INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION

Abstract

There is provided a first device for use in a communication system, the communication system further comprising a plurality of second devices divided into a plurality of groups, the system having a plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers available for transmissions, each second device having a respective carrier frequency offset estimated from signals received from the first device, each of the second devices transmitting a respective stream of symbols using the respective estimated carrier frequency offset and one or more frequency carriers selected from the plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers, the first device comprising receiver circuitry for receiving respective signals from each of the second devices; a channel estimator for generating, from the received signals, an estimate of the channel over which the signals have been transmitted; an interference estimator for generating, from the received signals, an estimate of interference at the first device caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device; first circuitry for cancelling interference in the signals received at the first device using the estimate of the interference, the circuitry being configured to cancel interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups; second circuitry for equalising the signals output from the first circuitry using the estimate of the channel; and third circuitry for cancelling interference in the signals output from the second circuitry, the third circuitry being configured to cancel the interference between second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to methods and apparatus for use in the cancellation of carrier frequency offset interference in communication systems, and in particular the cancellation of carrier frequency offset interference in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication systems, spatial division multiple access (SDMA) OFDMA communication systems and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OFDMA communication systems.

BACKGROUND ART

In orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) systems, a number of orthogonal frequency carriers are used to carry respective streams of data. It is necessary for the frequencies used for the carriers to be synchronised in the transmitter and receiver, otherwise a frequency deviation will exist between the carriers, causing a loss of orthogonality and therefore inter-carrier interference. Synchronisation issues can arise from the oscillators in the transmitter and receiver being mismatched, or a Doppler shift caused by the movement of one or both of the transmitter and receiver.

To prevent the loss of orthogonality, it is necessary for the receiver to estimate the amount by which the frequency carriers used to transmit the signals are offset from the desired carriers, and to apply this carrier frequency offset (CFO) to the received signals.

Typically, a predefined sequence of symbols is transmitted in order to facilitate CFO estimation. Various methods are known, often based on some form of autocorrelation process. Any CFO estimation algorithm will be vulnerable to errors arising from distortion of the sequence by the communication channel.

Any errors in the estimation of the carrier frequency offset in a downlink direction (for example from a base station to a mobile station) will result in residual synchronisation errors in the uplink direction. These residual errors cause carrier frequency offset interference (CFOI), i.e. interference (loss of orthogonality) that results from errors in the CFO estimation.

A similar requirement to correct carrier frequency offset exists in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, in which users are assigned a subset of the available carriers.

As above, in addition to correcting the frequency offset for a downlink from a base station to a mobile station (for example), it is necessary to correct the frequency offset in the uplink. In this case, however, the frequency deviation for each user in the uplink will be different, so the correction of the frequency of one user cannot be accomplished individually in the base station, since if the offset is corrected for one user, it misaligns the other users.

The situation is further complicated in the uplink direction of a spatial division multiple access OFDMA (SDMA-OFDMA) system, for example as shown in FIG. 1. Each mobile station/user 2 has a respective oscillator and pair of antennas, which means where mobile stations 2 share one or more frequency carriers for transmitting data to the base station 4, there can be a different carrier frequency offset for each mobile station 2 using the carrier. Therefore, it is not possible to apply a single CFO to the signals received on each carrier.

The CFOI caused by the residual CFO from the downlink direction will include self-interference, interference on the shared carriers from the other mobile station(s) 2 using that carrier and interference from other mobile station(s) 2 using different carriers.

One known solution to this problem is described in “Frequency Offset Compensation Scheme Using Interference Cancellation in Reverse Link of OFDM/SDMA systems” by Naoto Egashira, Takahiko Saba, IEICE TRANS, Fundamentals, Vol. E89-A, No. 10 October 2006 which proposes a frequency offset compensation scheme without feedback transmission by adapting the principle of parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and iteration of the cancellation and replica generation process after equalisation.

