INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICE HAVING USER-AUTHENTICATING CAPABILITIES

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of intelligent electronic devices and, in particular, to digital power and energy meters having image capture capabilities.

BACKGROUND

Utilities gradually replace traditional means for managing and controlling the consumption and quality of electrical power, water, or gas with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). For example, IEDs used by electrical utilities include digital power and/or energy meters, digital electric power quality analyzers, electronically-controlled Remote Terminal Units, protective relays, fault recorders, and the like apparatuses.

In operation, the IEDs provide a broad range of monitoring, reporting, and billing functions, adapted for receiving/transmitting information over communication networks, and may support a plurality of user-selectable features. However, there is still a need for an IED capable of protecting a user-selectable portion of operational features thereof from an access by unauthorized personnel who, intentionally or unintentionally, may cause the IED to produce or communicate incorrect or corrupted data (for example, erroneous power, energy, or revenue readings) or damage the IED. Therefore, further improvements in the IEDs would be desirable.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the present disclosure provides an intelligent electronic device (IED) configured for authenticating an authorized user thereof and preventing an access by non-authorized personnel to a user-selectable portion of operational features of the IED.

In one embodiment, the IED such as, for example, a digital electrical power and energy meter, includes a user authentication module having a database of information authenticating authorized users of the IED and a sensor for acquiring user-identifying information. Such a sensor may be, for example, a biometric sensor (e.g., fingerprint or eye iris/retina sensor), a reader of magnetic, holographic, RFID, or smart ID cards, or a keypad.

In operation, the user authentication module allows an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter (e.g., reset, configuration, billing, communication, or data acquisition/data processing, among other features) only to positively authenticated users thereof.

In one aspect, IED is selected from the group consisting of an electrical power and/or energy meter, an analyzer of quality of electrical power, an electrical Remote Terminal Unit, an electrical protective relay, an electrical power fault recorder, a Programmable Logic Controller, a water meter, and a gas meter.

In another aspect, the biometric sensor is selected from a fingerprint sensor, an eye iris sensor and an eye retina sensor.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the IED further includes an image capture module for capturing at least one image at a location of the IED. Furthermore, the IED includes a communication module for transmitting the at least one captured image to a location remote from the location of the IED. In one embodiment, the at least one captured image is transmitted upon detection of a tamper trigger. In another embodiment, the at least one captured image is transmitted upon failure of user authentication. The at least one captured image is transmitted via e-mail or other network communication protocols.

According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an intelligent electronic device (IED) includes a metering module configured for measuring or calculating parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of electrical services; a processing module configured for processing data obtained using the metering module and administering operational features of the IED; a user interface module configured for displaying data and configuration settings of the IED; and a user authentication module configured for authenticating an authorized user of the IED and preventing an access by non-authorized personnel to a user-selectable portion of the operational features, wherein the user authentication module comprises a reader of ID cards for acquisition of user's authenticating information.

The ID cards include but are not limited to magnetic ID cards, holographic ID cards, RFID cards and smart ID cards.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for authenticating a user of an intelligent electronic device (IED) is provided. The system includes at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) including: a metering module configured for measuring or calculating parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of electrical services; a processing module configured for processing data obtained using the metering module and administering operational features of the IED; a sensor for acquiring authenticating information from at least one user; and a communication module for transmitting the at least one user's authenticating information to a remote server; and the remote server for authenticating an authorized user of the IED and preventing an access by non-authorized personnel to a user-selectable portion of the operational features by comparing the received at least one user's authenticating information to at least one record in a database coupled to the remote server.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an intelligent electronic device (IED) includes a metering module configured for measuring or calculating parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of an electrical power distribution system; a processing module configured for processing data obtained using the metering module and administering operational features of the IED; a communication module configured to transmit and receive data over at least one network; and a user authentication module configured for authenticating an authorized user of the IED and preventing an access by non-authorized personnel to a portion of the operational features of the IED, the user authentication module including at least one input device disposed on the IED and configured to acquire a piece of user credentials, wherein the user authentication module determines the authorized user based on the user credentials and a preselected mode of communication of the determined authorized user and transmits a code to at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user via the communication module, and upon receipt of the code from the determined authorized user, the user authentication module verifies the received code and grants the authorized user access to the portion of the operational features of the IED for a pre-determined time interval.

In one aspect, the at least one input device is configured to receive the code.

In another aspect, the at least one input device is at least one of a touchscreen display device or keypad.

In a further aspect, the user authentication module comprises a database associating user credentials to at least one of the preselected mode of communication, a phone number, an email address and/or a predetermined security level.

In one aspect, the preselected mode of communication is at least one of a text message, an email and/or a phone call.

In yet another aspect, the network is at least one of a WIFI network, a cellular network, a mesh network, a satellite network, a wide area network (WAN), a personal area network (PAN) and/or a local area network (LAN).

In another aspect, the communication module is configured to receive the code from the at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user.

In a further aspect, the at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user is a mobile device.

In still another aspect, the communication module is configured to receive a confirmation to the code from the at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user.

In one aspect, the at least one input device is a biometric sensor.

In another aspect, the biometric sensor is at least one of an eye iris sensor, a fingerprint sensor and/or an eye retina sensor.

In a further aspect, the at least one input device is a reader of ID cards for acquisition of the user credentials.

In yet aspect, the ID cards are at least one of magnetic ID cards, holographic ID cards, RFID cards and/or smart ID cards.

In another aspect, the IED further includes an image capture module for capturing at least one image at a location of the IED, wherein the at least one captured image is captured upon failure of user authentication and transmitted to a location remote from the location of the IED via the communication module.

In a further aspect, the IED is selected from the group consisting of an electrical power and/or energy meter, an analyzer of quality of electrical power, an electrical Remote Terminal Unit, an electrical protective relay, an electrical power fault recorder, a Programmable Logic Controller, a water meter, and a gas meter.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an intelligent electronic device (IED) includes a metering module configured for measuring or calculating parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of an electrical power distribution system; a processing module configured for processing data obtained using the metering module and administering operational features of the IED; a communication module configured to transmit and receive data over at least one network; and a user authentication module configured for authenticating an authorized user of the IED and preventing an access by non-authorized personnel to a portion of the operational features of the IED, the user authentication module including at least one input device disposed on the IED and configured to acquire a piece of user credentials, wherein the user authentication module transmits the user credentials to at least one server via the communication module, the at least one server determines the authorized user based on the user credentials and a preselected mode of communication of the determined authorized user and transmits a code to at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user, and upon receipt of the code from the determined authorized user at the user authentication module, the user authentication module verifies the received code and grants the authorized user access to the portion of the operational features of the IED for a pre-determined time interval.

In one aspect, the communication module is configured to receive the code from the at least one server upon a confirmation to the code from the at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for authenticating a user of a plurality of electronic power meters is provided including at least one electronic power meter, each meter including a metering module configured for measuring or calculating parameters of waveforms of voltages and currents of an electrical power distribution system; a processing module configured for processing data obtained using the metering module and administering operational features of the meter; and a communication module for transmitting data to and receiving data from at least one remote server over a network; and the at least one remote server for enabling access to at least one electronic power meter by authorized users and preventing access by non-authorized users to a portion of the operational features, the remote server configured to receive a request to access at least one meter and user credentials, to determine the authorized user based on the user credentials and a preselected mode of communication of the determined authorized user, and to transmits a code to at least one external device associated to the determined authorized user, wherein upon receipt of the code at the at least one remote server from the determined authorized user, the at least one remote server verifies the received code and grants the authorized user remote access to the portion of the operational features of the at least one electronic power meter for a pre-determined time interval.

In one aspect, the at least one remote server is further configured to generate a web page for receiving the request to access at least one meter, the user credentials and the code and provides access to the portion of the operational features of the meter.

In another aspect, the at least one remote server is further configured to execute a dedicated software application for receiving the request to access at least one meter, the user credentials and the code and provides access to the portion of the operational features of the meter.

In a further aspect, the at least one remote server is further configured to present a listing of the at least one electronic power meter, enabling a selection of the at least one electronic power meter and generates an individual, different code for each of the selected at least one electronic power meter.

