystyrene or other expanded, foamed, fused, bonded or other polymer materials or a wide variety of other suitable materials providing the structural and thermal blocking properties appropriate for this member and any other desirable properties that may include strength, flame retardation, smoke suppression and water impermeability.
The insulation block 18 may be made of conventional expandable polystyrene foam and of modified polystyrene foam such as BASF Neopor® foams, which are expandable polystyrene foams formulated with graphite in the cell structure, creating a grey-hued material that, according to the manufacturer, provides better thermal performance than traditional expandable polystyrene foam. Other foams and other insulating materials may also be used, such as polyurethane or isoprene foams, among others. The insulation blocks 18 may be formed in suitably shaped molds that may include magnetic or other clips or hold-downs that hold the anchors in place within the mold while the expandable foam is introduced into the mold cavity and the insulation block 18 is formed. Essentially any front to back thickness of insulation block 18 is usable that is thick enough (i.e., on the order of at least about 1″ thick) to form the desired structure and provide heat insulation. Thicknesses between approximately 1″ and approximately 10″ will typically be appropriate, but thinner and thicker insulation blocks 18 are also possible. The thickness of the insulation block 18 can be adjusted to achieve a desired R value for a particular foam material or to match desired dimensions of the structure within which the block system of this invention is to be used.
As is indicated in
Other numbers of grooves and tails or keys in blocks 14, 16 and 18 may be used than the number depicted in the drawings and described above, and different numbers of anchors 20 can be utilized than the number depicted in the drawings and described above.
Although not depicted in the drawings or described above, a single facing block 16 may overlap and adhere or otherwise attach to a plurality of insulation blocks 18 containing one or more anchors 20, and a single insulation block 18 containing one or more anchors 20 may overlap and adhere or otherwise attach to a plurality of structural blocks 14. Thus, a single facing block 16 may overlap with a plurality of structural blocks 14, and a single insulation block 18 containing one or more anchors 20 may overlap with a plurality of facing blocks 16, structural blocks 14, or both.
One of the advantages of the block system of this invention is that there are three mortar locations within the thickness of a wall rather than the two typical in a conventional concrete block wall. Specifically (with reference to
In this example,
Right hand corner assembly 126 depicted in
As is apparent in the figures, the four sub-assemblies 130, 132, 146 and 148 may be made using only two special structural blocks. More specifically, blocks 134 and 156 may be identical, and blocks 140 and 150 may be identical.
Special purpose blocks and sub-assemblies in accordance with this disclosure can incorporate a wide variety of interlocking and anchoring configurations. In the exemplary configurations shown in the figures where blocks 134 and 156 are the same and blocks 132 and 150 are the same and the blocks have a “standard” size cavity 174 and a smaller cavity 176 (marked in
Corner reinforcement tie wire inserts 162 (see
Accommodation for wall movement because of temperature changes or other factors without creation of an air or water-admitting penetration through the entire wall can be accomplished with (full size) sash blocks 164 as depicted in
The exemplary structural blocks 14 and other structural blocks of this invention may be made using conventional, typically inexpensive, concrete materials or from a variety of other cementitious materials and other compositions providing sufficient strength, density and other qualities appropriate for the particular application. The blocks 14 shown in the drawings have flat top webs. Such blocks can also be produced with webs with V-shaped tops. Such blocks with V-shaped web tops may provide benefits relative to water drainage, aesthetics and other things.
Face blocks 16 and other such blocks can be made of concrete and virtually any other desired material that will provide adequate strength and weather resistance and, importantly, other desired aesthetic qualities. For instance, face blocks may be made of marble or another natural stone, a wide variety of castable or moldable materials, metals (including aluminum), wood and other machinable or formable materials.
Insulation blocks 18 may be married to blocks 14 and 16 using adhesives or other means, and adhesives can act as lubricants to facilitate assembly of the face insulation and structural blocks. Among other alternatives, when adhesive is used, 3M brand Polystyrene Foam 78 Adhesive may be used. Other adhesives may also be used provided that they do not damage the insulation blocks 18 and otherwise provide appropriate application and performance properties.
Insulation blocks 18 are designed to make use of adhesives unnecessary. The blocks of this invention may be joined simply by sliding the tails or keys 60 and 62 of insulation blocks 18 into the grooves or slots 24 and 26 of blocks 14 and the grooves or slots 30 and 32 of face blocks 16. Sloping ramps 64 and 68 may facilitate introduction of the tails or keys 60 and 62 into the grooves or slots of blocks 14 and 16. Whether adhesive is used or not, a hydraulic or other press may be used to facilitate this assembly: (a) by pressing the top 50 of insulation block 18 and bottom 36 of block 14 until the tails 60 and 62 are seated in the grooves 24 and 26 of block 14, and (b) by pressing the top of 38 of facing block 16 and bottom of insulation block 18 until the tails 60 and 62 of block 18 are seated in the grooves 30 and 32 of facing block 16. This assembly may be done in any desired order of steps, including simultaneously.
The desired relative positions of the blocks will be maintained under normal circumstances as a result of friction between rub ribs 88 (visible in
The use of sloping ramps 70 on face block 16, sloping ramps 64 on insulation block 18 and sloping ramps 68 on structural block 14 provide the capacity to align insulation block 18 relative to the face block 16 in structural block 14 more accurately than might be the case using other stopping structures. This is because the opposing faces will “lock up” within a small range of relative positions rather than providing a hard stop as might be the case if stop structures square to the block faces were used. These sloping surfaces also provide better encouragement (than would square ledges) for water to drain down within the wall structure.
Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and subcombinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the claims below.
