INTERFERON ALPHA-INDUCED PHARMACODYNAMIC MARKERS AND USES THEREOF

Abstract

The present invention encompasses type-I IFN and IFNα-induced PD marker expression profiles, kits, and methods for identifying such IFNα-induced PD marker expression profiles. The type-I IFN and IFNα-induced PD marker expression profiles may also be used in, for example, methods of treating patients having a type-I IFN or IFNα-mediated disorder, methods of monitoring disease progression of patients receiving treatment with a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity, identifying patients as candidates to receive a therapeutic that binds to and neutralizes IFNα activity, and in diagnosing or providing a prognosis to patients having IFNα-induced disorders.

Description

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Oct. 23, 2014, is named MDI-0400-CT_SL.txt and is 1,378 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to pharmacodynamic (PD) markers inducible by interferon (IFN) alpha, probes and kits that detect the PD markers, and methods employing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses PD markers that are induced by IFNα. The PD markers can be used in methods of treating patients with a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity, methods that identify patients as candidates for a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity, methods of diagnosing a patient as having a disorder associated with increased IFNα levels, methods of monitoring disease progression of a patient receiving treatment with a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity, and methods of identifying a candidate therapeutic for treating IFNα-mediated disorders

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of identifying a patient as a candidate for a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity. Presence or absence of an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is detected in a sample from the patient.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating a patient having a type I IFN or IFNα-mediated disease or disorder. An agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is administered to the patient. The agent neutralizes a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Yet another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating an autoimmune disease patient comprising a moderate or strong type I IFN or an IFNα PD marker profile. An agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is administered to the patient. The agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

A further embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of neutralizing a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a patient in need thereof. An agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is administered to the patient. The agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of diagnosing a patient as having a disorder associated with increased IFNα levels. Presence or absence of an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is detected in a sample from the patient.

A further embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of monitoring disease progression of a patient receiving treatment with a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity. A first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is obtained in a first sample from the patient. A therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity is administered to the patient. A second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is obtained from a second sample from the patient. The first and the second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profiles are compared.

Yet another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of identifying a candidate therapeutic for treating IFNα-mediated disorders. Cells comprising an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile are contacted with an agent. Presence or absence of a change in the IFNα-induced PD marker expression profile of the cells is detected.

A further embodiment of the invention encompasses a set of probes.

Yet a further embodiment of the invention encompasses kits that comprise the probes.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of detecting IFN activity in a sample. Cells comprising a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an IFN-stimulated response element are incubated with a sample. Expression of the reporter gene is detected.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: TAQMAN qPCR IFI44 gene expression analysis of IFNα-stimulated whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 2: TAQMAN qPCR IRF2 gene expression analysis of IFNα-stimulated whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 3: TAQMAN qPCR RSAD2 gene expression analysis of IFNα-stimulated whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 4: TAQMAN qPCR G1P3 gene expression analysis of IFNα-stimulated whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 5: TAQMAN qPCR HERC5 gene expression analysis of IFNα-stimulated whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 6: MEDI-545 neutralization of RAB8B gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 7: MEDI-545 neutralization of IRF7 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 8: MEDI-545 neutralization of MARCKS gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 9: MEDI-545 neutralization of IL6ST gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 10: MEDI-545 neutralization of Ly6E gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 11: MEDI-545 neutralization of IFIT3 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 12: MEDI-545 neutralization of IFIT1 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 13: MEDI-545 neutralization of HERC5 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 14: MEDI-545 neutralization of OAS1 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 15: MEDI-545 neutralization of OAS3 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 16: MEDI-545 neutralization of RSAD2 gene expression induced by IFN-α in whole blood of healthy donors.

FIG. 17: Ex vivo stimulation in whole blood identifies genes inducible by type I IFN.

FIG. 18: MEDI-545 neutralization of top 25 type I IFN inducible genes in individual lupus patients' whole blood.

FIG. 19: Heatmap of target modulation and PCA plot using top 25 up-regulated type I IFN inducible probe sets in whole blood of patient 1541 before and after MEDI-545 treatment.

FIG. 20: Heatmap of target modulation and PCA plot based on 25 most up-regulated type I IFN inducible genes in whole blood of patient 1449 before and after MEDI-545 treatment.

FIG. 21: Heatmap of target modulation calculated based on 165 type I IFN inducible genes up-regulated in whole blood of one patient treated with 0.3 mg/kg MEDI-545.

