INTERACTIVE INPUT SYSTEM WITH MULTI-ANGLE REFLECTOR

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to interactive input systems, and in particular, to an interactive input system comprising a multi-angle reflector.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Interactive input systems that allow users to inject input (eg. digital ink, mouse events etc.) into an application program using an active pointer (eg. a pointer that emits light, sound or other signal), a passive pointer (eg. a finger, cylinder or other suitable object) or other suitable input device such as for example, a mouse or trackball, are known. These interactive input systems include but are not limited to: touch systems comprising touch panels employing analog resistive or machine vision technology to register pointer input such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,448,263; 6,141,000; 6,337,681; 6,747,636; 6,803,906; 7,232,986; 7,236,162; and 7,274,356 assigned to SMART Technologies ULC of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, assignee of the subject application, the contents of which are incorporated by reference; touch systems comprising touch panels employing electromagnetic, capacitive, acoustic or other technologies to register pointer input; tablet personal computers (PCs); touch-enabled laptop PCs; personal digital assistants (PDAs); and other similar devices.

PCT Application Publication No. WO 02/03316 to Morrison et al., assigned to the assignee of the present application, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, discloses a camera-based touch system comprising a touch screen that includes a passive touch surface on which a computer-generated image is presented. A rectangular bezel or frame surrounds the touch surface and supports digital cameras at its corners. The digital cameras have overlapping fields of view that encompass and look across the touch surface. The digital cameras acquire images looking across the touch surface from different locations and generate image data. Image data acquired by the digital cameras is processed by digital signal processors to determine if a pointer exists in the captured image data. When it is determined that a pointer exists in the captured image data, the digital signal processors convey pointer characteristic data to a master controller, which in turn processes the pointer characteristic data to determine the location of the pointer relative to the touch surface using triangulation. The pointer location data is conveyed to a computer executing one or more application programs. The computer uses the pointer location data to update the computer-generated image that is presented on the touch surface. Pointer contacts on the touch surface can therefore be recorded as writing or drawing or used to control execution of applications programs executed by the computer.

The touch system described above has been shown to work extremely well. However, due to employing two or four digital cameras and associated digital signal processors, the touch system described above is somewhat expensive to produce.

Camera-based touch systems having fewer hardware components have been considered. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,966 to Segen discloses an apparatus for determining the location of an object within a generally rectangular active area. The apparatus includes a pair of mirrors extending along different sides of the active area and oriented so that the planes of the mirrors are substantially perpendicular to the plane of the active area. The mirrors are arranged at a 90 degree angle with respect to one another and intersect at a corner of the active area that is diametrically opposite a detecting device. The detecting device includes a mirror and a CCD sensor and looks along the plane of the active area. A processor communicates with the detecting device and receives image data from the CCD sensor.

According to Segen, when a stylus is placed in the active area, the detecting device sees the stylus directly as well as images of the stylus reflected by the mirrors. Images including the stylus and stylus reflections are captured by the detecting device and the captured images are processed by the processor to detect the stylus and stylus reflections in the captured images. With the stylus and stylus reflections having been determined, the location of the stylus within the active area is calculated using triangulation.

Although the camera-based touch system described above employs only one optical sensing device and processor, a reflective bezel is required along multiple sides of the active area, which can be obstructive to users.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel interactive input system comprising a multi-angle reflector along a single side of the pointer input region.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in one aspect there is provided an interactive input system, comprising:

a pointer input region;

a multi-angle reflecting structure located along a single side of the pointer input region and operable to reflect radiation from a pointer within the pointer input region from at least two surface locations of the multi-angle reflecting structure, wherein the at least two surface locations each have different respective angles;

an imaging system operable to capture within at least a portion of the pointer input region images of the reflected radiation located within a field of view of the imaging system; and

processing structure for determining the location of the pointer relative to the pointer input region based on the at least one image.

In another aspect there is provided, in an interactive input system, a method of detecting the position of a pointer associated with a pointer input region, the method comprising:

illuminating the pointer when applied to the pointer input region;

reflecting along a single side of the pointer input region a first incident radiation signal received from the illuminated pointer;

reflecting along the single side of the pointer input region a second incident radiation signal received from the illuminated pointer;

acquiring an image of the reflected first and second incident radiation signals; and

processing the acquired image to determine the position of the pointer relative to the pointer input region using triangulation.

In another aspect there is provided an interactive input system, comprising:

a pointer input region;

a multi-angle reflector located along a single side of the pointer input region and operable to reflect radiation received from an object associated with the pointer input region from at least two non-planar surfaces of the multi-angle reflector; and

an imaging system operable to capture within at least a portion of the pointer input region images of the reflected radiation located within a field of view of the imaging system for determining the location of the object relative to the pointer input region.

