All publications, including patents and patent applications, mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to a surgical tool and visualization method for delivering a therapy delivery device to craniofacial regions, and more specifically to a surgical tool and integral visualization method for delivery of a neurostimulator device to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF).
Electrical stimulation of peripheral and central neural structures has shown increased interest due to the potential benefits it may provide to individuals suffering from many neurological and behavioral diseases. Many of these therapies today are not well accepted due to the invasive nature of the therapy, even though the efficacy is quite good. This has created a need for less invasive therapies that are directed toward patient and physician clinical needs.
Headaches are one of the most debilitating ailments that afflict millions of individuals worldwide. The specific pathophysiology of headaches is unknown. Known sources of headache pain consist of trauma, vascular, autoimmune, degenerative, infectious, drug and medication-induced, inflammatory, neoplastic, metabolic-endocrine, iatrogenic, musculoskeletal and myofacial causes. Also, even though the possible underlying cause of the headache pain is identified and treated, the headache pain may persist.
Currently, the sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion (SPG) is a target of manipulation in clinical medicine to treat headaches. The SPG is an extracranial neuronal center located behind the nose. It consists of parasympathetic neurons that innervate (in part) the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral blood vessels, the facial blood vessels, and the lacrimal glands. The SPG also consists of sympathetic and sensory nerve fibers that pass through the SPG in route to their end organs. Manipulation of the SPG is mostly performed in attempted treatments of severe headaches, such as cluster headaches or chronic migraines.
Various clinical approaches have been used for over 100 years to modulate the function of the SPG to treat headaches. These procedures vary from least invasive (e.g. transnasal anesthetic blocks) to much more invasive (e.g. surgical ganglionectomy) as well as procedures such as surgical anesthetic injections, ablations, gamma knife and cryogenic surgery. Most of these procedures have very good short term efficacy outcomes (days to months), however these results are usually temporary and the headache pain returns. A chronically implanted SPG neurostimulator may provide much better long term efficacy in these patients.
In one embodiment, a method of delivering a neurostimulator to within close proximity of a sphenopalatine ganglion is provided, comprising making an incision over the anterior maxilla, inserting a delivery tool having an integrated visualization system into the incision, visualizing tissue near a distal portion of the delivery tool with the visualization system, advancing the delivery tool sub-periosteally at a lateral edge of a zygomaticomaxillary buttress region towards a pterygopalatine fossa, and delivering the neurostimulator in close proximity to the sphenopalatine ganglion.
The method can further comprise the step of elevating a periosteum away from the anterior maxilla with the delivery tool to expose a zygomaticomaxillary buttress region prior to the advancing step. In some embodiments, the advancing step further comprises advancing the delivery tool posteriorly, medially, and superiorly towards the pterygopalatine fossa.
In one embodiment, the delivery tool includes a contoured distal portion that is shaped and configured to maintain contact with a posterior maxilla and elevate a periosteum off of the posterior maxilla to avoid soft tissue dissection. The contoured distal portion can have a thickness of between 2-5 mm, for example. In some embodiments, the contoured distal portion has an elliptical cross-section.
In one embodiment, the visualization system comprises a fiberscope.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of illuminating the delivery tool with a light source placed within a nasal cavity and positioned close to or within a sphenopalatine foramen.
A delivery tool configured to deliver a neurostimulator into a patient is also provided, comprising a handle portion, an elongate shaft comprising a contoured distal portion, the contoured distal portion shaped and configured to maintain contact with a posterior maxilla and elevate a periosteum off of the posterior maxilla to avoid soft tissue dissection, a visualization system embedded in the elongate shaft, and an insertion groove on the elongate shaft configured to deploy the neurostimulator.
In some embodiments, the insertion groove is recessed into the elongate shaft. In other embodiments, the insertion groove is located on an opposing edge of the delivery tool from the visualization system, allowing for visualization of the deployment of the neurostimulator.
In some embodiments, the visualization system is a fiberscope. In other embodiments, the visualization system comprises a light source contained in the handle portion.
In one embodiment, the delivery tool further comprises a lens embedded at the distal portion, the lens constructed to allow for a focal length of between 2-15 mm.
In other embodiments, the visualization system is configured to highlight differences between soft tissue and bone. In another embodiment, the visualization system comprises an electronic chip positioned within the distal portion and configured to provide video and/or still images to be sent to a viewing system.
In one embodiment, the delivery tool further comprises an external light source configured to provide transillumination of the delivery tool. In another embodiment, the delivery tool further comprises an aperture configured to dispense a fluid to a distal end of the delivery tool. The delivery tool can further comprise a touch sensitive button coupled to the aperture, wherein a quick press of the button releases a bolus of fluid and a long press of the button releases a continuous stream of fluid.
In some embodiments, the delivery tool further comprises a bifurcated distal dissecting tip having a lens positioned between the dissecting tips.
In additional embodiments, the delivery tool further comprises a tissue clearance tip around the visualization system configured to provide increased tissue clearance around the visualization system.
In some embodiments, the contoured distal portion has a thickness of between 2-5 mm. In other embodiments, the contoured distal portion has an elliptical cross-section.
