Patent Application
20070023154
The present application relates to an insulating paperboard, and more particularly to an insulating paperboard containing cellulosic fibers and fillers.
Hot foods, particularly hot liquids, are commonly served and consumed in disposable containers. These containers are made from a variety of materials including paperboard and foamed polymeric sheet material. One of the least expensive sources of paperboard material is cellulose fibers. Cellulose fibers are employed to produce excellent paperboards for the production of hot cups, press-molded paperboard plates,and bowls and other food and beverage containers. Conventional paperboard produced from cellulosic fibers, however, is relatively dense, and therefore, transmits heat more readily than, for example, foamed polymeric sheet material. Thus, hot liquids are typically served in doubled cups of conventional paperboard or in cups with sleeves.
It is desirable to possess an insulating paperboard produced from cellulosic material and fillers that has good insulating characteristics, that will allow the user to sense that food in the container is warm or hot and at the same time will allow the consumer of the food or beverage in the container to hold the container for a lengthy period of time without the sensation of excessive temperature. It is further desirable to provide an insulating paperboard that can be tailored to provide a variety of insulating characteristics so that the temperature drop across the paperboard can be adjusted for a particular end use.
This application will become more readily appreciated and understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Referring to
The distinguishing characteristic of the present application is that at least one ply, 14, of the insulating paperboard, whether a single-ply or a multiple-ply structure, contains cellulosic fibers in addition to fillers. The cellulosic fibers and fillers increase the insulating characteristics of the board. As defined herein cellulosic fibers useable in the present application are derived primarily from wood pulp. Suitable wood pulp fibers for use with the application can be obtained from well-known chemical processes such as the kraft and sulfite processes, with or without subsequent bleaching. Softwoods and hardwoods can be used. Details of the selection of wood pulp fibers are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, suitable cellulosic fibers produced from southern pine that are useable in the present application are available from a number of companies including Weyerhaeuser Company under the designations CF416, PL416, FR416, and NB416. A bleached Kraft wet lap pulp, manufactured by Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, Wash., KKT, Prince Albert Softwood and Grande Praire Softwood are examples of northern softwoods that can be used. As used herein, processed cellulosic fibers include fibers that are chemically processed to change the cellulose from Cellulose 1 to Cellulose 11, such as mercerized and mercerized flash dried fibers in which the mercerization is conducted as one stage in the bleaching process. Mercerized fibers such as HPZ and mercerized flash dried pulp such as HPZ III, both manufactured by Buckeye Technologies, Memphis, Tenn., and Porosinier-J-HP available from Rayonier Performance Fibers Division, Jessup, Ga. are suitable for use in the present application. These mercerized softwood pulps have an α-cellulose purity of 95% or greater and are stiff fibers. Processed fibers also include mechanically and chemimechanically treated fibers, such as chemithermomechanical pulp fibers (CTMP), bleached chemithermomechanical pulp fibers (BCTMP), thermomechanical pulp fibers (TMP), refiner groundwood pulp fibers and groundwood pulp fibers. Recycled or secondary wood pulp fibers are also suitable.
Examples of these pulps are TMP (thermomechanical pulp) made by Bowater, Greenville, S.C., a TMP (thermomechanical pulp) made by Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, Wash., made by passing wood chips through three stages of dual refiners and a CAMP (chemi-thermomechanical pulp) obtained from NORPAC, Longview, Wash., sold as a CTMP NORPAC Newsprint Grade. Other processed fibers include specially dried jet dried fibers and treated jet dried cellulosic fibers manufactured by the Weyerhaeuser Company by the method described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/923,447 filed Aug. 20, 2004. In this method a slurry of pulp fibers is dewatered to a consistency of approximately 34% and then passed through a jet drier having an inlet temperature of approximately 190° C. to 400° C. an outlet temperature of 50° C. to 205° C. and a steam pressure of approximately 1082 kPa (157 psig). Fibers made by this process have kink, twist and curl. Additional processed fibers include flash dried and treated flash dried fibers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,970, Mixtures of processed fibers can also be used with fillers as well as mixtures of processed fibers, cellulosic fibers and fillers.