FIG. 22: PCA using 169 probe sets that are type I IFN inducible-24/35 SLE patients have statistically significant type I IFN signature in whole blood.

FIG. 23: MEDI-545 neutralizes the top 25 most upregulated type I IFN inducible probe sets of lupus patients. Target neutralization of the top 25 most upregulated type I IFN inducible genes was measured at days 1, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 84 for each patient. Dose range was from 1 (placebo) to 3 mg/kg MedI 545.

FIG. 24: MEDI-545 neutralizes the top 25 most upregulated type I IFN inducible probe sets of lupus patients. Target neutralization of the top 25 most upregulated type I IFN inducible genes was measured at days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 for each patient. Dose range was from 0 (placebo) to 30 mg/kg MEDI-545.

FIGS. 25 a and 25b: Heatmap (a) and PCA (b) showing neutralization of the top 25 type I IFN inducible probe sets in whole blood of a SLE patient treated with 30 mg/kg MEDI-545 at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post-dosing.

FIGS. 26 a and 26b: PCA plots of lupus patient before (a) and after (b) dosing with placebo control show no trend in the change of type I IFN inducible gene signature. The 25 most upregulated type I IFN inducible probe sets were used to perform the PCA analysis.

FIG. 27: Type-I IFNα subtypes are upregulated in the whole blood of individual lupus patients.

FIG. 28: Distribution of average fold-change of top 25 type I IFN inducible probe sets in whole blood of individual lupus patients.

FIG. 29 a-29c: Pair-wise fold change ranking test proves MEDI-545 neutralizes type I IFN genes in a clinical trial. Top genes neutralized are shown for (a) SLE patients having a type I IFN gene signature at 14 days following MEDI-545 treatment; (FIG. 29a discloses “DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1) (b) SLE patients not having a type I IFN gene signature at 14 days following MEDI-545 treatment; and (c) SLE patients 14 days following treatment with placebo. Genes highlighted in yellow are genes identified as having a type-I IFN signature.

FIG. 30: Hierarchical clustering of 1384 probe sets differentially regulated by IFNα subtypes, IFNβ, IFNγ, and TNFα in ex vivo stimulated whole blood. Each row corresponds to a single probe set, while each column corresponds to a single sample. The branch lengths indicate the correlation with which probe sets/samples are joined, with a longer branch indicating a weaker correlation. Color represents relative expression level of individual probe sets as compared to the average expression of the no treatment controls. Red indicates up-regulation versus control; green indicates down-regulation versus control; black indicates no change.

FIG. 31 a-31b: a. Hierarchical clustering of the relative expression of the top 25 most overexpressed type-I IFN inducible probe sets in whole blood ex vivo challenged with a variety of IFNα subtypes, IFNβ, IFNγ, and TNFα. b. Heatmap of the relative expression of the same 25 probe sets compared to no-treatment control in keratinocyte ex vivo challenged with IFNα2a, IFNβ, IFNγ, and TNFα. Red indicates upregulated gene expression relative to no treatment control, green indicates downregulated gene expression relative to no treatment control, black indicates no significant change in gene expression of challenged samples relative to control.

FIG. 32 a-32c: The distribution of the average (a) and median (b) fold change of the top 25 most overexpressed type-I IFN inducible probe sets in 26 pairs of lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. (c) the average of the average and median fold change of the top 25 most overexpressed type-I IFN inducible probe sets in 26 pairs of lesional and non-lesional skin.

FIG. 33 a-33d: Relative expression of selected type-I IFN inducible genes ((a) HPSE, (b) OASL, and (c) HERC6) and non type-IFN inducible genes ((d) SERPINB4) in lesional skin (LS) compared to non-lesional skin (NS), and non-lesional skin compared to normal skin (NN) in psoriatic patients based on microarray data. The fold change of these genes in LS is compared to its paired NS, while NS is compared to the average of 21 normal skin controls. The p value for HPSE, OASL, HERC6, and SERPINB4 is a comparison between NS and NN, between LS and NS are (listed in pairs): 0.468, <0.00001; 0.376, <0.00001; 0.03, <0.00001; 0.0002, <0.00001.

