Patent Application
20050173425
1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of microwave packaging for food products and more specifically to the insulation of microwave packaging materials, including microwave interactive packaging material.
2) Description of Related Art
Many combinations of materials of different character have been combined in microwave packaging to influence the cooking effect of the microwave energy on food products. These microwave packaging materials may be either microwave transparent, for example, paper, paperboard, or many plastics, or they may be microwave interactive, for example, metal foils or thin metal deposits. Microwave transparent materials generally provide, for example, food product support, packaging form, insulation, and vapor barrier functions in packaging. Microwave interactive materials generally provide, for example, enhanced surface heating, microwave shielding, enhanced microwave transmission, and energy distribution functions in packaging. Microwave packaging is generally created and configured for a particular food product or type of food product using materials chosen to best exploit the cooking ability of a microwave oven with respect to that food product.
For example, a microwave package design primarily for heating corn kernels to create popcorn is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,456 issued to Pollart et al. (the '456 patent). The '456 patent describes a package constructed of an inner bag of polyester and an outer bag of paper. A microwave heating element is printed on either the inner surface of the outer bag or the outer surface of the inner bag, such that the heating element resides between the two bags. The heater element may be a solid area or patterned, as in a grid. The outer surface of the inner bag and the inner surface of the outer bag are laminated together. When the area of the heater element is bonded to the opposing bag by fully laminating the bags together, the outer paper bag scorches or ignites during microwave heating. By laminating the inner and outer bags together in the area of the heater element using only a pattern of adhesive between the bags (e.g., a dotted or grid adhesive pattern) the outer paper bag does not scorch during cooking.
In another example of microwave packaging design disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,921 issued to Maheux et al. (the '921 patent), an improvement was made to the use of metallized plastic film in surface heating, browning, and crisping of food products. It was found that uneven heating of the metallized film occurred when the film was completely laminated to a stiff substrate backing. The '921 patent describes sealing a sheet of the metallized film to the substrate only at the periphery of the sheet, and further ensuring that the major area of the sheet hangs loose from the substrate such that it traps a large air pocket between the sheet and the substrate. In this manner, convection currents in the air pocket are allowed to form and thus distribute the heat generated by the metallized film more evenly across the entire surface of the metallized film sheet.
While improvements to the use of susceptor technology (the “heater” and “metallized film” discussed in the '456 patent and '921 patent, respectively) have been made as discussed above, the microwave packaging designs may still not achieve optimal performance of the susceptors. For example, with respect to the popcorn bag of the '456 patent, the susceptor area is generally placed against the bottom surface of the microwave oven during cooking so the popcorn kernels are situated against the susceptor to receive the maximum possible heat transfer. In this configuration, the base of the microwave oven is also adjacent to the susceptor. Much of the heat generated by the susceptor is therefore transferred to the microwave oven surface (e.g., the glass turntable or floor) and not to the popcorn kernels. The microwave oven environment is actually a large heat sink, impacting the efficiency of the ability of the susceptor to heat the food. The cavity of air within the microwave oven is also constantly ventilated by a fan and creates a cooling effect while the microwave oven is in operation.
In the design disclosed in the '921 patent, the placement of the susceptor material is in the top panel of the packaging. In this case, the susceptor is generally separated from the food product to be cooked by a gap between the top of the food in the package and the top of the package where the susceptor is placed. Thus the ability of the susceptor to heat the food is diminished because the susceptor is not in contact with or very close to the surface of the food product. In fact, the air gap between the food and susceptor actually acts as an insulator and prevents the maximum possible heating of the food product by the susceptor from occurring. In some situations, even if the susceptor material is originally against the food product when initially packaged, the food may actually shrink or change shape during cooking, for example, if originally frozen, and the susceptor material loses contact with the food product, impacting the ability of the susceptor to brown and crisp the food product.
The information included in this Background section of the specification, including any references cited herein and any description or discussion thereof, is included for technical reference purposes only and is not to be regarded as essential subject matter upon which the claims of the present application depend for support, by which the scope of the invention is to be bound, or upon which this application depends for adequate disclosure of the invention.
The present invention enhances the cooking ability of microwave interactive materials in microwave packaging and provides additional consumer benefits through the addition of insulating materials to the configuration of microwave packaging. Particularly, by insulating around susceptor material and retaining heat generated by the susceptor, increased browning and crisping, as well as moisture retention, are achieved. Several unique new designs for microwave packaging materials involving the combination of microwave transparent and microwave interactive materials that achieve several new and beneficial results are disclosed. In one aspect of the invention, the disclosed microwave packaging provides greater surface heating for a food product and insulation from the effects of the heat sinks found in the microwave oven environment. In another aspect, insulation surrounding microwave interactive packaging provides consumer protection and convenience as added benefits.
An insulating microwave packaging material and a method of making the same is disclosed. The insulating microwave packaging material is formed by adhering a microwave interactive substrate that creates sensible heat to a second substrate in a pattern bond creating closed cells. Upon impingement of the insulating microwave packaging material by microwave energy in a microwave oven, moisture trapped in either the first microwave interactive substrate or the second substrate heats, expands, and escapes, creating pressure that expands the closed cells to form vapor pockets. The microwave interactive substrate bulges under the vapor pressure while the second substrate contracts to enhance the bulging effect on the cell and create the pocket.
In one particular embodiment the microwave interactive substrate may be formed by creating a metallized polyester film, i.e., a susceptor film (generally by depositing a thin layer of aluminum on a sheet of polyester). This metallized polyester film is then bonded to a paper substrate to create a susceptor. The susceptor is then bonded to a second polyester film, preferably biaxially-oriented, clear polyester, along bond lines arranged in a pattern to form closed cells. The closed cells are substantially vapor impermeable.
Simultaneously, the sensible heat generated by the susceptor heats and softens the polyester film of the susceptor, decreasing the resistance of the susceptor to the expansion of the moisture and the formation of the vapor pocket. Additionally, the second polyester film, which is not metallized, also heats because of its proximity to the susceptor. Because it is biaxially-oriented, the second polyester film contracts along its length and width, attempting to return to its original form before stretching. The second polyester layer remains substantially flat rather than lofting. Yielding to the pressure of the expanding water vapor, in each cell the softened susceptor layer bulges opposite the second polyester film layer forming pillow-like pockets on the susceptor side of the microwave packaging material. The contraction of the second polyester layer works in conjunction with the bulging of the susceptor to enhance the loft of the pillow-like side of the cells.
The loft obtained by the vapor expansion in the cells and the polyester film contraction is generally at least an order of magnitude greater than the original separation between the susceptor and the second sheet of polyester film, and in some cases has been observed to be 30 times more than the original thickness of the microwave packaging material. When a food product is situated on the pillow-like side of the insulating microwave packaging material, the vapor pockets insulate the food product from the microwave oven to reduce heat transfer between the food product and the microwave oven environment, e.g., the air in the oven cavity and the oven floor or turntable surface. The amount of loft may be varied by choosing paper with higher or lower moisture content or otherwise introducing and trapping moisture in the cells during the manufacturing process.
The pattern of bond lines forming the closed cells of the insulating microwave packaging material generally define an array of shapes. Such shapes may be, for example, circles, ovals, other curvilinear shapes, preferably symmetrical, triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagons, and other polygons, including right polygons and equilateral polygons. The shapes in the array are preferably nested with adjacent shapes in the array in a tile-like pattern. In an alternative embodiment, the shapes may be elongate and arranged in parallel with the long sides of each adjacent shape next to each other. The pattern of bond lines may be formed by the application of adhesive on the paper substrate side of the susceptor to bond the susceptor with the second polyester film. In one embodiment, the susceptor film may be selectively deactivated in the same pattern as the adhesive bond lines. By deactivating the susceptor film in these areas, the adhesive bond may be stronger because the adhesive is not directly subjected to the extreme heat generated by the susceptor film. In another embodiment, by selectively deactivating the susceptor film in coordination with the bond patterns, a consumer-friendly product is created as the bond pattern areas are cooler to the touch than other areas of the packaging material. Thereby the packaging material may be easily handled by the user after microwave heating.