In another aspect there is provided an interactive input system, comprising:

a pointer input region;

a plurality of reflectors located along a single side of the pointer input region and operable to reflect radiation received from an object associated with the pointer input region from each of the plurality of reflectors, wherein each of the plurality of reflectors comprise a different shape; and

In another aspect there is provided an interactive input system, comprising:

a pointer input region;

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of an interactive input system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an imaging assembly for the interactive input system;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a master controller for the interactive input system;

FIG. 4A is a plan view showing reflections of radiation from a multi-angle reflector across a pointer input region of the interactive input system;

FIG. 4B is a plan view showing in isolation a convex portion of the multi-angle reflector of FIG. 4A and the normal vector at a location on the convex portion;

FIG. 4C is a diagram showing in isolation the convex portion of the multi-angle reflector of FIG. 4A, and the reflection from a location on the convex portion of a ray of radiation from a pointer in the pointer input region;

FIG. 5 is a front view of an interactive system with one multi-angle reflector demonstrating touch resolution;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing steps in a method for determining the location of a pointer in a pointer input region of the interactive input system;

FIGS. 7A to 7D show a flow chart showing in further detail steps for calculating pointer coordinates during the method shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a plurality of calibration points on the pointer input region of the interactive input system;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method for determining calibration parameters for the interactive input system;

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of an interactive input system;

FIG. 11A is a plan view of yet another alternative embodiment of an interactive input system with two reflective areas demonstrating increased touch resolution;

FIG. 11B is a simplified front view of the interactive input system of FIG. 11A;

FIG. 12 is a isometric view of another alternative embodiment using convex and concave multi-angle reflectors;

FIG. 13 is a plan view of yet another alternative embodiment demonstrating an optimized multi-angle reflector for the display,

FIG. 14A is a demonstration of the Fresnel-type multi-angle reflector;

FIG. 14B is a section view of a portion of the interactive input system in FIG. 14A, demonstrating a ray reflection;

FIG. 14C is a close-up top view of a portion of the interactive input system of FIG. 14A, showing multiple rows of facets;

FIG. 15A is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of an interactive input system;

FIG. 15B is an isometric view of a portion of a multi-angle reflector for the interactive input system of FIG. 15A;

FIG. 16A is plan view of another embodiment of the interactive input system with three multi-angle reflector sections;

FIG. 16B is another plan view of the interactive input system of FIG. 16A, with the pointer position moved;

FIG. 16C is top plan view of multi-angle reflector sections of the interactive input system shown in FIG. 16A;

FIG. 17A is an isometric view of another alternative embodiment of an interactive input system integrated into a laptop computer and making use of the built-in webcam of the laptop computer;

FIG. 17B is a plan view of the interactive input system of FIG. 17A demonstrating the camera field of view without a slideable prism;

FIG. 17C is a plan view of the interactive input system of FIG. 17A demonstrating the field of view with a slideable prism over the camera;

FIG. 17D is an isometric view of the multi-angle reflectors shown in FIG. 17A; and

FIG. 17E is a close up isometric view of the slideable prism.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Turning now to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of an interactive input system in the form of a touch system is shown and generally identified by reference numeral 150. Touch system 150 comprises a pointer input region 178 (or interactive region, touch area, etc) on a touch surface 152 of a display screen 174, a multi-angle reflector 176, an imaging system 172, a master controller 154, and a processing structure 180, and an external interface 156.

The display screen 174, in this embodiment an LCD monitor, presents images provided by the processing structure 180 executing one or more application programs. The an external interface 156 provides the means by which images may be provided to other systems for various purposes, such as web conferencing.

The multi-angle reflector 176, in this embodiment a reflective compound curve shaped bezel, similar in appearance to a sinusoid, is positioned along a first side of the pointer input region 178 and across the pointer input region 178 from imaging system 172. The reflective surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 faces the imaging system 172, and extends a short distance approximately vertical from the plane of the pointer input region 178.

The imaging system 172 is positioned along a second side of the pointer input region 178 with a field of view capable of observing the multi-angle reflector 176 and generally looking across the pointer input region 178 from the multi-angle reflector 176 and is aimed at the multi-angle reflector 176.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the imaging system 172 in further detail. Imaging system 172 comprises a digital camera 182 having a lens 287 and an image sensor 280 (eg. CMOS, CCD, etc). Image data captured by the digital camera 182 enters a First-In First-Out (FIFO) buffer 282 via a data bus 283. A digital signal processor (DSP) 284 receives the image data from the FIFO buffer 282 via a second data bus 283 and provides image data to the master controller 154 via a serial input/output port 281. The camera 182 and DSP 284 provide respective control signals to each other via a control bus 285. An Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) 286 associated with DSP 284 stores system parameters such as calibration data. All subsystems of the imaging system 172 receive power from a power supply 288.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the master controller 154 in further detail. Master controller 154 may also comprise a DSP 390 having a first serial input/output port 396 and a second serial input/output port 398. The master controller 154 communicates with imaging system 172 via first serial input/output port 396 to provide control signals and to receive digital image data. Received digital image data is processed by DSP 390 to generate pointer location data as will be described, which is sent to the processing structure 180 via the second serial input/output port 398 and a serial line driver 394. Control data is also received by DSP 390 from processing structure 180 via the serial line driver 394 and the second serial input/output port 398. Master controller 154 further comprises an EPROM 392 that stores system parameters. Master controller 154 receives power from a power supply 395.

The processing structure 180 in this embodiment is a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer. The computer (not shown) comprises, for example, a processing unit, system memory (volatile and/or non-volatile memory), other non-removable or removable memory (eg. a hard disk drive, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, DVD, flash memory, etc.) and a system bus coupling the various computer components to the processing unit. The computer can include a network connection to access shared or remote drives, one or more networked computers, or other networked devices.

