Patent Grant
7239949
The present invention relates generally to a vehicle sensing system and, more specifically, to a system for controlling an automotive vehicle in response to sensed dynamic behavior from the sensing system.
Various automotive vehicles have recently begun including vehicle dynamic control systems. Such vehicle dynamic control systems include yaw stability control systems, roll stability control systems, integrated vehicle dynamic control systems, etc. The ongoing goal of vehicle controls is to achieve a coordinated, system of vehicle performance for ride, handling, safety and fuel economy.
With current advances in mechatronics, vehicle controls have increased opportunities for achieving performances, which were previously reserved for spacecraft and. aircraft. For example, gyro sensors, previously only used in aircraft, have now been incorporated in various vehicle controls, and the anti-lock brake systems invented for airplanes are now standard automotive control systems. Current sensor technology generates ever increasing opportunities for vehicle control.
A typical vehicle control system may control up to 3-dimensional vehicle motions. For example, during roll stability control, the control system controls three-dimensional rotational motions along the vehicle roll, pitch, and yaw directions and motion along the vehicle longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions. Yaw control systems typically control yaw motion.
Different motion directions influence the motion in other directions. For example, excessive steering of a vehicle may lead to excessive yaw and lateral motion, which could cause large rolling motion towards the outside of a turn. If the driver brakes the vehicle during the excessive steering, the vehicle will also experience roll and pitch motions in conjunction with lateral and longitudinal accelerations. Therefore, a successful vehicle dynamics control should involve an accurate determination of the vehicle roll, pitch and yaw attitudes (side slip angle).
Currently, inertial measurement units (IMUs) and various other sensors used in aerospace vehicle controls have been incorporated in automotive vehicles for inertial control. IMUs have been used in inertial navigation systems (INS) for aircrafts and satellites for decades. Typically, an INS system determines the attitude of a flight vehicle through IMU sensor signals.
An IMU sensor set includes three gyros and three linear accelerometers. An INS contains an IMU and a processor unit to compute the navigation solutions necessary for navigation, attitude reference and various other data communication sources.
Although INS systems are sufficient to generate a navigation solution, over time the computation based on IMU sensor signals drifts, and the errors associated with the computation increases. Sometimes these errors increase such that a navigation solution is unattainable within the INS. To mitigate this problem and to compute a correct navigation solution over the entire flight, external navigation sources are used to continually correct the attitude computations based on IMU sensor signals. One of the more reliable of external sources is a GPS system with a single or multiple GPS receivers. Such a system has been used to determine a rough attitude reference of a vehicle in flight.
Current automotive vehicle systems experience a similar signal drift problem in vehicle attitude determination. Although the drift is not as severe as in aerospace vehicles, it generates errors within the vehicle control system such that the vehicle control system engages improper actions.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a vehicle system sensing algorithm that uses sensors to determine the vehicle operation states, to monitor abnormal vehicle operation states, and to compensate the sensor errors for various automotive vehicle control applications.
In one aspect of the invention, a vehicle control system includes a housed sensor cluster generating a plurality of signals. The signals include a roll rate signal, a pitch rate signal, a yaw rate signal, a longitudinal acceleration signal, a lateral acceleration signal, and a vertical acceleration signal, 4 wheel speed sensors and a steering wheel angle sensor.
An integrated controller includes a sensor signal compensation unit and a kinematics unit, wherein the sensor signal compensation unit receives at least one of the plurality of signals and compensates for an offset within the at least one of the plurality of signals and generates a compensated signal as a function thereof. The integrated controller further generates a kinematics signal including a sensor frame with respect to an intermediate axis system as a function of the compensated signal and generates a vehicle frame signal as a function of the kinematics signal.
A dynamic system controller receives the vehicle frame signal and generates a dynamic control signal in response thereto. A safety device controller receives the dynamic control signal and further generates a safety device signal in response thereto.
In a further aspect of the invention, a method for controlling a safety device for a vehicle includes generating a roll attitude angle of a sensor frame with respect to an intermediate axis system; generating a pitch attitude angle of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating an x velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a y velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a z velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; transferring the roll attitude angle, the pitch attitude angle, the x velocity component, the y velocity component, and the z velocity component in the sensor frame to a body fixed frame system as a function of sensor misalignments.
In still a further aspect of the invention, a method for controlling a safety device for a vehicle includes transforming vehicle dynamic variables from a sensor frame to a body frame as a function of vehicle dynamic sensor misalignments; generating a roll attitude angle of the body frame with respect to an intermediate axis system; generating a pitch attitude angle of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating an x velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a y velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; and generating a z velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system.
Thus, the present system may be incorporated in but not limited to a rollover stability control system (RSC), a yaw stability control system, an ABS/TCS control system and a power-train control system for fuel economy purpose. One advantage of the invention is that the sensor cluster in tandem with the integrated controller generates accurate vehicle attitude and velocity signals. More specific example is the vehicle longitudinal velocity. During braking or throttle conditions, the wheel speed signal alone would not be able to generate accurate vehicle reference speed (longitudinal velocity) which is used in wheel slip control for achieving RSC/TCS/ABS functions. When the wheels of one side of the vehicle are up in the air (due to large roll trending of the vehicle), those wheel speed information are no longer the valid indications of the vehicle speed. In off-road driving, more than one wheel could behave independently of the vehicle speed.
