Patent Application
20140230662
This disclosure relates to the field of mechanical ventilation of enclosed, inhabited spaces and in particular, the ventilation of a kitchen where food is being cooked on a stove creating undesirable heat, moisture and airborne contaminants.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,920,874 by the same inventor describes an enhanced range hood with a control system that effectively modulates the speed of the exhaust fan in response to multiple air quality parameters. This disclosure extends the functionality of that disclosure incorporating a number of details that lead to improvements in the overall performance of the system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,920,874 entitled INTELLIGENT VENTILATING SAFETY RANGE HOOD is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Modern homes are being built with increasing emphasis on energy efficiency. This generally means more thermal insulation, more vapor barriers and better quality seals around windows and doors. This type of construction has given rise to the concern that ventilation may be inadequate, in light of the need for a continuous supply of fresh air and concerns about volatile byproducts of manufacturing of synthetic items. There is further concern in the many homes that use combustible fuels for heating and cooking or lighting. In addition to the psychometric comfort factors of heat and humidity and the essential need for oxygen, there are the serious health factors of carbon monoxide, smoke, and any other products of combustion deriving from these combustion process. Excess heat and humidity in an enclosed structure can also be quite destructive to the structure itself, leading to problems ranging from mildew, to insulation failure, to deterioration of the actual structure itself through attraction of insects and rot. In the case of electric stoves, there are also harmful effluents emitted as the results of the cooking process.
As of 2011, there were anywhere between 200 and 700 annual deaths attributed to residential, non-vehicle, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in the US. While equipment malfunctions, such as cracked heat exchangers played a role, a key factor in all of these injuries and deaths was inadequate ventilation. Roughly 10% of these casualties have been attributed to gas stoves and ovens. Low-level cases are more difficult to track, since the symptoms are similar to common cold or flu, but are likely to have a much higher occurrence. Thus, considering the impact of lost work days and reduced activity due to illness for low-level exposure, and the injury and death resulting from high level exposure, the cost to society of inadequate ventilation in conjunction with combustion appliances is substantial.
The ASME standards for gas stoves, which allow for trace amounts of CO, are based on the assumption that the stoves are vented. However, many are not and even those that are generally use a range hood with a fan that must be switched on manually. Many people do not turn these venting fans on unless there is detectable smoke or odor or if the kitchen becomes excessively hot. In other words, kitchens are often inadequately ventilated to a degree that may be a health and safety concern.
Carbon monoxide, being colorless and odorless is undetectable without some sort of sensing device. It is unlikely that CO being emitted by a cooking appliance will be detected by plug-in detectors since the installation instructions for these devices recommend placing them a minimum distance away from such appliances so as to avoid setting off an alarm due to transient levels emitted from said cooking appliances. In any case, while the alarms are useful for notifying building occupants of the hazard, they do nothing beyond this to ameliorate the situation. The same is true for smoke detectors.
Experts say that American households in general and kitchens in particular are seriously under-ventilated. Many homes are constructed with hoods that do not vent outdoors, and many people do not use their hoods routinely when cooking. They don't like the noise, or the fact that the hoods use extra power and remove conditioned air from the house. When they do use them, they often leave the room and forget to turn them off, which can waste a good deal of additional energy both from the fan itself and the loss of heated or cooled air.
A variety of range hoods have been developed in an attempt to provide ventilation of cooking-related exhaust fumes and other volatile waste products. Different designs are utilized including hoods mounted under cabinets, island hoods and down-drafting hoods that pull fumes from below. The vast majority are manually controlled and will not activate unless the user takes action. A few have implemented fairly simplistic automatic controls such as a single point temperature switch that turns the fan on at maximum speed when excessive temperature, smoke or fumes are detected. Others designed to operate in a commercial environment, vary fan speed in response to effluent factors but cannot turn the fan off due to health code and other restrictions that are unique to a commercial cooking environment. Since, in the commercial environment, the fan is always running at some ventilation level, there is no need for detection of small quantities of hazardous chemicals like carbon monoxide. This means that they can function satisfactorily with a far more simplistic detection scheme than what is required in the residential environment. While these and other devices represent improvements in the art of ventilating heat and fumes generated by cooking, they either do not adequately address the health and safety concerns described above, or they lack the sophistication that will allow them to fit seamlessly into a modern household without being disruptive.