However the combination of PIC and iteration increases the computational complexity enormously.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide an alternative way of cancelling the carrier frequency offset interference, that does not substantially increase the computational complexity, and that is simple to implement in a receiver.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention provides a first device for use in a communication system, the communication system further comprising a plurality of second devices divided into a plurality of groups, the system having a plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers available for transmissions, each second device having a respective carrier frequency offset estimated from signals received from the first device, each of the second devices transmitting a respective stream of symbols using the respective estimated carrier frequency offset and one or more frequency carriers selected from the plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers, the first device comprising receiver circuitry for receiving respective signals from each of the second devices; a channel estimator for generating, from the received signals, an estimate of the channel over which the signals have been transmitted; an interference estimator for generating, from the received signals, an estimate of interference at the first device caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device; first circuitry for cancelling interference in the signals received at the first device using the estimate of the interference, the circuitry being configured to cancel interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups; second circuitry for equalising the signals output from the first circuitry using the estimate of the channel; and third circuitry for cancelling interference in the signals output from the second circuitry, the third circuitry being configured to cancel the interference between second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method for operating a first device in a communication system, the system further comprising a plurality of second devices divided into a plurality of groups, the system having a plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers available for transmissions, each second device having a respective carrier frequency offset estimated from signals received from the first device, each of the second devices transmitting a respective stream of symbols using the respective estimated carrier frequency offset and one or more frequency carriers selected from the plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers, the method in the first device comprising receiving respective signals from each of the second devices; generating, from the received signals, an estimate of the channel over which the signals have been transmitted; generating, from the received signals, an estimate of interference at the first device caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device; cancelling the interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups in the signals received at the first device using the estimate of the interference; equalising the signals output from the step of cancelling components using the estimate of the channel; and cancelling the interference between second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups in the signals output from the step of equalising.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary SDMA-OFDMA system;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a first device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the steps in a method in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the performance of the invention over conventional devices.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The invention is concerned with the receipt of signals in an OFDMA communication system that is using SDMA as described above with reference to FIG. 1, or MIMO.

This problem is illustrated in more detail below.

Consider six users (MS1, MS2, MS3, MS4, MS5, MS6 in FIG. 1) 2 each transmitting data to the base station 4, with the users 2 being paired (e.g. MS1 and MS2, MS3 and MS4, MS5 and MS6) such that each user 2 in a pair uses the same bandwidth (carriers). The users 2 are divided into two groups, group 1 comprising MS1, MS3 and MS5 and group 2 comprising MS2, MS4 and MS6, so there is no overlap in the carriers used within a group.

An interference matrix Π is constructed for each group which includes the estimates of the frequency offsets for each of the users 2 in that group. The interference matrix Π is given by:

$\begin{array}{cc}\prod =\sum _u^{N_u}F^HE^uF& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where F is an inverse Discrete Fourier Transform matrix of dimension N x V (where N is the number of users and V is the number of sub-carriers for each user) and E defines the distortive effect of the carrier frequency offset on the signal of a particular user in the time domain.

The output of each antenna in the receiver in the base station 4 is given by

G _r1=Π₁S₁₁+Π₂S₂₁  (2)

G _r2=Π₁S₁₂+Π₂S₂₂  (3)

where G_r1 and G_r2 denote the outputs from the first and second antennas respectively, Π₁ and Π₂ denote the interference matrices for group 1 and group 2 respectively, and S_xy denotes the signal received at antenna y from antenna x in the absence of carrier frequency offset. “x” can also be used to index the two users sharing subcarriers in a SDMA-OFDMA system.

It can be seen that the interference matrices of the two groups are not the same, so it is not possible to cancel the multiuser access interference jointly for both groups at the same time.

It is desirable for the signals of the two groups to be split by demultiplexing and equalisation. However, if there is a residual frequency offset, it is not possible to make the equalisation accurate, and in turn the separated CFOI cancellation processes for the two groups cannot be achieved.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary device 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, there are two groups of users 2 transmitting signals to the device 10, as described above with reference to FIG. 1. Although the invention is shown as a device for receiving signals, it will be appreciated that the device can also be adapted to transmit signals.

