Patent Application
20120265278
The present invention is generally directed to medical devices, systems, and methods, particularly for cooling-induced remodeling of tissues. Embodiments of the invention include devices, systems, and methods for applying cryogenic cooling to dermatological tissues so as to selectively remodel one or more target tissues along and/or below an exposed surface of the skin. Embodiments may be employed for a variety of cosmetic conditions, optionally by inhibiting undesirable and/or unsightly effects on the skin (such as lines, wrinkles, or cellulite dimples) or on other surrounding tissue. Other embodiments may find use for a wide range of medical indications. The remodeling of the target tissue may achieve a desired change in its behavior or composition.
The desire to reshape various features of the human body to either correct a deformity or merely to enhance one's appearance is common. This is evidenced by the growing volume of cosmetic surgery procedures that are performed annually.
Many procedures are intended to change the surface appearance of the skin by reducing lines and wrinkles. Some of these procedures involve injecting fillers or stimulating collagen production. More recently, pharmacologically based therapies for wrinkle alleviation and other cosmetic applications have gained in popularity.
Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX®) is an example of a pharmacologically based therapy used for cosmetic applications. It is typically injected into the facial muscles to block muscle contraction, resulting in temporary enervation or paralysis of the muscle. Once the muscle is disabled, the movement contributing to the formation of the undesirable wrinkle is temporarily eliminated. Another example of pharmaceutical cosmetic treatment is mesotherapy, where a cocktail of homeopathic medication, vitamins, and/or drugs approved for other indications is injected into the skin to deliver healing or corrective treatment to a specific area of the body. Various cocktails are intended to effect body sculpting and cellulite reduction by dissolving adipose tissue, or skin resurfacing via collagen enhancement. Development of non-pharmacologically based cosmetic treatments also continues. For example, endermology is a mechanical based therapy that utilizes vacuum suction to stretch or loosen fibrous connective tissues which are implicated in the dimpled appearance of cellulite.
While BOTOX® and/or mesotherapies may temporarily reduce lines and wrinkles, reduce fat, or provide other cosmetic benefits they are not without their drawbacks, particularly the dangers associated with injection of a known toxic substance into a patient, the potential dangers of injecting unknown and/or untested cocktails, and the like. Additionally, while the effects of endermology are not known to be potentially dangerous, they are brief and only mildly effective.
In light of the above, improved medical devices, systems, and methods utilizing a cryogenic approach to treating the tissue have been proposed, particularly for treatment of wrinkles, fat, cellulite, and other cosmetic defects. These new techniques can provide an alternative visual appearance improvement mechanism which may replace and/or compliment known bioactive and other cosmetic therapies, ideally allowing patients to decrease or eliminate the injection of toxins and harmful cocktails while providing similar or improved cosmetic results. These new techniques are also promising because they may be performed percutaneously using only local or no anesthetic with minimal or no cutting of the skin, no need for suturing or other closure methods, no extensive bandaging, and limited or no bruising or other factors contributing to extended recovery or patient “down time.” Additionally, cryogenic treatments are also desirable since they may be used in the treatment of other cosmetic and/or dermatological conditions (and potentially other target tissues), particularly where the treatments may be provided with greater accuracy and control, less collateral tissue injury and/or pain, and greater ease of use.
While these new cryogenic treatments are promising, the use of cryogenic fluids can be dangerous to the operator as well as the patient. Cryogenic fluids are often stored in a heater canister. Excessive heating of the canister could result in canister rupture and undesired fluid leakage. Additionally, many of these cryogenic systems are powered with electrical energy. A short circuit or other electrical failure could also result in unwanted canister heating and rupture. Rupture of the canister could result in dangerous projectiles flying through the air as well as cooling fluid leaking from the device and causing injury or unwanted results to the patient and/or physician. Therefore it would be desirable to provide cryogenic treatment devices and methods with additional safety features that can more carefully control storage and heating of the cryogenic fluid in the device. It would also be desirable if these safety features were also cost effective, easy to manufacture and operate.
The present invention is generally directed to medical devices, systems and methods for cooling-induced remodeling of tissues. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus used to facilitate safe storage of cryogenic cooling fluids.