One reason that automatic range hood controls have not yet been popularized is because designing one that works effectively is difficult. Unlike a household furnace, whose thermostat can effectively control the temperature in the house since it controls the source of the heat, a range hood controller has no control over the source of the heat or the fumes or the steam. Therefore it must react without knowledge of what the stove is doing or whether the heat or smoke it just detected is increasing, decreasing or being produced at a steady rate. This is exacerbated by the fact that once the fan is running, it is difficult to tell what is happening below. This makes it particularly problematic to determine when it is time to turn the fan off. Conventional approaches might tend towards a timer-based approach (open loop), which essentially guesses how long the cooking episode will last, and thus runs the risk of either terminating ventilation prematurely, leading to the possibility of spillage of smoke or fumes, or running too long, on the other hand, thereby wasting energy.
Conversely, a closed-loop approach that relies solely on the sensors will likely need to turn the fan off in order to see if more smoke and heat are still coming up. This could lead to a lot of rapid up and down cycling of the fan during the cooking process that, since it is in the kitchen, a place where people often assemble, could be considered objectionable on account of the rapidly changing noise level.
Understanding this shows why a simple temperature set level control like the type used on a furnace, even with hysteresis built in will not be sufficient.
The problem of knowing when to automatically turn a ventilation hood on and off is sometimes addressed by means of a direct electrical connection between the stove and hood, or the use of some external device that could be attached to the stove to determine whether or not gas or electricity is flowing, or even an AC coupling scheme that transmits signals through household wiring. This however, has the drawback of added cost and complexity and the fact that most hoods and stoves are not designed to operate together. Furthermore, even if the amount of gas or electricity could be measured, that would still not directly correlate with the need for ventilation, to be able to distinguish, for example, between a pan full of food that is burning and giving off smoke, and a tea kettle that is simply heating up.
In order to provide optimal performance, it is ideally useful to know precisely, the amount of ventilation required, so as to avoid over-ventilation which can waste a good deal of energy.
For these reasons, plus, for simplicity of installation, a self-contained hood system with a controller that will be able to not only detect the need for ventilation but to determine the amount of ventilation required at any point before, during, or after the cooking process might be desirable.
Such a system would need to address several considerations. First, it would be likely to require some means to determine the dynamic ventilation requirement. This can be accomplished by means of air quality sensors that can assess not only the operating state of the stove, but also the amount of undesirable byproducts being produced. The placement of these sensors can be important in the operation of the hood. Placing them in direct communication with the ventilation air stream provides the most responsive performance, though care would need to be taken to dampen the effect of relatively abrupt changes in temperature or contaminant levels as the fan turns on which might otherwise lead to unstable performance. Response time is also quite important, so that the fan becomes activated before contaminants begin spilling out of the hood.
There is also the question of environmental variability. A robust automatic hood controller would need to function in a wide variety of geographies exhibiting a wide range of background temperature, humidity and contaminant levels. A controller that responds to a fixed preset temperature level or a fixed contaminant level, will perform differently in different environmental settings producing less than ideal results under non-standard conditions.
The above-mentioned considerations suggest the need for a device to address these concerns, that would provide an effective, self-contained, inexpensive, convenient, non-intrusive automated response to the presence of the air quality factors such as heat, humidity, CO and smoke and fumes or other similar hazards in a kitchen as the result of cooking or introduced by some other means, independent of background conditions.
Such a device might also include an alarm feature. There are, of course, various types of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. These devices are sensitive to the presence of the hazards they are intended to detect and are designed to emit a loud audible alarm when a predetermined level of hazard has been detected. This is, of course, useful and has in many cases saved lives, but there are other cases where they have not been effective. Having the ability to take action beyond emitting an alarm, by, for example, providing ventilation could also prove useful.
In providing this capability in conjunction with a ventilation device that is located in very close proximity to where people are cooking, it might be helpful to be able to automatically adjust the volume level of the alarm so as not to be able to provide the necessary function without being overwhelming.
The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
The disclosure describes a number of enhancements to a conventional stove hood, or range hood to increase its effectiveness, ensure its proper utilization and increase its energy efficiency by means of an automatic controller.