Another advantage is the substantially improved accuracy of current vehicle dynamics and predicted vehicle dynamics as used in but not limited to rollover stability control systems, yaw stability control systems, ABS/TCS control systems, power-train control systems.
A further advantage is the substantially improved accuracy of the predicted road conditions on which the vehicle is driven. For example, the accurate identification of the road inclination could help the throttle control system to cut unnecessary fuel consumption during down hill driving; the accurate identification of the road surface friction condition could help RSC and yaw stability control.
Still a further advantage is the ability to identify the vehicle parameter changes. For example, the loading or mass variation of the vehicle could be identified so that appropriate level of control actions could be adjusted in proportional to the vehicle loadings.
Another advantage is the ability to detect the sensor misalignment errors and sensor plausibility check. The sensor misalignment errors have two portions (i) the sensor mounting errors; (ii) the uneven loading conditions generating misalignment between the loading vehicle and the unloading vehicle. Such an identification of the sensor misalignment errors could substantially improve the accuracy of the predicted vehicle operation states.
Another advantage is the ability to substantially improve the performance of the four wheel drive vehicle due to the accurate identification of the force and torque applied to the wheels. Therefore, both the command drive torque and the resultant torque on the wheel end can be accurately identified so as to increase the efficiency of the torque-on-demand strategy.
Another advantage is the ability to monitor and detect the potential abnormal states of the vehicle including but not limited to tire under-inflation, tire imbalance, suspension wear, tire wear, brake pad wear and steering misalignment, etc.
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent when viewed in light of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment and when taken in conjunction with the attached drawings and appended claims.
In the following Figures the same reference numerals will be used to identify the same components. The present invention is preferably used in conjunction with vehicle control systems, which include, but are not limited to a yaw stability control system, a roll stability control system, an integrated vehicle dynamics control system, or a total vehicle control system for achieving fuel economy and safety and other vehicle level performances.
The integrated system controller or integrated sensing system controller (ISS) in the present invention estimates and predicts the vehicle operation states including vehicle global and relative attitudes, vehicle directional velocities, forces and torques applied to a vehicle, etc.; generates a sensor plausibility check; monitors the abnormal conditions of the moving vehicle; and corrects the sensor mounting errors of the sensors. The information generated from the integrated system controller is used to initiate control commands for various control systems including, but not limited to: power-train controls, brake controls, steering controls, transmission controls, suspension controls, etc. Additional controls include warnings to drivers of possible abnormal conditions such as: tire under inflation, tire wear, and unbalanced tires, steering misalignment, on-line conditioning, and calibration of the errors in sensors due to mounting errors. The various functions of the ISS are detailed herein.
Referring to
The system components are connected in the following possible arrangement: the integrated system controller 12 is electrically coupled to the sensor cluster 16 and various other vehicle sensors 24, 26, 30, 32. Signals from the integrated system controller 12 are received in a dynamic system controller 33, including the yaw stability controller 40, the roll stability controller 42, the antilock braking system (ABS) controller 44, and the traction control system (TCS) controller 46. Signals from the dynamic system controller 33 are received in a braking controller 34. Braking controller signals are received in vehicle and vehicle actuators 36, such as brake calipers and braking devices.
Referring to
The inertial frame (XE, YE, ZE) is a right-hand orthogonal axis system fixed on the earth. The XE and YE axis are in the horizontal plane and ZE axis points upwards. The horizontal plane is sea level or the ground level.
The body-fixed frame (XB, YB, ZB) is a right-hand orthogonal axis system fixed on the nominal center of gravity of the vehicle body 14. The XB axis is in parallel with the average vehicle floor but lying in the longitudinal plane of symmetry. YB axis is perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of symmetry of the nominal vehicle body 14 and points towards the driver's left and ZB axis points upwards.
The intermediate axis system (XI, YI, ZI) is the axis system which yaws with the vehicle and whose roll and pitch attitudes with respect to the inertial frame are zero, and whose origin is the same as the inertial frame.
The ith sensor frame (XSi, YSi, ZSi) is the right-hand orthogonal axis system where the ith group of sensors is assembled, or it is the ith sensor cluster fixed frame. In one embodiment, the axes from the ith sensor frame (XSi, YSi, ZSi) coincide with the axes of the body-fixed frame (XB, YB, ZB) Generally, however, the sensor mounting error causes (XSi, YSi, ZSi) not only to be misaligned with (XB, YB, ZB) in directions but also locations.
The average moving road plane is a plane determined by the four centers of road-tire contact patches. If the road surface is perfectly flat, this plane is the road surface. If the four vertical coordinators of the centers of the contact patches, with respect to the inertia frame, are z0, z1, z2, z3 for front-left, front-right, rear-left and rear-right corners, then the average moving road plane includes the bank angle computed as:
where tf and tr are the half tracks of the front and rear axles, and the slope is computed as:
where b is the vehicle wheel base. The moving road plane is moving and yawing with the vehicle body. The moving road frame is the right-hand orthogonal axis system (XR, YR, ZR) in which the XRYR plane coincides with the average moving road plane, XR-axis being the projection of the XB axis on to the average moving road plane, YR axis being the projection of the YB axis on to the average moving road plane, and ZR axis points upwards.