In a first aspect of the present invention, a system for treating target tissue in a patient comprises a body having at least one cooling refrigerant supply path and at least one probe having a proximal portion, a distal tissue piercing portion and a lumen therebetween that is in fluid communication with the cooling refrigerant supply path. The at least one probe extends distally from the body and is inserted into the target tissue through the skin surface of a patient. The system also includes a refrigerant source that is fluidly coupled with the lumen such that when cooling is initiated, a refrigerant, such as a cooling fluid or gas flows in the lumen thereby cooling the probe and any adjacent target tissue. A heater element is in thermal engagement with the refrigerant source and a power source is adapted to provide power to the heater element thereby heating the refrigerant. The power source has sufficient power to heat the refrigerant to a desired temperature and the power source has insufficient power to heat the refrigerant, which may be a cooling fluid, above a critical temperature which results in rupture of the cooling fluid source.
The body may further comprise a quick disconnect mechanism disposed near a distal end thereof and that is adapted to releasably hold the at least one probe. The quick disconnect mechanism may comprise a check valve that is adapted to prevent refrigerant from flowing along the refrigerant supply path after the probe is disconnected from the body. The probe may be releasably connected with the body and may also comprise a needle having a distal end adapted to pierce tissue. The distal end of the needle may be sealed so as to prevent refrigerant from flowing therethrough.
The refrigerant, which may be a cooling fluid source, may comprise a canister that contains the refrigerant and the canister may comprise from about 1 gram to about 35 grams of nitrous oxide. The power source may comprise a disposable or rechargeable and reusable battery such as a nickel metal hydride or lithium ion battery. In some embodiments, the battery provides electrical energy at less than about 5 volts and has a capacity of 350 milliamp-hours of current or less. The critical temperature may be less than about 80% of the canister burst temperature and the desired temperature may be 30° C. The power source may comprise an alternating current power source external to the body and tethered thereto. A thermal fuse may be electrically disposed between the power source and the heater.
The system may further comprise a valve that is adapted to regulate flow of refrigerant from the canister to the lumen. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a motor that is operatively coupled with the valve such that actuation of the motor actuates the valve. The system may also comprise a controller that is electrically coupled with the power source. The controller may comprise instructions that, if executed, result in refrigerant flow from the refrigerant source to the lumen. The valve may also be manually actuated.
In a second aspect of the present invention, a method for treating target tissue in a patient comprises the steps of providing a cryogenic device having a body with a cooling refrigerant or fluid supply path, a cooling fluid source and a probe coupled with a distal region of the body. The probe has a lumen and the device also includes a heater element in thermal engagement with the cooling fluid source and a power source. The method also comprises heating the cooling fluid source with the heater wherein the power source provides power to the heater. The power source has sufficient power to heat the cooling fluid to a desired temperature but the power source has insufficient power to heat the cooling fluid above a critical temperature which results in rupture of the cooling fluid source. The probe is engaged with the target tissue and cooling the probe cools the target tissue so as to remodel the target tissue.
The probe may comprise a needle and the step of engaging the probe may comprise piercing a skin surface with the needle into the target tissue. The target tissue may comprise skin, nerve, fat, connective tissue, blood vessels, muscle, or a combination thereof. The step of cooling comprises cooling the target tissue to at least at least 0° C. and may cause physical, physiological, or structural changes therein. Cooling may include evaporating at least some of the cooling fluid from a liquid to a gas within a distal portion of the probe. The cooling refrigerant or fluid may comprise nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, or other refrigerants.
The cryogenic device may comprise a valve and the method may further comprise the step of actuating the valve so as to regulate flow of cooling fluid from the cooling fluid source to the lumen. The cryogenic device may comprise a motor operably coupled with the valve and the method may further comprise the step of actuating the motor so as to actuate the valve. Sometimes the power source may comprise a first battery and the method may further comprise the steps of decoupling the first battery from the cryogenic device when the first battery is substantially discharged and coupling a second battery with the cryogenic device. The second battery may be at least partially charged. When the power source comprises a battery, the method may also include recharging the battery after it has been substantially discharged. Sometimes the method may also include the step of disconnecting the probe from the body and discarding the probe.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a system for cooling a target tissue in a single patient comprises a probe having a proximal portion, a distal target tissue engaging portion, and a cooling fluid supply lumen therebetween. The probe is insertable distally into the target tissue and a cooling fluid source contains a quantity of cooling fluid. A heater element is thermally engaged with the cooling fluid source and a disposable or rechargeable battery is adapted to provide power to the heater element so as to heat the cooling fluid. The power source has sufficient power to heat the cooling fluid to a desired temperature but has insufficient power to heat the cooling fluid above a critical temperature which results in rupture of the cooling fluid source. The battery also has sufficient power to operate the cryogenic device to cool the target tissue adjacent a plurality of insertion sites so as to remodel the target tissue and cosmetically enhance an appearance of the patient. The cooling fluid source may comprise a single-use canister having from about 1 gram to about 35 grams of nitrous oxide or other refrigerant and the battery may have a capacity of less than 350 milliamp-hours of current.