The automatic controller consists of some number of air quality sensors that might include temperature and smoke, at a minimum, as well as humidity, gas, and others for enhanced performance, and well as the electronic circuits capable of capturing and conditioning the signals from those sensors so as to provide input to a microcontroller, a set of software instructions for the microcontroller to interpret the signals and generate responses by controlling both the ON/OFF state of the fan as well as its speed, and the electric circuitry necessary to drive an electric (AC, DC or EC) fan.
The art described herein addresses solutions to certain key issues that arise in the implementation and development of a smart hood controller that fall variously under the heading of operability, environmental variability, sensor variability, minimization of undesirable effects such as noise and energy loss, and overall system performance.
The disclosure describes a way of managing the dynamic timing of the fan control, by means of software so as to provide smooth behavior that will not be considered “jerky” or intrusive to the user. In some cases, for example, fan operation is initiated when a guard band threshold level has been reached for any parameter. The software ensures that the fan will remain ON for a minimum length of time. This capability is enabled through a set of software routines for heat, smoke, etc., that control the fan in response to a fixed threshold level being reached. The software also continues to monitor the sensors throughout the run time so that if the fan speed needs to be increased, it will do so.
The disclosed controller addresses the question of sensitivity loss when the fan is running by gradually reducing the fan speed to the point where it can effectively resample the air quality coming into the hood. This scheme, which combines elements of both open-loop and closed-loop control, provides a smoother and more efficient operation, since the fan remains ON at low speed, while the controller continues to sample and respond to changes in the air quality until it has determined that cooking has concluded. This capability is contained in a set of software routines for heat, smoke, etc., specific to the task of ramping down the hood operation where it appears that cooking has been completed. By reducing fan speed and turning the fan OFF in a timely manner, energy savings are achieved.
As to the question of environmental variability, the present disclosure describes a control system that replaces the fixed levels for each air quality threshold, with a “learning” scheme that adjusts itself to its surroundings in two ways.
First, by sampling the background level during idle periods, it establishes reference levels for each parameter, relative to which guard band levels are computed. This is accomplished by means of a series of software routines for heat, smoke, etc., that run during idle periods and are assigned to the task of establishing the ambient conditions so that threshold trigger levels can be set relative to those.
Secondly and independently, the system responds to rates of change in each parameters rather than only absolute fixed values. So, a rate of change condition will also trigger a fan response, regardless of whether a guard band level has been reached. This rate-detection approach is used to effectively respond to differential rates of air contamination rather than fixed levels. In this case the response is proportional to the rate of change. This capability is provided by means of a set of software routines for heat, smoke, etc., that control the fan in response to a detected rate of change.
The controller also contains an optional audible alarm feature. This can be helpful under a high smoke condition, though it can also be annoying, If the customer is cooking some smoky food, he or she would not want a loud alarm going off in his or her face. Therefore a motion detector is employed to determine whether or not a person is standing in front of the stove and adjust the alarm volume and behavior accordingly. This feature is accomplished by means of a software routine that adjusts the volume of the audible alarm in response to the presence of a person in proximity to the stove as determined by a motion detector or other means of determining whether the space around the stove is occupied.
These and other aspects of the disclosed subject matter, as well as additional novel features, will be apparent from the description provided herein. The intent of this summary is not to be a comprehensive description of the subject matter, but rather to provide a short overview of some of the subject matter's functionality. Other systems, methods, features and advantages here provided will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following FIGURES and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages that are included within this description, be within the scope of any claims filed later.
The novel features believed characteristic of the disclosed subject matter will be set forth in any claims that are filed later. The disclosed subject matter itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives, and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
In the FIGURES, like elements should be understood to represent like elements, even though reference labels are omitted on some instances of a repeated element, for simplicity.
Reference now should be made to the drawings, in which the same reference numbers are used throughout the different figures to designate the same components.
For the reasons described above, plus, for simplicity of installation, a self-contained hood system with a controller that will be able to not only detect the need for ventilation but to determine the amount of ventilation required at any point before, during, or after the cooking process might be desirable.
Such a system would need to address several considerations. First, it would be likely to require some means to determine the dynamic ventilation requirement. This can be accomplished by means of air quality sensors that can assess not only the operating state of the stove, but also the amount of undesirable byproducts being produced. The placement of these sensors can be important in the operation of the hood. Placing them in direct communication with the ventilation air stream provides the most responsive performance, though care would need to be taken to dampen the effect of relatively abrupt changes in temperature or contaminant levels as the fan turns on which might otherwise lead to unstable performance. Response time is also quite important; the fan needs to become activated before contaminants begin spilling out of the hood.