Various aspects and embodiments of the disclosure are described in further detail below.

The Summary is neither intended nor should it be construed as being representative of the full extent and scope of the present disclosure, which these and additional aspects will become more readily apparent from the detailed description, particularly when taken together with the appended drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic block diagram of an exemplary IED such as a digital power and energy meter, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 depicts a high-level block diagram of a user authentication module of the digital power and energy meter of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 depicts a high-level block diagram of the user authentication module of FIG. 2 having a biometric sensor.

FIG. 4 depicts a high-level block diagram of the user authentication module of FIG. 2 having a card reader.

FIG. 5 depicts a high-level block diagram of the user authentication module of FIG. 2 having an RFID (radio-frequency identification) reader.

FIG. 6 depicts a high-level block diagram of the user authentication module of FIG. 2 having an alphanumerical keypad.

FIG. 7 depicts a high-level block diagram of the user authentication module of FIG. 2 having a smart card reader.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary schematic view of a front panel of the digital power and energy meter of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 depicts a flow chart illustrating a method of operating the IED such as a digital power and energy meter of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary system for authenticating a user remotely over a network in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary schematic view of a front panel of an exemplary IED such as a digital power and energy meter, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 depicts a schematic block diagram of the digital power and energy meter of FIG. 11, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 depicts a high-level block diagram of an image capture module of the digital power and energy meter of FIG. 12 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary system for transmitting images over a network in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary system for authenticating a user over a network in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 depicts a flow chart illustrating a method for authenticating a user using dual factor authentication in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 depicts a flow chart illustrating a method for authenticating a user using dual factor authentication in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.

To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures, except that alphanumerical suffixes may be added, when appropriate, to differentiate such elements. The images in the drawings are simplified for illustrative purposes and are not depicted to scale.

The appended drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and, as such, should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure that may admit to other equally effective embodiments. Correspondingly, it has been contemplated that features or steps of one embodiment may beneficially be incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.

In some embodiments, particular method steps of the discussed methods are performed in the depicted order. In alternate embodiments, in the respective methods, at least two method steps or portions thereof may be performed contemporaneously, in parallel, or in a different order.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood that the elements shown in the figures may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Preferably, these elements are implemented in a combination of hardware and software on one or more appropriately programmed general-purpose devices, which may include a processor, a memory and input/output interfaces.

The present description illustrates the principles of the present disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although may not be explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are included within its spirit and scope.

All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions.

Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure thereof.

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the block diagrams presented herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the disclosure. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo-code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable media and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such a computer or a processor is explicitly shown.

The functions of the various elements shown in the figures may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware, as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with the appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term “processor” or “controller” should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (“DSP”) hardware, a read only memory (“ROM”) for storing software, a random access memory (“RAM”), and nonvolatile storage devices.

Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included. Similarly, any switches shown in the figures are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of a programmable logic, a dedicated logic, interaction of the programmable and dedicated logic, or manually, where the particular technique being selectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from the context.

Aspects of the present disclosure are illustratively described herein within the context of intelligent electronic devices (“IEDs”), such as digital electrical power and energy meters, including revenue accuracy-certifiable meters. The term a “digital electrical power and energy meter” is broadly used herein in reference to an IED adapted to measure, record, and communicate at least some of power, energy, revenue, values and other properties of supply currents/voltages, their harmonics, transients, and other related data.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the disclosure may also be utilized within the context of other IEDs, including Programmable Logic Controllers, Remote Terminal Units, protective relays, fault recorders, gas meters, and water meters, among other devices or systems used to manage and control quality, distribution, and consumption of electrical power, gas, or water.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any configuration or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other configurations or designs. Herein, the phrase “coupled with” is defined to mean directly connected to or indirectly connected with through one or more intermediate components that may include both hardware and software components.

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary digital electrical power and energy meter 100 (referred to hereafter as “meter”) monitoring loads of one or more electrical services 101. The meter 100 generally comprises a metering module 110, a processing module 120, a user interface unit 130, a communications module 140, a user authentication module (UAM) 150, and a power supply 160. Communications between components of the meter 100 may be performed using serial and parallel interfaces, e.g., DNP, Modbus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), RS-232, RS-485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), and Firewire (IEEE-1394), as well as other data-transmission interfaces.

Illustratively, power lines of an exemplary electrical service 101 include phase lines A, B, and C and a neutral line N, which are coupled to the meter 100 using voltage interface 112 and current interface 114. Methods of coupling digital electrical power and energy meters to various electrical services are described, e.g., in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,996, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In specific embodiments, the electrical services 101 may have single-phase, dual-phase, Wye, Delta, and multi-phase wiring configurations or include DC wiring. The power supply 160 may be coupled to power lines of the electrical service 101 or, alternatively, to an independent source of power.

The metering module 110 is adapted to process signals corresponding to waveforms of the supply voltages and currents of the electrical service 101, which are provided to the module 110 via the interfaces 112 and 114. In one embodiment, the metering module 110 comprises (not shown) pluralities of voltage dividers, current sensors, voltage sensors and voltage/current gain control circuits, a data acquisition system including a plurality of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and a metering processor. The sensors will sense electrical parameters, e.g., voltage and current, of the incoming lines from an electrical power distribution system. Preferably, the sensors will include current transformers and potential transformers, wherein one current transformer and one voltage transformer will be coupled to each phase of the incoming power lines, e.g., lines A, B, C, N as shown in FIG. 1. A primary winding of each transformer will be coupled to the incoming power lines and a secondary winding of each transformer will output a voltage representative of the sensed voltage and current. The output of each transformer will be coupled to the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) configured to convert the analog output voltage from the transformer to a digital signal that can be processed by the processing module 120.

The processing module 120 is adapted for processing data of the metering module 110 and other functional elements of the meter 100 and for administering operational features of the meter. The processing module 120 generally comprises (not shown) a central processor, a digital signal processing (DSP) unit, interface modules and controllers (for example, controllers of the metering module 110, user interface unit 130, and communications module 140), a memory module including random access memory (RAM), flash memory, and an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) devices, a real-time clock, support circuits, and an optional power backup (for example, replaceable battery).

The user interface unit 130 generally includes a front panel display 132 (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display), indicators 134 (for example, LED indicators), and actuators, or user controls, 136. The actuators 136 include pushbuttons, switches and selectors that allow to select/modify configuration settings of the meter 100, request particular data for being shown on the display 132, or review data and messages produced by the meter. In one embodiment, the user interface unit 130 includes a touch-screen display 132, which may also be used to review the status messages of the meter 100. The display 132 may provide the information to the user in the form of alpha-numeric lines, computer-generated graphics, videos, animations, etc. The user interface unit 130 may also include a speaker or audible output means for audibly producing instructions, alarms, data, etc. An exemplary interface is disclosed and described in commonly owned co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/589,381, entitled “POWER METER HAVING AUDIBLE AND VISUAL INTERFACE”, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,442,660, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/731,006, filed Oct. 28, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In the depicted embodiment, the communications module 140 illustratively comprises a Wi-Fi transceiver 141, a Short Massaging Service (SMS) transceiver 143, a network communication device 142 (e.g., network interface card (NIC)), digital and analog input/output (I/O) card(s) 144, an infrared (IR) transceiver 146, and a wireless communication device 148. Using the communications module 140, the meter 100 may be connected to wired and wireless communication networks (not shown) using existing and/or dedicated wired, wireless, or optical interfaces, transmit and receive data, instructions, and information using industry-standard communication protocols, as well as perform real-time conversions between such protocols.

Generally, the meter 100 is operable to monitor, calculate, and analyze at least some of real, reactive and total power, power factors, energy and/or revenue, line/phase voltages and currents or root mean square (RMS) values thereof, voltage/current total harmonic distortion (THD), voltage/current transient events and sub-cycle transient events, among other parameters of particular electrical services 101. Additionally or alternatively, the meter 100 may be configured to detect voltage/current fault signatures, voltage surges, sags and flickers, neutral-to-ground voltage fluctuations, voltage/current harmonics and interharmonics. The meter 100 may also perform automatic accuracy calibrations and temperature compensations and be programmed (i.e., configured) for time stamping of collected data, accumulating the data during pre-scheduled time intervals or per an event-triggered schedule, and for reporting data and billing information with pre-scheduled periodicity, as well as be programmed for storing, displaying, or transmitting pre-event and post-event portions of waveforms of monitored voltages and currents of the electrical services 101.

