Patent Application
20060019568
The invention relates generally to the field of building material products and, in particular, to insulation products for building exterior walls.
In building construction, the primary barrier between the interior environment and the unstable exterior environment is provided by multiple layers of a variety of materials.
Although combinations of materials have been developed capable of providing thermal insulation and a moisture barrier, these capabilities are undermined when there are holes or discontinuities in the barrier material. These holes and discontinuities result in excessive heat loss (or heat infiltration into air-conditioned structures) through air infiltration. The air that infiltrates the barrier carries moisture that is retained, causing mold growth and damage or impaired durability.
One of the primary tools to address these problems is the use of house wraps and other air barriers and vapor retarders.
Although house wraps have decreased the amount of moisture entering the interior of buildings, the associated air tightness of the barriers has resulted in a reduction in the drying ability of the barrier materials.
Further the performance of the barrier materials continues to depend on the quality of workmanship for installing the materials. If there are gaps or discontinuities between adjacent sections of house wrap, then infiltration can occur.
Recently, gypsum sheathing has been used outdoors in exterior insulation or finishing systems, with insulation layers, (sometimes referred to as “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)”). These systems are designed to accept polystyrene insulation adhered to a glass-faced gypsum board, followed by a thin application of stucco, for example. Because of the exposure to the elements, gypsum sheathing boards are often treated or impregnated with hydrophobic additives.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,880, incorporated by reference herein, describes an EIFS, for which the essential components comprise a fibrous mat-faced, water-resistant gypsum board and an overlying finishing material. The finishing material can be in multi-ply or mono-ply form. It can be positioned contiguously to said gypsum board or it can directly overlie or be directly affixed to a member(s) which is sandwiched between said gypsum board and said finishing material.
Improved building products are desired.
A method comprises providing a mineral fiber insulation board that is resistant to penetration by liquid water and has first and second major surfaces, laminating an exterior facing material, which is resistant to air infiltration and penetration by liquid water, to the first major surface of the insulation board, the exterior facing material being permeable to water vapor, and bonding an interior facing to the second major surface of the insulation board with an adhesive, so that the second major surface with the interior facing and adhesive thereon is resistant to liquid water-penetration, thereby to form a section of a unitary building exterior envelope product.
A product comprises: a mineral fiber insulation board that is resistant to penetration by liquid water and has first and second major surfaces; an exterior facing material, permeable to water vapor and resistant to air infiltration and penetration by liquid water, laminated to the first major surface of the insulation board, and an interior facing laminated to the second major surface of the insulation board with an adhesive, so that the second major surface with the interior facing and adhesive thereon is resistant to liquid water-penetration, thereby to form a unitary building exterior envelope product.
This description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be considered part of the entire written description. In the description, relative terms such as “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivative thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawing under discussion. These relative terms are for convenience of description and do not require that the apparatus be constructed or operated in a particular orientation. Terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise.
U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,433, filed Dec. 19, 2002 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,433, filed Dec. 19, 2002, are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
Referring to
A facing material 130 capable of providing an air and rain barrier is laminated to the first surface of the insulation board. The facing material 130 is permeable to water vapor. A water repellent facing 120 is laminated to the second surface of the insulation board to form a unitary building exterior envelope product 100.
Preferred embodiments of the Exterior Board System (EBS) 100 perform the following functions in accordance with the general capabilities of a building envelope:
(1) Resist Water/Rain Penetration—The EBS preferably allows the building to be weatherized so that work on the interior components of the building can begin quickly, saving both construction time and cost.
(2) Handle Imposed Moisture Loads—The EBS should handle imposed moisture loads without degradation to itself or other building components. The EBS should allow moisture to escape to the exterior.
(3) Provide Thermal Insulation—The EBS will provide both immediate thermal insulation for the building as well as be a part of the final insulation package to meet energy codes.
(4) Act As An Air Infiltration Barrier—The EBS will minimize air leakage through it and will become part of the air infiltration barrier system.
The insulation product 100 is beneficially used as insulation in the exterior walls of buildings, such as steel stud commercial buildings. However, the insulation product 100 may be used in other building applications as well.