These and other embodiments are described in further detail in the following description related to the appended drawing figures.
The present invention provides improved medical devices, systems, and methods. Embodiments of the invention will facilitate remodeling of tissues disposed at and below the skin, optionally to treat a cosmetic defect, a lesion, a disease state, and/or so as to alter a shape of the overlying skin surface.
Among the most immediate applications of the present invention may be the amelioration of lines and wrinkles, particularly by inhibiting muscular contractions which are associated with these cosmetic defects so as to improve an appearance of the patient. Rather than relying entirely on a pharmacological toxin or the like to disable muscles so as to induce temporary paralysis, many embodiments of the invention will at least in part employ cold to interrupt, modulate, or change nerve and muscle functions. Advantageously the function of nerves, muscles, and associated tissues may be temporarily interrupted, modulated, or changed using moderately cold temperatures of 10° C. to −5° C. without permanently disabling the tissue function or structures. Using an approach similar to that employed for identifying structures associated with atrial fibrillation, a needle probe or other treatment device can be used to identify a target tissue structure in a diagnostic mode with these moderate temperatures, and the same probe (or a different probe) can also be used to provide a longer term or permanent treatment, optionally by treating the target tissue zone and/or inducing apoptosis at temperatures from about −5° C. to about −100° C. In some embodiments, apoptosis may be induced using treatment temperatures from about −1° C. to about −15° C., or from about −1° C. to about −19° C., optionally so as to provide a longer term or permanent treatment that limits or avoids inflammation and mobilization of skeletal muscle satellite repair cells. Hence, the duration of the treatment efficacy of such subdermal cryogenic treatments may be selected and controlled, with colder temperatures, longer treatment times, and/or larger volumes or selected patterns of target tissue determining the longevity of the treatment. Using treatment temperatures colder than −5° C., tissue may be selectively modified such that cells (for example, skeletal muscle cells or nerve axons) are treated while connective tissue structures are left intact so as to ensure complete recovery or regeneration of the affected tissue, thereby providing a temporary treatment effect.
Additional description of cryogenic cooling for treatment of cosmetic and other defects may be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0129717 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000110US), filed on Dec. 5, 2005 and entitled “Subdermal Cryogenic Remodeling of Muscle, Nerves, Connective Tissue, and/or Adipose Tissue (Fat),” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0183164 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000120US), filed on Jun. 28, 2007 also entitled “Subdermal Cryogenic Remodeling of Muscles, Nerves, Connective Tissue, and/or Adipose Tissue (Fat),” the full disclosures of which are both incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to cosmetic treatments of lines, wrinkles, and the like, embodiments of the invention may also find applications for treatments of subdermal adipose tissues, benign, pre-malignant lesions, malignant lesions, acne and a wide range of other dermatological conditions (including dermatological conditions for which cryogenic treatments have been proposed and additional dermatological conditions), and the like. Embodiments of the invention may also find applications for alleviation of pain, including those associated with muscle spasms as disclosed in copending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/987,992 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000800US), filed on Nov. 14, 2007 and entitled “Pain Management Using Cryogenic Remodeling,” the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to