For instance, anchors 20 can be configured in numerous other shapes and of different materials, including various different cross sectional sheet metal and wire shapes and sizes. Alternatives to anchors 20 with round end structures having a diameter just less than the width of the tails or keys 62 at the location where the end structures will be imbedded in the tails 62 may be well-suited for their purpose because, among other reasons, they can be rotated along their longitudinal axis during positioning and molding of insulation blocks 18, making them easy to position and use. Other alternative anchor shapes may also be used, including, for instance, anchors having vertically oriented, plate-shaped square or rectangular ends of appropriate width, which ends may be joined by a sheet or web of metal or another material. Similarly, an anchor may be made of cast metal with a central, rectangular web and flaring, dovetail-shaped ends embedded in the tails or keys 62 similar in shape to the anchors 20 depicted in the drawings. Among other wires usable for anchors are 0.15″ diameter round galvanized steel wire. Various other wire-making materials can also be used, including, for instance, stainless steel in particularly corrosive environments.
As is indicated in
Other numbers of grooves and tails in blocks 14, 16 and 18 can be used than the number depicted in the drawings and described above, and different numbers of anchors 20 can be utilized than the number depicted in the drawings and described above.
Appropriate adjustments and configurations may also be desirable in producing the special-purpose sub-assemblies of this invention. For instance, insulation block 172 used with the half-sash units illustrated in
One aspect of this disclosure includes four main components: a facing block, a structural block, anchors that prevent the facing from separating from the structural block and insulation between the facing block and the structural block. Most of the detailed description and figures contemplate structures in which anchors are embedded in the insulation blocks and are normally thermally insulated from the face and structural blocks so that the anchors do not form a thermal bridge. Other alternatives are possible. For instance the anchors may be separate components from the insulation that are assembled on site or are preassembled with one or more of the insulation, facing or structural components before those components or subassemblies of those components are assembled on site. Furthermore, anchors, facing blocks and structural blocks could be preassembled or assembled on site so that there is a cavity between the facing and structural blocks into which insulation can be installed in solid form or inserted as a liquid that may foam, and in any event solidifies, in situ. Such alternative anchors may be mounted in either or both of the facing and structural blocks and engaged with the other of these blocks during assembly of the components. In another alternative, an anchor component may be attached to each of the facing and structural blocks and then coupled during component assembly.
Block assemblies may be manufactured with a structural block with a vertical side penetrated by at least one groove, a facing block with a vertical side penetrated by at least one groove, an insulation block With front and back vertical sides, With the front side comprising at least one upward facing tail or key and the back side comprising at least one downward facing tail or key, by performing the following steps, in no particular order: sliding the structural block and insulation blocks relative to each other so that the downward facing tails or keys are received in the structural block grooves, and sliding the facing block and insulation block relative to each other so that the upward facing tails or keys are received in the facing block grooves. The blocks may be pressed together with a press.
Insulation blocks may be manufactured by:
A structural block for use at an end, corner or the like in a block wall including structural blocks, insulation blocks and face blocks, each of which face blocks has at least one elongated groove, and each of which insulation blocks has at least one elongated tail or key, may comprise: a concrete masonry unit having a front vertical wall, a back vertical wall and two vertical end walls between the front vertical and back vertical walls, the front and one of the end the walls further comprising at least one vertically extending groove adapted to receive the at least one elongated tail or key.
A facing block for use at a corner, end or the like in a block structure comprising structural blocks, insulation blocks and face blocks, each of which structural blocks has at least one elongated groove, and each of which insulation blocks has at least two elongated tails or keys, may comprise:
A thermally insulated wall structure may include structure blocks, face blocks, anchors for joining the face blocks to the structure blocks, and insulation for interposition between the structure blocks and the face blocks. The anchors may be configured to avoid providing thermal bridges.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/212,012, now allowed, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 61/791,187 for “Insulated Block Wall System,” filed Mar. 15, 2013, the contents of all which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2185335 | Fischer | Jan 1940 | A |
| 2518640 | Purinton | Aug 1950 | A |
| 2687034 | Samuel Blanc | Aug 1954 | A |
| 2919572 | Salzi | Jan 1960 | A |
| 3873225 | Jakobsen et al. | Mar 1975 | A |
| 4190995 | Armistead | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4557094 | Beliveau | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4622796 | Aziz et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4698947 | McKay | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4854097 | Haener | Aug 1989 | A |
| 5209037 | Kennedy et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5566518 | Martin et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5983585 | Spakousky | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6148576 | Janopaul, Jr. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6189282 | VanderWerf | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6305135 | Inaba | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6978581 | Spakousky | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 9482003 | Browning | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 20070294970 | Marshall et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080104916 | Schmid | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20090041552 | Hammer | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090288361 | Badin | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100101159 | Gleeson et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20110000161 | Aube et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20120073226 | Biggin et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120247042 | Clancy et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20140150361 | Castonguay et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 29602716 | Jun 1996 | DE |
| 202009002697 | May 2009 | DE |
| 0003268 | Aug 1979 | EP |
| 1479841 | Nov 2004 | EP |
| 2226444 | Sep 2010 | EP |
| 2372940 | Jun 1978 | FR |
| 2567177 | Oct 1986 | FR |
| 2004072400 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report and Written Opinion in related International Application No. PCT/US2014/028784, dated Sep. 26, 2014, 12 pages. |
| ASTM International, Load bearing Concrete Masonry Units, Standard Specification, Designation C90-14, downloaded Feb. 25, 2015, 4 pages. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability from related PCT Application No. PCT/US2014/028784, dated Sep. 24, 2015, 8 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170022705 A1 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61791187 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14212012 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 15289796 | US |