Fillers can include, but are not limited to silicate nano fibers (SNF) and silicate macro particles (SMP), respectively. The former have a particle diameter of 50-100 nm, a primary particle length of 1-4 μm and an aspect ratio of 1:10 to 1:50. Silicate macro particles have a primary particle diameter of 100 to 200 nm, a primary particle length of 1 to 3 μm and an aspect ratio of 1:5 to 1:10. These are available from GR International, Chennai, India. Precipitated calcium carbonate such as Ultrabulk PCC and Extend PCC available from Minerals Technologies, New York, N.Y. may also be used as fillers. A plastic based filler such as ground PET or ABS saturated with CO2 or N2, produced by MicroGREEN, Stanwood, Wash. can also be used. This filter expands during the drying process in the formed paperboard.
Paperboard of the present application may have a broad set of characteristics. For example, in one embodiment its basis weight can range from 200 gsm to 500 gsm, in another embodiment the basis weight ranges from 250 gsm to 400 gsm. In yet another embodiment the basis weight of the paperboard is equal to or greater than 250 gsm. In one embodiment the insulating paperboard has a density of less than 0.5 g/cc, in another embodiment the density is from 0.3 g/cc to 0.45 g/cc, and in another embodiment the density is from 0.35 g/cc to 0.40 g/cc.
When at least one ply of the paperboard contains cellulosic fibers and fillers in accordance with the present application, advantageous temperature drop characteristics can be achieved. These temperature drop characteristics can be achieved by altering the amount of cellulosic fiber and filler introduced into the paperboard, by adjusting the basis weight of the paperboard, by adjusting the caliper of the paperboard after it has been produced by running it, for example, through nip rolls, and of course, by varying the number and thickness of additional plies incorporated in the paperboard structure. In one embodiment the paperboard has a caliper greater than or equal to 0.4 mm, a basis weight equal to or greater than 230 gsm, and a density less than 0.5 g/cc. Insulating paperboard properties are given in Table 1, below.
(a)70/30 mixture, wt. basis
In another embodiment the paperboard of the present application exhibits a hot water ΔT of at least 5.5° C. at a caliper of 0.5 mm and a hot water ΔT of 9.9° C. at a caliper of at least 1 mm. The relationship of hot water ΔT (as defined below) to thickness is a linear one between the calipers of 0.4 mm and 1 mm and continues to be linear with a reduction in the caliper below 0.4 mm or an increase above 1 mm. Stated another way, a paperboard constructed in accordance with the present application having a caliper of 0.4 mm or greater will exhibit a hot water ΔT of about 0.9° C. per 0.1 mm of caliper change. These temperature values are based on a linear regression equation of caliper vs. ΔT, using the coefficients in Table 2. Upper and lower confidence limits can be calculated for each point from the data given in Table 2, below. The statistical parameters are give in Table 2.
*Confidence Limit
Using the coefficients established for the regression equation, the following relationship can be established for the ΔT at different caliper levels.
LCL, Lower Confidence Limits
UCL, Upper Confidence Limits
The paperboard of the application can be a single-ply product. When a single-ply product is employed, the density characteristics of the paperboard of the present application allows the manufacture of a thicker paperboard at a reasonable basis weight. To achieve the same insulating characteristics with a normal paperboard, the normal paperboard thickness would have to be doubled relative to that of the present application. Using the cellulosic fibers of the present application together with fillers, an insulating paperboard having the same basis weight as a normal paperboard can be made. This effectively allows the manufacture of insulating paperboard on existing paperboard machines with minor modifications and minor losses in productivity. Moreover, a one-ply paperboard has the advantage that the whole structure is at an acceptable density. Alternatively, the paperboard of the application can be multi-ply product, and include two, three, or more plies. Paperboard that includes more than a single-ply can be made by combining the plies either before or after drying. Multi-ply paperboard can be made by using multiple headboxes arranged sequentially in a wet-forming process, or by a baffled headbox having the capacity of receiving and then laying multiple pulp furnishes. The individual plies of a multi-ply product can be the same or different.
The paperboard of the present application can be formed using conventional papermaking machines including, for example. Rotoformer, Fourdrinier, inclined wire Delta former, and twin-wire forming machines.
In one embodiment when a single-ply paperboard is used in accordance with the present application, it is homogeneous in composition. The single ply, however, may be stratified with respect to composition and have one stratum enriched with cellulosic fibers and fillers or cellulosic fibers, processed cellulosic fibers and fillers and another stratum enriched with cellulosic fibers to provide a smooth, denser, less porous surface.