A method of treating a neurological disorder is also provided, comprising making an incision over an anterior maxilla, inserting a delivery tool having an integrated visualization system into the incision, visualizing tissue near a distal portion of the delivery tool with the visualization system, advancing the delivery tool sub-periosteally at a lateral edge of the zygomaticomaxillary buttress region towards the pterygopalatine fossa, delivering the neurostimulator in close proximity to the sphenopalatine ganglion, and applying an electrical current from the neurostimulator to the sphenopalatine ganglion to treat the neurological disorder.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of elevating a periosteum away from the anterior maxilla with the delivery tool to expose a zygomaticomaxillary buttress region prior to the advancing step.
In another embodiment, the delivery tool includes a contoured distal portion that is shaped and configured to maintain contact with a posterior maxilla and elevate a periosteum off of the posterior maxilla to avoid soft tissue dissection.
In some embodiments, the neurological disorder is headache.
a is a detailed isometric view of the distal tip of the tool.
b is a cross-section of the distal tip of the tool.
In one embodiment, as shown in
In one embodiment, the visualization system comprises a fiberscope 140 embedded into the elongate shaft of the delivery tool, as shown in
In some embodiments, the delivery tool's distal portion 110 can have a thickness of between 2-5 mm, with a fiberscope diameter that corresponds to the thickness of the delivery tool (2-5 mm). More specifically, the distal portion of the tool can be 3 mm thick with a fiberscope diameter of 2 mm. The tool's distal portion 110 can have a radius of curvature ranging from 8 cm to 0.3 cm. In one specific embodiment, the radius of curvature of the distal portion can be approximately 4.5 cm, and in another embodiment, the radius of curvature of the tool's distal portion can be nearly flat. The illumination fibers within the fiberscope can accommodate a number of different light sources, including, but not limited to, white, red, blue, green, infrared, and near infrared light sources. In some embodiments, the light sources are contained within the delivery tool and more specifically within the handle of the delivery tool.
The light sources may be light emitting diodes or other standard light sources that can be contained in the handle of the delivery tool. Also in some embodiments, the light sources are selectable as individual sources or in combination sources used in conjunction. The different light sources may allow for differentiation of different tissue types, for example, bone, fat, blood vessels, and nerves, where blue light is preferred for achieving good contrast between nerves and other tissues.
A lens can also be embedded at the distal portion of the delivery tool, the lens being constructed to allow for maximum viewing angle at the tip of the delivery tool. In some embodiments, the lens can allow for a focal length of between 2-15 mm. More specifically, since the depth of the PPF is variable but likely between 10 and 20 mm deep, and the location of the SPG within the PPF is between 4 and 10 mm from the medial wall of the PPF, a viewing distance or focal length of 5-7 mm will likely cover the range needed with the distal portion of the delivery tool at or just within the opening of the PPF.
The fiberscope can then be attached to a viewing system 150, as shown in
In an alternative embodiment, a separate light source may be used in conjunction with or solely to help illuminate and visualize the target anatomy. The PPF is located behind the nose and is constrained anteriorly by the posterior maxilla, medially by the sphenoid bone, posteriorly by the pterygoid process and laterally open to the infratemporal fossa. Additionally the PPF can be accessed from the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen or laterally from the infratemporal fossa. A light source can be placed within the nasal cavity and positioned close to or within the sphenopalatine foramen to provide illumination of the tool. The light source can include, but is not limited to, white, red, blue, green, infrared, and near infrared light sources. Additionally, to aid in the placement of the neurostimulator within very close proximity to the SPG, additional working channels can be utilized though the nasal cavity for additional tools to help pull the neurostimulator into the correct placement or make small adjustments to the final location of the neurostimulator.
In an additional embodiment, an external bright light source may also be used in conjunction with or solely to help illuminate and visualize the target anatomy. The PPF is open on its lateral aspect to the infratemporal fossa, thus a bright light may be placed on the external skin, and more specifically, on the cheek or forehead either in or out of a dark room to transilluminate the target anatomy PPF. Transillumination is a procedure used for medical diagnostic purposes to visualize the maxillary and frontal sinuses to rule out any problems in these areas. Since the PPF is located just posterior to the maxillary sinus and inferior to the frontal sinuses, transillumination in this area may provide an adequate light source for visualization of the PPF and more specifically the SPG. The bright light source used can include, but is not limited to, white, red, blue, green, infrared, and near infrared light sources.
The compound-contoured distal portion comprises a curvilinear body having an elliptical cross-section, with a sharpened edge at the distal tip of the curvilinear body that is configured to contact the bone and dissect through the tissue. The distal edge can be configured and shaped to traverse around the zygomaticomaxillary buttress and under the zygomatic bone along the posterior maxilla and into the pterygopalatine fossa, while maintaining contact with the posterior maxilla 102, as labeled in
According to this embodiment the tool can also include an insertion groove 120 in the elongate shaft. The insertion groove is recessed into the elongate shaft and configured to guide and/or deploy the neurostimulator into the pterygopalatine fossa to within close proximity of the target neural anatomy, such as the SPG. Once the tool is place in position within the PPF and in close proximity to the SPG, the distal end of the neurostimulator is placed within the proximal portion of the insertion groove on the tool and advanced. The neurostimulator is advanced by pushing the neurostimulator along the insertion groove into the PPF. In one embodiment, the insertion groove 120 is located on the opposing edge of the delivery tool from the fiberscope and fiberscope lens 140, allowing for visualization of the deployment of the neurostimulator into the target anatomy.