There is also the question of environmental variability. A robust automatic hood controller would need to function in a wide variety of geographies exhibiting a wide range background temperatures, humidity and contaminant levels. A controller that responds to a fixed preset temperature level or a fixed contaminant level, will perform differently in different environmental settings producing less than ideal results under non-standard conditions.
Another consideration would be sensor drift over time, either through deterioration or wear of the sensing elements or in an operating environment such as this, by contamination by such factors as grease, dirt, etc, that can accumulate on the sensor surfaces, resulting in changes to their response characteristics. A controller with the capability of auto-calibration can continuously adjust for these changes, and compensate for them to ensure consistent performance over long periods of time.
A robust hood control system would also be expected to function equivalently in conjunction with a variety of different stove types, such as gas, electric, convection, etc., with different heat output and fume generation rates, requiring a wide range of performance characteristics in order to meet the intended design objectives.
The above-mentioned considerations suggest the need for a device to address these concerns, that would provide an effective, self-contained, inexpensive, convenient, self-adjusting, non-intrusive automated response to the presence of the air quality factors such as heat, humidity, Carbon monoxide, smoke and fumes or other similar hazards in a kitchen as the result of cooking or introduced by some other means, independent of background conditions.
Such a device might also include an alarm feature. In providing this capability in conjunction with a ventilation device that is located in very close proximity to where people are cooking, it might be helpful to be able to automatically adjust the volume level of the alarm so as to be able to provide the necessary function without being overwhelming. Otherwise there might be a tendency on the part of the customer to disable the alarm.
In
Referring to
The software used to provide the intelligence to the hood operation can be represented as a main program and a series of subroutines, though it need not be structured that way in practice as long as the necessary functions are provided. The software combines aspects of both open-loop and closed-loop control, with timers making sure that once activated, the fan runs for at least a minimum amount of time, and sensors constantly monitoring the air quality to allow the system to respond to changes by moving into other operating modes as required.
The diagrams in this embodiment depict a smoke sensor, which in other embodiments could also be a gas sensor, capable of responding to various organic compounds including carbon monoxide, or a combination smoke/gas sensor. In all cases the software will respond in a similar manner. For simplicity's sake, there is no humidity sensor shown in this embodiment, but for embodiments that include a humidity sensor, the software may handle it in the same manner as the temperature sensor shown here.
The software essentially monitors the air quality sensors and controls the fan in response to them. In some embodiments, there are two different response modes, a level response, where the fan comes on in response to a level, which could be considered a guard band, being reached, and a differential response, where the fan is activated in response to a detected rate of increase in a parameter such as temperature or effluent. In both cases the fan is activated at a speed that is appropriate to the detected requirement. The levels are initialized at factory preset levels, though the system also has a learning capability where it self-adjusts guard band levels based on background conditions.
The temperature guard band is set in exactly the same way. For convenience, it is shown as a parallel operation here, but given the processing speed available today it could very well be done sequentially.
The routine sets a temperature background timer 196. Then it decrements the timer 200 and reads the temperature level 201. If the temperature level changed 220, it goes back to the beginning of the loop 196. If the temperature level did not change, then, it sets a new temporary background temperature level 222. Note that not changing means that it changed less than a small prescribed increment. It then checks 226 to see if the temperature background timer has elapsed. If it has, which means that the temperature has remained unchanged for the prescribed duration of time, then it established a new background temperature level 228 Based on this new background level, it establishes new High 232, Medium 234 and Low 236 temperature guard band levels before returning to the beginning of the loop at 192.
If the temperature is not High 242, the routine next checks to see if the Medium guard band has been reached at 256. If yes, then it turns on the fan to Medium speed 258 and writes a message to the UI 259 (if present) indicating that a Medium temperature level has been detected. Then the routine enters a loop where it checks to see that the fan is maintaining temperature. A timer is set 260, and the temperature is read 262. A check is made 263 to see if the temperature is increasing. If it is, the timer is reset 260, ensuring that the fan will continue running. Otherwise it exits the loop and the timer continues to run. The timer is then read, 264. If it has not fully elapsed 266 it goes back into the loop at 262. If the timer has elapsed, it enters the Cooldown cycle 138, before returning to 240.