In one embodiment of the invention, the insulating microwave packaging material is used within a carton. A first sheet of the insulating microwave packaging material is affixed to the top surface of the carton in a manner allowing the first sheet to contract in at least on of the X and Y directions upon microwave heating. Similarly, a second sheet of insulating microwave packaging material is affixed to the bottom surface in a manner allowing the second sheet to likewise contract in at least on of the X and Y directions upon exposure microwave energy. The sheets may be cut along their perimeters to form slits that augment the ability of the sheets to contract in the X and Y directions.
In one embodiment, a sheet of the insulating microwave packaging material is folded over and the two opposing edges brought into contact are bonded together, for example, with adhesive or by heat sealing the edges. The microwave packaging material thereby forms a sleeve for surrounding the food product. The susceptor layer generally forms the interior surface of the sleeve. When exposed to microwave energy, the cells expand inward toward the food product ensuring the susceptor contacts all the surfaces of the food product. At the same time, that portion of the microwave packaging material resting on the cooling platform in the microwave oven provides improved insulation from the floor or turntable of the microwave oven by the vapor in the cells.
In a another embodiment of the invention, two sheets of the insulating microwave packaging material are placed back to back and bonded together at several points, generally around the perimeters of the sheets. In this embodiment, the second clear polyester film sides of the sheets may be together, while the susceptor sides of the sheets face outward. By only bonding the sheets together at a few places, for example, on the corners if the sheets are square or rectangular, there is still freedom of movement for contraction of the second clear polyester film layers in the X-Y dimensions upon heating. In this embodiment, the sheets further deform on a macro scale to form opposing convex canopies with an air space in between, providing additional insulation from the microwave oven. Further, the combination of two sheets helps ensure the cell expansion of the top sheet, for example, when the food product to be heated is frozen. In such an instance, the susceptor of the bottom sheet helps heat the top sheet to ensure it reaches a high enough temperature early in the cooking process for the cells in the top sheet to expand.
In a similar embodiment, the bottom side of a pouch formed of the insulating microwave packaging material may be augmented by the addition of a sheet of the insulating microwave packaging material. In this configuration, the susceptor layer forms the interior walls of the pouch. The second clear polyester layer of the sheet is placed against the clear polyester layer on the bottom side of the pouch and adhered in locations to minimize any restriction of movement by the sheet in the X-Y dimensions. Alternatively, the pouch may be merely a susceptor pouch with a sheet of insulating microwave packaging material attached to the bottom side of the pouch. The interior of the pouch is lined with a susceptor film, and again the susceptor layer of the sheet is oriented toward the floor or turntable of the microwave oven. The insulating microwave packaging sheet enhances the cooking ability of the susceptor pouch by insulating it from the heat sink of the microwave oven floor or turntable.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the dual sheet configuration of the microwave packaging material described above is combined with any of several known baking substrates. In a preferred example, an aperture is formed in an abuse-tolerant microwave baking substrate and one or two sheets of the insulating microwave packaging material are arranged to cover the aperture. In this manner, the insulating microwave packaging material of the present invention provides increased insulation between a portion of the food product and the microwave oven surface and increased contact between the susceptor and the and that portion of the food product.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, a layer of an amorphous polyester is pattern bonded along bond lines creating closed cells to a paperboard substrate. A susceptor film is laminated to the opposite side of the paperboard substrate. Upon heating, the heated water vapor escapes from the paperboard creating pressure in the cells on the layer of amorphous polyester. The amorphous polyester expands and each cell forms a pillow-like bump on the surface on the paperboard. The bond lines may be designed to form cells of very small area to create a surface of very small bumps over the paperboard upon heating. This surface may be used to insulate the consumer from hot packaging when holding the food product in the package after cooking.
In a further embodiment, a microwave package combines a carton form and a pouch formed of microwave interactive material, for example a susceptor or the insulating microwave packaging material of the present invention. The carton form has a base with a central fold line, a first side wall hinged to the base along a first fold line, and a second side wall hinged to the base along a second fold line. The pouch is supported by the carton form and positioned between the base, the first side wall, and the second side wall. The carton form and the pouch may be alternately folded flat and erected to open the pouch. When the carton form is erected by opening the folded base into a V-form, the base may be inverted and the carton form is braced open by the base which is held open in tension between the first side wall and the second side wall. The first fold line and the second fold line may be convexly curved so that, upon inverting, the base of the carton form assumes a concavely curved form with the first side wall and the second side wall of the carton form bowed or convexly curved. The pouch may be affixed to the first side wall and the second side wall of the carton form, for example, by adhesive.
In another embodiment of the invention, a microwave cooking container is provided where the body of the container includes a microwave interactive material The body has a first end containing an aperture and a second end also containing an aperture. A food product is at least partially surrounded by the body. The first end provides a foundation for maintaining the container in an upright position when the first end is placed upon a surface. The first aperture in the first end is positioned to be exposed to a source of air in a cooking environment when the first end is placed upon the surface. A draft is created during a cooking cycle in a microwave oven wherein air is ported through the aperture in the first end and vented through the aperture in the second end.
Other features, utilities and advantages of various embodiments of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.
This invention enhances the ability of microwave interactive packaging to improve microwave cooked food quality, when that quality relates to surface browning (i.e., the Maillard reaction), crisp texture, and internal moistness, through the insulation of the microwave interactive packaging. Certain types of microwave interactive material, for example, susceptor material, utilizes microwave electromagnetic energy to generate package surface heat. The metallized, thin-film susceptor is a poor electrical conductor and generates heat like any resistance heater. The purpose of microwave susceptor packaging is to create surface heat to brown and crisp food product that it contacts during the microwave cooking process.
Through the addition of an insulating material surrounding the susceptor, more of the sensible heat generated by the susceptor is transferred to the surface of the food product rather than to the microwave oven environment. Without the insulating material, much of the heat generated by the susceptor is lost via conduction into the surrounding air and other conductive media, such as the microwave oven floor. When more of the sensible heat generated by the susceptor is directed to the food product, browning and crisping results are enhanced.
It is also important to retain moisture present in food when cooling in the microwave oven. Typical consumers complaints of “rubber microwave food” or edges hard as a rock are the result of moisture loss. The insulation works with the susceptor package to help retain more moisture and thus enhance food texture and flavor.
Examples of typical microwave packages with susceptors include a paper pouch lined with a susceptor film and a paperboard sleeve lined with a susceptor film. Insulating material for surrounding these microwave packages may be provided by many materials. Examples include cloth, paper towels, non-woven substrates, corrugated paper and paperboard, quilted paper and towels, heat resistant multi-layer films formed with air pockets (e.g., bubble wrap and the insulating microwave packaging material disclosed herein), glass fiber, air cell foams, air cell gels, air cell rubber, cook-in cartons designed to retain heat, and any other material that can surround the susceptor and create a heat barrier.
Some examples of typical food items that benefit from susceptor packaging (either paper or paperboard construction) are: raw dough or partially baked dough foods, for example, pizza, filled pastry sandwiches and “finger” foods, waffles, crusted pies (fruit or meat), egg rolls, calzones, tacos, and pastry puffs; and “fried” foods, for example, whole muscle and processed meats (e.g., fish and poultry) and other items like French fries, cheese, mushrooms, and vegetables.
Insulation of Microwave Packaging Materials
As depicted in
The microwave interactive package 100 may also be designed to hold moisture so the food product 130 does not dry out and harden, especially on the edges. In order to retain moisture, the edges 124 of the microwave interactive package 100 are sealed, for example, with a heat seal wherein the opposing sides of the interior of the pouch lined with susceptor film 105 are laminated around the edges 124. However, the food product 130 should not be cooked with the pouch 100 completely sealed because the pouch may inflate from water vapor released by the food product 130 during cooking, causing the susceptor film 105 to lose contact with the surface of the food product 130. To prevent such inflation, a small vent opening 126 may be cut in the pouch 100, for example, in a corner, to allow some small “controlled” venting to occur. However, some moisture retention may be desirable to prevent the food product 130 from drying out during the cooking process. Therefore, a balance must be struck to prevent excessive vapor venting.