The device 10 comprises two antennas 12 that each receives signals over an air interface. The signals received by each antenna 12 are processed by a respective guard interval remover 16 for removing the guard interval or cyclic prefix in the received signals to give a signal G_rm (where m identifies the antenna) and a respective FFT block 18 for performing a fast Fourier transform on the signal G_rm.

It will be appreciated that the receiver front end comprising the antennas 12, guard interval removers 16 and FFT blocks 18 are well known in the art, and will not be described further herein. Moreover, it will be appreciated that the receiver front-end of the device 10 can be implemented in an alternative form to that illustrated.

In this embodiment, the cancellation or compensation of the carrier frequency offset interference (CFOI) is performed in two steps. In the first step, interference is cancelled for devices within a particular group, and in the second step, which takes place after equalisation, the remaining interference between the devices is cancelled.

Thus, the output of each FFT block 18 is provided to a first interference canceller 20 that cancels the interference (CFOI) between second devices within one of the groups caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets of the second devices 2. This interference cancellation is also referred to as intra-group interference cancellation.

The device 10 is provided with a carrier frequency offset estimator 22 that generates a matrix Π for each group of users that estimates the effect of the carrier frequency offset interference in the received signals for each of the users 2 in that group. Although not shown in FIG. 2, the carrier frequency offset estimator 22 receives copies of the signals received by each of the antennas 12 (with or without the guard interval).

The CFOI estimator 22 generates two interference matrices Π₁ and Π₂, one for each group of users, and provides these matrices to the first interference canceller 20. The interference matrices Π₁ and Π₂ can be determined by making use of predefined sequences of transmitted signals. Methods for determining these matrices will be known to a person skilled in the art, and will not be described further herein.

The MMSE partial interference cancellation in the first interference canceller 20 for group 1 is shown below.

$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}{E}_{r1}^1=\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}G_{r1}\\ =\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _1S_{11}+\\ \prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2S_{21}\end{array}& \left(4\right)\\ \begin{array}{c}{E}_{r2}^1=\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}G_{r2}\\ =\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _1S_{12}+\\ \prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2S_{22}\end{array}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

If, instead, the first interference canceller 20 was to cancel the interference between devices within the second group, the MMSE partial interference cancellation would be given by:

$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}{E}_{r1}^2=\prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}G_{r1}\\ =\prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _1S_{11}+\\ \prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2S_{21}\end{array}& \left(6\right)\\ \begin{array}{c}{E}_{\mathrm{r2}}^2=\prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}G_{r2}\\ =\prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _1S_{12}+\\ \prod _2^H{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2S_{22}\end{array}& \left(7\right)\end{array}$

where E_rmⁿ are vectors after partial interference cancellation for either the first group of users or the second group of users by

${\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\mathrm{or}{\left(\prod _2\prod _2^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}$

respectively, m is the receive antenna index and n is the index of parallel branches 14.

The outputs of the first interference cancellation block 20 are provided to an equaliser 24.

A channel estimator 26 is provided that generates a matrix H representing the effect of the channel on the signals transmitted from the users/transmitters 2. Although not shown in FIG. 2, the channel estimator 26 receives copies of the signals received by each of the antennas 12 (with or without the guard interval). The output of the channel estimator 26 is the matrix H. Methods for determining the channel estimate matrix H are conventional, for example making use of a predefined sequence in the transmitted signals, and will not be described further herein.

Ĥ is given by:

$\begin{array}{cc}\hat{H}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{H}_{11}& H_{21}\\ H_{12}& H_{22}\end{array}\right]& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

The equaliser 24 processes the outputs of the first interference canceller 20 with Ĥ to give equalised and demultiplexed signals. In a MMSE detection algorithm, the operation of the equaliser 24 can be represented by:

$\begin{array}{cc}\left[\frac{{\tilde{X}}_1\left(k\right)}{{\tilde{C}}_2\left(k\right)}\right]=\left({\hat{H}\left(k\right)}^H\hat{H}\left(k\right)+\frac{n_T}{\mathrm{SNR}}I_{n_T}\right)\hat{H}\left(k\right)\left[\frac{G_{r1}\left(k\right)}{G_{r2}\left(k\right)}\right]& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

where {tilde over (X)}₁(k) is the estimated transmitted signal from one of the users 2 of group 1 over a carrier k, n_T is the number of transmit antennas, SNR is a signal-to-noise ratio and {tilde over (C)}₂(k) is