The ith wheel frame (XWi, YWi, ZWi) is the right-hand orthogonal axis system in which the YWi axis is directed along the wheel spinning direction (but points to the direction of positive wheel angular spinning rate if the vehicle is traveling forward), and the ZWi axis is perpendicular to the contact patch of the wheel and points upward. Therefore this frame is a local frame and i=0, 1, 2, 3 denotes the front-left, front-right, rear-left and rear-right wheels.
Referring again to
The aforementioned algorithms are included to control for sensor misalignments and relative attitude between the vehicle body and the average road surface. Both sensor misalignment and the relative attitude angles like relative roll and pitch angles are included to conduct corrections. The IMU sensor 16 may have offsets or low frequency bias or drifts, which are compensated before sending the sensor signals to a kinematics unit within the ISS 12, as will be discussed regarding
By closely checking the automotive dynamics, several external correction mechanisms are available including Wheel Speed Alignment (WSA), Road Constraint Alignment (RCA), Level Ground Attitude Alignment (LGAA), and Virtual Heading Angle Alignment (VHAA).
In regards to WSA, the ABS wheel speed sensor signals provide certain vehicle speed content which is similar to one of the GPS-derived velocity but measured along the road surface plane. The longitudinal speed can be aligned with the wheel speed information.
In regards to RCA, the vehicle cannot take off from the road for a long period of time, hence the derivative of the vertical velocity of the vehicle should not have significant low frequency contents. It might have high frequency content due to road unevenness, but it should have zero value in low frequency range.
In regards to LGAA, on level ground, the vehicle attitude can be readily obtained through the chassis attitude angles, namely, the angles calculated from the roll/pitch angular accelerations and longitudinal/lateral accelerations.
In regard to VHAA, in automotive dynamics control, the vehicle absolute heading angle is not required. Hence instead of calculating heading angle, the computations are performed in the reference frame, which is yawing with vehicle while its origin is still fixed on the earth. In other words, the vehicle has heading aligned with the reference frame.
The above four alignment conditions (WSA, RCA, LGAA and VHAA) provide a set replacement conditions which otherwise will be needed from the GPS used in Transfer Alignment. That is, they can be used to achieve removing the low frequency drift in the sensor signals. For this reason, they are a GPS-Replacement.
The first logic, as shown in
The logic in
In other words, the logic in
The second logic, as shown in
The kinematics signals are shared with the core attitude and velocity algorithm 106, which generates therefrom a core attitude velocity signal. The core attitude velocity signal is received in the B2R, which, along with a relative attitude determination from the relative attitude unit 122, generates therefrom a reference frame signal. The second logic shown
In other words, the second logic shown
Regarding both logic set examples shown in
If the vehicle body roll and pitch attitudes with respect to the intermediate axis frame are denoted as θxB/I and θyB/I, then this complicated relationship can be expressed in the following Euler transformation:
{dot over (θ)}xB/I=ωx[ωy sin(θxB/I)+ωz sin(θxB/I)] tan(θyB/I)
{dot over (θ)}yB/I=ωy COS(θxB/I)+ωz sin(θxB/I)] (3)
The relationship depicted in equation (3) reveals complicated nonlinear functions and it indicates that a simple integration of the roll rate could provide accurate information about the roll attitude only if: (a) both the pitch and yaw rate are negligible, which means the vehicle is dominated by roll motion; (b) the roll attitude angle and yaw rate are negligible, the pitch attitude is limited; and, (c) the pitch attitude angle is negligible with non-extreme pitch and yaw rates.
The simple integration of the pitch rate leads to accurate prediction of the pitch attitude angle if the roll attitude angle is negligible and the yaw rate is not extremely large.
The aforementioned logic sets 96, 98 operate conditionally because the following is simultaneously true:
{dot over (θ)}xB/I≈ωx, {dot over (θ)}yB/I≈ωy
if θxB/I≈0 and θyB/I≈0, or θxB/I≈0 and ωy. That is, either the vehicle has small roll and pitch attitude angles or the vehicle has small roll attitude angle plus small yaw rate, which contradict with the purpose of using them in rollover and pitch-over detection, because both roll and pitch attitudes are large, and the vehicle usually experience combined roll, pitch and yaw motions.
A direct integration for the dynamics of equation (3) can be formulated as the following:
θxB/I(k+1)=θxB/I(k)+{ωx(k+1) +[ωy (k+1)sin(θxB/I(k))+ωz(k+1) cos(θxB/I(k))] tan(θyB/I(k))}ΔT
θyB/I(K+l)=θyB/I(k)+{ωy(k+1) cos(θxB/I(k))−ωz(k+1)sin(θxB/I(k))}ΔT (4)
where ΔT is the sampling time of ISS 12. As mentioned before, this integration intends to drift due to sensor drift and inevitable numerical errors. As in a Transfer Alignment approach, the low frequency drifts are removed through signals from the GPS unit through the Kalman filter.
Included in the kinematics used in the transfer alignment approach is a set of equations involving the roll, pitch and yaw attitude angles of the sensor frame with respect to the Earth-fixed inertial axis system (XE, YE, ZE).