Next, an insulating material 140 is placed around the microwave interactive pouch 100 by, for example, folding the insulating material 140 as indicated by the arrows shown in
Experimentation
Experiments were conducted to verify the enhanced cooking effects achieved by adding insulation to microwave interactive packaging during the microwave cooking process. In one experiment, two calzones were placed in paper cooking pouches lined with susceptor film, similar to the pouch depicted in
Frozen calzones were cooked in the pouches for 2 minutes and 30 seconds. The calzones were then removed from the pouches and subjective measurements were recorded. The first calzone cooked in the pouch insulated by the paper towel resulted in a much crisper outer pastry surface and enhanced browning than the second calzone that was not insulated during cooking. The surface of the calzone cooked in the insulated pouch reflected light (i.e., was shiny) indicating a glazed crispness whereas the second calzone absorbed light indicating soft, soggy, porous surface. These results indicate browning and crisping are improved by using an insulating “wrap” over susceptor cooking packages.
Two pizzas were cooked in a microwave oven under similar circumstances. The first pizza was placed on a standard susceptor covered paper baking tray and was then wrapped in paper towels. The second pizza was also placed on a standard susceptor covered paper baking tray without the addition of insulating material. The crust on the bottom and edges of the first pizza cooked using insulation achieved greater browning and crisping than the second “control” pizza.
In a further experiment, a raw dough fruit pie was placed in a MicroFlex®Q (Graphic Packaging Corporation, Golden, Colo.) microwave cooking pouch that completely surrounded the pie crust. A MicroFlex®Q pouch is made of two paper-backed susceptor film sheets, wherein the edges of the sheets are sealed together to form a pouch. The susceptor film of one of the sheets is formed in a grid pattern, wherein the gridlines are devoid of metallization, in order to reduce browning effects of the susceptor film. The side of the pouch with the grid susceptor is usually placed on the top side of the pie to prevent an overdone top crust. The pouch with the pie was then placed in a plain paperboard pie tray for support. The tray and pie were then completely wrapped three times with a paper towel for insulation. The insulation wrapped pie was then placed in a microwave oven for cooking. The results of this experiment were very positive. The pie crust was crisp and golden after 16 minutes cooking time in a microwave oven.
Another series of experiments was performed cooking Tyson®—Southern Style Chicken Nuggets in a 700 watt microwave oven. In each test, four chicken nuggets were cooked in multiple sessions (four new nuggets were cooked in each session) of varying amounts of time in various packaging configurations for comparison of cooking results. For each cooking session, a number of variables were recorded. These variables included the cooking time of the cooking session; the starting weight of the four nuggets; the weight of the four nuggets after cooking for the indicated time; the calculated weight loss between the before and after cooking weights; the weight loss as a percentage of the original weight; and the internal temperature of the nuggets after cooking for the specified cooking time. These values are set forth in the tables below for each cooking session performed with each packaging configuration. In certain tests, a particular cooking time was repeated for a second session to ensure consistency in results. In addition, comparisons of subjective qualities of cooking results between the tests, for example, levels of browning, crisping, and moisture, were recorded and are set forth below.
Test 1—Control. In Test 1, the chicken nuggets were placed on a paper plate in the microwave oven and cooked without benefit of a susceptor package or insulating covering.
Test 2—MicroFlex®Q pouch with multiple venting. In Test 2 the chicken nuggets were placed in a pouch made of MicroFlex®Q material. Each side of the pouch was sealed, but each of the four corners of the pouch were cut off to provide vent openings.
When cooking the chicken nuggets within a susceptor-lined pouch with substantial venting, the internal temperature of the nuggets remained generally constant. However, the nuggets in the pouch lost less weight due to moisture loss during cooking, and therefore were more tender.
Test 3—MicroFlex®Q pouch with single vent. Test 3 was performed similar to Test 2, but only one of the four corners of the pouch was cut for a vent opening.
When cooking the chicken nuggets in a susceptor-lined pouch with only a small amount of venting, the moisture loss, and therefore the weight loss, of the nuggets during cooking was less than in either Test 1 or Test 2. The chicken in this instance was even more moist and tender on the inside, while still achieving a brown and crisp surface.
Test 4—MicroFlex®Q pouch without venting. Test 4 used the same pouches as in Tests 2 and 3, but no vent openings were cut into the pouch.
Test 4 produced similar weight loss percentages to Test 3, but without the venting, the nuggets in Test 4 were not as brown and crisp on the surface.
Test 5—Insulated MicroFlex®Q pouch with single vent. In Test 5, one corner of the pouch was cut off for venting and the entire pouch was wrapped in three paper towel sheets for insulation and moisture retention.
The moisture loss in Test 5, as shown by the percentage weight loss, was similar to the losses in Test 3 wherein another single vent pouch was used. As such, the chicken meat remained moist and tender. However, because of the addition of the insulating paper towel, the chicken nuggets of Test 5 attained greater browning and crisping levels than the nuggets of the previous tests.
Additional tests were conducted that show moisture loss can be controlled even more by adding moisture to the insulating material before the cooking process. By adding moisture to the insulating material, the cooking time may be effectively extended because of reduced moisture loss in the food product and thereby even better surface browning and crisping may be attained.
Test 6—Moist insulation around MicroFlex®Q pouch with single vent. In Test 6, one corner of the pouch was cut off to provide a vent opening and the entire pouch was wrapped in three paper towel sheets moistened with water.
At 1.5 minutes, good crispness of the battered surface of the chicken nuggets was noted while the interior meat remained tender and moist. At 2 minutes cooking time, the interior meat of the chicken nuggets was still soft, as evidenced by the low percent weight loss at this cooking time as compared the percentage weight loss of nuggets in Tests 1-5 after the same cooking period. In Test 6, an extra half minute of cooking was possible before reaching a similar range of weight loss in the nuggets experienced at 2 minutes in the previous tests. This allowed additional time for the susceptor to brown and crisp the surface of the nuggets without drying out the meat.
Test 7—Moist insulation around MicroFlex®Q pouch without vent. In Test 7, the same cooking configuration as Test 6 was used, with the exception that no vent opening was provided in the pouch.
After 2 minutes of cooking, some areas of the chicken nuggets were crisp. All the nuggets appeared tender and moist on the inside. After 2.5 minutes of cooking, the pouch self-vented on one side, splitting at the seam to create a large opening (thus indicating the desirability for some level of venting). At the 2.5 minute mark, the chicken nuggets attained a good level of crispness, but were not as tender and moist as the nuggets of Test 6 wherein a small vent opening was provided in the pouch.
While the benefits of insulating a microwave interactive package have been demonstrated above experimentally, a practical method for providing these benefits to the consumer is desirable. In one embodiment, written instructions may be provided on the microwave interactive packaging for a food product directing the consumer to wrap the package in a paper towel, a cloth towel, or some similar insulating material before cooking the food product in a microwave oven. The instructions could additionally direct the consumer to moisten the paper towel or other insulating material with water before wrapping it around the microwave interactive packaging. This instruction could further direct the consumer to cut a vent opening in the microwave interactive packaging before surrounding the packaging with the insulating material.
Although providing instructions to the consumer may result in the addition of insulating material to the microwave interactive packaging in some instances, it is not infallible. Some consumers fail to read or follow the cooking instructions on the package. On other occasions, the consumer will not have a suitable insulating material readily available for use with the packaging. In such instances, the result of cooking the food product without the insulating material will be of lesser quality than if the directions for the addition of insulating material were followed, resulting in decreased consumer satisfaction with the product.
Self-Insulating Microwave Packaging Material
In general, a goal of product packaging is to provide the consumer with a product that is complete and easy to use. For many food products meant for microwave cooking, it is desirable that the food product can be cooked in the microwave oven in its original packaging to provide ease of use and time savings to the consumer. Product packaging should also not be bulky, but compact and uniform for ease of stacking and shipping. Low bulk packaging also reduces shipping and display costs because less space is required in trucks or other transport containers or for shelf display.