The insulation board 110 is preferably a non-cementious board, such as a mineral fiber insulation board preferably comprises mineral fibers such as glass fibers, rock wool fibers, slag fibers, organic fibers, ceramic fibers (e.g., alumina), silica or basalt fibers resin bonded into a rigid or semi-rigid board. For example, suitable mineral fiber insulation boards are sold by CertainTeed Corp. of Valley Forge, Pa.
The mineral fiber insulation board 110 may have a density from about 2 pounds per cubic foot (PCF) to about 8 PCF. Preferably, the density of the insulation board 110 is from about 2.5 PCF to about 4.0 PCF, and more preferably, the density may be about 3 PCF. An exemplary board material is a fiber glass material having a binder content from about 6% to about 17%, preferably from about 14% to about 15%. A water repellant may be mixed with the binder or injected into the binder before the binder is sprayed on to the fiber glass. Exemplary water repellents may be DC347, DC346, and DC1581 from Dow Coming of Midland Mich. The water repellant may form a fraction of the total board content ranging from about 0.1% to about 2%. Some embodiments include about 0.2% water repellent. The water repellent may also be used to treat the facing 120 laminated to the board.
The hydrophobic agent is preferably introduced to the binder shortly before the spraying. The silicone may be added to the washwater used as dilution water shortly before spraying the fibers.
The silicone hydrophobic agent may also be applied to the mineral fibers separately from the binder in a water emulsion or solution that is used to cool the hot mineral fibers in a mineral fiber insulation fiberizing and forming section before the binder is applied.
Preferred insulation materials can be selected using two test methods in ASTM 473-00 Standard Test Methods for Physical Testing of Gypsum Panel Products for water resistance. The two test methods are:
1) Water Resistance of Core-Treated Water-Repellent Gypsum Panel Products, and
2) Surface Water Resistance of Gypsum Panel Products with Water-Repellent Surfaces.
In ASTM C473 Surface Water Resistance Cobb Test, preferred materials absorb about 40 grams or less of water in 10 minutes, preferably about 1.26 grams or less. In ASTM C 473 Core Water Resistance test, preferred materials absorb about 1050 grams or less of water per square foot in 120 minutes, preferably about 60 grams or less. The above core water resistance test values correspond to water absorption of less than about 400% of the insulation weight, preferably 74% or less. The surface water resistance test is performed on the insulation board surface 120.
In other embodiments, the insulation board 110 has a fibrous mineral matrix (e.g., fiber glass), into which are incorporated a phosphate-containing compound (“PCC,” e.g., an inorganic phosphate salt) and a refractory mineral filler (“RMF,” e.g., alumina or aluminum sulfate) to improve fire resistance. Preferably, the PCC is an inorganic phosphate salt. Suitable salts include monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, monosodium dihydrogen phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, and potassium tripolyphosphate. Mixtures of multiple PCCs (e.g., mixtures of mono- and di-ammonium phosphates) can also be used. Hydrates of PCCs (e.g., monoammonium phosphate dihydrate) can be used, in which case water of hydration should not be considered in determining the content (e.g. % by weight) of the PCC in the insulation product. Although not critical, it is preferred that the RMF be relatively biologically inert, so that human contact with the flame resistant insulation product is not especially hazardous or irritating. Suitable RMFs include alumina, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconia, and aluminum sulfate. Fiberglass insulation products comprising mono- and/or di-ammonium phosphate as a PCC and alumina or aluminum sulfate as the RMF have proven desirable. Hydrate forms of RMFs (e.g., aluminum sulfate hydrate) can be used, in which case water of hydration should not be considered in determining the content (e.g. % by weight) of the RMF in the insulation product. Additional details of a fire resistant insulation material are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/831,843, filed Apr. 26, 2004, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Table 1 lists surface water penetration results (grams of water that penetrated through the surface tested) for several insulation board materials suitable for use in insulation board 110, based on a Cobb test from ASTM 473C. The tests indicated a potential for as low as 0.01 grams in ten minutes to a high of 250 grams in ten minutes.