Those attitude angles are denoted as θxS/E, θyS/E and θzS/E. The corresponding velocity components of the origin of sensor frame measured along the sensor axes but with respect to the Earth-fix frame are denoted as vxS/E, vyS/E, and vzS/E. These equations are as follows:
{dot over (θ)}Xs/E=ωXs+(ωys sin θxs/E+ωxs/E)tan θys/E
{dot over (θ)}ys/E=ωys cos θxs/E−ωys sin θxs/E
{dot over (θ)}zs/E=(ωys sin θxs/E=ωxs/E+ωzs cos θxs/E)sec θys/E
{dot over (ν)}xs/E=αys−ωysνzs/E+ωzsνys/E+g sin θys/E
{dot over (ν)}ys/E=αys−ωzsνxs/E+ωxsνzs/E−g sin θxs/E cos θys/E
{dot over (ν)}zs/E=αzs−ωxsνys/E+ωysνxs/E−g cos θxs/E cos θys/E
The kinematics 104 used in the first logic set 96 of ISS, shown in
The corresponding attitude angles may be θxS/I, θyS/I, and θzS/I, with θxS/I0. The corresponding velocity components of the origin of sensor frame measured along the sensor axes but with respect to the intermediate axis system (XI, YI, ZI) are denoted as VxS/I, vyS/I, and VzS/I. Such a set of equations includes:
θxs/I=ωxs+(ωys sin θxs/I+ωzs cos θxs/I)tan θys/I
{dot over (θ)}ys/I=ωys cos θxs/I−ωzs sin θxs/I
{dot over (ν)}xs/I=αxs−ωysνzs/I+ωzsνys/I+g sin θys/I
{dot over (ν)}ys/I=αys−ωzsνxs/I+ωxsνzs/I−g sin θxs/I cos θys/I
{dot over (ν)}zs/I=αzs−ωxsνys/I+ωysνxs/I+g cos θxs/I cos θys/I
The intermediate system does not travel with the vehicle 14, therefore vxS/I≠0. Using the other alignment conditions, such as: WSA, RCA and LGAA, the low frequency correction can be achieved.
The kinematics 120 used in the second logic set 98, as illustrated in
The corresponding attitude angles are denoted as θxS/I, θyS/I, and θzS/I, with θzS/I=0. The corresponding velocity components of the origin of body-fixed frame measured along the body-fixed axes but with respect to the intermediate axis system are denoted as vxB/I, vyB/I, and vzB/I. Equations for this include:
{dot over (θ)}XB/I=ωXB+(ωYB sin θXB/I+ωZB cos θXB/I)tan θYB/I
{dot over (θ)}YB/I=ωYB cos θXB/I−ωYB sin θXB/I
{dot over (ν)}XB/I=αXB−ωYBνZB/I=ωZBνYB/I g sin θYB/I
{dot over (ν)}YB/I=αYB−ωZBνXB/I+ωXBνZB/I+g sin θXB/I cos ωYB/I
{dot over (ν)}ZB/I=αZB−ωXBνYB/I=ωYBνXB/I−g cos θXB/I cos θYB/I
The intermediate system does not travel with the vehicle 14, therefore VxB/I≠0. The variables used in the kinematics are:
Road Constraint Alignment:
LPF[νzB/R]=0
Wheel Speed Alignment:
νXS/R=J(ω1, ω2, ω3, ω4, δ, θXS/R, θYS/R)
Level Ground Attitude Alignment
θXS/I=θX-chassis+θXS/B
θYS/I=θY-chassis+θYS/B
These are transformed from the sensor frame to the body-fixed frame. That is, the sensor misalignments are required to be detected before the estimation. Using the other alignment conditions such as WSA, RCA and LGAA, the low frequency correction can be achieved. Those alignment conditions are:
Road Constraint Alignment:
LPF[νzB/R]=0
Wheel Speed Alignment:
νXB/R=J(ω1, ω2, ω3, ω4, δ, θXB/R, θYB/R)
Level Ground Attitude Alignment
θXB/I=θx-chassis
θYB/I=θy-chassis
The IMU 16 requires other sensors providing similar external correction mechanism to a GPS signal. By closely checking the automotive dynamics, several external correction mechanisms are available including wheel speed alignment (WSA) from the wheel speed sensor 24, road constraint alignment (RCA), level ground attitude alignment (LGAA), and virtual heading angle alignment (VHAA).
The outputs of ISS 12 is also used to warn drivers for possible abnormal conditions such as tire under inflation and tire imbalanced, subsystem problems like broken suspensions, severe wear of the brake pads, etc.
The outputs of the ISS will be used to activate passive safety devices. For example, they will be used to deploy side-airbags during a rollover accident. The outputs of the ISS will be used to optimize the fuel economy based on the current driving and road conditions.
The wheel speed sensors 24 are mounted at wheel locations and are denoted as Wlf, Wrf, Wlr, Wrr for left-front 58, right-front 60, left-rear 62 and right-rear wheels 64 respectively.
The ABS wheel speed sensor signals include vehicle speed content, which is similar to one of the GPS-derived velocity but measured along the road surface plane. The longitudinal speed can be aligned with the wheel speed information for WSA.
The vehicle 14 does not take off from the road for a long period of time; therefore the derivative of the vertical velocity of the vehicle should not have significantly low frequency contents. It may have high frequency content due to road unevenness, but it should have zero value in low frequency range for RCA.
On level ground the vehicle attitude can be readily obtained through the chassis attitude angles, namely, the angles calculated from the roll/pitch angular accelerations and longitudinal/lateral accelerations for LGAA.
In automotive dynamics control, the vehicle absolute heading angle is not required. Therefore instead of calculating heading angle, the computations are performed in the reference frame, which is yawing with the vehicle 14 while having an origin still fixed on the earth. The vehicle 14 has heading aligned with the reference frame for VHAA.