An insulating microwave packaging material 200 according to the present invention for use in consumer food product packaging is depicted in
The bond between the dimensionally stable substrate 208 and the second plastic film 210 is in the form of a pattern, for example, a pattern of adhesive 212, that creates a plurality of closed cells 214. Resistance to vapor migration results as the closed cells 214 are bounded by the first plastic film 202, the adhesive 206, the adhesive pattern 212, and the second plastic film layer 210, each of which are resistant to vapor migration. To maximize the sealing of the cells, it may be desirable to achieve an adhesive bond directly between the susceptor 205 and the second plastic film 210, for example, by choosing an adhesive for the adhesive pattern 212 that may penetrate the dimensionally stable substrate 208 and contact the first adhesive layer 206 on the susceptor film 205.
The microwave packaging material 200 presents as a substantially flat, multi-layered sheet as shown in
Several benefits of the pillows 216 formed by expansion of the closed cells 214 in the microwave packaging material 200 are observed. First, the water vapor and air pockets in the closed cells 214 provide significant insulation between the food product in the microwave packaging material 200 and the interior surfaces of the microwave oven. The base of a microwave oven, for example, the glass tray found in most microwave ovens, acts as a large heat sink, absorbing much of the heat generated by the susceptor film 205 or within the food product itself. The vapor pockets in the pillows 216 formed by the present invention may be used to insulate the food product and susceptor film 205 from the microwave oven surfaces and the vented air in the microwave oven cavity, thereby increasing the amount of heat that stays within or is transferred to the food product. Second, the formation of the pillows 216 creates an ability for the microwave packaging material to more closely conform to the food product, placing the susceptor film 205 in closer contact with the food product. This close contact enhances the ability of the susceptor film 205 to brown and crisp the surfaces of the food product by conduction heating in addition to some convection heating of the food product. Several examples of these benefits with regard to particular food products are described herein below.
In an exemplary process for manufacturing the unique insulating microwave packaging material 200, a biaxially-oriented polyester substrate, for example, 48-gauge polyester film web, is covered with a microwave interactive material 204, for example, aluminum, to create a structure that heats upon impingement by microwave energy. However, any suitable lossy substance that will convert microwave radiation into heat energy in a microwave oven can be used as the microwave interactive material 204. Such substances fall primarily into four groups: conductors, semi-conductors, ferromagnetic materials, and dielectic materials. Preferred microwave interactive materials used in the present invention to form microwave interactive layer 204 are compositions containing metals or other materials such as aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, stainless steel, nichrome, magnetite, zinc, tin, iron, tungsten and titanium. These materials may be used in a powder, flake or fine particle form.
Such a microwave interactive material layer when combined with a dimensionally stable substrate 208, for example, paper, is commonly known as a “susceptor.” The polyester-aluminum combination alone is referred to herein as a “susceptor film.” Other types of biaxially-oriented, plastic film 202 may also be substituted for the polyester film. When aluminum is used to create the microwave interactive layer of a susceptor film 205, it may be applied to the polyester substrate, for example, by sputter or vacuum deposition processes, to a thickness of between 50 Å and 2,000 Å. Exemplary embodiments of susceptors that may be used in the context of this invention include MicroFlex®Q, MicroRite® (Graphic Packaging Corporation, Golden, Colo.), and the susceptors described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,641,005; 4,825,025; 6,133,560; and 6,414,290.
In one embodiment of the invention, the areas of the microwave interactive material layer 204 directly corresponding to the adhesive pattern 212 to be applied may be inactivated. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,865,921; 4,883,936; and RE34,683, each of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety, describe various processes for selective and patterned inactivation of microwave interactive materials. Inactivating the microwave interactive material layer 204 opposite the adhesive pattern 212, provides several benefits. The adhesive pattern 212 is more likely to maintain a strong bond between the dimensionally stable substrate 208 and the second plastic film 210 because the extreme heat generated by the microwave interactive material layer 204 is not acting directly on the adhesive and potentially weakening its constitution. A stronger adhesive bond results in a better vapor barrier forming the cells 214 and better pillowing effects upon heating. Greater options for possible adhesives are also available because the temperature requirements for maintaining adherence are reduced. Further, because the microwave interactive material layer 204 is removed from the perimeters of the cells 214, upon the contraction of the second plastic film layer 210 and the formation of the pillows 218, ribs that are cool to the touch of a user may be formed opposite the channels 218. These cool to the touch patterned surfaces allow a user to comfortably hold the food product in the packaging while the food product and the packaging are still quite hot from the microwave cooking process. This embodiment is described in greater detail herein with respect to
Conventional printing techniques such as rotogravure, flexography, silk screening, and lithography may be used to treat the selected area of the microwave interactive layer 204 with an inactivating chemical. In general, a wide variety of chemicals may be used to reduce or eliminate the heat-generating capability of microwave interactive layer 204. It has been found that aqueous solutions of chelating agents, solutions of Zr+4, amines and hydroxyamines, dilute acids, and bases and solutions of metal salts are useful in reducing or eliminating the microwave interactive properties of microwave interactive layer 204. Examples of chelating agents are ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HOEDTA). Solutions of Zr+4 useful in the present invention may include ammonium zirconium carbonate, sodium zirconium lactate, ammonium zirconium lactate, and zirconium tartrate. Examples of amines and hydroxyamines useful in the present invention include ethanolamines, choline and salts thereof Acids useful in the present invention include acetic, formic and other organic acids as well as dilute mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and mixtures thereof Examples of dilute bases useful in the present invention include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium and potassium carbonates, and sodium and potassium phosphates. Solutions of salts such as ferric chloride, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, ferric sulphate, ferrous chloride, ferrous ammonium sulphate, ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, zinc chloride, zinc oxide and zinc fluoride are examples of salt solutions useful in the present invention.
Sodium hydroxide is the preferred material used to treat microwave interactive layer 204 in accordance with the present invention, particularly when aluminum metal is the microwave interactive material making up the microwave interactive layer 204. The pH of solutions of sodium hydroxide used to inactivate portions of the microwave interactive layer 204 preferably ranges from about 7.5 to about 13 and is more preferably maintained in the range of about 8.5 to about 11. For a commercial process, the sodium hydroxide solution used to treat an aluminum microwave interactive layer is at room temperature although the temperature may be higher or lower than normal room temperature.
It is generally also advantageous to add a small amount of surfactant to solutions of an inactivating chemical used to treat the microwave interactive layer to improve the wetting characteristics of the chemical and the subsequent reaction of the chemical with the microwave interactive layer. Examples of surfactants which may be used include CERFAK 1400™ produced by E. F. Houghton, KATAMUL-1G™ produced by Scher Chemicals, Inc., IGEPAL-C0630™ produced by GAF Corporation and TRITON X-100™ produced by Rohm & Haas. A surfactant preferred for use in conjunction with sodium hydroxide is TRITON X-100™.
The mechanism by which chemicals modify treated portions of the microwave interactivate layer without removing the layer is not known for every possible combination of chemical and microwave interactive material. It is believed, however, that aluminum is inactivated by a variety of chemicals which oxidize aluminum metal. It is possible, however that different chemicals will inactivate the microwave interactive layer by different mechanisms. Coordination, chelation, oxidation/reduction, and/or formation of salts of the microwave interactive material may contribute to or cause inactivation of aluminum and other suitable lossy materials.
The completed susceptor film 205 layer is next coated with an adhesive 206, for example, a wet-bond adhesive, preferably on the aluminum deposition layer, rather than the side with the exposed polyester, for creating a laminate with at least one other substrate layer. Bonding the additional substrate to the aluminum deposition allows the polyester to act as a protective layer over the microwave interactive aluminum 204, rather than exposing the aluminum side in the finished product. This lamination step adheres the susceptor film 205 to a dimensionally-stable, packaging substrate 208, for example, paper, paperboard, or a plastic substrate. If the chosen substrate is paper or paperboard, a wet bond adhesive is preferably used; if the substrate is a plastic, a dry bond adhesive is preferred. Typical types of paper substrates that may be used with this invention range between 10 lb and 100 lb paper, for example, 25 lb paper. Typical ranges for paperboard substrates that may be used with the present invention include 8-point to 50-point paperboard.