$\begin{array}{cc}{\tilde{C}}_2=\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2{\tilde{X}}_2& \left(10\right)\end{array}$

where {tilde over (X)}₂(k) is the estimated transmitted signal from one of the users 2 of group 2 over a carrier k. So, {tilde over (C)}₂(k) is a product of the residual interference matrix and the estimated transmitted signal from one of the users 2 of group 2 over a carrier k.

After MMSE equalisation in the equaliser 24, the remaining CFOI must be cancelled, and a second interference canceller 28 is provided to cancel the remaining interference between the second devices 2 in group 2.

There are two approaches for cancelling the residual interference existing in {tilde over (X)}₂(k).

In the first approach, the inverse matrix of the residual interference matrix A:

$\begin{array}{cc}A=\prod _1^H{\left(\prod _1\prod _1^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}\prod _2& \left(11\right)\end{array}$

is used, which means:

A ⁻ {tilde over (C)} ₂(k)={tilde over (X)}₂(k)  (12)

In the second approach, the residual interference matrix is determined from the difference in the carrier frequency offsets between the users who are using the same bandwidth:

A=FE ^{u 2 −u 1} F ^H  (13)

This gives an MMSE cancellation matrix as

$\begin{array}{cc}\prod _D{A^H\left({\mathrm{AA}}^H+\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}}I\right)}^{-1}& \left(14\right)\end{array}$

and the estimated transmitted signal from one of the users 2 in group 2 over a carrier k can be represented as:

{tilde over (X)} ₂=Π_D{tilde over (C)}₂  (15)

The vectors {tilde over (X)}₁ and {tilde over (X)}₂ or {circumflex over (X)}₂ as the estimated transmitted signal of six users 2 are then provided to a processing block 30 for further processing, such as demapping, depuncturing and decoding. The processing block 30 is conventional, and its operation will not be described further herein.

A method of receiving a data transmission in accordance with this embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In step 101, the first (receiving) device 10 receives a respective set of signals from each of the second (transmitting) devices 2. Each of the signals has been transmitted from the second devices 2 using a carrier frequency offset determined from signals previously received from the first device 2 and a frequency carrier selected from a set of frequency carriers (which are orthogonal).

The first device 10 generates an estimate of the channels over which the signals have been transmitted (step 103).

As there will be interference between the transmissions from the second devices 2 caused by errors in the estimation of the frequency offset in the opposite link (i.e. from the first device 10 to the second devices 2), the first device 10 generates estimates of the interference in the received signals caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device 2 (step 105).

In step 107, the interference from the errors in the carrier frequency offsets are cancelled for each of the second devices 2 within one of the groups using the estimates of the CFOI.

In step 109, the first device equalises the output of step 107 using the determined channel estimate.

In step 111, the residual interference from the errors in the carrier frequency offsets for each of the second devices 2 in the second group is cancelled using the estimates of the CFOI.

FIG. 4 shows the performance of both variants (partial interference cancellation, equalisation and residual interference cancellation (PERC) using equation 10 and partial interference cancellation, equalisation and residual interference cancellation (PERCD) using equation 12) of the invention in relation to perfect synchronisation (i.e. where there are no errors in the carrier frequency offsets), and where there is no synchronisation. Clearly, both variants provide an improvement in the performance of the first device (measured in terms of the bit error rate (BER)) over no synchronisation. In addition, although the first variant (PERC) has a slightly better performance than the second variant (PERCD), the second variant is less complex and is therefore much easier to implement in practice.

It will be appreciated that although the first device 10 is shown as having two antennas 12, the invention can be applied to receiver architectures that include more than two antennas, and in particular architectures in which there are M antennas, where M is an integer greater than one. In this respect, it will be appreciated that the equations defined above are relevant to the two antenna embodiment, and are therefore included for illustrative purposes only.