Extending distally from distal end 14 of housing 16 is a tissue-penetrating cryogenic cooling probe 26. Probe 26 is thermally coupled to a cooling fluid path extending from cooling refrigerant source 18, with the exemplary probe comprising a tubular body receiving at least a portion of the cooling fluid from the cooling fluid source therein. The exemplary probe 26 comprises a 30 g needle having a sharpened distal end that is axially sealed. Probe 26 may have an axial length between distal end 14 of housing 16 and the distal end of the needle of between about 0.5 mm and 5 cm, preferably having a length from about 0.5 cm to about 1 cm (5-10 mm). Such needles may comprise a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of about 0.006 inches and an outer diameter of about 0.012 inches, while alternative probes may comprise structures having outer diameters (or other lateral cross-sectional dimensions) from about 0.006 inches to about 0.100 inches. Generally, needle probe 26 will comprise a 16 g or smaller size needle, often comprising a 20 g needle or smaller, typically comprising a 27, 30, or 31 gauge or smaller needle. In some embodiments, probe 26 may comprise two or more needles arranged in a linear array, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0183164 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000120US), filed on Jun. 28, 2007 and entitled “Subdermal Cryogenic Remodeling of Muscles, Nerves, Connective Tissue, and/or Adipose Tissue (Fat),” the full disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference. Multiple needle probe configurations allow the cryogenic treatment to be applied to a larger or more specific treatment area. Other needle configurations that facilitate controlling the depth of needle penetration and insulated needle embodiments are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0200910 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000500US), filed Feb. 16, 2007 and entitled “Replaceable and/or Easily Removable Needle Systems for Dermal and Transdermal Cryogenic Remodeling,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments needle 26 is releasably coupled with body 16 so that it may be replaced after use with a sharper needle (as indicated by the dotted line) or with a needle having a different configuration. In exemplary embodiments, the needle may be threaded into the body, it may be press fit into an aperture in the body or it may have a quick disconnect such as a detent mechanism for engaging the needle with the body. A quick disconnect with a check valve is advantageous since it permits decoupling of the needle from the body at any time without excessive coolant discharge. This can be a useful safety feature in the event that the device fails in operation (e.g. motor failure), allowing an operator to disengage the needle and device from a patient's tissue without exposing the patient to coolant as the system depressurizes. This feature is also advantageous because it allows an operator to easily exchange a dull needle with a sharp needle in the middle of a treatment. One of skill in the art will appreciate that other coupling mechanisms may be used.
Addressing some of the components within housing 16, the exemplary cooling refrigerant supply 18 comprises a canister, sometimes referred to herein as a cartridge, containing a liquid under pressure, with the liquid preferably having a boiling temperature of less than 37° C. When the refrigerant is thermally coupled to the tissue-penetrating probe 26, and the probe is positioned within the patient so that an outer surface of the probe is adjacent to a target tissue, the heat from the target tissue evaporates at least a portion of the liquid and the enthalpy of vaporization cools the target tissue. A supply valve 32 may be disposed along the cooling fluid flow path between canister 18 and probe 26, or along the cooling fluid path after the probe so as to limit the temperature, time, rate of temperature change, or other cooling characteristics. The valve will often be powered electrically via power source 20, per the direction of processor 22, but may at least in part be manually powered. The exemplary power source 20 comprises a rechargeable or single-use battery. Additional details about valve 32 and power source 20 are described below. In other embodiments, the cooling refrigerant supply 18 may comprise a canister having fins or other heat exchange elements (not illustrated) thermally coupled therewith in order to prevent overheating of the canister.
The exemplary refrigerant fluid supply 18 comprises a single-use canister. Advantageously, the canister and cooling fluid therein may be stored and/or used at (or even above) room temperature. The canister may have a frangible seal or may be refillable, with the exemplary canister containing liquid nitrous oxide, N2O. A variety of alternative cooling fluids might also be used, with exemplary cooling fluids including fluorocarbon refrigerants and/or carbon dioxide. The quantity of cooling fluid contained by canister 18 will typically be sufficient to treat at least a significant region of a patient, but will often be less than sufficient to treat two or more patients. An exemplary liquid N2O canister might contain, for example, a quantity in a range from about 1 gram to about 40 grams of liquid, more preferably from about 1 gram to about 35 grams of liquid, and even more preferably from about 7 grams to about 30 grams of liquid.