In Tables 1 and 2, “OC” denotes Owens Corning of Toledo, Ohio, “Eco” denotes Ecophon of Naestved, Denmark, and “CT” denotes CertainTeed Corporation of Valley Forge, Pa., “Han” denotes Hankuk Haniso Co. Ltd. of Chungchoengnam-do, Korea. MAG designates MAG Co. Ltd. of Ibaraki-Ken, Japan. Pactiv designates 2″ thick Pactiv SLX extruded polystyrene Insulation board with film laminate on both sides as manufactured by Pactiv Building products of Atlanta, Ga. Dens Glass designates ⅝″ thick Dens-Glass Gold Type X glass mat faced Gypsum Sheathing as manufactured by G-P Gypsum Corporation of Atlanta, Ga. OSB designates 7/16″ Oriented Strand Board as manufactured by the Georgia Pacific company of Atlanta, Ga. Dow PU (foil faced foam) designates. 1″ Tuff-R isocyanurate foam as manufactured by Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan. Gypsum Board designates ½″ Paper faced gypsum board as manufactured by Georgia Pacific company of Atlanta, Ga.
Table 2 provides core water resistance for a 12″×12″ sample in 2 hrs with a 1″ head of water. Columns 1 and 2 provide the grams of water absorbed per square foot, and colums 3 and 4 provide the percentage of weight picked up. All facings and coatings were left intact, except as noted for Eco Hygiene Advance.
Based on the results of Table 1 and Table 2, the following products manufactured on of Naestved, Denmark appeared to offer the best surface water resistance and core water resistance:
Ecophon Super G-TBPE—Product# 35591585
Ecophon Master A/Alpha—Product# 35441043
Ecophon Hygiene Performance A—Product# 35427307
Ecophon Gedina E T15—Product# 35419062
Ecophon Hygiene Advance—Product# 35137042
The exterior facing material 130 preferably comprises a polymer film (a film can be perforated to make it water vapor permeable), a coextruded polymer film, a polymer film laminate, a nonwoven mat, a coated non-woven or woven material, a polymer film/nonwoven laminate, a woven polymer film, a woven polymer laminated to a solid polymer film, a polymer film/woven glass laminate, a bituminous coated paper or film, a reflective film or foil. Any of the foregoing film materials can be perforated to permit the passage of water vapor. Alternatively, a spray applied liquid coating may be used. To select or qualify a material for the air barrier/rain screen 130, the AATCC-127-1998 Water Resistance: Hydrostatic Pressure Test may be used with a 100 cm minimum value to identify materials having a preferred water repellency.
The exterior facing 130 provides an air barrier that is resistant to penetration by liquid water, but is vapor permeable (i.e., not a vapor barrier), to permit moisture to escape from the building envelope 100.
Examples of suitable exterior facings include, but are not limited to: FirstWrap Weather Barrier, RoofTex 30B, PlyDry, or KraftTEX Building Paper by Firstline Corporation of Valdosta, Ga.; Fortifiber Jumbo Tex, Jumbo Tex HD 30 minute, Super Jumbo Tex 60 Minute, Two-Ply Jumbo Tex, Two-Ply Jumbo Tex HD 30 minute, or Two-Ply Super Jumbo Tex 60 minute from Fortifiber Corporation of Incline Village, Nev; Tyvek, from DuPont of Wilmington Del.; Rufco-Wrap, from Raven Industries of Sioux Falls, S. Dak.; Typar house wrap from Reemay, Inc., of Old Hickory, Tenn.; Stamisol FA acrylic coated polyester non-woven facing, from Stamoid AG of Germany; or Protecto Wrap Energy Housewrap or ProtectorWrap Dri-Shield Housewrap, from Protecto Wrap of Denver, Colo.
The adhesive used to laminate the air/rain barrier 130 to the fiber glass board 110 may be, for example, Henkel America Product No. 80-8273 hot melt adhesive and product number 50-0965MHV water base adhesive from Henkel of Avon, Ohio.