It is most economical to produce a paperboard that is homogeneous in composition is where the cellulosic fibers and fillers are uniformly intermixed with cellulosic fibers. In one embodiment cellulosic fibers are present in the insulating ply or layer in an amount from about 50% to about 95% and the fillers are present in an amount of from 5% to 50 by total dry weight. In a two-ply structure, for example, the first ply may contain 100% cellulosic fibers while the second ply may contain from 50% to 95% cellulosic fibers and the filler may be present in an amount of 5% to 50% by total weight of fiber. In one embodiment, in a three-ply layer, the bottom and top layers may contain 100% of cellulosic fibers while the middle layer contains from about 50% to about 95% of cellulosic fibers and from 5% to 50% filler by total dry weight of fiber. It is recognized that a portion of the cellulosic fibers can be processed cellulosic fibers.
The paperboard of the present application has a broad set of strength properties. For example, in one embodiment the Taber stiffness may range from about 70 g-cm to about 1200 g-cm. In another embodiment the Taber stiffness ranges from about 150 to about 600 g-cm and in yet another embodiment the Taber stiffness ranges from about 250 to about 600 g-cm. Taber stiffness was determined by ISO 24393:1992 E except for units reported, the TAPPI counterpart is 489 OM-92.
The paperboard also has a range of tensile properties with can be tailored. In one embodiment the tensile index ranges from about 25 Nm/g to about 60 Nm/g. In another embodiment the tensile index ranges from about 30 Nm/g to about 50 Nm/g and in yet another embodiment the ranges is from 35 Nm/g to 45 Nm/g. Tensile index was determined by TAPPI 494.
In converting operations of a conventional paperboard to the cup, it is estimated that a minimum Z-direction tensile (ZDT) of 275 kPa is necessary for proper rim and top curl formation so that delamination does not occur during this process. It is believed with the present board the lower range can be extended to 100 kPa. In one embodiment ZDT (Z-Direction Tensile) ranges from about 200 kPa to 600 kPa, in another embodiment the ZDT ranges from about 300 kPa to about 500 kPa. ZDT was determined by TAPPI 541.
Sheet bulk was determined by TAPPI 411 and sheet density was calculated as the reciprocal of sheet bulk.
The paperboard of the present application can be utilized to make a variety of structures, particularly containers, in which it is desired to have insulating characteristics. Referring to
In addition to fibrous materials the paperboard of the application may include a binding agent. Suitable binding agents are soluble in, dispersible in, or form a suspension in water. Suitable binding agents include those agents commonly used in the paper industry to impart wet and dry tensile and tearing strength to such products. Suitable wet strength agents include cationic modified starch having nitrogen-containing groups (e.g., amino groups), such as those available from National Starch and Chemical Corp., Bridgewater, N.J.; latex; wet strength resins, such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin (e.g., KYMENE 557LX, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del.), and polyacrylamide resin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,932 and also the commercially available polyacrylamide marketed by American Cyanamid Co., Stanford, Conn., under the trade name PAREZ 631 NC), urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins; and polyethylenimine resins. A general discussion on wet strength resins utilized in the paper field, and generally applicable in the present application, can be found in TAPPI monograph series No. 29, “Wet Strength in Paper and Paperboard”, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (New York, 1965).
Other suitable binding agents include starch, modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, acrylic acid polymers, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyamine, guar gum, oxidized polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride/acrylic acid copolymers, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, and polyacrylonitrile. Many of these will be formed into latex polymers for dispersion or suspension in water.