Also according to this embodiment, the tool incorporates an ergonomic handle 130 of approximately 6-12 cm in length, varying in diameter from proximal (0.5-3 cm) to distal (0.5-2 cm), with variable methods to provide grip and tactile manual maneuverability, such as circumferential ridges or cross-hatched precut pattern into the surgical grade stainless steel. In one embodiment, the handle and shaft of the delivery tool can contain the flexible fiberscope within the body of the tool.
a shows a close-up view of the curvilinear geometry of the distal portion 110 of the integral delivery and visualization tool 100. As illustrated in
The delivery of fluid through the aperture can be done from a syringe based system, which can be attached to the delivery tool. However, in one embodiment, the delivery and visualization tool maintains a refillable volume of fluid within the handle. The fluid can be deployed into the visualization field using an integral button on the handle of the delivery tool. The button can be touch sensitive, such that a quick press releases a bolus of fluid into the visualization field, and a long press delivers a continuous stream of fluid into the visualization field to clear and create tissue separation for increased visualization. Alternatively, fluid can be delivered by a control system attached to the tool, or manually by the user, for example, using standard IV drip lines. The stored fluid can be normal saline, or other physiological solutions, such as sterile water. The stored fluid can also be or contain a therapeutic or diagnostic agent, such as but not limited to vasocontrictive agents or a local anesthetic, such as lidocaine, or other types of drugs used to create local anesthetic blocks. The fluid can be delivered from the distal tip of the tool through a larger lumen that contains the fiberscope, according to some embodiments. Alternatively, the fluid can be delivered to the tip of the tool through a small lumen or catheter that is integrated to the shaft of the tool. The same system can also be used to remove fluid, for example, blood or saline, using external suction.
In one embodiment, the distal portion 110 of the tool also incorporates a curvilinear geometry along the axis of the tool. The curvilinear geometry can range between 2.5 cm and 7.5 cm. The distal curve of the tool is designed to allow maximal engagement of the posterior maxilla as the delivery tool is advanced posteriorly, medially and superiorly into the PPF of human patients of different anatomical sizes, while minimizing tissue damage by dissecting the plane between the bone and the periosteum. The sculpted distal portion of the tool tapers to the distal tip, which maintains contact with the bone and can be generally elliptically shaped in cross-section, as shown in
In one embodiment, as shown in
In
In an alternative embodiment, as illustrated in
In other embodiments of the tool, the shaft and tool tip can be manufactured from various other materials: metals such as titanium and rigid polymers such as PEEK, polycarbonate, or nylon. The tool may also be made from ceramics such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide. Additionally, the tool may be made from combinations of metals, ceramics, plastics or plastic composites. Alternate embodiments of the tool include tips that are removable from the tool for disposal or exchanged for different tip, such as tips with different curvatures, dissecting edges, and visualization lens.
Another embodiment of the integrated delivery and visualization tool includes a fiber optic scope that is used as auxiliary equipment to the tool and engages and disengages as required. The fiber optic scope in this embodiment is used to visualize surrounding tissue and the SPG as the tool advances across the posterior maxilla and into the PPF.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
In an alternate embodiment, either in addition to or instead of the visualization system, a contact switch can be included at or near the distal portion of the delivery tool, such that it is nominally in contact with bone. The switch could be mechanical, like a reed switch, or electrical, like a capacitive proximity sensor, and can communicate contact with bone to the user when deformed. Communication can be achieved audibly, for example with an alarm, visibly, for example with a light, or mechanically, for example with a button that pops up. Further, if a visualization system is being used, an alert can be communicated on the monitoring screen.
In an additional embodiment, the tool may be designed to allow safe transmission of RF (radiofrequency) energy without affecting the safety of the patient or efficacy of the tool. Transmitting RF energy to achieve hemostasis by coagulating bleeding vessels is a common surgical technique. By designing the tool to safely transmit RF energy, the surgeon can coagulate undesirably bleeding vessels and or tissues without removing the tool. In order to achieve this, all but the areas desired for RF delivery would be electrically insulated from the patient and the user to prevent RF energy from affecting undesired areas in the patient or the user.
As for additional details pertinent to the present invention, materials and manufacturing techniques may be employed as within the level of those with skill in the relevant art. The same may hold true with respect to method-based aspects of the invention in terms of additional acts commonly or logically employed. Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventive variations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one or more of the features described herein. Likewise, reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “and,” “said,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation. Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited by the subject specification, but rather only by the plain meaning of the claim terms employed.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/141,179, filed Dec. 29, 2008, titled “INTEGRATED DELIVERY AND VISUALIZATION TOOL FOR A NEUROMODULATION SYSTEM.” This application is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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