The above alignment conditions (WSA, RCA, LGAA and VHAA) provide a set replacement conditions, which otherwise are needed from the GPS used in Transfer Alignment. That is, they can be used to remove low frequency drift in the sensor signals and are thus a GPS-Replacement.
The roll/pitch/yaw rates, longitudinal and lateral acceleration signals are used to activate the roll stability control system, the sensors are not intended to be a strap-down IMU sensor cluster 16 because the sensors could be mounted on different locations and vertical acceleration sensor is missing. While in current strap-down IMU sensor setting, the six sensors are arranged orthogonally. That is, the orthogonality among angular rate sensors and the orthogonality among the acceleration sensors are required. With such orthogonality requirements, a set of highly coupled dynamic relationships can be maintained, while in loosely arranged sensor configure ration, such a set of highly coupled dynamic relationships could be wrong. Also such orthogonally arranged sensors help detect the directional and special mounting errors, the sensor failures, sensor signal conditioning and achieve certain sensor fault tolerance.
Referring again to
The integrated controller 12 receives a vehicle dynamic signal, such as: a roll rate signal, a pitch rate signal, a yaw rate signal, a longitudinal acceleration signal, a lateral acceleration signal, and a vertical acceleration signal from the sensor cluster 16 and other signals from other vehicle sensors, and generates a vehicle reference velocity signal and various other control signals in response thereto, such as an estimate of vehicle operation states signal and a prediction of vehicle operation states signal.
The system 10 includes the sensor cluster 16, wheel speed sensors 24, steering angle sensors 26 (SWA), suspension height sensors 30, and local sensors 32 used by the subsystem controls. Such sensor sets cover almost all existing vehicle control functions. As an illustrative example, the yaw stability control 40 uses only a portion of the sensors from the system sensor set, such as those generating 4-wheel drive reference signals from the reference signal unit 70 and side slip angle computations from the directional unit 78.
The sensor cluster 16, within the housing 45, includes a vehicle dynamic sensor, such as: a roll rate sensor 47 generating a roll rate signal, a pitch rate sensor 48, generating a pitch rate signal, a yaw rate sensor 50 generating a yaw rate signal, a longitudinal acceleration sensor 52 generating a longitudinal acceleration signal, a lateral acceleration sensor 54 generating a lateral acceleration signal, and a vertical acceleration sensor 56 generating a vertical acceleration sensor 56 generating a vertical acceleration signal.
The sensor cluster 16 is mounted on the center of gravity of the vehicle 14 (or mounted on any location of the vehicle 14 that can be transformed into the center of gravity of the vehicle 14), the wheel speed sensors 24 are mounted at each corner of the vehicle 14, and the rest of the sensors are mounted on their respective locations in the vehicle 14.
As was previously mentioned, the sensor cluster 16 includes three gyros 47, 48, 50 and three linear accelerometers 52, 54, 56. The three gyros 47, 48, 50 and three linear accelerometers 52, 54, 56 in the sensor cluster 16 are calibrated and mounted along the vehicle body-fixed directions, x, y and z.
The angular rate outputs of the sensor cluster measure the car body angular rates along the body-fixed axes and are denoted about their respective axes as ωx for the roll rate, ωy for the pitch rate and ωz for the yaw rate. The acceleration outputs from the sensor cluster 16 are measures of the car body directional accelerations along the body-fixed axes and are denoted about their respective axes as ax for longitudinal acceleration, ay for lateral acceleration and az for vertical acceleration.
The roll, pitch and yaw attitude angles of a vehicle 14 are related to the roll angular rate, pitch angular rate and yaw angular rate sensor signals through coupled interactions, rather than simple integrations and differentiations. Simple integrations work when the different motions of the vehicle 14 are decoupled. In general, complicated relationships exist among the vehicle attitudes and the angular rates.
In the present invention, reference attitudes are obtained through a road constraint. The road constraint considered here is based on the inference that, on average, the vehicle is driven on the road (which could be 3-dimensional), and the vehicle 14 contacts the road and has a small take-off velocity. This road constraint does not exclude the potential vehicle take-off velocity due to road unevenness (for example, bumps) causing vehicle heave vibrations. The average vehicle heave velocity, however, is around zero; and the low frequency portion of the vehicle heave velocity is zero. This unique operating condition for automotive vehicles helps eliminate the need for external sources like GPS to calculate reference attitudes.
Due to the road constraint, a reference attitude can be calculated based on the aforementioned three accelerometer outputs and the three angular rate outputs from the sensor cluster, the vehicle reference velocity calculated from the wheel speed signals, the steering angle, together with the vehicle dynamics model. Such computations are performed in a reference signal generator unit 70, which generates the reference signal therefrom. The vehicle reference velocities include longitudinal reference velocity, lateral reference velocity or a side-slip angle.
Because of the relationships between the sensor signals, the sensor mounting errors can also be corrected within the controller 12. For example, the pitch misalignment of the sensor cluster can be calculated as in the following
where
Ax=axs+ωzsνy+g sin(θyS/I)
Ay=azs−ωxsνy+g cos(θyS/I)
and νx and νx is the vehicle longitudinal and lateral velocities calculated on the road frame. For example, νx can be calculated based solely on the wheel speed signals, νy can be calculated based on a linear bicycle model of the vehicle. In this case, the above computation will be conducted conditionally: for example, the vehicle is driven straight with deceleration or acceleration.