Paperboard thermal performance is determined in a test unit that models the heat transfer through a paper cup. A box of plexiglass measuring 10×10×10 cm interior dimensions has a sample opening of 8.2 cm by 8.2 cm in one side. A gasket of surgical tubing is attached to the box around the perimeter of the 8.2 cm×8.2 cm opening. A 10 cm×10 cm sample of paperboard is laminated on one surface with 10 cm wide 3 M Tartan 3765 packaging tape. Alternatively, polyethylene may be extruded onto the surface of the board. The paperboard sample is mounted onto the apparatus covering the sample opening with the sealed face toward the interior. A separate piece of plexiglass (with the same outside dimensions as the box and a hole 8.2 cm×8.2 cm cut out) is clamped over the paperboard sample to hold it firmly against the box. The box is filled with hot water at a temperature of 96.1° C. (205° F.) through a small opening in the top of the box so that the water is in full contact with the sample. A small stir bar is inserted into the box and the assembly is then placed on a stir plate to permit stirring during the measurement phase. A K type thermocouple is inserted into the hot water through the small opening in the box top and an infra-red thermometer IRCON Inc. Modline Series 3400 Radiation Thermometer, set to measure at 0.96 emissivity is aimed at the outside center of the paperboard sample at a 29.7 cm distance and the IR radiation measured. A data logger, (HP34970A Data Acquisition/Switch Unit capturing the mVdc response from the radiation thermometer adjusted by a gain of 30.0 and an offset of 100 and the mVdc response from the thermocouple but does not adjust it) records the temperature of both the inside water (from the thermocouple inserted into the water) and the outside surface of the sample (from the infrared radiation thermometer gun) from which the temperature drop (ΔT) can be calculated. When the water temperature reaches 85° C. (185° F.), the data capture is halted. The difference between the inside water temperature and the outside paperboard temperature is calculated for each data point captured by the data logger. A linear regression analysis is performed on the data for ΔT (inside water temperature minus outside wall temperature) versus inside water temperature and, from the regression, the ΔT at 87.8° C. (190° F.) is determined. The linear regression analysis is run from the point of maximum outside wall temperature to a point on the curve that corresponds to an internal water temperature of 85° C. (185° F.). ΔT is the difference in temperature between the water temperature of 87.8° C. (190° F.) and the corresponding outside wall temperature of the paperboard on the test unit.
A plurality of hand sheet samples given in Table 1 were prepared according the method in the following example.
This method is representative of making a 500 gsm paperboard with 30% SNF. Other paperboards, shown in Table 1, of various basis weights and cellulosic fiber and filler levels can be made with adjustment to the appropriate amounts and weights of fiber and other additives. All paperboard samples contained 5 percent by total dry fiber weight bleached Douglas Fir refined to 50 CSF(crill). The remainder of the cellulosic fiber (bleached Douglas fir) was refined to 510 CSF.
SNF, 604.8 g fiber (2.5% consistency), 112.5 g Douglas Fir refined to 510 CSF (29.1% consistency), 100.5 g Douglas Fir refined to 50 CSF (2.5% consistency), (crill), and 5.04 g polyvinylalcohol (Celvol 165SF PVOH, available from Celanese, Dallas, Tex.), 100% solids, were disintegrated for 5 minutes in a British Disintegrator. The mixture was diluted to 4 L with deionized water and adjusted to a pH of 7.2-7.4 using NaHCO3 The equivalent of 1 g/kg (2Lb/T) Kymene and 0.13 g/kg (0.26 lb/T) of Perform-PC8138 (both available from Hercules, Wilmington, Del.) were added from 1% solutions each, and mixed for 2 minutes. AKD (alkyl ketene dimmer) available from Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. at 2 g/kg (4 lb/T) and 4.25 g/kg (8.5 lb/Ton) starch (Sta-Lok 300, available from Tate-Lyle, Decatur, Ill.) were each added and the mixture stirred for two minutes. A 31.75×31.75cm forming wire (155 mesh) was placed in the bottom of a Noble & Wood 12″ by 12″ handsheet mold, the slurry poured into the sheet mold, diluted to 35 liters with deionized water and mixed with a plunger. The slurry was then drained, dewatered by using blotters with even hand pressing until the sheet reached a consistency of approximately 20%. The sheet was removed from the screen and blotted further to approximately 30% solids. Blotters were placed on each side of the sample, the sample placed between damp felts and then passed through a press at 137.8 kPa (20 psi) to further dewater the sample. The solids content at this point was approximately 40%. The resulting sheet was placed on a drum dryer, (surface temperature of 121° C.), between two dry blotters and allowed to dry for 10 minutes. The sample was then inverted and allowed to dry an additional 10 minutes. The sample was conditioned in a 50% Relative f Humidity room for a minimum of 4 hours prior to testing.
The foregoing application has been described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment and various alterations and variations thereof. One of ordinary skill will be able to substitute equivalents in the disclosed application without departing from the broad concepts imparted herein. It is therefore intended that the present application be limited only to by the definition contained in the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-pan of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/171,023 filed Jun. 30, 2005, priority from the filing date of which is herby claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11171023 | Jun 2005 | US |
| Child | 11531176 | Sep 2006 | US |