During operation of the touch system 150, processing structure 180 outputs video data to display screen 174. A pointer placed in the pointer input region 178 of touch surface 152 emits incident radiation towards the multi-angle reflector 176. Multi-angle reflector 176 reflects the incident radiation from two (2) of its surface locations towards the imaging system 172. The imaging system 172 receives images of the multi-angle reflector 176 including the reflected radiation, and provides the images to master controller 154. Master controller 154 processes the images to generate pointer location data based on the location of the reflected radiation in the images, and the pointer location data is then provided to processing structure 180. The processing structure 180 uses the pointer location data to update the video images being output to display screen 174 for presentation and interaction with applications. Pointer contacts in the pointer input region 178 of the touch surface 152 on the display screen 174 can therefore be recorded as writing or drawing or used to control execution of applications programs executed by the processing structure 180.

The multi-angle reflector 176 is constructed according to a numerical optimization based on design constraints, so that at least two reflections of the pointer 184 in the entire pointer input region 152 are visible to the imaging system 172. In this embodiment, the multi-angle reflector 176 comprises both a section having a convex shape and a section having a concave shape. Each section is a rectangular strip from the surface of a torus. The optimization itself is developed on the two dimensional plane parallel to the pointer input region, where each part of the multi-angle reflector 176 is projected as a portion of a circle. The goal of optimization is to determine the parameters of each portion of the circles, including the radius of each circle, the location of the center of each circle, and the start and end angles of each portion of the circle. Optimization of these parameters is performed under a number of constraints. For example, the two portions of the circles are conjugated by the first derivative. In other words, for reflector continuity, the first derivative of the ending point of the first circle must equal that of the ending point of the second circle. Also, the two portions of the circles are conjugated at a predetermined location, and are within the camera's field of view (FOV). The radius of each piece of circle is no larger than a first upper limit, and the height of the multi-angle reflector (i.e. the conjugated circles portions) is no larger than a second upper limit. The goal here is to achieve, for any point in the pointer input region, at least two different light rays to the imaging system after reflection by the multi-angle reflector.

The optimization is developed numerically with the assistance of optimization software such as for example Matlab™ or Zemax™. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of curvatures may also be used for designing the multi-angle reflector 176, other appropriate optimization parameters and constraints can also be employed, and other appropriate optimization techniques and software can be used for the optimization.

FIG. 4A is a plan view showing two example rays of reflected radiation from surface locations on the multi-angle reflector 176, across the pointer input region 178, to the camera 182 of the imaging system 172. Other rays (not shown) are reflected off of the multi-angle reflector 176 but may not be reflected to the imaging system 182. The source of the radiation is an illuminated pointer 184, in this embodiment an active pointer with a powered light emitting diode (LED). Pointer 184 is positioned in the pointer input region 178 at location (x₀, y₀) in a reference coordinate system with an origin (0,0) at location 427.

Incident ray 430 of radiation, denoted as vector Î_e, is emitted by the pointer 184 and reaches a reflective surface location 425, denoted as (x_e,y_e), on a concave portion of the multi-angle reflector 176. The reflected ray 432, denoted as vector {right arrow over (O)}_e, leaves the surface location 425 at a reflection angle in accordance with the law of reflection, as described below.

Similarly, incident ray 434, denoted as vector Î_c, is emitted by the pointer 184 and is reflected from a surface location 424, denoted as (x_c,y_c), on a convex portion of the multi-angle reflector 176. The reflected radiation ray 436, denoted as vector {right arrow over (O)}_e, leaves from surface location 424 at a reflection angle according to the law of reflection.

According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence of a ray with respect to a surface normal is equal to the angle of reflection of the ray. FIG. 4B illustrates that the surface normal vector {circumflex over (n)} at a location on the surface of a convex portion of the multi-angle reflector 176 is perpendicular to the tangent {circumflex over (t)} to the surface at that location. The tangent {circumflex over (t)} can be approximated over small distances by using the slope of a chord passing through two nearby surface locations centered at the surface location of interest. Other known methods of approximating the tangent may be employed.

FIG. 4C illustrates that a reflected ray vector Ô may be calculated based on the angle of incidence θ_iof an incident ray Î to a surface location and the normal {circumflex over (n)} at that surface location, as shown in Equations 1 through 4, below:

Ô=Î+(2 cos θ_i){circumflex over (n)} (1)

Î=Î−2Î, {circumflex over (n)}{circumflex over (n)} (2)

Î, {circumflex over (n)}

Î{circumflex over (n)}=∥Î∥∥{circumflex over (n)}(−cos θ_i) (3)

∥Î∥∥{circumflex over (n)}∥=1 (4)

Returning to FIG. 4A, the reflected radiation rays 432 and 436 pass through a camera entrance pupil 421 and the lens 287 of camera 182 and reach image sensor 280 at sensor locations 407 and 406, respectively. It will be understood that other reflected radiation rays (not shown) having left respective surface locations will not reach the camera entrance pupil 421 due to their respective angles of reflection.

For positions at which the camera 182 is able to observe the pointer 184 directly, the image of the pointer 184 can be used in the calculation to triangulate the position or the pointer 184 can be ignored. Using the image of the pointer 184 in the triangulation calculation is more robust as it compensates for instances where the pointer 184 obscures one of the images of the reflections 424 or 425. The pointer 184 in the image may appear larger than its reflections due to the proximity of the pointer 184 to the imaging system 172. Further, the pointer 184 may appear brighter in the image than its reflections due to the attenuation of the multi-angle reflectors. Preferably, the size of the bright spots in the image are compared to determine which is the largest and therefore coming directly from the pointer and not having been reflected by the reflecting structure. However, another method by which the bright spots due to the reflection are determined is by defining a line between the calculated position of each pair of bright spots detected (as set out below) and seeing if the third bright spot (eg. not in the tested pair) falls on the line. If the third bright spot falls on this line, then the pair of bright spots is the reflected ones. Otherwise, another of the pairs is the reflected bright spots

Image sensor 280 produces images of the multi-angle reflector 176. When pointer 184 is in the pointer input region, the produced images include two bright points/areas at locations 407 and 406. The images are provided to the master controller 154, which calculates the coordinates (x₀, y₀) of the pointer 184 based on the locations in the images of the bright spots at locations 407 and 406 and known parameters respecting the positions in the reference coordinate system of the camera entrance pupil 421, the image sensor 280, and the multi-angle reflector 176.