Alternatively, in place of the rain barrier facing 130, a coating such as “STO GOLD COAT”® Spray On air and liquid moisture barrier from Sto Corporation, Atlanta, Ga. may be applied on the exterior side of the panel 100. Other coatings that may be used are Air-Bloc 07, Air-Bloc 31, or Air-Bloc 33 spray applied products manufactured by the Henry Company, Huntington Park, Calif. The Henry “AIR BLOC™” coatings are vapor permeable air barrier systems, which provide continuous air tightness and water protection, while remaining permeable to the passage of vapor.
In some embodiments, the facing 130 provides air penetration between about 0.001 CFM/Ft2 and about 0.007 CFM/ft2 at 75 Pascals pressure. Based on the Gurley Hill TAPPI T-460 porosity test (ISO 5636-5), the facing may provide a porosity of between about 300 seconds/100 cc and about 2500 seconds/100 cc, or preferably between about 300 seconds/100 cc and about 1500 seconds/100 cc. In some embodiments, air leakage measured by an ASTM E283 test is about 0.017 ft3/min.
In addition to the facings described above, the exterior facing may be any of those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,718,785, 5,644,880, or 4,647,496, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
The interior facing 120 may be, for example, a non-woven material, a glass and/or a polymer fabric. The facing 120 may optionally be water repellant.
The nonwoven or woven facing 120 can be white or black. An example of a preferred white material for the non-woven mat facing 120 is “Dura-Glass®” 8940 wet laid glass non-woven mat, manufactured by Johns Manville of Denver, Colo. The exemplary non-woven mat facing 120 has a thickness of about 0.023 centimeter (0.009 inch) and has a mass per unit area of about 38.7 grams/meter2. Another example is a wet laid fiber glass and polyester fiber non-woven mat with a latex binder and having a thickness of, for example, 0.03 centimeter (0.012 inch), and a weight/square of 70 grams/m2.
An exemplary water repellent glass nonwoven may be #1807 nonwoven from Lydall, Inc. of Manchester, Conn., weighing about 0.8 pounds per 100 square feet. Other suitable nonwovens may weigh up to about 2 pounds per 100 sq. ft.
Other exemplary facings may include 40# Manniglass 1886 Black mat or 1786 Black mat from Lydall Inc. of Green Island, N.Y. or water repellant Elasti-Glass® 3220B mat from Johns Manville of Denver, Colo. In other embodiments, the facing 120 is formed from filament glass fibers in an acrylic-based binder, such as Johns Manville Dura-Glass® 8440 with a water repellant (e.g., silicone or fluorocarbon) applied thereto. Other mat materials providing similar or better degrees of water repellency may alternatively be used. For example, such materials may include non-woven mats of glass fibers randomly dispersed into a web in a wet-laid process, bound in an acrylic or other resin system, and post treated with a fluorocarbon based coating that provides the desired degree of water repellency.
In one embodiment, the facing 120 comprises a nonwoven fiber glass mat having weight of less than 1.1 lb/100 ft2 (53.7 g/m2), and more preferably less than 1.0 lb/100 ft2 (48.81 g/m2). In one exemplary embodiment, the nonwoven fiber glass mat is the 27# Manniglas® 1807 mat having a target weight of 0.87 lb/100 ft2 (42.3 g/m2) and maximum weight of 0.97 lb/100 ft2 (47.5 g/m2) available from Lydall Inc., the 23# Manniglas® 1803 WHB mat having a target weight of 0.80 lb/100 ft2 (39.1 g/m2) and a maximum weight of 0.90 lb/100 ft2 (43.9 g/m2) also available from Lydall Inc. or a mat having a weight therebetween. These exemplary nonwovens include an integral water repellent. In an exemplary embodiment, the nonwoven is combined, such as by saturation, with a water repellent comprising a fluorinated polymer, such as an fluorinated acrylic, fluropolymer or fluorocarbon, silicone, wax, oil, wax-asphalt emulsions, acrylics, other emulsions, latexes, polyvinyl acetates, etc. The weights reflect the combined weight of the coating and mat. In this embodiment, the desired water repellency can be achieved without the use of a water repellent added to the binder of the insulation board or adhesive used to adhere the nonwoven to the duct board.