Similarly, plastic substrates of between 0.5 mils and 100 mils thickness are also applicable. Appropriate plastic substrates are polymers that respond in a similar manner to the paper substrates. Particularly, the plastic substrate should be easily pliable to distort and move with the susceptor film 205 as it heats and bulges. To maintain the desired dimensional stability, a plastic substrate should have a higher softening point than the plastic used to create the susceptor film 205. For example, when used to support a susceptor film 205 with an aluminum deposition as the microwave interactive layer 204, the plastic substrate should be able to withstand temperatures in the range of 350° F. to 425° F. without melting, burning, or otherwise disintegrating.
As used herein, “dimensionally-stable” when describing a substrate 208 refers to the interface of the substrate 208 and the susceptor film 205. Dimensionally-stable indicates a substrate 208 that will not soften, melt, or flow when subjected to the heat generated by the microwave interactive material 204. However, “dimensionally stable” does not mean that a substrate 208 is not malleable or may not be deformed from an original shape or configuration. The purpose of a dimensionally stable substrate 208 is to prevent the susceptor film 205 from disintegrating (e.g., by the melting of the plastic film 202) upon heating.
A second lamination step completes the manufacturing process. A further layer of adhesive 212 is applied to the substrate 208 in a pattern. A second layer of polyester film 210 is then adhered to the substrate 208. The adhesive pattern 212 renders a nested array of closed cells, wherein the perimeters of adjacent cells are shared borders. The adhesive 212 may be chosen to penetrate the paper substrate 208 and contact the first adhesive layer 206, thereby creating cells 214 bounded by the adhesive pattern 212, the first adhesive layer 206 and the adjacent susceptor film 205, and the second polyester film 210. The cells 214 thus created, which each encapsulates a portion of the paper substrate 208, are substantially vapor-impermeable and air-tight, thereby holding in the expanding water vapor and air during heating. The air trapped in each cell 214 is generally minimal as most of the air is evacuated when the second polyester film 210 is pressed against the paper substrate 208 in the lamination process. The amount of moisture trapped in the paper substrate 208 and the cells 214 will influence the amount of cell expansion upon heating. If merely the paper substrate 208 were one of the boundaries of the cells 214, much of the water vapor and air would escape through the porous bulk of the paper substrate 208, and the formation of pillows 216 in the microwave packaging material 200 would be much less pronounced.
As indicated above, upon impingement by microwave energy in a microwave oven, the microwave packaging material 200 undergoes a transformation. As the microwave interactive layer 204 heats due to the microwave energy, the first plastic film 202 supporting the microwave interactive layer 204 becomes extremely hot, between 350° F. and 425° F. At such a high temperature, the first plastic film 202 softens and would flow were it not supported by the substrate 208. At the same time, air trapped between the substrate 208 and the second plastic film 210 in the cells 214 formed by the adhesive pattern 212, and water vapor retained in the substrate 208, for example, if the substrate 208 is paper, expand due to the heat generated by the microwave interactive layer 204 and the excitation of the water vapor by the microwave energy. This vapor expansion creates pressure in the closed cells 214, and the susceptor side of the cells 214 bulges outward under the pressure. Because the plastic film 202 is softened by the heat, it is able to stretch and distort with the substrate 208 under pressure.
Also simultaneously, the second plastic film 210 is heated, but not to the same degree as the first plastic film 202 because the substrate 208 and the expanding air and water vapor insulate the second plastic layer 210 from the intense heat of the microwave interactive layer 204. Although softened by the heat, the second plastic layer 210 is not hot enough to flow and it either remains stable or, as in some embodiments described herein, actually contracts in surface area as a result of the biaxial orientation, wherein the polymer chains attempt to contract to their original state. The pressure of the expanding air and water vapor, therefore, presses upon the softened first plastic layer 202 and the paper substrate 208, which expand over each cell 214 area to form water vapor pockets and air creating the pillows 216 on the top surface 220 of the microwave packaging material as shown in
The second layer of polyester film 210 is preferably biaxially-oriented polyester as is the first layer of polyester film 202. Biaxial orientation means the polyester film has been stretched in both the X and Y directions during its manufacture resulting in uniformly aligned polymer chains of molecules in the polyester film. The alignment of polymer chains creates additional strength in the polyester sheet, even as it is stretched thinner. This increased strength is important to the creation of the susceptor film 205, as the first polyester film 202 is better able to support the deposition of the aluminum microwave interactive layer 204. The increased strength of both the first and second polyester films 202, 210 also makes them easy to work with during the manufacture of the microwave packaging material 200.
The alignment of the polymer chains further increases the resistance of the polyester films 202, 210 to heat. The first polyester film 202 is subjected to very high temperatures when the microwave interactive layer 204 heats upon impingement by microwave energy. The biaxial orientation of the polyester film 202 helps maintain the integrity of the susceptor film 205 by raising the heat distortion temperature of the polyester film 202. When the heat distortion temperature is reached, the biaxially-oriented polyester film 202 attempts to contract in the X-Y direction as the polymer chains attempt to return to their original form. However, because it is adhered to the dimensionally-stable paper substrate 208, the polyester film 202 is unable to contract. The polyester film 202 does soften, however, allowing it and the paper substrate 208 to yield and pillow-up under the pressure of the expanding water vapor and air. Once formed into the pillow shape, the paper substrate 208 is resistant to returning to its original flat form.
The heat resistant properties of the biaxial orientation of the second polyester film 210 result in a different effect for the second polyester film 210. The second polyester film 210 is separated from the microwave interactive film 204 by the paper substrate 208, which also provides insulation from the heat generated by the susceptor film 205. Therefore, the second polyester film 210 does not heat to the same degree as the first polyester film 202. Further, as the air and water vapor in each cell 214 expand, the second polyester film 210 is further insulated from the heat generated. The heat transferred to the second polyester layer 210 is not as great as the heat transferred to the first polyester film 202. However, the heat transferred to the second polyester film 210 is enough to cause the polymer chains to contract in both the X and Y directions, regressing toward the form of the polyester film 210 before it was stretched to produce the biaxial orientation. This contraction creates a taught bottom surface 222 of the microwave packaging material 200, which is more resistant to the pressure of the expanding water vapor, and enhances the pillowing effect on the top surface 220 of the microwave packaging material in the Z direction.
The combination of the X-Y contraction of the second polyester film 210 on the bottom surface 222 of the packaging material 200, the expansion of the air and water vapor in the cells 214, and the softening of the first layer of polyester film 202 together creates the quilted top surface 220 of pillows 216 in the microwave packaging material 200, resulting in the unique attributes of the invention as depicted in
These adhesive patterns 312 are preferably configured in arrays such that they are similarly capable of tiling or nesting as depicted in
A lid for the carton is formed out of the top panel 404b, the side panels 406c, 406d, and the top flap 408b. The top panel 404b is folded along score line 428c to rest on the side panels 406a and 406b and the bottom flap 408a The side panels 406c and 406d are folded downward along perforation lines 432a and 432b, respectively, to rest flat against side panels 406a and 406b, respectively. Similarly, the top flap 408b may be folded downward along score line 428d to rest flat against bottom flap 408a. The top flap 408b and the side panels 406c and 406d may be secured to bottom flap 408a and side panels 406a and 406b, respectively, for example, with adhesive in order to secure the lid to the tray and hold the food item inside until the carton 402 is opened by the user after cooking. The carton 402 may be easily opened by the user by pulling upward on the top flap 408b. The top flap 408b and the top panel 404b will rip open along perforation lines 432a and 432b allowing the user easy access to the food item while maintaining the integrity of the tray to hold the food item. Cutouts 434a and 434b may be formed in top flap 408b to aid in the initial tearing along perforation lines 432a and 432b, respectively.