Using the user interface unit 130, at least some of these features of the meter 100 may be accessed and reviewed or modified by users thereof (for example, owners/operators of loads monitored by the meter 100, service personnel of electrical service 101, officials, inspectors, etc.). Herein, such user-accessible features are broadly referred to as a “user-selectable portion of operational features” of the meter 100.

In one embodiment, the users of the meter 100 may access such features of the meter via the user interface unit 130. For example, by using the actuators 136 of the user interface unit 130, the user may enable, disable, or perform programming/reprogramming of at least some of reset, configuration, billing, communication, data acquisition, and data processing functions of the meter 100.

An unauthorized access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of a digital electrical power and energy meter may cause the meter to produce incorrect or corrupted data (for example, report erroneous power, energy, or revenue readings) and is prevented by the UAM 150 that is discussed in detail below in reference to FIGS. 2-7.

In operation, in the meter 100, an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features is normally disabled. Prior to obtaining an access to such features of the meter, a user is required to undergo an authentication procedure, which is administered by the UAM 150. Only a user positively authenticated by the UAM 150 as an authorized user of the meter 100 may be allowed to access the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter.

The UAM 150 comprises a means configured for acquisition and verification of user's authentication information. Referring to FIG. 2, in one embodiment, the UAM 150 generally includes a user ID sensor 200, a database 210 of information positively identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220 and is coupled to the processing module 120 using digital interface 152. Instructions for users taking an authentication test may be posted on a front panel of the meter 100 or listed in an operational manual thereof.

The user ID sensor 200 allows the user to present credentials authenticating him/herself as an authorized user of the meter 100 and generally is disposed on a front panel 800 (shown in FIG. 8) of the meter. In operation, the user ID sensor 200 acquires user's authentication information and forwards the information to the controller 220. Herein, the term “authentication information” refers to one or more of user's biometric information, as well as principal ID information, either entered by the user or embedded in user's ID cards.

Acquisition of user-authenticating information and interfacing with physical carriers of user's credentials (e.g., acquisition of patterns of user's fingerprints or eye iris/retina, accessing data embedded in user's ID cards, etc.) are performed in the UAM 150 by the user ID sensor 200 using one or more techniques for proximate and remote data acquisitions.

In one embodiment, the controller 220 includes a processor 222 of the user's information acquired by the user ID sensor 200 (e.g., test patterns, passwords, or similar user-identifying data), a decision circuit 224, and an interface unit 226. In alternate embodiments (not shown), the decision circuit 224 may be a portion of the processor 222 or at least one of the processor 222, decision circuit 224, and database 210 may be a portion of the processing module 120.

In operation, to gain access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100, a user needs to be positively identified by the UAM 150, which acquires and processes the authentication information of the user. In particular, the processor 222 compares an acquired (by the user ID sensor 200) user's authentication information (for example, fingerprint or eye iris/retina test pattern, etc.) with exemplary (i.e., known or certified) patterns of the authorized users stored in the database 210. Such exemplary patterns may be collected in advance, provided to the meter 100 using the communication module 140, and then stored in the database 210.

A user providing a test pattern that matches one of the exemplary patterns stored in the database 210 is positively authenticated as an authorized user on the meter 100. In one embodiment, a signal (or message) that the user is identified as the authorized user is generated by the decision circuit 224 and communicated by the UAM 150 to the processing module 120 using the interface unit 226.

In response, the processing module 120 enables, for duration of a pre-determined time interval, an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100. For example, the processing module 120 may temporarily enable the actuators 136 and/or touch-screen display 132 of the meter 100. Upon expiration of such a time interval, these features of the meter 100 are disabled until another (or the same) user is positively authenticated (re-authenticated) by the UAM 150.

When the user provides a test pattern that does not match any of the exemplary patterns stored in the database 210, such a user is identified as an unauthorized user of the meter 100. In this case, the UAM 150 produces a signal(s) (or a message) that causes the processing module 120 to keep an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100 disabled (for example, to keep the actuators 136 and/or touch-screen display 132 disabled).

In an alternate embodiment, the UAM 150 may directly control the access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100 by, for example, enabling or disabling the actuators 136 and/or touch-screen display 132.

In a further embodiment, the UAM 150 or processing module 120 may store time-stamped records of attempts to obtain access to the operational features of the meter 100, IDs of the authorized users requested the access, and records of actions performed by the authorized users.

In another alternate embodiment, the processing module 120 may discriminately enable only the operational features that, based on the records contained in the database 210, a particular authorized user is granted rights to use. This embodiment corresponds to situations when authorized users may have different levels of authority in accessing some operational features of the meter 100. For example, some users may not have the authority to reset energy/revenue counters or modify configuration settings of the meter.

Referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment, the UAM 150A comprises a biometric sensor 200A (for example, a fingerprint sensor, an eye iris or retina sensor, and the like), a database 210A of biometric patterns selectively identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220A. During a user authentication procedure, a user's test pattern obtained by the biometric sensor 200A is compared with biometric patterns of the authorized users the stored in the database 210A.

Referring to FIG. 4, in another embodiment, the UAM 150B comprises a card reader 200B of a user's ID card (for example, reader of magnetic, holographic, etc. ID cards), a database 210B of records selectively identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220B. The card reader 200B may a slotted, proximity, or contactless card reader. During a user authentication procedure, the user's data obtained by the card reader 200B from the user's ID card is compared with the records stored in the database 210B.

Referring to FIG. 5, in yet another embodiment, the UAM 150C comprises an RFID (radio-frequency identification) reader 200C, a database 210C of records selectively identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220C. During a user authentication procedure, data obtained by the RFID reader 200C from the user's RFID card is compared with the records stored in the database 210C.

Referring to FIG. 6, in still another embodiment, the UAM 150D comprises a keypad 200D (for example, alphanumerical keypad), a database 210D of passwords selectively assigned to and identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220D. During a user authentication procedure, a password entered by the user using the keypad 200D is compared with the records stored in the database 210D. In an alternate embodiment, the keypad 200D may be displayed on the touch-screen display 132.

Referring to FIG. 7, in a further embodiment, the UAM 150E comprises a user ID sensor 200E including a reader 700 of smart ID cards and an optional alphanumerical keypad 702, a database 210E storing pre-assigned and dynamically generated passwords selectively identifying authorized users of the meter 100, and a controller 220E. Herein, the term “smart ID card” broadly refers to any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits that can process data, including, e.g., cryptographic and contactless smart cards. In one embodiment, during a user authentication procedure, authentication data of the user is acquired from a user's smart ID card by the reader 700 and compared with the records stored in the database 210E. In alternate embodiments, to complete the authentication procedure, the UAM 150E generates dynamic (i.e., used only once) passwords, which may be entered using the keypad 200E, touch-screen display 132, or a dedicated touch-screen keypad.

It is to be appreciated that any of the described embodiments may require a second user-identifying information to authenticate the user. For example, in one embodiment, the first user-identifying information is acquired by a biometric sensor and then the user will be prompted to enter a second user-identifying information, e.g., a password via the user interface unit 130. In certain embodiments, the user will only be granted access after both the first and second user-identifying information have been verified.

Referring to FIG. 8, in one exemplary embodiment, a meter 100A has a front panel 800 including an alphanumerical touch-screen display 132A, a plurality of LED indicators 134A, user controls (i.e., actuators) including a decision/navigation module 136A and a function selector 136B, and optical components 802 of the IR transceiver 146. The decision/navigation module 136A and function selector 136B allow an authorized user to access a user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter. In one embodiment, such features of the meter 100A include resetting/updating energy and revenue counters, generating, reviewing, or adjusting bills for the energy consumed by loads monitored by the meter 100A (for example, entering or modifying billing rates, discounts, fees, payment schedules, etc.), as well as modifying configuration settings of the meter.