Alternatively, interior facing 120 may be a woven fabric. Exemplary woven glass fabrics may be a square pattern with 10×10 yarns per inch such as PermaGlas-Mesh Resin Coated Fiber Glass Fabric 10×10, or PermaGlas-Mesh Resin Coated Woven Glass Fabric 20×20, manufactured by Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Both fabrics have a tensile strength of 85 pounds per inch width in the machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). Alternatively, Childers CHIL-GLAS 190 10 Glass Fiber Reinforcing Mesh or Carolina Narrow Fabric woven glass may be used.
Needled, woven, knitted and composite materials may also be used, because of their impressive strength-to-weight ratio. The interior facing 120 can contain fibers and filaments of organic and inorganic materials. Examples include fibers containing glass, olefin (such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene), Kevlar®, graphite, rayon, polyester, carbon, ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof, such as glass-polyester blends or Twintex® glass-olefin composite, available from St. Gobain Corporation, France. Of these types of fibers and filaments, glass compositions are desirable for their fire resistance, low cost and high mechanical strength properties. The four main glasses used are high alkali (A-glass or AR-glass) useful in motor or cement applications, such as in tile backing, electrical grade (E-glass), a modified E-glass that is chemically resistant (ECR-glass), and high strength (S-glass).
The resistance (to liquid water) of the interior surface may come from the lamination process of a non liquid water resistant fabric laminated to a water resistant mineral fiber board with an adhesive having a hydrophobic additive. The resultant laminated board surface is resistant to liquid water even though the fabric itself may or may not be liquid water resistant. For example, if a fabric 120 having a loose, open weave (e.g., 10×10) is used, the spaces between the fibers of the fabric 120 are open, and the resistance to water penetration of the insulation surface with the adhesive and fabric thereon would be provided by the resistance of the insulation and/or the resistance of the adhesive to penetration by liquid water.
Combinations of fiberglass mat, scrim, chopped fibers and woven or knit filaments or roving can also be used for the interior facing layer 120. The appropriate weights of fiberglass mat (usually chopped-strand mat) and woven roving filaments or loose chopped fibers are either bound together with a chemical binder or mechanically knit, needled felted or stitched together. One suitable combination would be a fiberglass and/or resin fiber mat or scrim layered with chopped glass or resin fibers and then needled, felted or stitched together to decrease porosity.
In some embodiments, the interior facing 120 may optionally be a vapor retarder of a variable type (such as the “MEMBRAIN™” smart vapor retarder, sold by CertainTeed Corp. of Valley Forge, Pa.). A smart vapor retarder changes its permeability with the ambient humidity condition.
Table 3 lists several preferred vapor retarder-facing combinations for the interior surface 120, for embodiments with an ASTM E84 “Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,”: maximum 25/50 flame spread/smoke developed classification. In Table 3, VyTech indicates VyTech Industries, Incorporated, Anderson, S.C.; Lamtec indicates Lamtec Corp. of Flanders, N.J., Fuller indicates HB Fuller Co.
In addition to the facings described above, the interior facing may be any of those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,718,785, 5,644,880, or 4,647,496, which are incorporated by reference herein.
Although it is preferred that the material of the interior facing be resistant to penetration by liquid water, other facings may be used. If the facing material is not liquid water penetration resistant, or it has openings that would permit penetration, then liquid water penetration resistance for the panel 100 may be provided by using a water penetration resistant insulation material 110 and/or water penetration resistant adhesive.
In some embodiments, the mineral fiber insulation board includes a male shiplap edge 150 and a female shiplap edge 140.
In some embodiments, the facing material 130 includes a sealing tab 160. The sealing tab 160 preferably extends to the end of the male shiplap edge 150 (and preferably, the facing 130 extends in the other direction to the end of the female shiplap edge 140). The sealing tab 160 overlies the mating female shiplap edge 140 of an adjacent section 100 of the building material, as best seen in
In other embodiments (not shown), a sealing tab may extend beyond the end of the female shiplap edge 140.