It will also be appreciated that the invention can be applied to the cancellation or compensation of carrier frequency offset interference in communication systems other than OFDM, OFDMA and SDMA-OFDMA communication systems.

While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.

Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality.

A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope. A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

Claims

1. A first device for use in a communication system, the communication system further comprising a plurality of second devices divided into a plurality of groups, the system having a plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers available for transmissions, each second device having a respective carrier frequency offset estimated from signals received from the first device, each of the second devices transmitting a respective stream of symbols using the respective estimated carrier frequency offset and one or more frequency carriers selected from the plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers, the first device comprising: receiver circuitry configured to receive respective signals from each of the second devices;a channel estimator configured to generate, from the received signals, an estimate of the channel over which the signals have been transmitted;an interference estimator for generating, from the received signals, an estimate of interference at the first device caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device;first circuitry configured to cancel interference in the signals received at the first device using the estimate of the interference, the circuitry being configured to cancel interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups;second circuitry configured to equalise the signals output from the first circuitry using the estimate of the channel; andthird circuitry configured to cancel interference in the signals output from the second circuitry, the third circuitry being configured to cancel the interference between second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups.

2. A first device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of antennas connected to the receiver circuitry, each antenna receiving a respective set of signals from each of the second devices.

3. A first device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interference estimator is configured to generate a respective estimate of the interference for each group of users.

4. A first device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first circuitry for cancelling interference at the first device between second devices within each group is configured to use the respective estimates of the interference for each group of users.

5. A first device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third circuitry for cancelling interference in the signals output from the second circuitry is configured to use the estimate of the interference at the first device to cancel the interference between the second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups.

6. A first device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the estimate of the interference at the first device is in the form of a matrix, and the third circuitry is configured to determine a residual interference matrix representing the interference between second devices within the second group from the estimate of the interference at the first device.

7. A first device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the third circuitry is configured to use the inverse of the residual interference matrix to cancel the remaining interference between the second devices.

8. A first device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third circuitry is configured to cancel the interference between second devices in the second group using a residual interference matrix that is determined from a difference in the carrier frequency offsets between second devices in the first and second groups that are using the same carrier frequency.

9. A first device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the communication system is an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication system, a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) OFDMA communication system, or a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system.

10. A method for operating a first device in a communication system, the system further comprising a plurality of second devices divided into a plurality of groups, the system having a plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers available for transmissions, each second device having a respective carrier frequency offset estimated from signals received from the first device, each of the second devices transmitting a respective stream of symbols using the respective estimated carrier frequency offset and one or more frequency carriers selected from the plurality of orthogonal frequency carriers, the method in the first device comprising: receiving respective signals from each of the second devices;generating, from the received signals, an estimate of the channel over which the signals have been transmitted;generating, from the received signals, an estimate of interference at the first device caused by errors in the carrier frequency offsets estimated by each second device;cancelling the interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups in the signals received at the first device using the estimate of the interference;equalising the signals output from the step of cancelling components using the estimate of the channel; andcancelling the interference between second devices in a second one of the plurality of groups in the signals output from the step of equalising.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the step of generating an estimate of interference comprises generating a respective estimate of the interference for each group of second devices.

12. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the step of cancelling the interference between second devices within a first one of the plurality of groups uses the respective estimates of the interference for each group of second devices.

13. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the step of cancelling the interference between second devices within a second one of the plurality of groups in the signals output from the step of equalising uses the estimate of the interference at the first device.

14. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the estimate of the interference at the first device is in the form of a matrix, and the step of cancelling the interference between second devices within the second one of the plurality of groups comprises determining a residual interference matrix representing the interference between the second devices within the second group from the estimate of the interference at the first device.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the step of cancelling the interference between second devices within the second one of the plurality of groups comprises using the inverse of the residual interference matrix to cancel the interference between the second devices.

16. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the step of cancelling the interference between second devices within the second one of the plurality of groups comprises using a residual interference matrix that is determined from a difference in the carrier frequency offsets between second devices in the first and second groups that are using the same carrier frequency.

17. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the communication system is an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication system, a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) OFDMA communication system, or a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system.