In this embodiment, the cells 414 of the sheets 400a, 400b are formed as squares by the adhesive pattern 412. The sheets 400a, 400b may be affixed to the bottom panel 404a and top panel 404b of the carton 402 with adhesive tacks 436. The adhesive tacks 436 may be placed at the corners of the sheets 400a, 400b to allow for some movement of the sheets 400a, 400b as the polyester layer of the insulating microwave packaging material shrinks during heating. Alternatively, centered slits 440a or off-centered slits 440b be may be cut in the sheets 400a, 400 in close proximity to the perimeters between the adhesive tacks 436 to allow for even greater movement of the sheets 400a, 400b as the polyester layer of the insulating microwave packaging material shrinks during heating. The location and arrangement of slits 440a and 440b and adhesive tacks 436 are exemplary and many other slit patterns and glue patterns may be used to allow for Z-directional expansion and X-Y directional contraction of sheets 400a and 400b. The adhesive used for the tacks 436 may also be heat sensitive and release as the sheets 400a, 400b heat under the excitation of microwave energy. By releasing, the sheets 400a, 400b are able to contract as necessary during heating and allow the cells 414 to expand to form the pillows 416. The sheets remain generally in place as they are constrained by the side panels 406a and 406b, the bottom flap 408a, and the back panel 426, as well as the food item resting on the bottom sheet 400a.
The formation of the pillows 416 by the sheets 400a, 400b of the insulating microwave packaging material of the carton 402 provides several advantages over cartons using flat susceptor sheets or coatings on the interior panels of such cartons. The susceptor material pillows 416 to become closer in proximity to the food item, especially to the top surface of the food item as the sheet 402b on the top panel forms pillows 416. This provides for increased surface heating, browning, and crisping of the top of the food item. Additionally, the air and water vapor in the pillows 416 provides added insulation, trapping heat in the carton 402 and enhancing the cooking result of the food item. In one experiment, a carton with quilted susceptor sheets of the type shown in
Several advantages of the invention are also achieved by the embodiment depicted in
In the prior art a food product may rest on the base of a microwave package incorporating susceptor material, for example, a cooking sleeve, but the food product may not touch or be in close proximity with the sides or top of the package. While the bottom of the food product may become brown and crisp because of the contact between the packaging and the food product, the sides and top of the food product will have less browning and crisping because of lack of contact with the susceptor material. By using the present invention, as the susceptor film 505 heats, the microwave packaging material 500 expands to form the pillows 516 on the top surface 520, which bring the susceptor film 505 in close proximity to or contact with the food product 530 on all sides, providing the desired cooking effect on all sides of the food product 530. The channels 518 between the pillows 516 in the quilted top surface 520 provide the added benefit of venting water vapor released from the food product 530 during cooking, which further enhances the surface browning and crisping effects of the susceptor film 505. The vapor filled cells 514 further insulate the food product 530 from the microwave oven and ensure the heat generated remains in the food product 530 rather than transferring to the oven environment.
In other situations, the size and shape of a food product may vary and/or shrink during cooking and pull away from a susceptor positioned adjacent the food product. With the present invention, the insulating microwave packaging material 500 may fill the void created by the shrinking food product with the expansion of the pillows 516 on the top surface 520, maintaining the susceptor film 505 in constant contact with or close proximity to most surfaces of the food product 530. Some food products, for example, bread dough, have the opposite tendency while cooking and actually rise or expand. The microwave packaging material 500 is also beneficial for use with such rising food products 530. The microwave packaging material 500 initially expands to meet the food product 530 before the food product 530 has risen. As the food product 530 rises, the microwave packaging material 500 has some give to yield to the rising food product 530 as the pressure within the cells 514 from the heated water vapor is not so high as to fully resist such external pressure. In practice, the vapor expansion in each of the plurality of closed cells 514 and the simultaneous contraction of the second plastic layer 510 increases the thickness of the packaging material 500 by at least an order of magnitude. Experiments with the various embodiments discussed herein have resulted in expansion of the thickness of the packaging material 500 by up to 30 times, providing for a snug fit around food products 530.
As mentioned above, a novel benefit of the microwave packaging material 200 of the present invention, as in FIGS. 2A-C, is its ability to insulate against heat transfer from the food product or the microwave packaging material 200 itself to the microwave oven environment during cooking. In normal microwave oven operation, the vented air in the oven cavity and the glass tray, or other cooking platform, act as large heat sinks, absorbing much of the heat generated by either the microwave heating of the food product or the microwave interactive materials, for example, susceptor materials, thereby lessening the ability of the microwave packaging material to augment the heating and browning of the food product. With the present invention, during cooking, the vapor and gases from the paper substrate 208 expand into the closed cells 214, as shown in
In an exemplary embodiment shown in
Also, oftentimes a frozen food product placed upon a microwave oven surface will cool the microwave oven surface before the microwave oven is energized, increasing the amount of heat transfer to the microwave oven surface once the cooking process begins. In the embodiment of
The opposing sheets of packaging material 600a, 600b are only attached at points 628 at their perimeters on the corners to allow for movement of the sheets 600a, 600b in the X and Y directions. When the back-to-back sheets 600a, 600b are exposed to microwave energy in a microwave oven, the cells 614a, 614b expand in the Z direction, and the second plastic film layers 610a, 610b contract in both the X and Y directions as a result of the biaxial orientation of the plastic film 610a, 610b as discussed above. Therefore, some freedom of movement in the X-Y directions is desirable in order to achieve favorable expansion results. It may be desirable, however, to provide some external structure to the microwave packaging material 600a, 600b, such as attachment points on the perimeters, to augment uniform shrinkage in both the X and Y directions and minimize distortion or wrinkling of the microwave packaging material 600a, 600b in any particular direction. For example, in experimentation with cells of about 1 in2 in area, the elevation achieved by individual cells after microwave heating was between 0.375 in and 0.5 in from a starting thickness of the insulating microwave packaging material of less than 0.03125 in.
In addition to the expansion of individual cells 614a, 614b, the opposing sheets 600a, 600b also deform on a macro scale from their original flat, paper-like form. The first sheet 600a deforms into a convex canopy with respect to a plane dividing the first and second sheets 600a, 600b. Similarly, the second sheet 600b deforms into a convex canopy with respect to the plane dividing the first and second sheets 600a, 600b. As a result of the convex deformations of the sheets, an air space is created between the sheets 600a, 600b providing greater than double the insulation of a single sheet, isolating the food product from the potential heat sink of the microwave oven surface.
A particular packaging configuration using the principles of the embodiment of
By combining the present invention with a prior art abuse-tolerant baking disk 740, this cooking limitation is overcome. An aperture 745 may be made in the center of the abuse-tolerant baking disk 740, within which a circular piece of the dual sheet embodiment (as described with reference to
When heated by the impingement of microwave energy, the microwave packaging material 700 expands, insulating the pizza from the heat sink of the microwave oven surface and pushing the susceptor material into close contact with the raised center of the frozen pizza, thereby providing increased heating, browning, and crisping to the center of the pizza. The benefit of the dual sheet embodiment of the microwave packaging material 700 in creating immediate expansion of the cells when used with a frozen food product as described previously is readily apparent in the frozen pizza situation. The susceptor film 705 against the microwave oven surface also heats that surface, thereby additionally counteracting its effects as a heat sink and allowing heat generated by the susceptor film 705 against the pizza center to transfer only to the pizza.
In an alternative embodiment depicted in
A cross-section of abuse-tolerant microwave packaging material 800 used for the baking disks of
The abuse-tolerant microwave packaging material 800 forming the pizza baking disk redistributes incident microwave energy by increasing the reflection of microwave energy while maintaining high microwave energy absorption. A repeated pattern of metallic foil segments 808 can shield microwave energy almost as effectively as a continuous bulk foil material while still absorbing and focusing microwave energy on an adjacent food surface. The metallic segments 808 can be made of foil or high optical density evaporated materials deposited on a substrate 802. High optical density materials include evaporated metallic films that have an optical density greater than one (optical density being derived from the negative logarithm of the ratio of transmitted light to incident light). High optical density materials generally have a shiny appearance, whereas thinner metallic materials, such as susceptor films 805 have a flat, opaque appearance. Preferably, the metallic segments 808 are foil segments.