Processor 22 will typically comprise a programmable electronic microprocessor embodying machine readable computer code or programming instructions for implementing one or more of the treatment methods described herein. The microprocessor will typically include or be coupled to a memory (such as a non-volatile memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory (“ROM”), a random access memory (“RAM”), or the like) storing the computer code and data to be used thereby, and/or a recording media (including a magnetic recording media such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, or the like; or an optical recording media such as a CD or DVD) may be provided. Suitable interface devices (such as digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters, or the like) and input/output devices (such as USB or serial I/O ports, wireless communication cards, graphical display cards, and the like) may also be provided. A wide variety of commercially available or specialized processor structures may be used in different embodiments, and suitable processors may make use of a wide variety of combinations of hardware and/or hardware/software combinations. For example, processor 22 may be integrated on a single processor board and may run a single program or may make use of a plurality of boards running a number of different program modules in a wide variety of alternative distributed data processing or code architectures. In addition Processor 22 controls an optional security 23 means that may comprise an integrated chip having a code that requires a matching code from the disposable probe 26 to work. Also the design of the interface of probe 26 connected to the distal end of housing 14 may be a geometrical fit such that the probe 26 has a fit orientation that seats or locks into the distal end of housing 14. This prevents or minimizes the use of third party knock-off components.
Referring now to
Still referring to
The cooling fluid injected into lumen 38 of needle 26 will typically comprise liquid, though some gas may also be injected. At least some of the liquid vaporizes within needle 26, and the enthalpy of vaporization cools the tissue engaged by the needle. Controlling a pressure of the gas/liquid mixture within needle 26 substantially controls the temperature within lumen 38, and hence the treatment temperature ranges of the tissue. A relatively simple mechanical pressure relief valve 46 may be used to control the pressure within the lumen of the needle, with the exemplary valve comprising a valve body such as a ball bearing, urged against a valve seat by a biasing spring. An exemplary relief valve is disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/116,050 previously incorporated herein by reference. Thus, the relief valve allows better temperature control in the needle, minimizing transient temperatures. Further details on exhaust volume are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0200910, previously incorporated herein by reference.
Alternative methods to inhibit excessively low transient temperatures at the beginning of a refrigeration cycle might be employed instead of or together with the limiting of the exhaust volume. For example, the supply valve might be cycled on and off, typically by controller 22, with a timing sequence that would limit the cooling fluid flowing so that only vaporized gas reached the needle lumen (or a sufficiently limited amount of liquid to avoid excessive dropping of the needle lumen temperature). This cycling might be ended once the exhaust volume pressure was sufficient so that the refrigeration temperature would be within desired limits during steady state flow. Analytical models that may be used to estimate cooling flows are described in greater detail in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0154,254 (Attorney Docket No. 025917-000300US), previously incorporated herein by reference.
The device described above relies on electrical power for the controller and actuation of the valve (if present). Additionally, in some embodiments a heater element is in thermal engagement with the canister and is used to heat the coolant to a constant desired temperature. Therefore, a suitable power source is required. The device may be powered by plugging the device into a wall socket, but in order to provide a single use handheld device, a battery is more convenient to use as the power supply. Using a battery also is advantageous because it facilitates handling of the device by a physician who does not have to worry about electrical power cords dangling from the device. While the use of a battery has advantages, it also has potential drawbacks, just as any power source would have. For example, if the battery were to short out, the resulting heat could cause overheating of the cooling fluid thereby resulting excessive pressure in the canister and subsequent canister rupture. Not only would this be dangerous because of projectiles, but this could also potentially expose the patient and/or physician to the cooling fluid resulting in unwanted results or injury. Also, if the controller or other portions of the device were to fail, the heater could be left in the “on” position similarly overheating and bursting the canister. Pressure monitoring could be implemented in such a system to prevent overheating and over pressurization of the canister, but this adds expense and complexity to the device. Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide safety features that prevent overheating and rupture of the canister which do not rely on cooling fluid pressure monitoring. A simple solution is to use a fuse in the device circuitry and thus if excessive current is drawn from the battery, the fuse will melt, breaking the power circuit. Thermal fuses may also be used such that if canister temperature exceeds a critical value, the fuse cuts power to the heater. While these features are promising, once the fuse melts, the device becomes inoperative until the fuse is replaced. Therefore, a different safety feature that prevents overheating without relying on a fuse and shutting the device down is desirable.
One embodiment of such a safety feature is to use a power source such as a battery that has sufficient capacity to power the device during a typical treatment while at the same time lacking enough power to overheat the cooling fluid canister. The battery must have enough capacity to power the controller and the heater element. In some embodiments, it is desirable to heat the cooling fluid to around 28° C. to 32° C. in order to provide uniform cooling fluid supply conditions that result in optimal probe cooling, thus the battery must have enough power to heat the canister to this desired temperature. Additionally, in embodiments where a solenoid or motor actuates the valve, the battery must also have adequate capacity to power these components as well. Using a motor instead of a battery is advantageous because the motor requires less power than a solenoid. Battery requirements and capacity may be estimated by conducting various experiments. The experiments disclosed below are exemplary only and not intended to be limiting.