If the temperature is not Medium 256, the routine next checks to see if the Low guard band has been reached at 268. If yes, then it turns on the fan to Low speed 270 and writes a message to the UI 271 (if present) indicating that a Low temperature level has been detected. Then the routine enters a loop where it checks to see that the fan is maintaining temperature. A timer is set 272, and the temperature is read 274. A check is made 276 to see if the temperature is increasing. If it is, the timer is reset 272, ensuring that the fan will continue running. Otherwise it exits the loop and the timer continues to run. The timer is then read, 278. If it has not fully elapsed 280 it goes back into the loop at 274. If the timer has elapsed, it enters the Cooldown cycle 138, before returning to 240. If the temperature did not exceeds the Low guard band at 268, the program flow returns to 240 to repeat the whole process again.
By looking at the rate of increase rather than a fixed level, this approach greatly reduces the number of false positives. At the same time the guard bands, which are derived from and differentiated from the background conditions, will back up the rate detection scheme in cases where there are gradually increasing changes in temperature that ultimately reach guard band levels.
This rate-detection algorithm could be expanded to incorporate any number of discrete differential intervals (e.g. slow rise, medium rise, fast rise, very fast rise, etc.) with corresponding fan speeds, but for purposes of illustration, two (fast and slow) are included here.
The routine runs in a loop that begins by reading the temperature 370 setting a timer 372 and decrementing the loop counter 374. The temperature value is checked to see if it has increased enough to constitute a fast rise 376. If not, it jumps ahead to see is the temperature increase is enough to constitute a slow rise 398. If the temperature increase is enough to qualify for a fast rise, the timer is then checked 378, to see how much time has elapsed. If the fast rise interval has already passed, then the routine moves along to 398 to check for slow rise temperature. If the fast rise interval had not elapsed, then the fast rise routine is initiated at 380 by turning the fan on High. A message is also displayed on the UI at 381 saying something along the lines of “Fast Temperature Rise Detected. Fan Speed High.” Another counter 382 is started for this routine which will determine how long the fan will stay on. The temperature is read at 384 and checked at 386 to see if it exceeds the Low Temp level. If it does, the routine goes to the Fan Run Temperature Level 136 routine described earlier. If it doesn't, it is checked again at 390 to see if the rise is greater than the prescribed interval DeltaT. If it is, the routine goes back into the loop, keeping the fan running, decrementing the counter at 382. If not, it continues to decrement the counter 392. The counter value is checked at 394. If it has elapsed, control is then passed to the CoolDown routine 396 which will bring the fan speed gradually down to zero. If it hasn't elapsed yet, it goes back into the loop with the fan still running at 384 where the temperature is checked again.
If the temperature at 398 was less than the Slow rise temperature control returns to the beginning of the loop at 370. If the temperature exceeds that threshold the routine goes on to check the elapsed time interval at 400. If the slow rise time interval has already elapsed, control returns to the start 370 which is, in essence, returning to the Main program. On the other hand, if the Slow rise counter has not yet elapsed 400, the routine enters the Slow differential routine at 402 by turning the fan on at Medium speed. A message is also displayed at on the UI at 404 saying something along the lines of “Slow Temperature Rise Detected. Fan Speed Medium.” Another counter 406 is started for this routine which will determine how long the fan will stay on. The temperature is read at 408 and checked at 410 to see if it exceeds the Low Temp level. If it does, the routine goes to the Fan Run Temperature Level 136 routine described earlier. If it doesn't, it is checked again at 414 to see if the rise is greater than the prescribed interval DeltaT. If it is, the routine goes back into the loop, decrementing the counter at 406. If not, it continues to decrement the counter 416. The counter value is checked at 418. If it has elapsed, control is then passed to the CoolDown routine 396. If it hasn't elapsed yet, it goes back into the loop with the fan still running at 408 where the temperature is checked again.