The field of view 502 of the digital camera 182 is demonstrated in FIG. 5. The field of view 502 should encompass the multi-angle reflector 176 of the interactive surface 178. The reflection rays 504 extending off of the multi-angle reflector 176 generally indicate the touch resolution of the surface for this embodiment. Generally, the further from the multi-angle reflector that the pointer 184 is, the more decreased the triangulation resolution. To partially compensate for the lower touch resolution at the top of the interactive surface 178, the image of the pointer 184 can be incorporated into the triangulation calculation thus improving the touch resolution within the field of view 502. The increased resolution within the field of view allows more refined motion (such as handwriting) in this area. Touch interaction outside of this area would have lower resolution and would therefore me more suited to coarser actions such as interacting with buttons on the pointer input region.

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of a method for generating the pointer location data. First, a camera image of the multi-angle reflector 176, including any bright points 407, 406 due to the reflected light rays 432 and 436 of a pointer having been applied to the pointer input region 178 is acquired by the imaging system 172 (step 602). Predefined or calibrated parameters describing the multi-angle reflector 176, including the multi-angle reflector 176 profile (eg. coordinates of each point along the surface of the multi-angle reflector) is then retrieved (step 604). Predefined system parameters determined by calibration, such as offsets of the camera entrance pupil dx and dy from the point (0, y_cam) defined with respect to the coordinate reference of the touch system are retrieved. Additional parameters, including imaging system parameters such as the principle point, the number of degrees per pixel dp in the camera image, and the y-coordinate y_camof the camera entrance pupil 421, parameters describing the variance between the imaging system 172 and an ideal pinhole camera, are also retrieved (step 606), which are then compensated by the calibrated parameters. Typically, these parameters are retrieved from non-volatile memory in the master controller 154. With the camera image having been acquired and the various parameters having been retrieved, the pointer location data is calculated (step 608). Typically, these parameters are retrieved from non-volatile memory in master controller 154.

FIGS. 7A to 7D show in further detail steps for calculating the pointer location data (step 608), and in particular for calculating the coordinates (x₀, y₀) of the pointer 184 with respect to the reference coordinate system. Here, we assume that system parameters have been compensated by calibrated parameters such that the camera entrance pupil 421 is at the coordinate location (0,y_cam).

The slope k_cof the ray {right arrow over (O)}_creflected from surface location 424 on the convex portion of the multi-angle reflector 176 to the camera entrance pupil 421 is first calculated (step 702), as shown in Equation 5 below:

k
_c=tan(−(pc−u0)*dp+90) (5)

where:

pc=distance in pixels of bright point 406 from the camera image edge 426;

u0=distance in pixels of principle point 422 from the camera image edge 426; and

dp=the number of degrees per pixel in the camera image.

The slope k_eof the ray {right arrow over (O)}_ereflected from surface location 425 on the concave portion of the multi-angle reflector 176 to the camera entrance pupil 421 is then calculated in a similar manner (step 704), as shown in Equation 6, below:

k
_e=tan(−(pe−u0)*dp+90) (6)

where:

pe=distance in pixels of bright point 407 from the camera image edge 426.

Based on the calculated slope k_cand known coordinates (0,y_cam) of the camera entrance pupil 421, the equation of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_cis determined as

y=k
_c
x+y
_cam (7)

The x-coordinate (x_c, y_c) of the intersection point 424 of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_cwith the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 is then determined by using the equation of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_cand the predefined surface coordinate data of the multi-angle reflector 176 stored in the lookup table. Many methods can be used. For example, linear search methods may be used to find (x_c, y_c), with which at least a subset of the predefined surface coordinate data of the multi-angle reflector 176 stored in the lookup table are used, where the subset of coordinates may be determined by using, e.g., the Newton's method. For each pair of coordinates (x_i,y_i) in the selected subset, one substitutes x_iinto Equation 7 to calculate the corresponding y-coordinate y_i, and then calculates the squared error |y_i− y_i|². The pair of coordinates that leads to minimum squared error is used as (x_c, y_c). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other optimization methods for finding (x_c, y_c) may also be used.

The point can be determined by checking each of the pairs of coordinates describing the multi-angle reflector surface in the look up table to see which pair of coordinates fits the line equation of the reflected ray. i.e. A y-coordinate on the reflected ray can be calculated for each x-coordinate in the look up table and the calculated y-coordinates can be compared with the y-coordinates in the look up table. When the calculated y-coordinate on the reflected ray matches the y-coordinate in the look up table, the reflection point has been found. Various methods could be used to increase the speed of the search. For example, a coarse search could be performed on a subset of the coordinates initially to identify the region of the reflector where the intersection point falls, and a finer search could then be used to determine the exact intersection point.

