Patent Grant
6989790
The present invention concerns an integrated antenna device—for example an integrated antenna-receiver—a device having a body of semiconductor material, a planar metal antenna supported on the body, and one or more circuit elements incorporated in the semiconductor body, elements integrated with the metal antenna. Resistive connection is provided between the antenna device and corresponding contacts located remote from the antenna metal, to facilitate the coupling of the device to operative components—for example to power source or bias supply components, components external to the device, or to input control circuitry or output processing circuitry—components external to the device or incorporated in the semiconductor body at locations remote from the antenna metal.
Integrated antenna-receivers, and antenna-transmitters, for millimetre-band, have been discussed in Electronics Letters Vol. 17 No 20 pages 729-730 (October 1981). This article refers to receivers and transmitters which include a planar metal dipole antenna on a body of high dielectric constant material—eg semiconductor silicon, and include an active circuit element—eg a field-effect transistor or a Schottky-barrier mixer diode—incorporated between the dipole limbs, and connected across these limbs.
In order to avoid disturbance of antenna resonance and impedance, resistive loading should be minimal. It is a requirement that the resistive connections provided should exhibit high sheet resistivity at high frequency—ie at frequencies at or near dipole resonance. Eg for a half wavelength resonant dipole on a silicon body, a sheet resistivity in excess of 500 Ω/□ (ohms per square) is desirable. It is a problem producing resistive connections of high sheet resistivity, reproduceably. It is thus a problem producing devices with good yield.
In order to avoid reactive coupling between the antenna and the operative components, it is a further requirement that the contacts should be located at some distance from the antenna metal, ie at locations where the amplitude of the electromagnetic fringe field is minimal—eg at a distance a factor of three or more times antenna dipole width from the antenna.
On the other hand, operative components are in general of low impedance, and if operation is to be optimum this requires that the resistance of each connection, at least at low frequency—eg frequencies from d.c. up to say 100 MHz, according to application—should be as low as is possible. But, for example, a sheet connection, of 500 Ω/□ resistivity, to a contact distant three antenna limb—widths from the antenna, would have a minimum resistance of about 1 KΩ. A lower resistance would be desirable.
According to the invention there is provided an integrated antenna device comprising:
The sheet material may be subdivided thus by voids, or pits, or by regions of very high resistivity, such as produced by ion bombardment or radiation damage of the sheet material.
Since the connection structure is small scale—the tracks are of small width and lateral spacing—at high frequency, the subdivided connection is the equivalent of a uniform resistive sheet. The connection may thus be provided from resistive sheet of relatively low resistivity, with the advantage of robustness and reproduceability inherent in the use of such material, whilst the connection at the same time affords significantly higher effective sheet resistivity.
Furthermore, since the fringe field has high amplitude only in a region close to the antenna, the effective sheet resistivity of each connection may be tapered or graded to reduce the overall resistance of the connection at low frequency. This taper or grading may be achieved by variation in the width, lateral spacing and/or number of the resistive tracks between the antenna circuit and the corresponding contact. Eg. by variation of the density and distribution of voids, or by variation of the number and width of tracks in different sections of the connection.
The connection between contact and antenna circuit may be made as a connection from the contact direct to a circuit element. Alternatively connection between the contact and circuit element may be indirect—ie made via antenna metal, the resistive sheet connection to the antenna device being arranged between the contact and the antenna metal itself.
In the drawings accompanying this specification:
FIG. 1: is a plan view of an integrated antenna-receiver with resistive connections between the antenna metal and bias contacts;
FIG. 2: is a detail plan view of one of the resistive connections of the receiver shown in the preceding figure;
FIG. 3: is a cross-section view of part of one of the connections of this receiver, a section taken along the line X-X of
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In
The planar metal antenna 1 comprises two orthogonal dipoles 7 and 9, each of which is defined by a pair of metal strip limbs—limbs 11, 13 and limbs 15, 17 respectively. One of the four limbs, limb 17, is divided along its length into two portions 17A and 17B. These portions 17A and 17B are isolated at low frequency, but at high frequency they are strongly coupled and behave together as a single limb. Corresponding to each limb there is a bias contact pad; contacts 21, 23 and 25 corresponding to limbs 11, 13 and 15; contacts 27A and 27B corresponding to the portions 17A and 17B of the divided limb 17. Each contact is spaced a distance three times the antenna width, width W as shown, from the end edge of each limb. Resistive connections 31, 33, 35, 37A and 37B are provided, one between each contact 21, 23, 25, 27A and 27B and the metal antenna 1.
At the centre of the metal antenna 1, four active circuit elements, Schottky-Barrier mixer diodes 41, 43, 45 and 47 are arranged head-to-head and tail-to-tail in a ring configuration. Each diode 41, 43, 45 and 47, is connected across a pair of orthogonal limbs, namely the limb pairs 11 and 17, 17 and 13, 13 and 15, and 15 and 11, respectively. Each is incorporated in the semiconductor material body and the diode in each case is connected to the antenna metal through windows in the insulating layer 5, ie each element is integrated with the antenna. At one particular frequency, one of the dipoles—eg dipole 7—is exactly one half-wavelength λeff/2 long, where λeff is the effective interface wavelength. The diode impedance is chosen to match the resonance impedance of the antenna 1.
The receiver serves to mix millimetre band radiation signals of orthogonal polarisation—for example an input radiation signal polarised parallel to one dipole—eg dipole 7, and a local oscillator reference signal polarised parallel to the other dipole—eg dipole 9. The low frequency difference signal of around 100 MHz arising from mixing is developed across the two limb portions 17A and 17B when appropriate bias currents are applied to the diodes. Contacts 27A and 27B serve as output contacts. All contacts 21, 23, 25, 27A and 27B need to be connected to external operative components—bias supply components, to provide the required bias currents.
The structure of one of the connections, connection 31 is shown in detail in
The resistive connections 31 to 37B may be formed simultaneously during the device fabrication. A layer of polysilicon material is deposited on the silicon oxide surface of the semiconductor body. It may be patterned at this stage of the fabrication, using a preformed mask. Alternatively, the pattern of the connections may be delineated by conventional photolithography and the void material between resistive tracks removed with etching. Following this, the antenna metal and contacts are formed by evaporation of a metal layer, photolithographic definition and final etch.
In the example shown, the antenna is resonant at a frequency of 90 GHz, and the antenna length and width for the silicon:air interface are approximately 600 micron and 50 to 100 micron, respectively. The spacing between tracks is less than 20 micron.
In the general case the sheet resistivity of the resistive material will be usually less than 500 Ω/□, but it should not be so low as to act as a metallic layer at high frequency. A reasonable lower limit for this resistivity is the characteristic impedance of the semi-conductor, ie about 100 Ω/□—the value chosen in the example.
In
As an alternative to overlay, each resistive connection—eg connection 31—may be incorporated in the body 3 of semiconductor material (see FIG. 5). This can be introduced during device fabrication by implanting and annealing appropriate donor or acceptor species, using a patterned mask to delineate the connection configuration.
In the variants shown in
In array structures—devices including many close-spaced antennae, it proves convenient to form connections with the side-edge, rather than the end edge, of each antenna.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8213349 | May 1982 | GB | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4146896 | Baril et al. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4251817 | Kimura et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4301429 | Goldman et al. | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4430758 | Snyder | Feb 1984 | A |