Similar misalignment or mounting errors of the other sensors are also performed. The sensor information is then used to conduct real-time calibration for sensor signals. For example, the rolling radius calibration for wheel speed sensors can be performed based on the available sensor signals and the calculated signals. Those computations are conducted at the sensor compensation unit or sensor signal unit 84, which generates a sensor compensation signal therefrom.
The sensors also provide information for estimating and predicting the road profile, the road surface and the road curvatures. Such computations are conducted in the road profile unit 72, which generates a road profile signal including but not limited to surface friction level, surface unevenness (roughness), road inclination and bank angle, therefrom.
The abnormal conditions of the vehicle also detected and monitored in the system. These abnormal conditions include tire under-inflation, tire imbalance, actuator failure, wheel lifting, etc. Such functions are performed in an abnormal state unit or abnormal state monitoring unit 82, which generates the abnormal state signal therefrom.
The forces and torques applied to the wheels play important roles in many vehicle control functions. The system 10 also conducts estimation of and prediction of those loadings in an estimation unit or force and torque unit or force and torque estimation unit 86 (FATE), which generates the force and torque signal therefrom.
The reference attitude signal obtained based on all the sensor signals and the road constraint assumption is calculated and then used to correct the attitude computation errors.
Besides the sensor cluster 16, the system 10 also includes wheel speed sensors 24, a wheel steering angle sensor 26, suspension height sensors, and any actuator specific sensors 32 (for example, the brake pressure sensors and all the other sensors which are used for subsystem controls). Therefore the system provides the vehicle operation states, such as: vehicle attitudes with respect to the average road surface, vehicle directional velocity, road profile and surface conditions, traction forces, and tire forces.
Another aspect of the system 10 is the ability to conduct sensor plausibility checks, sensor error compensation, and abnormal vehicle state monitoring and detection because all the sensor signals are available to the system 10. Many of the sensor signals have cross influences over other sensor signals, and there are interconnecting relationship among all the sensor signals.
The dynamic system controller 33 receives the vehicle reference velocity signal and generates a dynamic control signal in response thereto. The dynamic system controller may include a yaw stability controller 40, a roll stability controller 42, an ABS controller 44, or a TCS controller 46, or any combination thereof either separate or together in a single dynamic system unit.
The braking system controller 34 or safety device controller/vehicle safety system receives the dynamic control signal and generates a braking signal in response thereto. The braking system controller 34 includes control function priority/arbitration/integration logic 35 and brake communicating and brake command controllers 37.
The braking system controller 34 receives at least one of a plurality of signals including: the road profile signal, the vehicle attitude signal, the global position signal, the vehicle direction signal, the sensor plausibility signal, the abnormal state signal, the mounting sensor error correction signal, and the force and torque signal. In one embodiment of the present invention, the braking system controller 34 checks the vehicle reference velocity signal with the at least one of the plurality of signals. In alternate embodiments, the braking system controller 34 predicts future vehicle states from at least one of the aforementioned signals and activates safety devices in response thereto.
The various alternate known actuators 36 include active steering systems, active braking systems, active transmission systems, drive-train controls, power-train controls, throttle controls, controllable suspensions, controllable anti-roll-bar, etc. The actuators 36 are activated in response to the signals generated from the integrated system controller 12.
Referring to
In operation block 206, the integrated system controller 12 estimates current vehicle states and predicts future vehicle states in response to the RSC generated sensor signals.
In operation block 208, a dynamic system controller 33 receives the integrated system controller signals and generates therefrom stability control signals.
In operation block 210, the braking controller 34 receives the dynamic system controller signals and generates therefrom braking signals. In response thereto, in operation block 212, vehicle actuators 36 and vehicle systems are activated to respond to or compensate for the RSC event. In operation block 214, the vehicle actuators 36 and systems compensate for the RSC event and attempt to stabilize the vehicle 14.
In operation, one method for controlling a safety device for a vehicle includes generating a roll attitude angle of a sensor frame with respect to an intermediate axis system; generating a pitch attitude angle of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating an x velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a y velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a z velocity component of the sensor frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; transferring the roll attitude angle, the pitch attitude angle, the x velocity component, the y velocity component, and the z velocity component in the sensor frame to a body fixed frame system as a function of sensor misalignments.
In operation, another method for controlling a safety device for a vehicle includes, transforming vehicle dynamic variables from a sensor frame to a body frame as a function of vehicle dynamic sensor misalignments; generating a roll attitude angle of the body frame with respect to an intermediate axis system; generating a pitch attitude angle of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating an x velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; generating a y velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system; and generating a z velocity component of the body frame with respect to the intermediate axis system.
The methods also include generating an attitude reference computation, generating a road profile signal, generating a vehicle attitude signal, generating a global position signal, generating a vehicle direction signal, generating a sensor plausibility signal, generating an abnormal state signal including information regarding abnormal vehicle conditions, generating a mounting sensor error correction signal, generating a force and torque signal in response to forces and torques applied to the vehicle, generating a body fixed frame to roll frame signal, generating a normal load signal, generating a vehicle parameter signal, and generating the safety device control signal in response to a combination of the attitude reference computation, the road profile signal, the vehicle attitude signal, the global position signal, the vehicle direction signal, the sensor plausibility signal, the abnormal state signal the mounting sensor error correction signal, and the force and torque signal.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.