In a similar manner, based on the calculated slope k_eand the known coordinates (0,y_cam) of the camera entrance pupil 421, the equation of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_eis determined. The coordinates (x_e,y_e) of the intersection point 425 of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_ewith the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 is then determined by using the equation of the reflected ray {right arrow over (O)}_eand the predefined surface coordinate data of the multi-angle reflector 176 stored in the lookup table (step 708).

With the coordinates (x_c, y_c) of surface location 424 having been determined, the slope K_tcof a tangent to the convex portion of the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 at coordinates (x_c, y_c) of surface location 424 is calculated (step 710). More particularly, the slope K_tcis calculated as the slope of a line connecting two nearby surface locations (selected from the lookup table) centered at coordinates (x_c, y_c) of surface location 424.

With the slope K_tcof the tangent at surface location 424 having been calculated, the normal {circumflex over (n)}_cat surface location 424 is then calculated (step 712) as shown in Equation 8 below:

{circumflex over (n)}
_c=(−sin(alc), cos(alc)) (8)

where:

alc=atan(K_tc).

The normalized form Ô_cof vector {right arrow over (O)}_crepresenting the ray from surface location 424 to camera entrance pupil 421 is then calculated (step 714), as shown in Equation 9 below:

Ô
_c
={right arrow over (O)}
_c
/∥{right arrow over (O)}
_c∥ (9)

where:

{right arrow over (O)}_c=(−x_c, y_cam−y_c); and

y_cam=the y-coordinate of the camera entrance pupil relative to reference point 427.

Based on the law of reflection described above with reference to FIG. 4C, vector Î_crepresenting the incident ray from the pointer 184 to the surface location 424 is calculated (step 616), as shown in Equation 10 below:

Î
_c
=Ô
_c−2Ô_c,{circumflex over (n)}_c{circumflex over (n)}_c (10)

where:

Ô_c, {circumflex over (n)}_c denotes a dot product.

The slope K_icof vector Î_cis then calculated (step 718), as shown in Equation 11 below:

K
_ic
=Î
_c(2)/Î_c(1) (11)

where:

Î_c(2) is the second element (y-component) of the vector Î_c; and

Î_c(1) is the first element (x-component) of the vector Î_c.

Based on the slope K_icand coordinates (x_c, y_c) of surface location 424, a line equation for a line passing through (x_c, y_c) with a slope K_ic, representing the incident ray from pointer 184 reflected at surface location 424 is defined (step 720), as shown in Equation 12 below:

y=K
_ic(x−x_c)+y_c (12)

The line representing incident ray from pointer 184 reflected at surface location 425 is defined in a similar manner as has been described above. In particular, with the coordinates (x_e, y_e) of surface location 425 having been determined at step 708, the slope K_teof a tangent to the concave portion of the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 at coordinates (x_e, y_e) of surface location 425 is calculated (step 722). More particularly, the slope K_teis calculated as the slope of a line connecting two nearby surface locations (selected from the lookup table) centered at coordinates (x_e, y_e) of surface location 425.

With the slope K_tcof the tangent at surface location 425 having been calculated, the normal {circumflex over (n)}_e(a unit vector with a magnitude of 1) at surface location 425 is then calculated (step 724) as shown in Equation 13 below:

{circumflex over (n)}
_e=(−sin(ale), cos(ale)) (13)

where:

ale=atan(K_te).

The normalized form Ô_eof vector {right arrow over (O)}_erepresenting the ray from surface location 425 to camera entrance pupil 421 is then calculated (step 726), as shown in Equation 14 below:

Ô
_e
={right arrow over (O)}
_e
/∥{right arrow over (O)}
_e∥ (14)

where:

{right arrow over (O)}_e=(−x_e, y_cam−y_e); and

y_cam=the y-coordinate of the camera entrance pupil relative to reference point 427.

Based on the law of reflection described above with reference to FIG. 4C, vector Î_erepresenting the incident ray from the pointer 184 to the surface location 425 is calculated (step 728), as shown in Equation 15 below:

Î
_e
=Ô
_e−2Ô_e,{circumflex over (n)}_e{circumflex over (n)}_e (15)

The slope K_ieof vector Î_eis then calculated (step 730), as shown in Equation 16 below:

K
_ie
=Î
_e(2)/Î_e(1) (16)

where

Î_e(2) is the second element (y-component) of the vector Î_e; and

Î_e(1) is the first element (x-component) of the vector Î_e.

Based on the slope K_ieand coordinates (x_e, y_e) of surface location 425, a line equation for a line passing through (x_e, y_e) with a slope K_ie, representing the incident ray from pointer 184 reflected at surface locate 425 is defined (step 732), as shown in Equation 17 below:

y=K
_ie(x−x_e)+y_e (17)

With line equations for lines representing the two incident rays I_eand I_chaving been defined as shown in Equations 11 and 16 above, the location (x₀, y₀) of pointer 184 is then calculated based on the intersection of the incident rays I_eand I_cdetermined by equating the two lines, as shown in Equation 18 below:

K
_ic(x₀−x_c)+y_c=K_ie(x₀−x_e)+y_e (18)

Thus:

x₀=(K_icx_c−K_iex_e+y_e−y_c)/(K_ic−K_ie); and

y₀=K_ie(x₀−x_e)+y_e

FIG. 8 shows the touch system with a set of calibration points 801 displayed on the pointer input region 178. The calibration points 801 may be projected temporarily on the pointer input region 178, or indicated with permanent physical markings. The positions of the calibration points 801 with respect to the coordinate reference system of the touch system 150 are known.