In the depicted embodiment, the meter 100A illustratively comprises the UAM 150A including the fingerprint sensor 200A. For obtaining access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter, a user should allow the sensor 200A to acquire a pattern of his/her fingerprint. Only the user providing a test pattern that matches one of the exemplary patterns of the authorized users stored in the database 210A (discussed in reference to FIG. 3 above) is recognized by the UAM 150A as an authorized user of the meter 100A and allowed to access the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter. In alternate embodiments, the meter 100A may comprise the user ID sensors 200B-200E and/or non-touch-screen displays 132A.

FIG. 9 depicts a high-level flow diagram of a method 900 for operating an IED in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

At step 910, the IED is provided with a user authentication module (UAM) having (i) a memory device containing a database of information authenticating authorized users, (ii) a sensing means configured for authenticating an authorized user of the IED, and (iii) a controller configured for comparing user's records contained in the database with user's authentication information acquired by the sensing means.

In one embodiment, the IED is the meter 100 discussed above in reference to FIG. 1, and the sensing means may include a biometric sensor, a reader of magnetic, RFID, holographic, or smart ID cards, a touch-screen display, or a keypad, as discussed above in reference to FIGS. 2-7. Operational features of the meter 100 generally include pre-programmed settings, settings provided to the meter 100 via the communication module 140, and user-selectable features accessible via components of the user interface unit 130. In operation, an access to a user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100 is normally disabled (for example, actuators 136 are disabled).

At step 920, a user requesting an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the IED (e.g., meter 100) is requested to present and/or enter, using the sensing means of the IED, user's authenticating information. For example, the user may be instructed to undergo a fingerprint examination using a fingerprint sensor or an eye examination using an iris/retina sensor (such sensors are discussed above in reference to FIGS. 3).

At step 930, the UAM (e.g., UAM 150 shown in FIGS. 1-2) compares results of the user's examination performed during the preceding step 920 with records contained in the database of information authenticating the authorized users of the IED. In one embodiment, in the meter 100, the examination is performed using the processor 222 and decision circuit 224 of the controller 220.

If the results of the user's examination match one the records for the authorized users, the user who underwent the examination is positively authenticated as an authorized user of the IED, and the method 900 proceeds to step 940, where such a user is allowed to access the user-selectable portion of operational features of the IED.

In one embodiment, the UAM enables, for duration of a pre-determined time interval, respective components of the user interface unit 130. In a further embodiment, the UAM discriminately enables only the operational features that the particular authorized user is granted rights to use (for example, based on the records contained in the database of the UAM).

If, however, the results of the user's examination do match the records for the authorized users of the IED, in step 930, the method 900 proceeds to step 950, where such a user is denied an access the user-selectable portion of the operational features of the IED.

In another exemplary embodiment, a user is authenticated remotely away from the meter, for example, at a remote server. Referring to FIG. 10, a meter 100 is in communication with a user authentication server 1002. In this embodiment, the database of user data 210 is coupled to the user authentication server 1002 and the server 1002 interacts with the database 210 to authenticate users remotely. The meter 100 may communicate to the server 1002 or other computing device via the communications module 140 over communication network 1004. The meter 100 may be connected to the communication network 1004, e.g., the Internet, by any known means, for example, a hardwired or wireless connection. The hardwire connection may include but is not limited to hard wire cabling e.g., parallel or serial cables, RS232, RS485, USB cable, Firewire (1394 connectivity) cables, Ethernet, Fiber Optic, Fiber Optic over Ethernet, and the appropriate communication port configuration. The wireless connection will operate under any of the various known wireless protocols including but not limited to Bluetooth™ interconnectivity, infrared connectivity, radio transmission connectivity including computer digital signal broadcasting and reception commonly referred to as Wi-Fi or 802.11.X (where x denotes the type of transmission), satellite transmission or any other type of communication protocols, communication architecture or systems currently existing or to be developed for wirelessly transmitting data including spread spectrum 900 MHZ, or other frequencies, Zigbee, WiFi, or any mesh enabled wireless communication.

It is to be appreciated that the communication network 1004 may be a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet or any known network that couples computers to enable various modes of communication via network messages. Furthermore, the server 1002 will communicate using the various known protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), etc. and secure protocols such as Internet Protocol Security Protocol (IPSec), Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol, etc.

In this embodiment, the meter 100 acquires the user's authentication information, as described above, and transmits the user's authentication information to the user authentication server 1002. It is to be appreciated that any of the above-described methods for acquiring the user's authentication information, for example those shown in FIGS. 2-7, are applicable to this embodiment. The user authentication server 1002 compares the acquired user authentication information with records contained in the database 210. If the acquired user information matches one of the records stored in the database 210, the user authentication server 1002 transmits an access signal to the meter 100 and the user is allowed to access the user-selectable portion of operational features of the IED. Otherwise, the user authentication server 1002 transmits a deny signal and the user is denied access to the IED.

In this embodiment, only one central database of user data 210 is to be maintained. The database of user data 210 could be applicable to thousands of meters under one authority's control, e.g., a utility. This avoids the need to program each meter with the proper authentication information and a database. At the central database 210, different levels of security can be assigned to each user and the managing authority can add or subtract security levels easily in already installed IEDs at the same time. Furthermore, as users leave an organization, their access can be easily revoked at the central database which will subsequently effect their access at each IED. Therefore, any time a change needs to be programmed for a particular user only the record for the user at the central database needs to be revised and no reprogramming needs to be performed at any IED or meter.

Additionally, by having the user authentication server 1002 receive the user information upon a request for access to the IED, user authentication server 1002 may employ this information for tracking data. When a user requests access at an IED, the IED transmits the user authentication information to the server 1004. The user authentication information includes but is not limited to information identifying the user (e.g., name, employee number, etc.), information identifying the IED (e.g., location information, serial number, product number, etc.), time and date when the request for access was made, etc. This information can be employed for tracking user or employee movements and/or performance. The IED may also transmit a signal when the user logs off or after a predetermined period of inactivity to indicate the user at the IED has left the location of the IED or has finished a task at the IED. Again, this information can be used to measure employee performance or for estimating time for similar tasks in the future.

In a further embodiment, the IED includes an image capture module 804 for capturing images near the IED. Referring back to FIG. 8, the image capture module 804, e.g., a charge-coupled device (CCD), complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), etc., is disposed on the front panel 800 of meter 100A. The digital file format utilized to capture the image is not critical, but may include standard file formats which currently exist or will exist in the future for example jpeg, tiff, bmp, gif, pcx, png or other file formats. If multiple images are captured, the images may be captured in various video formats which currently exist including Divx, Mpeg-2, Mpeg-3, Mpeg-4, Mpeg-5, Quicktime, or other video formats. The image capture module 804 will take a picture of the user who is trying to access the IED and store the image as a record of the physical appearance of the user. In one embodiment, the captured image will be transmitted to the user authentication server 1002 with the user authentication information upon request for access to the IED. The image may be used in conjunction with an image matching algorithm or program to confirm the user's identity at the server 1002. Additionally, the captured image may be used for tracking purposes to confirm the identity of the user performing a particular task as the IED or to confirm the user assigned to the particular task is performing the task and not someone else using the user's credentials.

In another embodiment, the image capture module 804 is controllable from a remote location, e.g., the user authentication server 1002 or another location. In this embodiment, a remote user will access the IED (e.g., via a web browser) and image capture module 804 to view live images of the area surrounding the IED for security purposes. The images will be provided to the remote user on demand as requested by the remote user, in response to a communication initiated at the IED, etc.

In yet another embodiment, the image capture module 804 is employed to capture an image of a person tampering with the IED. A tamper condition at the IED may be triggered under various conditions including but not limited to if the IED is physically tampered with, a user authentication fails, etc. Upon a tamper condition being triggered, the image capture module 804 will capture an image of the person at the IED and transmit the image along with other information, such as the location of the IED, date, time, etc., to the server 1002 or a proper authority such as the utility, security department of where the IED is located, the police, etc. It is to be appreciated that this communication may be sent directly to the proper authority without going through the server 1002 or may be simultaneously sent to various locations such as those described above. The communication of the tamper trigger and image may be by any communication protocol including e-mail, wherein the image, i.e., photo of person, along with the necessary data, e.g., location of IED, is formatted in a single e-mail to the appropriate remote user.