The present invention is related to provisional application 60/449,940 entitled “Integrated Sensing System for an Automotive System,” filed on Feb. 26, 2003 and incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2917126 | Phillips | Dec 1959 | A |
| 3604273 | Kwok et al. | Sep 1971 | A |
| 3608925 | Murphy | Sep 1971 | A |
| 3797893 | Burckhardt | Mar 1974 | A |
| 3899028 | Morris et al. | Aug 1975 | A |
| 3948567 | Kasselmann et al. | Apr 1976 | A |
| 3972543 | Presley et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
| 4023864 | Lang et al. | May 1977 | A |
| RE30550 | Reise | Mar 1981 | E |
| 4294113 | Sprott et al. | Oct 1981 | A |
| 4480714 | Yabuta et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4548079 | Klatt | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4592565 | Eagle | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4597462 | Sano et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4624476 | Tanaka et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4650212 | Yoshimura | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4679808 | Ito et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4690553 | Fukamizu et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4696489 | Fujishiro et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4705130 | Fukunaga et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4712807 | Kurosawa | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4761022 | Ohashi | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4765649 | Ikemoto et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4767588 | Ito | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4788773 | Sukegawa | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4797823 | Ikemoto et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4809183 | Eckert | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4827416 | Kawagoe et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4846496 | Tanaka et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4872116 | Ito et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4888696 | Akatsu et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4898431 | Karnopp et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4930082 | Harara et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4951198 | Watanabe et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4960292 | Sadler | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4964679 | Rath | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4967865 | Schindler | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4976330 | Matsumoto | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4998593 | Karnopp et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5002142 | Klosterhaus | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5033770 | Kamimura et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5058017 | Adachi et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5066041 | Kindermann et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5085458 | Kii et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5088040 | Matsuda et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5089967 | Haseda et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5097917 | Serizawa et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5159553 | Karnopp et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5163319 | Spies et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5189920 | Martinez | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5200896 | Sato et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5208749 | Adachi et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5224765 | Matsuda | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5228757 | Ito et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5230396 | Yasui | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5239868 | Takenaka et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5247466 | Shimada et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5261503 | Yasui | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5265020 | Nakayama | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5274576 | Williams | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5278761 | Ander et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5282134 | Gioutsos et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5297646 | Yamamura et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5307274 | Takata et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5311431 | Cao et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5311956 | Sugiyama | May 1994 | A |
| 5324102 | Roll et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5335176 | Nakamura | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5365439 | Momose et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5370199 | Akuta et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5408411 | Nakamura et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5438515 | Miichi et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5446658 | Pastor et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5455770 | Hadeler et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5490063 | Genise | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5510989 | Zabler et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5515277 | Mine | May 1996 | A |
| 5548536 | Ammon | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549328 | Cubalchini | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5560688 | Schappler et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5574819 | Yamamoto | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5576957 | Asanuma et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579245 | Kato | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5598335 | You | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5602734 | Kithil | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5610575 | Gioutsos | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5627756 | Fukada et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5634698 | Cao et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640324 | Inagaki | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5648903 | Liubakka | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5671982 | Wanke | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5676433 | Inagaki et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5684702 | Phillips et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5694319 | Suissa et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5703776 | Soung | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5707117 | Hu et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5707120 | Monzaki et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5719790 | Lohrenz et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5720533 | Pastor et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5723782 | Bolles, Jr. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5732377 | Eckert | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5732378 | Eckert et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5732379 | Eckert et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5736939 | Corcoran | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5737224 | Jeenicke et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5740041 | Iyoda | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5740877 | Sasaki | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742918 | Ashrafi et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742919 | Ashrafi et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5762406 | Yasui et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5782543 | Monzaki et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5787375 | Madau et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5801647 | Survo et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809434 | Ashrafi et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5816670 | Yamada et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825284 | Dunwoody et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5842143 | Lohrenz et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5857160 | Dickinson et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5857535 | Brooks | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5869943 | Nakashima et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5878357 | Sivashankar et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5890084 | Halasz et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5893896 | Imamura et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5925083 | Ackermann | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5926087 | Busch | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5931546 | Nakashima et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5935181 | Iwasaki | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941920 | Schubert | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944137 | Moser et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944392 | Tachihata et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5946644 | Cowan et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5964819 | Naito | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5965808 | Normann | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5971503 | Joyce et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6002974 | Schiffman | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002975 | Schiffman et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6026926 | Noro et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6038495 | Schiffman | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6040916 | Griesinger | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6050360 | Pattok et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6055472 | Breunig et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6062336 | Amberkar et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6065558 | Wielenga | May 2000 | A |