A calibration procedure is performed to determine exact values for the system parameters, including any offset (dx, dy) of the camera entrance pupil 421 relative to the origin point (0,0) in the reference coordinate system, based on camera parameters including the principal point 422 of the camera, the angular resolution dp of the camera in degrees per pixel, and physical dimensions of the touch system including the distance R of the camera to the nearest edge of the pointer input region along the plane of the pointer input region 178.

FIG. 9 shows a flow chart of the calibration procedure performed to determine values for the system parameters described above. First, system parameters based on imaging system specifications and the physical dimensions of the touch system 150 are retrieved (step 902). Information associated with the multi-angle reflector 176, including a lookup table comprising coordinates of the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176, is retrieved (step 904). A user is prompted to place the pointer 184 in contact with the pointer input region 178 at each of a number of locations corresponding to the locations at which calibration points 801 are displayed, in a particular order. The imaging system 172 acquires images of the multi-angle reflection structure including the bright points corresponding to a location at which the pointer 400 is contacting the pointer input region 178 (step 906).

The pointer locations at each of the designated calibration positions 701 are determined as described above with reference to FIGS. 7A to 7D (step 908). Any error between the determined pointer coordinates corresponding to each calibration point 801 and known coordinates of each calibration point 801 is calculated (step 910). The error values calculated in step 910 are then compared to a threshold value (step 912). If any of the error values calculated in step 910 are greater than the threshold value then a revised estimate of the retrieved system parameters is calculated based on the application of an optimization routine (step 914). Preferably, the well known Levenberg-Marquardt optimization routine typically employed for non-linear least squares problems is used to determine the revised estimates of the system parameters. Other optimization routines may alternatively be used.

After the estimates of the system parameters have been revised, the calibration process returns to step 908 and new pointer coordinates are calculated based on the revised system parameter estimates. If at step 912 none of the error values is greater than the threshold value, the system parameters are saved as calibrated system parameters (step 916).

FIG. 10 shows yet another alternative embodiment of a touch system wherein an imaging system 172 comprising an imaging device aimed at a multi-angle reflector 176 from a position remote from the pointer input region 152. The multi-angle reflector 176 is angled outward from the plane of the pointer input region such that the reflections of a pointer 184 on the multi-angle reflector 176 are within the field of view of the imaging device. Pointer coordinates are calculated using a method similar to that described above, with the exception that a three dimensional coordinate system is used to describe rays of light reflected from the multi-angle reflector 176 to the camera entrance pupil 421 of imaging system 172.

In an alternative embodiment of FIGS. 11A and 11B and identified as 1100, to improve the touch resolution of the interactive surface 178, a second multi-angle reflector 1102 is added on top of the first multi-angle reflector 176 so that they do not block each other from reflecting any incident light from the pointer input region 178 to the imaging system 172. In this embodiment, the second multi-angle reflector 1102 has a similar profile to 176 but is flipped about the centerline 1104 of the interactive surface 178. A portion of the light rays emitted or reflected by the pointer can be assumed to be traveling generally parallel to the touch surface. These rays are strike the two reflective surfaces, and are reflected back to the imaging system while remaining generally parallel to the touch surface, allowing the imaging system to capture two distinct rows of returns. Rays that are not generally parallel to the touch surface are scattered and not captured by the imaging system.

Using similar algorithms described above for calibration and triangulation applied individually for each multi-angle reflector, the resolution overall of the interactive surface increases as shown by the increased density of the rays 504. Moreover, if one multi-angle reflector 176, 1102 becomes damaged or obscured through dust, dirt, etc then the other multi-angle reflector can compensate for this problem. FIG. 11B demonstrates 5 exemplary pointer positions each showing to incident light rays 504 that are reflected to the camera 182 such that a pointer at either of these positions can be triangulated.

FIG. 12 shows yet another alternative embodiment of a touch system including a multi-angle reflector 176 comprising a convex portion 1201 stacked on top of a concave portion 1202. In this embodiment, a lookup table containing y-coordinates of the multi-angle reflector surface for two different sets of x-coordinates is used to calculate coordinates of a pointer 184 in a pointer input region 152. The position of the pointer reflections in a captured image is used to determine the set of x-coordinates in the lookup table used to determine the pointer location.

In yet another embodiment of FIG. 13, the shape of the multi-angle reflectors 176 have been optimized for the interactive surface 152. Based on the shape and size of the interactive surface 152, the multi-angle reflectors 176 have been numerically optimized so that the reflections of the pointer 184 are visible in all four corners of the interactive surface 152 by the imaging system 172. One of skill in the art would know that the shape of the multi-angle reflectors 176 can also be optimized based on imaging system position resulting in asymmetrical multi-angle reflectors 176.

In yet another embodiment shown in FIG. 14A, instead of using any of the previously mentioned multi-angle reflectors, a Fresnel-type reflector 1402 that approximates an aforementioned multi-angle reflector 176 is used for space efficiency. The incident light from a pointer 184 is reflected by the Fresnel-type reflector 1402 from at least two different positions to the camera 182. The section 1410 is shown in FIG. 14B. As can be seen, the ray 1404 from the pointer 184 reflects in a similar manner as if the ray reflected off of a multi-angle reflector 176. FIG. 14C shows a section of three different multi-angle reflectors 176 being emulated by a Fresnel-type reflector 1402 having three rows 1414, 1416, and 1418 of facets placed side by side. The system described in FIG. 14C further expands on the concept of two stacked multi-angle reflectors, further refining system resolution.