Referring to FIG. 11, in another exemplary embodiment, a meter 100B has a front panel 1100 including an alphanumerical touch-screen display 132A, a plurality of LED indicators 134A, and user controls (i.e., actuators) including a decision/navigation module 136A and a function selector 136B. The decision/navigation module 136A and function selector 136B allow an authorized user to access a user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100B. In one embodiment, such features of the meter 100B include resetting/updating energy and revenue counters, generating, reviewing, or adjusting bills for the energy consumed by loads monitored by the meter 100B (for example, entering or modifying billing rates, discounts, fees, payment schedules, etc.), as well as modifying configuration settings of the meter.

In the depicted embodiment, the meter 100B illustratively comprises an authentication module including, for example, the fingerprint sensor 200A. In alternate embodiments, the meter 100B may comprise the user ID sensors 200 and 200A-200E and/or non-touch-screen displays 132A. The meter 100B may also comprise the optical components 802 for optical communication. According to some embodiments, the meter 100B may also include a speaker 1104 and a microphone 1106. The speaker 1104 and microphone 1106 may be disposed on the front panel 1100 of the meter 100B, but in other embodiments may be disposed on one or more of the side panels or on a rear panel of the meter 100B. It is to be appreciated that the speaker 1104 and microphone 1106 are coupled to the processing module 120 via various components such as analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, etc. In further embodiments, the speaker 1104 and microphone 1106 may be located external to a housing of meter 100B and coupled to the meter 100B by hardwire cabling or wireless transmission.

The meter 100B may also include one or more image sensors 1108. The image sensors 1108 may include a camera 1110 and a plurality of components 1112 (e.g., infrared sensors) for detecting images in the infrared frequency range. The components 1112 may be used as motion sensors for sensing movement in the vicinity of the meter 100B. The components 1112 may be mounted around the camera 1110. The image sensors 1108 of the meter 100B may include mechanical elements as well as electrical elements (e.g., charge coupled devices) for obtaining digital image signals. In one embodiment, the image sensor 1108 is a thermographic camera. In some embodiments, the image sensors 1108 may be mounted on the front panel 1100 of the meter 100B, as shown, or on other sides of the meter 100B including the rear side. In other embodiments, the meter 100B may include an input port for receiving image signals from one or more image sensors that are separate from the meter 100B and are used in place of the image sensors 1108. External image sensors may be hardwired to the meter 100B or the external image sensors may be wireless and communicate to the meter 100B over a wireless communication protocol.

The image sensors 1108 may be configured to capture still images and/or capture video images. The optical components 1112 may include elements for transmitting and/or receiving infrared signals and may be configured to detect variations in heat, such as a heat-producing human body in the vicinity of the meter 100B. In alternate embodiments, the optical components 1112 may simply detect heat variations that are used to trigger the processing module 120 to record images captured by the camera 1110, e.g., when the detected heat is above a predetermined or adjustable threshold.

The image sensors 1108 may also be configured to detect arcing conditions in electrical switchgear, which may be housed in an equipment room, substation, circuit breaker room, etc. Since an arc can cause an explosion in the switchgear, it is important to shut down the power to prevent further danger. If an arc flash is detected by the image sensors 1108, the meter 100B may be configured to trip a circuit breaker to shut down the power or a particular piece of equipment. A signal from the meter 100B may be output to trigger a relay to trip the circuit breaker.

According to some embodiments, when the meter 100B is placed on or near an electrical apparatus, the optical components 1112 (e.g., infrared sensors) can be configured to detect hot spots in the electrical apparatus. Using the hot spot detection by the optical components 1112 and by measuring the current load of the electrical apparatus, a processor of the meter 100B can perform a hot spot analysis of the electrical apparatus to determine the condition of various components of the electrical apparatus, such as joints, couplings, bus bars, etc. The analysis can be conducted to determine when certain components experience excessive heat and current loads that may eventually lead to the failure of the components. In some embodiments, the meter 100B may also include a heat sensor 1114a located on the front panel 1100 of the meter 100B. The heat sensor 1114a can also be configured to detect temperature of the electrical apparatus for hot spot analysis.

In other embodiments, the meter 100B may include an input port for receiving signals from one or more heat sensors that are separate from the meter 100B and are used in place of the heat sensors 1114a. External heat sensors may be hardwired to the meter 100B or the external heat sensors may be wireless and communicate to the meter 100B over a wireless communication protocol.

The speaker 1104 and microphone 1106 may be used for communicating with a central office. Thus, a worker in the field can speak through the microphone 1106 to communicate to someone in the office and the person can talk to the worker through the speaker 1104, two-way voice communication. In this sense, the meter 100B may be used as an intercom system to allow the worker to receive instructions as needed from a remote location.

FIG. 12 depicts a schematic diagram illustrating the exemplary digital electrical power and energy meter 100B. Meter 100B is similar to meter 100 depicted in FIG. 1, and therefore, similar components, devices, and modules will use similar references numerals and the description of the same will not be repeated here. As shown in FIG. 12, meter 100B includes the image sensors 1108 mounted in a panel of a housing 1210 of the meter 100B. The image sensors 1108 are coupled to a processing module 120 via interface 172. In some embodiments, the meter 100B may include a heat sensor 1114, which may include the external heat sensor 1114a and/or an internal heat sensor 1114b. The external heat sensor 1114a may be configured to detect temperature outside the housing 1210 of the meter 100B and the internal heat sensor 1114b may be configured to detect temperature inside the housing 1210 of the meter 100B. The heat sensor 1114 may include but is not limited to temperature sensors including thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and infrared sensors, among others.

Also, the meter 100B may also include an output port 178 disposed on the housing 1210. The output port 178 is coupled to the processing module 120 and is configured to provide an output signal to a relay or circuit breaker for tripping the circuit breaker when a dangerous condition is detection, such as an arc flash, high temperature, or other condition. In some embodiments, the user authentication module 150 may be omitted.

The image sensors 1108 may include components for transmitting and receiving infrared signals, capturing heat patterns, capturing images, focusing, zooming, or other mechanical and/or electrical image effects. In certain embodiments, some components of the image sensors 1108 may coincide with some components of the image capture module 804 disposed on an outside panel of the meter 100A. For example, arc flashes have been known to lead to an explosion within an electricity distribution system. When such an arc flash is detected, the processing module 120 is configured to trigger a tripping action to a relay or circuit breaker causing the relay or circuit breaker to shut down the power to thereby minimize the chance that an explosion will result.

The heat sensor 1114b may include an infrared sensor, charge coupled device, temperature sensor, or other suitable components for sensing heat within the interior of the housing 1210 of the meter 100B. According to some embodiments, the heat sensor 1114b sends a signal to the processing module 120 allowing the processing module 120 to analyze the temperature of the internal components. For example, when the internal components experience heavy loads, the components may overheat to a dangerous level.

The processing module 120 may also determine the condition of various external components when the external heat sensor 1114a detects heat, as mentioned above. The processing module 120 may perform other calculations to determine when components are exposed to temperatures that can be detrimental to the operability of the components. The processing module 120 may further perform a failure analysis when heat exceeds certain predetermined thresholds. In addition, the processing module 120 may run an algorithm to determine heat changes over time from various infrared images. The results from the algorithm may be used to implement control functions, such as shutting down equipment or tripping a circuit breaker.

The communication module 140 of FIG. 12 may be configured to transmit image data over wired and/or wireless communication channels. The image data may include images and/or video captured in the vicinity of the meter 100B. The image data may be transmitted to a server either directly or via a communication network using various communication protocols. In some embodiments, the communication module 140 may send an email to an operator (e.g., a user at a central office) to provide the image data to the operator. In this case, the operator can perform additional actions as needed in response to the images. In addition to image data, the communication module 140 is also configured to transmit temperature readings, heat analysis data, component failure analysis data, alarm data, and warning data obtained from sensors (e.g., image sensors 1108 and heat sensor 1114) inside and/or outside the meter 100B.