Experiment 1: Testing of the system illustrated in
Experiment 2: A 10 volt DC power supply was substituted for the battery described above in Experiment 1. Power was continuously supplied to the canister and temperature was monitored until the canister ruptured. A first canister ruptured at 161° C. and a second canister ruptured at 138° C. The second canister ruptured after 1250 seconds of heating. Therefore, the canister should not be heated above approximately 138° C. and more preferably less than a lower temperature in order to allow for some margin of safety. A larger sample size (here, n=2) is required in order to obtain a statistically significant burst temperature. Furthermore, the burst temperature may vary depending on manufacturing lot of the canister as well as based on the manufacturer. An upper burst temperature limit could be determined by testing a statistically significant number of canisters and factoring in a safety margin. In an exemplary method, the cylinder would not be heated to within 80% of its burst temperature.
A safe battery capacity that does not overheat and rupture the canister may be calculated as follows using the data generated from the two experiments described above. From Experiment 2, the power required to burst the canister is estimated according to the following.
Referring now to
Pressure, heating, cooling, or combinations thereof may be applied 118 to the skin surface adjacent the needle insertion site before, during, and/or after insertion 120 and cryogenic cooling 122 of the needle and associated target tissue. Upon completion of the cryogenic cooling cycle the needles will need additional “thaw” time 123 to thaw from the internally created ice ball to allow for safe removal of the probe without physical disruption of the target tissues, which may include, but not be limited to nerves, muscles, blood vessels, or connective tissues. This thaw time can either be timed with the refrigerant valve shut-off for as short a time as possible, preferably under 15 seconds, more preferably under 5 seconds, manually or programmed into the controller to automatically shut-off the valve and then pause for a chosen time interval until there is an audible or visual notification of treatment completion.
The needle can then be retracted 124 from the target tissue. If the treatment is not complete 126 and the needle does not require replacing 128, optionally pressure and/or cooling and/or heating can be applied to the next needle insertion location site 118, and the additional target tissue treated. However, as small gauge needles may dull after being inserted only a few times into the skin, any needles that are dulled (or otherwise determined to be sufficiently used to warrant replacement, regardless of whether it is after a single insertion, 5 insertions, or the like) during the treatment may be replaced with a new needle 116 before the next application of pressure/cooling 118, needle insertion 120, and/or the like. Once the target tissues have been completely treated, or once the cooling supply canister included in the self-contained handpiece is depleted, the used canister and/or needles can be disposed of 130. The handpiece may optionally be discarded. In some cases, the power source used to provide energy to the system is a battery and this may be replaced or recharged when depleted.
A variety of target treatment temperatures, times, and cycles may be applied to differing target tissues to as to achieve the desired remodeling. For example, (as more fully described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2007/0129714 and 2008/0183164, both previously incorporated herein by reference)
There is a window of temperatures where apoptosis can be induced. An apoptotic effect may be temporary, long-term (lasting at least weeks, months, or years) or even permanent. While necrotic effects may be long term or even permanent, apoptosis may actually provide more long-lasting cosmetic benefits than necrosis. Apoptosis may exhibit a non-inflammatory cell death. Without inflammation, normal muscular healing processes may be inhibited. Following many muscular injuries (including many injuries involving necrosis), skeletal muscle satellite cells may be mobilized by inflammation. Without inflammation, such mobilization may be limited or avoided. Apoptotic cell death may reduce muscle mass and/or may interrupt the collagen and elastin connective chain. Temperature ranges that generate a mixture of apoptosis and necrosis may also provide long-lasting or permanent benefits. For the reduction of adipose tissue, a permanent effect may be advantageous. Surprisingly, both apoptosis and necrosis may produce long-term or even permanent results in adipose tissues, since fat cells regenerate differently than muscle cells.
While the exemplary embodiments have been described in some detail for clarity of understanding and by way of example, a number of modifications, changes, and adaptations may be implemented and/or will be obvious to those as skilled in the art. Hence, the scope of the present invention is limited solely by the independent claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US09/69282 | 12/22/2009 | WO | 00 | 7/2/2012 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61139837 | Dec 2008 | US |