The cycle initializes at 470 then sets a loop counter 472 and setting the fan to a preset speed 474, which is generally close to the speed at which it initially enters. It then enters the inner countdown loop 476 by decrementing the counter. It checks 478 to see if the counter is exhausted. If it is, the fan is shut off 484 and the routine is exited 486. If not, the loop continues by decreasing the fan speed at a preset reduction increment 480. In this embodiment there are two reduction rates that are used: Fast and Slow. The cycle begins with the Fast reduction rate by default which utilizes a larger speed reduction increment. At this point the temperature is read 482 and then checked 488 to see if there was an increase. If there was no increase, control passes back to the beginning of the loop, decrementing the counter 476 thereby reducing the remaining run time. If the temperature did show an increase, control passes to 490 where the elapsed count is checked. In either case, control will return to the initial outer loop entry point 472, which resets the fan run time counter, keeping the fan running. If it was early in the count (e.g. less than halfway) that indicates that the temperature rise came quickly. Therefore the fan speed is set, in this case to medium 492 and the reduction rate set at fast 494. In this way the controller is searching for the fan speed that balances the amount of heat being exhausted through the fan vent with the amount being produced by the stove. This path could be considered a search of coarse granularity. On the other hand, if the temperature rise had been detected later in the count (e.g. gone past halfway in this embodiment), that means the temperature was rising more slowly, the controller moves to the path of finer granularity, where the speed is set to Low 496 and the reduction rate is set to Slow 498. The speeds and rates described above should be considered exemplary for this one particular embodiment, though it should be understood that other speeds and rates could also be used.
At time T=0, the heat is turned on under the pot. The fan is OFF (0 rpm). The temperature rises gradually until the water begins to boil at 703, at which point it rises quickly. Detecting the rapid rise, the controller turns the fan ON to 2200 rpm at 704. As soon as the fan reaches speed, the temperature drops as a result. The temperature is now under control. Seeing that the temperature has dropped at 705, the fan speed is then reduced to 1500 rpm at 706. Once the fan speed drops, since the water is still boiling, the temperature shoots up again at 707. Seeing this rise, the controller increases the fan speed to 2300 at 708 which drives the temperature down to 67° at 709. Seeing this the fan speed is reduced and the temperature begins to rise again. Notice that all the while, the temperature under the hood is being maintained within a 3-4 degree range. At 710, the temperature rise triggers another fan increase at 711. At 712, the heat under the water is turned OFF, though the water continues to boil briefly. At 713, which is 600 seconds into the run, the controller goes into the “cooldown” mode because the temperature is no longer rising rapidly, which means the amount of heat coming from the stove is reduced. This mode allows the fan speed to continue dropping as long as the heat that is being exhausted by the fan exceeds the heat emitted by the stove. At 714, the speed drops all the way to 1230 rpm before it senses a heat rise. Fan speed is then increased again at 715, but only briefly as the controller continues to “search” and “locate” the heat level coming off the stove, based on the rate of temperature increase. Finally, at 716, sensing a “flattening out” of the heat rate, it continues to reduce the fan speed, incrementally, until it shuts off at 717. Thus, we have a controller that has the capability of monitoring an air quality parameter such as temperature and maintaining a ventilation rate sufficient to maintain temperature within a tight range while heat is being produced, and is then able to detect when the heat has stopped and shut itself off automatically. It is also capable of far smoother operation than any system that simply turns ON and OFF at prescribed temperature levels. Because it looks at heat rate, as well as the temperature, it is not affected by the ambient temperature in the installed location. Note that the fan stays ON throughout the entire incident, though the speed is modulated in response to the changing environment.
With a software-based control system there are innumerable variations that can be implemented in terms of settings, timings and control responses. The control software programming technique can also be varied to include such approaches as fuzzy logic control, neural networks, proportional, differential, integral (PDI) control, etc. The number and types of trigger levels and rate detection schemes can also be varied. Alternative air quality sensors have already been mentioned.
While the disclosed subject matter has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, the specific features of one embodiment should not be attributed to other embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. No single embodiment is representative of all aspects of the disclosed subject matter. Moreover, variations and modifications therefrom exist. For example, the disclosed subject matter described herein may comprise other components. Various additives may also be used to further enhance one or more properties. In some embodiments, the disclosed subject matter is substantially free of any additive not specifically enumerated herein. Some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter described herein consist of or consist essentially of the enumerated components. In addition, some embodiments of the methods described herein consist of or consist essentially of the enumerated steps. The claims intend to cover all such variations and modifications as falling within the scope of the disclosed subject matter.