In yet another alternative embodiment, FIG. 15A shows a camera based touch system with an imaging system 172 looking generally across an interactive surface 178 at a multi-angle reflector structure 176. A pointer 184 placed in the FOV of the camera 182 is reflected in the multi-angle reflector structure 176 and imaged by the camera 182. FIGS. 15A and 15B show an alternative embodiment of a touch system having an alternative multi-angle reflector 176 comprising a plurality of reflectors or facets 1504 disposed along a single side of the touch surface wherein each of the plurality of reflectors 1504 having a different angular orientation (for example, 1506, 1508, and 1510 in FIG. 15B). Generally, at least two of the plurality of reflectors 1504 directs light from the same area of the interactive surface 178 to the imaging system 172. The method used to calculate coordinates of a pointer 184 on the touch surface 178 is similar to that described above for a multi-angle reflector 176 having a convex portion and a concave portion. More particularly, pointer reflections appear in at least two of the plurality of reflectors 1504 and a lookup table containing coordinate information describing the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 is employed to calculate the pointer coordinates. Should more than one row of reflectors be used, a lookup table comprising y-coordinates of the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176 for multiple sets of x-coordinates is employed to calculate the location of a pointer 184 in the pointer input region 178. The positions of the pointer reflections in the image captured by imaging system 172 are used to determine the set of x-coordinates in the lookup table, thereby to calculate the pointer location. If more than two reflections appear on the surface of the multi-angle reflector 176, each pair of reflections is used to calculate a set of pointer coordinates, and the sets of pointer coordinates are then averaged to obtain a single pointer coordinate.

In yet another embodiment, shown in FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C, the multi-angle reflector 176 has been subdivided into sections 176a, 176b, and 176c. Each section is further subdivided into a plurality of rows such as 1612a, 1612b, 1612c where each row of each section comprises a plurality of facets 1504. Of the three sections 176a, 176b, 176c, each section has at least one facet 1504 directed at a portion of the interactive surface 178 in order to provide an image of all the portions of the interactive surface 178 to the imaging system 172. The processing load of the master controller 154 is proportional to the number of sections, rows and ultimately facets. Using a 640×480 digital camera 182, a proposed 5×20 pixel facet of size 0.045″×0.18″, the total image processing load is 640×15 or 9600 pixels per sample.

FIGS. 16A and 16B shows two examples of a pointer 184 in contact with the interactive surface 178. In this embodiment, three sections 176a, 176b, 176c of the multi-angle reflector 176 have the pointers 184 visible to the imaging system 172. When combined with the other two sections, at least one facet 1504 of each section 176a, 176b, 176c will provide a reflection of a pointer 184 in a particular area to the imaging system 172. So for a 3 section multi-angle reflector, three reflections 1602, 1604, and 1606 are provided of a pointer 184 to the imaging system 172. By having three reflections 1602, 1604, 1606 of the pointer 184 visible to the imaging system 172, hidden pointer 184 anomalies are eliminated.

By having more reflections visible (by using more rows and/or sections of multi-angle reflectors), additional redundancy is added to the interactive system 174 at the expense of processing power required to process the additional rows. For the pointer 184 in the lower left corner of FIG. 16B, rays 1602 and 1604 reflects off of sections 176a and 176b respectively and are received by the imaging system 172. Similarly, ray 1606 reflects off of section 176c and is received by the imaging system 172. The position of the pointer 184 may be calculated using triangulation using only two of the rays 1602 and 1604 for example. The third ray 1606 adds redundancy (in the event that a set of multi-angle reflectors becomes obscured through dirt or dust) and allows further refinement of the coordinates by averaging the results of each triangulation to obtain a single pointer coordinate. The different reflective profiles cause touch resolution to be increased, blind spots to be eliminated, and multiple pointer ambiguities to be reduced or eliminated. The additional rows/sections increases processing requirements as each row/section must be processed. Further, as additional rows are added, the bezel surrounding the display must be increased in depth to accommodate the additional rows. For example, a 7″ diagonal screen increases the depth by approximately 1/16″ for 5 pixel rows.

One of skill in the art would know that other variations are possible, the facets of the multi-angle reflector can be curved to increase the area of the interactive surface 178 covered by each facet 1504 or to improve the linearity of coverage across the interactive surface 178. The facets could be much larger or smaller.

FIGS. 17A to 17E show still another embodiment of the present invention wherein the previously described touch system uses a camera 1702 commonly incorporated into laptop, computer monitors, and other types of displays are used for personal video conferencing and pictures of the viewer(s) of the display. As these cameras are becoming standard on many displays, it would reduce costs if it could also be used for touch based interaction. These cameras 1702 are commonly placed at the top center of the display 1714 with a field of view (FOV) extending generally outward from the surface of the display 1714. The field of view 1716 of the camera 1702, in most applications, is approximately 40 degrees as seen in FIG. 17B. The 40 degree field of view 1716 extending outward from the touch surface is generally inadequate for registering gestures or other interaction with the display although it is possible.