The metallic segments 808 may form segmented outlines of various shapes. Such shapes may be, for example, circles, ovals, and other curvilinear shapes, preferably symmetrical curvilinear shapes, for example, multi-lobed flower shapes, triangles, squares, rectangles, and other polygonal shapes, preferably right polygons, and even more preferably equilateral polygons, are within the scope of patterns of the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800. The hexagon is an excellent basic polygon to select due to its ability to nest perfectly along with its high degree of cylindrical symmetry. The shapes formed by the microwave reflective segments 808 are preferably configured in arrays such that they are similarly capable of tiling or nesting. In addition, the arrays of shapes need not be repetitive of a single shape, but instead can be combinations of various shapes, preferably capable of nesting or tiling together with small gaps between the metallic segments 808. For example, an array of shapes might be an array of nested hexagons and polygons, as in the patchwork of a soccer ball.
The segmented foil 808 (or high optical density material) structure prevents large induced currents from building at the edges of the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800 or around tears or cuts in the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800, thus diminishing the occurrences of arcing, charring, or fires caused by large induced currents and voltages. The abuse-tolerant design includes a repeated pattern of small metallic segments 808, wherein each segment acts as a heating element when under the influence of microwave energy. In the absence of a dielectric load (i.e., food), this energy generates only a small induced current in each element and hence a very low electric field strength close to its surface.
Preferably, the power reflection of the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800 is increased by combining the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800 with the susceptor film layer 805. In this configuration, a high surface-heating environment is created through the additional excitement of the susceptor film 805 due to the composite action of food contacting the small metallic segments 808. When the food contacts the metallic segments 808 of the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800, the quasi-resonant characteristic of perimeters defined by the metallic segments 808 can stimulate stronger and more uniform cooking. Unlike a full sheet of plain susceptor film 805, the present invention can stimulate uniform heating between the edge and center portion of a sheet of the abuse-tolerant metallic segments 808 combined with a susceptor film 805 to achieve a more uniform heating effect.
The average width and perimeter of the pattern of metallic segments 808 will determine the effective heating strength of the pattern and the degree of abuse-tolerance of the pattern. However, the power transmittance directly toward the food load through the abuse-tolerant metallic segments 808 is dramatically decreased, which leads to a quasi-shielding functionality. In the absence of food contacting the abuse-tolerant packaging material 800, the array effect of the small metallic segments 808 still maintains a generally transparent characteristic with respect to microwave power energy. Thus, the chances of arcing or burning when the material is unloaded or improperly loaded are diminished.
Preferably, each of the metallic segments 808 has an area less than 5 mm2 and the gap between each of the small metallic segments 808 is larger than 1 mm. Metallic segments 808 of such size and arrangement reduce the threat of arcing that exists under no-load conditions in average microwave ovens. When, for example, food, a glass tray, or a layer of plain susceptor film 805 contacts the metallic segments 808, the capacitance between adjacent metallic segments 808 will be raised as each of these substances has a dielectric constant much larger than a typical substrate on which the small metal segments 808 are located. Of these materials, food has the highest dielectric constant (often by an order of magnitude). This creates a continuity effect of connected metallic segments 808, which then work as a low Q-factor resonate loop, power transmission line, or power reflection sheet with the same function of many designs that would otherwise be unable to withstand abuse conditions. On the other hand, the pattern is detuned from the resonant characteristic in the absence of food. This selectively tuned effect substantially equalizes the heating capability over a fairly large packaging material surface including areas with and without food.
The perimeter of each set of metallic segments 808 is preferably a predetermined fraction of the effective wavelength of microwaves in an operating microwave oven. The predetermined fraction is selected based on the properties of the food to be cooked, including the dielectric constant of the food and the amount of bulk heating desired for the intended food. For example, a perimeter of a set of metallic segments 808 can be selected to be equal to predetermined fractions or multiples of the effective microwave wavelength for a particular food product. Furthermore, a resonant fraction or multiple of the microwave wavelength is selected when the abuse-tolerant microwave packaging material 800 is to be used to cook a food requiring strong heating, and a smaller, high-density, nested perimeter of a quasi-resonant, fractional wavelength is selected when the abuse-tolerant microwave packaging material 800 is used to cook food requiring less heating, but more shielding. Therefore, the benefit of concentric but slightly dissimilar perimeters is to provide good overall cooking performance across a greater range of food properties (e.g., from frozen to thawed food products).
The embodiment depicted in
During the manufacture of the pouch 900, a second sheet of insulating microwave packaging material 950 is attached to the bottom side 952 of the pouch 900, i.e., the side of the pouch 900 that will rest on the floor or turntable of a microwave oven during cooking. The second plastic film side of the second sheet 950 faces the second plastic film side of the first sheet 940. The second sheet 950 may be tacked to the first sheet 940, for example, by adhesive or heat seal, at several points 956 spaced apart from each other along the perimeter of the second sheet 950. For example, if the second sheet 950 is square or rectangular, the corners of the second sheet 950 may be tacked to the outer surface of the first sheet 940. The second sheet of packaging material 950 is only attached at points 956 at the corners to allow for movement of the second sheet 950 in the X and Y directions.
In this embodiment, as the susceptor film in the first sheet 940 heats, the pouch 900 expands to form the pillows on the top surface 920, which bring the susceptor film in close proximity to or contact with the food product 930 on all sides, providing the desired cooking effect on all sides of the food product 930. The channels between the pillows in the quilted top surface 920 provide the added benefit of venting water vapor released from the food product 930 to the vent holes 926a, 926b, 926c, 926d during cooking, which further enhances the surface browning and crisping effects of the susceptor film. The vapor filled cells of the first sheet 940 also further insulate the food product 930 from the microwave oven environment and ensure the heat generated remains in the food product 930 rather than transferring to the oven environment.
As discussed above, a frozen food product placed upon a microwave oven surface will cool the microwave oven surface before the microwave oven is energized, increasing the amount of heat transfer to the microwave oven surface once the cooking process begins. In the embodiments of
Alternatively, the sealed pouch may be formed of a sheet of a regular susceptor material, for example, MicroFlex®Q, that does not expand like the first sheet 940 to provide insulation. In this example, the second sheet of insulating microwave packaging material 950 described above is still attached to the bottom side of the pouch. In this manner, the second sheet 950 will still expand to insulate the pouch of susceptor material from the microwave oven floor and improve the cooking performance of the susceptor material against the food product 930.
Cool-to-the-Touch Microwave Packaging Materials
In a further embodiment of the invention, the quilting effect is created in a layer of polyester film separated from the susceptor film. Not only is the microwave packaging insulated from the vented air of the microwave oven, the quilted layer also protects a consumer from the residual heat of the susceptor film after cooking. As shown in
Upon impingement by microwave energy, the insulating microwave packaging material 1000 undergoes a transformation as shown in
Although the paperboard 1008 is thicker, and thereby more insulating than the paper layers of previous embodiments, the amorphous polyester film 1010 has a lower heat distortion temperature than the biaxially-oriented polyester of the previous embodiments. Therefore, the amorphous polyester film 1010 will soften and yield to the pressure of expanding water vapor at a lower temperature. Thus, the quilting effect in the first plastic film 1010 is achieved at a lower surface temperature of the top surface 1020 than in previous embodiments because the necessary heat transfer through the paperboard 1008 is reduced.
The combination of quilting and lower surface temperature may provide several consumer benefits. As depicted in
A further embodiment of the invention that provides insulation against heat transfer to the consumer, shown in
Because the sheets 1100, 1200 of insulating microwave interactive material are inactive along the adhesive patterns 1112, 1212 outlining the cells 1114, 1214, the areas of the adhesive patterns will not heat during microwave cooking. This effect provides an opportunity to design microwave packaging products with exterior surfaces cool to the touch for a consumer. One example of such a packaging design is shown in
On the exterior surface of the cooking pouch 1350, raised ribs 1340 are formed, as shown in
One embodiment of the invention may include the use of the insulating microwave packaging material of the present invention in conjunction with commercially available fast food packaging designs.
The flexible pouch 1400 may be constructed of the insulating microwave packaging material of the present invention, or alternately other non-insulating susceptor materials, for example, MicroFlex®Q or MicroRite®. Such susceptor materials are preferably heat sealable so that the edges 1424 may be sealed together to form the pouch 1400. The panel edges of the pouch 1400 may alternatively be held together with adhesive. (In the prior art design, the flexible pouch is composed of polyethylene coated paper or clear polymer film, which is heat sealable.) Patterned microwave active and passive areas may be etched into the susceptor material using the techniques previously described herein. The active areas in the location of the cells 1414 provide the lofting effect to the cells 1414. The passive areas provide for stronger pouch seals 1424 and help in the formation of surfaces, for example, raised ribs 1440, as finger holds, which are cool to the touch.