It is to be appreciated that speaker 1104, microphone 1106, image sensor(s) 1108 and/or heat sensor(s) 1114 may be mounted in various locations on and/or in the housing 1210 of meter 110B or may be located externally from the housing, e.g., in the vicinity of the meter 100B. When located outside the housing 1210, the speaker 1104, microphone 1106, image sensor(s) 1108 and/or heat sensor(s) 1114 may be coupled to the meter 100B via a hardwired or wireless connection. The hardwire connection may include but is not limited to hard wire cabling e.g., parallel or serial cables, RS232 cables, RS485 cables, a USB cable, Firewire (1394 connectivity) cables, Ethernet, Fiber Optic, Fiber Optic over Ethernet, and the appropriate communication port configuration. The wireless connection may operate under any of the various known wireless protocols including but not limited to Bluetooth™ interconnectivity, infrared connectivity, radio transmission connectivity including computer digital signal broadcasting and reception commonly referred to as Wi-Fi or 802.11.X (where x denotes the type of transmission), satellite transmission or any other type of communication protocols, communication architecture or systems currently existing or to be developed for wirelessly transmitting data including spread spectrum 900 MHZ, or other frequencies, Zigbee, or any mesh enabled wireless communication.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an image capture module 170, such as the image sensors 1108 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The image capture module 170 includes one or more image sensors 200F (e.g., camera 1110, infrared sensors 1112) and a database 210F containing data of still images and video. A controller 220F is coupled between the image sensor(s) 200F and the database 210F. The controller 220F comprises a processor 222, a decision circuit 224, and an interface unit 226. The decision circuit 224 may be a portion of the processor 222 in some embodiments, and at least one of the processor 222, decision circuit 224, and database 210 may be a portion of the processing module 120 shown in FIG. 12.

The image sensor(s) 200F are capable of obtaining images in the vicinity of the meter 100B. Also, according to some embodiments, a user at a remote location (e.g., at a central office) may control the image sensor(s) 200F to obtain still pictures and/or video and may control specific times when the image sensor(s) 200F captures images.

The database 210F may be configured to store images captured intermittently throughout a certain time period (e.g., a month). Also, when activity is detected in the vicinity of the meter 100B, such as when an infrared sensor detects movement or heat near the meter, when an image capture device detects a changing image, or when a user attempts to access at least one function of the meter 100B, the image sensor(s) 200F may record video in the database 210F. Also, the database 210F may be configured to store the time and date when the images were captured. Upon request from a user at a remote location, images and/or video stored in the database 210F can be retrieved from the database 210F and transmitted to the user.

In another embodiment, the database 210F may be configured to store images captured continuously. In this manner, after an event or condition is detected, the processing module 120 may retrieve previously stored images to perform an analysis for a predetermined period of time before the detected event or condition. In this embodiment, the meter 110B may store images continuously until the capacity of the database (or storage/memory device) is reached, then the newly captured images will overwrite the oldest saved images. In a further embodiment, when the capacity of the database (or storage/memory device) is reached, the meter 100B may transferred all of the saved images to a remote server before overwriting any previously stored images.

Images and/or video stored in the database 201F may also be used in an authentication process. For example, by using image analysis techniques, an image and/or video of a user attempting to gain access to the meter 100B may be captured and compared with pre-stored data. Matching images can be an indication that the user is authenticated and is allowed gain access to the meter 100B. A signal (or message) that the user is identified as the authorized user is generated by the decision circuit 224 and communicated by the interface unit 226 of the image capture module 170 to the processing module 120 via interface 172.

In response, the processing module 120 enables, for duration of a pre-determined time interval, an access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100B. For example, the processing module 120 may temporarily enable the actuators 136 and/or touch-screen display 132 of the meter 100B. Upon expiration of such a time interval, these features of the meter 100 are disabled until another (or the same) user is positively authenticated (re-authenticated).

When images and/or video of the user do not provide a match with the data stored in the database 210F, such a user is identified as an unauthorized user of the meter 100B. In this case, the interface unit 226 produces a signal or message that causes the processing module 120 to disable access to the user-selectable portion of operational features of the meter 100 (e.g., to keep the actuators 136 and/or touch-screen display 132 disabled).

The images and/or video stored in the database 201F may also be used to detect various conditions, e.g., a change in scene being view, a hot spot, an arc flash, among others. For example, by using image analysis techniques such as Fourier transform, Gaussian, color saturation change, pixel count changes, etc., the processing module 102 may detect a change in the scene the meter 100B is viewing. In another embodiment, the processing module 102 may detect a flash of light in a series of images to determine that an arc flash occurred. Techniques for detecting flashes of light in a series of images are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0284612, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. Additional techniques are described in European Patent No. 2345978, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.

An exemplary technique for detecting a flash of light in video data is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,218,086, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 8,218,086 describes a method of pre-processing video data to detect flashes, including calculating a normalized difference index value for a Luminance [Y] component of the video data, calculating a normalized difference index value for Chrominance [U and V] components of the video data, calculating a normalized luminance [Y] mean gradient index for the video data, and providing an indication that a flash has been detected when all the following conditions are satisfied: the normalized difference index value for the Luminance [Y] component is greater than a first predetermined threshold (Ty); the normalized difference index value for the Chrominance [U and V] components is less than a second predetermined threshold (Tc); and a difference between the normalized difference index value for the Chrominance [U and V] components and the normalized luminance [Y] mean gradient index is less than or equal to a third pre-determined threshold (T_F). It is to be appreciated that the flash detection analysis may be performed in processor 222 or processing module 120.

According to alternative embodiments, heat and/or temperature sensor(s) may be used in place of or along with the image sensor(s) 200F. In this respect, the database 210F may be configured to store temperature readings, heat analysis data, failure analysis data, heat threshold values for various components, and other suitable heat and/or temperature data.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a system 1400 for communicating image data and/or heat data according to various embodiments. The system 1400 comprises one or more meters 100B in communication with a web server 1402 via a communication network 1404. The system also comprises one or more user devices 1406, which are configured to access the communication network 1404. The user devices 1406 are configured as web-enabled devices and may be computer systems, laptop computers, tablets, smart phones, and/or other suitable processing systems. The web server 1402 comprises a database 1410, which is configured to store image data and/or heat data. As mentioned above, each meter 100B is configured to transmit image data and/or heat data. The web server 1402 receives the data from the meter 100B and processes the data accordingly.

One service that can be provided by the web server 1402 is real-time viewing of video images obtain by the meter 100B. For example, a user of the user device 1406 may wish to view images in the vicinity of the meter 100B. After the web server 1402 determines that the user is authorized to access the images, via the various authentication methods described above, the web server 1402 accesses the meter 100B and requests to receive real-time video. The meter 100B transmits the video to the web server 1402, which then provide a web page or other means, suitable for the format of the user device 1406, showing the real-time video.

In another embodiment, the user of the user device 1406 may request to see images and/or video already captured. If the data corresponding to the requested images and/or video is already stored in the database 1410, the web server 1402 can provide a web page showing the requested data. Also, the user may request to view images and/or video from multiple meters. In the case of multiple meters, the web server 1402 may provide a web page that includes multiple views arranged in a suitable manner, allowing the user to view multiple images simultaneously.

The system 1400 shown in FIG. 14 may also be adaptable for providing alarms and/or warnings as needed. Notifications can be provided by the web server 1402 to one or more user devices 1406 as needed, based on the type of condition observed. For example, if a person in the vicinity of a meter 100B attempts to access the meter without proper authentication, a security warning may be provided to a security system or other user device 1406 as needed. In another example, if an arc flash discharge is detected in electrical switchgear or other electrical equipment near the meter 100B, a warning can be provided to a suitable user device 1406 to notify the user that the electrical switchgear or other electrical equipment is being shut down or that the electrical switchgear or other electrical equipment needs to be shut down. Other types of notification, alarm, warning, cautions, etc. can be provided by the web server 1402. It is to be appreciated that notification, alarm, warning, cautions, etc. can be generated by the web server 1402 based on the data received from the meter 100B or the web server may relay a notification, alarm, warning, cautions, etc. that was generated at the meter 100B.