Optionally, a double-sided tape 170 (or coating of pressure sensitive adhesive) may be adhered to an inside surface of the sealing tab 160. One of ordinary skill understands that the drawings are not to scale, and the thicknesses of the tab 160 and the tape 170 are exaggerated for clarity. Some suitable self sealing tapes—double sided tapes include, but are not limited to: Venture Tape 1163H NS and 1163/ms74 from Venture Tape of Rockland, Mass., and 3M 9500PC, 9490LE, 9690 from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. of St. Paul, Minn.
The exemplary product 100 can be incorporated in an exterior building wall 200, as shown in
The wall 200 comprises a plurality of framing members 202. A layer of at least one panel 100 of a unitary building envelope material is mounted on an exterior side of the framing members 200. For example,
An exterior layer 204 is provided on the exterior side of the building envelope material. The exterior layer 204 may be, for example, concrete masonry, ceramic tiles, glass, treated wood panel, siding, shingles, bricks, stucco or stone, or the like. The exterior layer 204 is connected to the framing members 202 using a connection device 206 that passes through the section 100 of building envelope product, with the facing material 130 facing the exterior layer 204. Although
In one example, a stone facade 204 is tied to the steel stud structure 202 with a metal tie 206 that is screwed through the panel 100 into the steel framing 202.
As shown in
Although the figures show a panel having male and female shiplap edges only on the bottom and top, respectively, of the panel 100, additional male and female shiplap edges (not shown) may be placed on the left and right sides of the panel. By providing shiplap edges on all four sides of the panel, adjacent panels can easily be joined and sealed on all four sides of a given panel, with improved sealing and reduced labor. In another embodiment (not shown) there are no shiplap edges, but the facing has a flap on one side only. In still another embodiment, the facing has flaps on two sides—one horizontal and one vertical.
The interior surface (without any enhancement) has a maximum flame spread/smoke developed fire hazard classification of 25/50 when tested according to ASTM E84 test method. In some embodiments, the product can be provided with enhanced fire resistance.
In another embodiment of a fireproofing method, a mixture comprising vermiculite and expandable graphite are dispersed in water, and the dispersion is coated onto the glass fiber substrate 310, and dried. Details of this method are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,433, filed Dec. 19, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Some specific examples of fire resistant facing materials 380 suitable for enhancing fire resistance include:
1) “VEXTRA”® vermiculite coated woven glass fabrics from Auburn Manufacturing Inc., Mechanic Falls, Me.;
2) “FYREROC”® inorganic coated fireproof materials from Goodrich Corporation, Engineered Polymer Products Division, Jacksonville, Fla. These products may include the following substrates coated with a fire resistant inorganic coating: carbon filament woven fabric, steel wool, a three layer laminate of nonwoven glass, woven steel fibers, and nonwoven glass.
3) “AD FIREFILM II”® Intumescent Coating from AD Fire Protection Systems, Scarborough, Ontario
4) “FIREFREE 88”® Intumescent Coating from International Fire Resistant Systems, Inc. San Rafael,
5) Albi Clad 800 Intumescent coating, from Albi Manufacturing Division of StanChem, Inc. East Berlin, Conn.
6) Passive Fire Barrier coating from Contego International of Carmel, Ind.,
7) Universal Fire Shield from Unishield, LLC of Denver, Colo.
In some embodiments, the surface of the board 100 or 300 closest to the installer (typically the exterior layer 130) is printed with vertical lines 400 every inch (or other selected interval) to serve as guide marks for installing the board 100 or 300 on steel studs 202. All the screws (or other fasteners) 402 driven through the board 100 or 300 should go into a steel stud 202 under the board. Most of the steel stud 202 is hidden by the board 100, 300 (as shown in
Alternatively, these lines can be of different, but repeating colors (e.g., 6 or 12 distinct different colors that repeat in the same fashion). This would give the installer an easy-to-identify-and-follow line for the installation process (i.e.—If the installer begins on the red line, they know to follow the red line for the remainder of that line of fasteners).
In some embodiments, the interior facing 120 of
In some embodiments, the fasteners 206 are not necessary, because the mounting system of panel 110 includes an attachment to the outer wall 204, e.g., ties for brick.
Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.