One useful examples for such a combination package 1410 is for a master pack, including multiple carton 1450 and pouch 1400 combinations according to this invention, and a package of finger style food items, e.g., French fries. The consumer may open the master pack and select an individual package 1410 formed according to this invention, pop open the bottom of the carton 1460, thereby opening the pouch 1400, fill the pouch 1400 with a serving of food, fold over the pouch opening and place the package in the microwave oven. After heating the consumer may reach into the microwave oven and grab the package by hand. The microwave inactive portions 1440 of the pouch 1400 and the carton 1450 itself are cool-to-the-touch. In this manner, the user may, unfold the pouch 1400 immediately to form the bowl-like shape and consume the food item 1430. Further, the design carton blank 1450 with the arcuate bottom panel 1460 separates the pouch 1400 completely from heat sink contact with the microwave oven floor, resulting in superior cooking performance of the microwave active pouch 1400.
The package 1410 of this invention can also be executed as a consumer retail package. A food processor would form a microwave active pouch 1400 from roll stock, attach the pouch 1400 to the paperboard carton blank 1450 with glue, fill the pouch 1400, and heat seal the pouch 1400 closed. The pouch 1400 and carton blank 1450 may be printed with graphics, which promote the product and instruct the consumer in the use of the package 1410. The package 1410 may be sized, for example, to fit in a cup holder facilitating eat-on-the-go convenience store sales. The package 1410 could be distributed either with the carton bottom 1460 erected open or folded flat. If folded flat, the consumer would be instructed to pop the carton bottom open 1460 and place the package 1410 with the food item 1430 in a microwave oven for heating. After removing the package 1410 from the microwave oven, the pouch seal is peeled opened at a cool-to-the-touch finger hold area 1440, which is microwave inactive.
Either cold glue or cold glue in combination with hot melt may be used to attach the microwave active pouch 1400 to the carton blank 1450. Hot melts bond quickly compared to cold glues, and thus increase package fabrication speeds. However, hot melts may react at the temperatures reached by the susceptor pouch 1400, allowing the pouch to detach from the carton blank 1450 and fall to the oven floor defeating the package design function. Cold glues on the other hand may be selected to resist temperatures above those reached by the microwave susceptor pouch 1400, avoiding this problem. Alternatively, the hot melt could be placed in corresponding position relative to a microwave susceptor inactive area 1440, also circumventing this problem.
Pouches constructed of two sheets of insulating microwave interactive material as used in several of the previous embodiments may take on various forms and shapes. One example depicted in
Another embodiment of the invention for providing low heat transfer packaging surfaces oriented toward the consumer is depicted in
The microwavable package 1600 of
Provided within the base 1606 at one or more locations are vent windows 1608. These base vent windows 1608 may be cutouts along the bottom edge of the base 1606 as depicted in
The microwavable package 1600 is open at the top like a chimney 1616 to allow water vapor released by the food product 1620 during cooking to escape the constraints of the microwavable package 1600. The reduction of water vapor in the microwavable package 1600 increases the browning and crisping effect of the susceptor film 1604 on the food product, as otherwise the water vapor would counteract the drying effect of the susceptor film 1604. The top edge or rim of the paperboard outer wall 1602 may be folded, either outward or inward (as shown in
As the heated water vapor rises and exhausts through the chimney opening 1616, a draft is created in conjunction with the floor vent holes 1612 and the base vent windows 1608 whereby relatively drier outside air is drawn through the microwavable package 1600 and across the food product 1620. The overall exterior shape of the microwavable package 1600 may taper from bottom to top to enhance the chimney effect. The drafting air flow helps with the removal of water vapor as the unsaturated dry air is able to absorb additional water vapor. This increases the crisping and browning effect of the susceptor film 1604 on the food product 1620. The drafting air further provides some convection within the microwavable package 1600, thereby distributing the heat within the package and providing a more uniform cooking result.
Another embodiment of a microwavable package 1700 is depicted in
Each of the top cup 1702 and bottom cup 1704 may be constructed of paperboard and lined on its interior surface with a susceptor, as in the embodiment shown in
The top cup 1702 may be sealed to the bottom cup 1704 by adhering the lips 1706, 1708 of the cups together. As an alternative example, plastic shrink-wrap tear-tape 1710 may be used to hold the top cup 1702 and bottom cup 1704 together at the interface between the lips 1706, 1708. The use of tear-tape 1710 further provides tamper evidence to the consumer to assure the safety of the food product 1720. With the use of tear-tape 1710, the consumer may quickly open the microwavable package 1700 by pulling the tear-tape 1710 and lifting the top cup 1702 off the bottom cup 1704, revealing the food product contained with Alternately, plastic shrink-wrap may cover the entire microwavable package 1700, for example, for freezer protection. A tear-strip 1710 may be placed in a portion of the shrink wrap to facilitate opening of the microwavable package 1700. The shrink-wrap may also be printed with graphics and other product information to minimize the cost of manufacture of the microwavable package 1700. The consumer may further proceed to eat the food product while holding the bottom cup 1704 in hand. In this manner, the microwavable package 1700 becomes a convenient, portable, on-the-go, serving utensil.
To aid in the ability of the bottom cup 1704 to be used as a serving utensil, a corrugated paper sleeve 1712, or other insulating surface may be placed on the outer surface of the bottom cup 1704 to insulate the consumer's hand from the extreme heat of the susceptor film transferred through the paperboard wall of the bottom cup 1704. Other materials may be used to provide the desired consumer insulation on the outer surface of the bottom cup 1704. These materials may include, for example, a cavitated film coating; a high density polyethylene coating, a polyvinyl-chloride shrink-wrap sleeve; and the polypropylene substrate configuration that creates the quilted, air-cell surface as shown and described herein with respect to
Another embodiment of a microwavable package 1800 according to the present invention is depicted in
The top cup 1802 has a rim 1814 defining the major opening of the top cup 1802. The bottom cup 1804 maybe formed with a flange 1816 along its rim 1815 defining the major opening of the bottom cup 1804. The flange 1816 may be formed in the rim 1815 of the bottom cup 1804 by compression of the paperboard forming the bottom cup 1804, for example, in a mold or a clamping device. The flange 1816 may extend beyond the outer surface of the bottom cup 1804 to form a shelf 1818 along the rim 1815. The major opening in the top cup 1802 defined by the rim 1814 and the major opening in the bottom cup 1804 defined by the rim 1815 may be symmetrical in dimension such that the rim 1814 of the top cup 1802 rests upon the shelf 1818. The flange 1816 of the bottom cup 1804 extends above the shelf 1818 and covers a portion of the exterior surface of the top cup 1802 along its rim 1814. In this manner, the top cup 1802 nests within the flange 1816 of the bottom cup 1804 to form a canister. As with the second embodiment described with respect to
In the embodiment of
The lower portion 1904 of the microwavable package 1900 may not be covered by a susceptor film as there is no food product 1920 in lower portion of the microwavable package 1900. Further, the lower portion 1904 may be tapered for ease of holding the microwavable package 1900 by the consumer. For example, if the upper portion 1902 of the microwavable package 1900 were cylindrical, as the cup embodiments previously described, the lower portion 1904 may be a frustum. The bottom 1910 of the lower portion 1904 may be flat in order to support the microwavable package 1900 in an upright position on a flat surface, for example, on a shelf for storage or in the microwave during cooking.
As in the previous embodiments described with respect to
Yet another embodiment of the present invention is depicted in
When used in a package configuration as depicted in
Although various embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic elements of the invention as defined in the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/355,149 filed 8 Feb. 2002, entitled “Vented and Insulated Microwavable Packaging for Improved Cooking and Enhanced Consumer Use,” which is hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US03/03779 | 2/7/2003 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60355149 | Feb 2002 | US |