According to another embodiment, the web server 1402 may detect other cautionary events, such as images, videos, changes in an image or heat, etc. The process of detecting events can be performed by the processing module 120 of each individual meter 100B, by the web server 1402, or by both. When an event occurs that requires attention by a user, the web server 1402 can provide an email, link to a web page, SMS message, or other suitable communication to the user regarding the detected event. The communication (e.g., email) may contain, for example, a video of the event. The video in this embodiment may have a time duration limit (e.g., about 30 seconds or a minute). The video may extend from a certain time (e.g., about ten seconds) before a specific action within the event to a certain time (e.g., about twenty seconds) after the specific action. The duration of the video and the times before and after the specific action or event can be customized by an operator of the web server 1402 or by one or more users of the user devices 1406. Processing the events may be performed by the web server 1402 or by each individual meter 100B. The events may be analyzed based on various mathematical processes, such as Fourier analysis, Gaussian analysis, color saturation change analysis, pixel count change analysis, or other suitable processes.

In one embodiment, the meter 100B may be employed as a communication device used in conjunction with real-time viewing of the video images. The speaker 1104 and microphone 1106 may be used for communicating with a central office where a user may be given instructions by a remote operator on emergency situations when a problem occurs. This embodiment will enable the remote operator to view the user in the vicinity of the meter 100B, i.e., the local user, and provide to the local user operation instructions to walk the local user through a possible remediation procedure.

In another embodiment, the meter 100B may employ the microphone 1106 to detect sound in the vicinity of the meter 100B. In one embodiment, the microphone is continuously listening and at least one processor, e.g., processing module 120, is performing signal analysis on the incoming audio or sound to determine if the incoming audio or sound has exceeded a predetermined threshold, which in certain embodiments may be adjustable. Different thresholds may be set to identify different events, e.g., one predetermined threshold may be indicative of an explosion. In one embodiment, when such an explosion is detected, the processing module 120 is configured to trigger a tripping action to a relay or circuit breaker causing the relay or circuit breaker to shut down the power or a particular piece of equipment, for example, to thereby minimize the chance of a further explosion. Additionally, the meter 100B may send an alert or alarm of such an explosion to an operator according the various methods and embodiments described above.

In a further embodiment, the processing module 120 triggers, e.g., the relay, circuit breaker, alarm, etc., upon detection of both an incoming audio signal exceeding a threshold (e.g., an explosion) and an arc flash. In certain embodiments, the detection of an explosion and detection of the arc flash must occur within a predetermined period of time for the processing module 120 to cause the trigger. In other embodiments, the detection of an arc flash will cause the processing module 120 to enable the microphone 1106 to go into a listen mode. In further embodiments, the detection of an arc flash will cause the processing module 120 to set a different threshold for the detection of an audio event, e.g., a higher or lower threshold than previously set.

In another embodiment, a user is authenticated using dual factor authentication. A system 1500 for enabling dual factor authentication is illustrated in FIG. 15, where FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrated at least two exemplary methods for dual factor authentication.

Referring to FIG. 15, system 1500 includes at least one IED 100/100A/100B, e.g., an electronic power meter, that is coupled to a communication network 1504. The system 1500 further includes a user authentication server 1502 coupled to a user database 1510, client devices 1506 such as a computer, and mobiles device 1512 such as mobile phones, tablets, etc. It is to be appreciated that network 1504 may include any network or communication means that enable the devices shown to communicate, such as but not limited to, a WIFI network, a cellular network, a mesh network, a satellite network, a wide area network (WAN), a personal area network (PAN) and/or a local area network (LAN). It is further to be appreciated that the network and/or communication means may be hardwire-based or wireless-based.

Referring to FIG. 16, a method 1600 for authenticating a user located at the IED 100/100A/100B is illustrated. It is to be appreciated any of the above-described IEDs may be employed in the methods of FIGS. 16 and 17. In step 1602, user credentials are received at the IED 100 via at least one of a user interface 130 and/or a user ID sensor 200, i.e., an input device. In one embodiment, the user interface 130 includes a touchscreen enabling the user to enter the user credentials. In another embodiment, the user interface 130 may be configured as an alpha-numeric keypad to enter the user credentials and a corresponding display to confirm user credential entries. In a further embodiment, the user ID sensor may be any of the user ID sensors described above such as, but not limited to, a biometric sensor 200A, an ID card reader 200B, a RFID reader 200C, a smart ID card reader 200E, an image sensor 200F, etc. It is to be appreciated that the user credentials may be any of the above-described user identifying information such, as but not limited to, fingerprints, eye iris/retina test patterns, matched images, a password, etc. In one embodiment, the user credentials may include a single piece of information such a fingerprint, a password, etc. In other embodiments, the user credentials may include at least two pieces of user identifying information, for example, a username and password.

Next, in step 1604, a user is determined based on the received user credentials and a preferred mode of communication for the user is determined. In one embodiment, a memory of a user authentication module 150 includes a database associating user credentials to specific users, e.g., data base 210. The database further defines for each user several records, including but not limited to, a preferred mode of communication, a security access level of the user, identifying information of a trusted device of the user, etc. It is to be appreciated that the mode of communication may include text messaging, phone call, email, etc. Additionally, the mode of communication will include an associated identifier for the selected mode, for example, if text messaging or a phone call is selected, a mobile phone number is provided, and if email is selected, an email address is provided.

In step 1606, the user authentication module 140 generates a code for the user and the code is transmitted to the user via the determined preferred mode of communication. In one embodiment, the communication module 140 receives the code from the user authentication module 140 and transmits the code via an appropriate communication protocol. In one embodiment, the communication module 140 operates on a cellular communication protocol and transmits the code as a text message to the user's mobile phone or alternatively, dials the user's mobile phone and plays a computer-generated audio file that announces the code. In another embodiment, the communication module 140 is an Ethernet card that transmits the code in an email to an email server which subsequently transmits the email to a user device, e.g., a computer, laptop, tablet, mobile phone, etc. It is to be appreciated that the communication module 140 may take many forms and operate under various known or to be developed protocols to transmit the code to a corresponding user device, e.g., mobile device 1512 or computer 1508.

In step 1608, the code is entered by the user at the IED 100 and the code is received via at least one of the user interface 130 and/or the user ID sensor 200. In step 1610, the user authentication module 140 receives the entered code and determines if the received code matches the sent code. If the entered code matches the transmitted code, the user is authenticated and the user is allowed access to the user-selectable features of the IED 100, in step 1612. In one embodiment, the user access is granted for a predetermined, adjustable time interval. If the entered code does not match the transmitted code, the user is not authenticated and the user is denied access to the user-selectable features of the IED 100, in step 1614.

In another embodiment, the code may be generated and transmitted from user authentication server 1502. In this exemplary embodiment, the database associating user credentials to specific users is stored in database 1510 coupled to user authentication server 1502. After receiving the user credentials at the IED 100 via at least one of the user interface 130 and/or the user ID sensor 200, the user authentication module 150 sends the user credentials to the communication module 140 which further transmits the user credentials to the user authentication server 1502. The user authentication server 1502 than uses the user credentials to determine the user and the user's preferred mode of communication. In one embodiment, the code is generated by the user authentication module 150 of the IED 100 and is transmitted to the user authentication server 1502 with the user credentials. In another embodiment, the code is generated at the user authentication server 1502 based on the user credentials. In either scenario, the user authentication server 1502 then transmits the code to the user via the user's preferred mode of communication. It is to be appreciated that if the code is generated at the user authentication server 1502, the code will be sent to the IED 100 that initiated the authentication process for later matching to a code that is entered at the IED 100 by the user.

It is further to be appreciated that by maintaining the database of user data 1510 at the user authentication server 1502, e.g., a cloud-based server, the maintenance and updating of the database 1510 and system 1500 may be facilitated by avoiding the need to update the database at each IED 100, e.g., when a specific user needs to be removed from having access. The database of user data 1510 may be applicable to thousands of meters or IEDs under one authority's control, e.g., a utility. This avoids the need to program each meter with the proper authentication information and a database. At the central database 1510, different levels of security can be assigned to each user and the managing authority can add or subtract security levels easily in already installed IEDs at the same time. Furthermore, as users leave an organization, their access can be easily revoked at the central database which will subsequently effect their access at each IED. Therefore, any time a change needs to be programmed for a particular user only the record for the user at the central database needs to be revised and no reprogramming needs to be performed at any IED or meter. Additionally, by having the user authentication server 1502 receive the user information upon a request for access to the IED, user authentication server 1502 may employ this information for tracking data, as described above.