| 6073065 | Brown et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6079513 | Nishizaki et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081761 | Harada et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6085133 | Keuper et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6085860 | Hackl et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6086168 | Rump | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6089344 | Baughn et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6104284 | Otsuka | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6121873 | Yamada et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6122568 | Madau et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6122584 | Lin et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6129172 | Yoshida | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141604 | Mattes et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141605 | Joyce | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6144904 | Tseng | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6149251 | Wuerth et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6161905 | Hac et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6167357 | Zhu et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6169939 | Raad et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6169946 | Griessbach | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6170594 | Gilbert | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6176555 | Semsey | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6178365 | Kawagoe et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6178375 | Breunig | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179310 | Clare et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6179394 | Browalski et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6184637 | Yamawaki et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6185485 | Ashrafti et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6185497 | Taniguchi et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6186267 | Hackl et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6192305 | Schiffmann | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6195606 | Barta et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198988 | Tseng | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6202009 | Tseng | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6202020 | Kyrtsos | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6206383 | Burdock | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6219604 | Dilger et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6223114 | Boros et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226579 | Hackl et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6227482 | Yamamoto | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6232875 | DeZorzi | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233510 | Platner et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6236916 | Staub et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6263261 | Brown et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266596 | Hartman et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6272420 | Schramm et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6278930 | Yamada et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6282471 | Burdock et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6282472 | Jones et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6282474 | Chou et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6290019 | Kolassa et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6292734 | Murakami et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6292759 | Schiffmann | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6311111 | Leimbach et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6314329 | Madau et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315373 | Yamada et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6321141 | Leimbach | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324445 | Tozu et al. | Nov 2001 | B2 |
| 6324446 | Brown et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324458 | Takagi et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6330522 | Takeuchi | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332104 | Brown et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6338012 | Brown et al. | Jan 2002 | B2 |
| 6349247 | Schramm et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6351694 | Tseng et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6352318 | Hosomi et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6356188 | Meyers et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6360147 | Lee | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6363309 | Irie et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6366844 | Woywod et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6370938 | Leimbach et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6394240 | Barwick | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6397127 | Meyers et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6419240 | Burdock et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424897 | Mattes et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6427102 | Ding | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6428118 | Blosch | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6433681 | Foo et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438463 | Tobaru et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438464 | Woywod et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6456194 | Carlson et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459990 | McCall et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6471218 | Burdock et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6477480 | Tseng et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6496758 | Rhode et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6496763 | Griessbach | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6498976 | Ehlbeck et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6502023 | Fukada | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6523637 | Nakano et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6526342 | Burdock et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6529803 | Meyers et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6529811 | Watson et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6542073 | Yeh et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6542792 | Schubert et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6547022 | Hosomi et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6553284 | Holst et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6554293 | Fennel et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6556908 | Lu et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6559634 | Yamada | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6593849 | Chubb | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6598946 | Nagae | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6600414 | Foo et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6600985 | Weaver | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6618656 | Kueblbeck et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6631317 | Lu | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6637543 | Card | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6644454 | Yamada et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6650971 | Haas | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6654674 | Lu et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6657539 | Yamamoto et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6678631 | Schiffmann | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6681196 | Glaser et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6681881 | Andonian et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6698542 | Nishizaki et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6704631 | Winner et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6718248 | Lu | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6719087 | Demerly | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6745624 | Porter | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6747553 | Yamada et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6756890 | Schramm et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6766875 | Yamamoto | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6784794 | McQuade | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6799092 | Lu | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6816764 | Coelingh et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6834218 | Meyers et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6873987 | Faye et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6876926 | Kirkland et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 20020022924 | Begin | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020109310 | Lim | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20030055549 | Barta et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030109939 | Burgdorf et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030135327 | Levine et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030171865 | Moser | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030182025 | Tseng et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20040010383 | Lu | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040019418 | Lu | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040026158 | Rieth et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040064246 | Lu | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040119335 | Szabo et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158368 | Haas | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040217647 | Einig | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 36 16 907 | Nov 1987 | DE |
| 36 15 938 | Nov 1989 | DE |
| 43 21 571 | Jan 1994 | DE |
| 42 27 886 | Feb 1994 | DE |
| 42 28 893 | Mar 1994 | DE |
| 43 35 979 | Apr 1995 | DE |
| 43 42 732 | Jun 1995 | DE |
| 199 07 633 | Oct 1999 | DE |
| 0 430 813 | Dec 1993 | EP |
| 0 662 601 | Jul 1995 | EP |
| 0 758 601 | Feb 1997 | EP |
| 1 046 571 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 1 197 409 | Sep 2001 | EP |
| 24 25 342 | Dec 1979 | FR |
| 2257403 | Jan 1993 | GB |
| 2 342 078 | Apr 2000 | GB |
| 62055211 | Sep 1985 | JP |
| 63116918 | May 1988 | JP |
| 63151539 | Jun 1988 | JP |
| 63203456 | Aug 1988 | JP |
| 1101238 | Apr 1989 | JP |
| 2171373 | Jul 1990 | JP |
| 3042360 | Feb 1991 | JP |
| 3045452 | Feb 1991 | JP |
| 4008837 | Jan 1992 | JP |
| 5016699 | Jan 1993 | JP |
| 5254406 | Oct 1993 | JP |
| 6278586 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| 6297985 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| 6312612 | Nov 1994 | JP |
| 8080825 | Mar 1996 | JP |
| 9005352 | Jan 1997 | JP |
| 10024819 | Jan 1998 | JP |
| 10329682 | Dec 1998 | JP |
| 11011272 | Jan 1999 | JP |
| 11170992 | Jun 1999 | JP |
| 11254992 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| 11255093 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| 11304663 | Oct 1999 | JP |
| 11304662 | Nov 1999 | JP |
| 11321603 | Nov 1999 | JP |
| 816849 | Mar 1981 | SU |
| WO 0220318 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050080543 A1 | Apr 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60449940 | Feb 2003 | US |