To improve the field of view and its orientation (as shown in FIG. 17C), a sliding prism 1704 is placed next to the camera 1702 in a position where sliding the prism 1704 to a covering position redirects the field of view of the camera 1702. The sliding prism 1704 orients the field of view to be generally across the display surface 1714 instead of outward from the display surface 1714. Further, the sliding prism expands the field of view (FOV) 1718 to encompass the multi-angle reflector 178, as previously described, located near the interactive area 178 (Alternatively, the display surface 1714 could be made interactive and the multi-angle reflector 178 could be located at the bottom of the display surface 1714 such as in previous embodiments). One of skill in the art would know that adjusting the size of the FOV 1716 is related to the size of the display 1714. As the display size 1714 increases, so must the FOV 1716 of the camera 1702.

A prism 1704 slides in front of the camera 1702 to re-direct the field of view of the camera 1702 to include a multi-angle reflector 178 comprising a plurality of planar mirror segments or facets 1504 at different angles. The multi-angle reflector 178 is at an angle greater than 90 degrees with respect to the plane of the touch sensitive area 178, such that reflections of an illuminated pointer 184 in the touch sensitive area 178 are visible to the camera 1702 when the prism 1704 is positioned over the camera 1702. The illuminated pointer 184 may be an infrared light-emitting pen, or it may be a passive pointer such as a passive pen or a finger that is illuminated by one or more light sources disposed along the edge, at the camera, or at the corners adjacent the edge of the touch sensitive area 178 that the multi-angle reflector 176 is positioned along.

FIG. 17D shows a close up (exaggerated) isometric view of a compound multi-angle reflector 176 where each of the facets is angled along the length of the reflective strip as defined above, as well as angled away from the touch surface depth wise 1504, is directed images of the interactive area 178 towards the camera 1702. Alternatively, the facets could be embedded below the surface of the laptop and be visible through a transparent film in order to reduce their interference with typing on the keyboard.

Likewise, by using multiple rows of compound facets 1504, the system, using a lit pointer, could be used to detect gestures in the three dimensional free space in front of the screen and above the keyboard of a standard laptop computer.

FIG. 17E shows a detailed drawing of one embodiment of the sliding prism 1704 over the camera 1702. The figure also demonstrates how the prism 1704 redirects the field of view 1716 to look across the display 1714.

Another embodiment of the system incorporates a computer learning system (such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic, etc) where strips of faceted tape could be applied and, by moving a lit pointer around the touch area along a known path, the system could associate reflection patterns to pointer locations. This approach would simplify construction by allowing essentially random facets to be placed on the multi-angle reflector and the reflective profile will be determined. Moreover, if facets of the reflector become damaged or dirty, the computer learning system may be able to compensate for these defects.

Although several embodiments have been presented, one of skill in the art will appreciate that other embodiments of the interactive input system are possible. One such embodiment might employ alternative forms of multi-angle reflectors could be employed to further reduce the amount of physical space required for the reflecting structure. For example, a multi-angle reflector composed of a plurality of non-planar reflectors arranged in rows or a multi-angle reflector with a plurality of concave and convex portions could be employed. Alternatively, a multi-angle reflector described by a mathematical function, as opposed to discrete surface locations stored in a lookup table, could be employed.

The sliding prism could incorporate filtering of specific types of light in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the interactive input system. By incorporating the filter in the prism, the camera can be used as a conventional camera for web-conferencing and provide an optimal system for touch interaction when the prism is placed over the camera.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that may different wavelengths of light would work with this system, for example, visible, white, IR, etc. However, it is preferable to use a non-visible form of light to reduce interference with the images being displayed.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that an illuminated passive pointer could be used with the interactive input systems described above, such that the passive pointer is illuminated by a source of illumination that is either located near the imaging system 172 or at some other position that is remote from the pointer. In such an embodiment, the pointer would be reflective in order to provide sufficient light to the multi-angle reflectors. The light source could incorporate an infrared (IR) Light Emitting Diode (LED) for such a passive pointer systems. Techniques such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/118,521 to McGibney et al., assigned to the assignee of the present application, the contents of which are incorporated by reference, could be applied to the interactive input system for additional advantage. The LEDs may be located at the cameras, along the bezels of the display, but preferably should be located outside of the direct FOV of the camera. Alternatively, the LEDs may be located at the multi-angle reflector and a retro-reflective pointer could be used.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that although the imaging system looks generally across the touch surface in most of the embodiments described, the imaging system may be located at other positions in the interactive input system. For example, the imaging system may be located at a corner of the pointer input region, or it may look down on the pointer input region. At any of these locations, the field of view of the imaging system comprises at least a substantial portion of the multi-angle reflector.

Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the mathematical procedures and equations described in the preferred embodiment are exemplary and that other mathematical techniques could be used to obtain the pointer coordinates. For example, other techniques such as Newton's method could be used to estimate the tangent vectors to points along the surface of the multi-angle reflector.

Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that other processing structures could be used in place of the master controller and computer processor described in the preferred embodiment. The master controller could be eliminated and its processing functions could be performed by the computer. Various implementations of the master controller are possible. Although the preferred embodiment of the invention uses a DSP in the camera assembly, other processors such as microcontrollers, central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), or cell-processors could be used in place of the DSP. Alternatively, the DSP and the master controller could be integrated.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that although the embodiments presented in this application incorporate a liquid crystal display (LCD) display screen, other types of display screens such as a plasma display screen, or a projector and screen could be used in place of an LCD display screen.

Although preferred embodiments have been described, those of skill in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as defined by the appended claims.

INTERACTIVE INPUT SYSTEM WITH MULTI-ANGLE REFLECTOR

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