In a further embodiment, the user may enter the code in another device associated to the user, e.g., a mobile device 1512 such as a mobile phone. In this embodiment, the user may enter the code, for example, displayed on a display device of the IED 100, in the user device which then sends the code and identifying information of the user device to the IED 100. The user authentication module 150 then verifies the code and verifies that the code was sent from a trusted device. If either the code or trusted device cannot be verified, the user is not authenticated and access will be denied.

In another embodiment, instead of entering the code at the IED 100, the user may confirm receipt of the code at the user device, where the user device then transmits the confirmation, and optionally, identifying information, to the IED 100. The communication module 140 then receives the confirmation and sends the confirmation to the user authentication module 150, where upon receipt of the confirmation, the user authentication module 150 grants access to the user. In another embodiment, the user authentication module 150 receives the confirmation and verifies the received identifying information to verify that the confirmation came from a trusted device.

It is to be appreciated that a trusted device of the user may be validated before any authentication process and such identifying information may be stored in the database 210 in the IED or database 1510. Exemplary identifying information may include, but is not limited to, a serial number of the user device, a model number of the user device, a unique code or password previously stored in the user device, etc.

Referring to FIG. 17, a method 1700 for remotely authenticating a user of an IED, e.g., IED 100/100A/100B is illustrated. In step 1701, remote access software for accessing at least one IED over a network 1504 is provided. In one embodiment, a remote server, e.g., user authentication server 1502, is configured to generate a web page for receiving the request to access at least one IED, e.g., a meter, the user credentials and the code and provides access to the portion of the operational features of the meter/IED. The web page may be access via client device 1506. In another embodiment, the client device 1506 may be configured to execute a dedicated software application for receiving the request to access at least one IED, the user credentials and the code and provides access to the portion of the operational features of the meter. In one embodiment, the web page or dedicated software application is configured to present a listing of the at least one electronic power meter, enabling a selection of the at least one electronic power meter and generates an individual, different code for each of the selected at least one electronic power meter, as will be described below.

In step 1702, user credentials are received by the remote access software. It is to be appreciated that the user credentials may be any of the above-described user identifying information such, as but not limited to, fingerprints, eye iris/retina test patterns, matched images, a password, etc. In one embodiment, the user credentials may include a single piece of information such a fingerprint, a password, etc. In other embodiments, the user credentials may include at least two pieces of user identifying information, for example, a username and password.

Next, in step 1704, a user is determined based on the received user credentials and a preferred mode of communication for the user is determined. In one embodiment, the user credentials are received via the web page and employed by the user authentication server 1502 to look up the user in the database 1510. It is to be appreciated that the database 1510 includes a database associating user credentials to specific users. The database further defines for each user several records, including but not limited to, a preferred mode of communication, a security access level of the user, identifying information of a trusted device of the user, etc. It is to be appreciated that the mode of communication may include text messaging, phone call, email, etc. Additionally, the mode of communication will include an associated identifier for the selected mode, for example, if text messaging or a phone call is selected, a mobile phone number is provided, and if email is selected, an email address is provided.

In another embodiment, the dedicated software may receive the user credentials and transmit the user credentials to the user authentication server 1502.

In step 1706, the user authentication server 1502 generates a code for the user and the code is transmitted to the user via the determined preferred mode of communication. In one embodiment, the user authentication server 1502 transmits the code via an appropriate communication protocol. In one embodiment, the user authentication server 1502 operates on a cellular communication protocol and transmits the code as a text message to the user's mobile phone or alternatively, dials the user's mobile phone and plays a computer-generated audio file that announces the code. In another embodiment, the user authentication server 1502 includes an Ethernet card that transmits the code in an email to an email server which subsequently transmits the email to a user device, e.g., a computer, laptop, tablet, mobile phone, etc. It is to be appreciated that the user authentication server 1502 may take many forms and operate under various known or to be developed protocols to transmit the code to a corresponding user device, e.g., mobile device 1512 and/or computer 1506.

In step 1708, the code is entered by the user at the remote access software, e.g., the web page or dedicated software application. In step 1710, the user authentication server 1502 receives the entered code and determines if the received code matches the sent code. If the entered code matches the transmitted code, the user is authenticated and the user is allowed access to the user-selectable features of the IED 100, in step 1712. In one embodiment, the user access is granted for a predetermined, adjustable time interval. If the entered code does not match the transmitted code, the user is not authenticated and the user is denied access to the user-selectable features of the IED 100, in step 1714.

It is to be appreciated that in certain embodiments, the remote access software may interact directly with an IED and authenticate a user using the user authentication module 150 disposed in the selected IED. In this embodiment, a client device 1506 may access an IED 100 over the network 1504 without the need for the user authentication server 1502.

In a further embodiment, the user may enter the code in another device associated to the user, e.g., a mobile device such as a mobile phone. In this embodiment, the user may enter the code, for example, displayed on a screen of the remote access software, in the user device which then sends the code and identifying information of the user device to the user authentication server 1502. The user authentication server 1502 then verifies the code and verifies that the code was sent from a trusted device. If either the code or trusted device cannot be verified, the user is not authenticated and access will be denied.

In another embodiment, instead of entering the code at the remote access software, the user may confirm receipt of the code at the user device, where the user device then transmits the confirmation, and optionally, identifying information, to the user authentication server 1502. The user authentication server 1502 then receives the confirmation and grants access to the user. In another embodiment, the user authentication server 1502 receives the confirmation and verifies the received identifying information to verify that the confirmation came from a trusted device.

It is to be appreciated that the database 1510 may be assembled during a registration process for each user. For example, during an initial use of the remote access software, a user may provide user-identifying data including, but not limited to, name, name of organization, position in organization, security access level, etc. The user may then be prompted to enter a user ID and password. Next, the user may further be prompted to enter a preferred mode of communication, e.g., text messaging, phone call, email, etc. Based on the mode selected by the user, the user may then be prompted to enter identifying information for the selected mode, for example, a mobile phone number for text messaging, a mobile or land-line phone number for phone call, an email address for email communications, etc. Alternatively, an administrator of a facility may enter the initial user identifying information and/or may assign the user credentials to a user. Upon the user logging into the remote access software for a first time, each user may be prompted to select a preferred mode of communication and associated information for the selected mode of communication.

In certain embodiments, the user may be prompted to select a mode of communication each time the user logs into the remote access software, i.e., enters the user credentials. In this embodiment, the user may further to be prompted to enter further information based on the newly selected mode, for example, a mobile phone number. In other embodiments, even though the user has preselected a mode of communication, the user may select to change the mode due to know conditions with the preselected mode or if the code failed to be received. For example, if the user previously selected to receive a text message but is located in a particular location where cellular phone reception is weak or bad, the user may then select to resend the code using another mode of communication.

It is to be appreciated that in the system 1500 of the present disclosure, upon failure of user authentication, at least one image may be captured at a location of the IED 100 via the image capture module 804 (and/or image sensors 200F, 1108) and transmitted to a location remote from the location of the IED 100 via the communication module 140.

It is to be appreciated that the various features shown and described are interchangeable, that is, a feature shown in one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment.

Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular illustrative embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure. Therefore numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, which is defined by the appended claims.

Furthermore, although the foregoing text sets forth a detailed description of numerous embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the invention is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this disclosure. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.

It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent using the sentence “As used herein, the term ‘______’ is hereby defined to mean . . . ” or a similar sentence, there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based on any statement made in any section of this patent (other than in the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based on the application of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph.

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	17699769	Mar 2022	US
Child	18583318		US
Parent	14539979	Nov 2014	US
Child	16040683		US
Parent	12536035	Aug 2009	US
Child	14194677		US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	16040683	Jul 2018	US
Child	17699769		US
Parent	14194677	Mar 2014	US
Child	14539979		US

INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICE HAVING USER-AUTHENTICATING CAPABILITIES

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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