FIG. 34 a-34b: (a) Hierarchical clustering of all psoriasis samples profiled (21 normal (blue bars)) 26 paired non lesional (black bars) and lesional skin (red bars) from 24 psoriatic patients, and 3 lesional skin (red bars) from 3 psoriatic patients whose paired non lesional skin either did not yield sufficient cRNA for hybridization or scanned arrays had scaling factors that were more than 3 times the average) using the 164 upregulated type-I IFN inducible probe sets in lesional skin compared to those in mostly paired non-lesional skin. Each row corresponds to a single probe set, while each column corresponds to a single sample. The branch lengths indicate the degree of correlation with which samples are joined, with a longer branch indicating a weaker correlation. Color represents relative expression level of individual probe set as compared to the average expression of the 21 normals. Red represents upregulation vs. control and green represents downregulation vs. control. (b) PCA of all psoriasis samples profiled using the 164 upregulated type-I IFN inducible probe sets in lesional skin compared to those in mostly paired non-lesional skin. (PCA is calculated and data is visualized in Spotfire). Each circle represents one sample (blue circles=normal skin; black circles=non-lesional skin; red circles=lesional skin).

FIG. 35: Overexpression of selected type-I IFN inducible genes in 18 pairs of lesional and non-lesional skin from 18 psoriatic patients based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays using FLUIDIGM's BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array.

FIG. 36 a-36b: Correlation coefficient distribution of overexpressed genes in lesional skin of psoriatic patients between TAQMAN QRT-PCR and array results. The genes are grouped based on correlation coefficient between TAQMAN QRT-PCR and microarray measurement. (a) correlation coefficient distribution of all 40 upregulated genes in lesional skin that are validated by TAQMAN QRT-PCR; (b) correlation coefficient distribution of 29 type-IFN inducible genes.

FIG. 37 a-37d: Comparison of TAQMAN QRT-PCR based assay using BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array and AFFYMETRIX® GENECHIP microarray results for selected type-I IFN inducible genes ISG15 and MX1.

FIG. 38: TAQMAN QRT-PCR validation of AFFYMETRIX® GENECHIP microarray results of overexpression of type-I IFN inducible genes IFI27 and CXCL10.

FIG. 39 a-39f: Ex vivo stimulation of normal keratinocytes with leukocyte IFN and IFNα2a and dose-dependent neutralization of type-I IFN induced genes by IFNα antibody. (a) neutralization of ISG15 overexpression in response to 350 I.U./mL IFNα2a, (b) neutralization of ISG15 overexpression in response to 150 I.U./mL leukocyte IFN, (c) neutralization of USP18 overexpression in response to 350 I.U./mL IFNα2a, (d) neutralization of USP18 overexpression in response to 150 I.U./mL leukocyte IFN, (e) neutralization of IFIT2 overexpression in response to 350 I.U./mL IFNα2a, and (f) neutralization of IFIT2 overexpression in response to 150 I.U./mL leukocyte IFN. Each dose titration curve is generated on three technical replicates. The overexpression of individual genes with no IFNα antibody is normalized to 1.

FIG. 40 a-40c: Relative expression of mRNA and median fold changes of type-I IFNα subtypes (FIG. 40a), other members of the type-I IFNs (FIG. 40b), and IFNα receptors (FIG. 40c) in the lesional skin (LS) or the non-lesional skin (NS) compared to skin from healthy normal controls (NN). The averages of the relative mRNA levels of these cytokines and their receptors in the normal skin of two healthy donors were scaled to be 1 based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays using TLDA from Applied Biosciences. Black: the relative fold change of mRNA in the non-lesional skin compared to normal skin (NS/NN); Red: the relative fold change of mRNA in the lesional skin compared to normal skin (LS/NS). The p values for the overexpression of these individual genes in the non-lesional skin or lesional skin compared to healthy normal skin (listed in pairs) are as follows: IFNα1, 0.303, <0.001; IFNα2, 0.389, 0.072; IFNα5, <0.001, 0.002; IFNα6, 0.664, 0.093; IFNα7, 0.586, 0.077; IFNα8, 0.430, 0.049; IFNα14, 0.224, 0.049; IFNα17, 0.552, 0.0203; IFNα21, 0.113, 0.003; IFNβ, 0.255, 0.022; IFNκ, 0.03, <0.001; IFNω, 0.516, 0.049; IFNAR1, 0.192, <0.001; IFNAR2, <0.001, <0.001, respectively.

FIG. 41: Relative expression of mRNA and median fold changes of IFNγ, TNFα, and IFNγ receptors in the lesional skin (LS), or the non-lesional skin (NS) compared to skin from healthy normal controls (NN). The averages of the relative mRNA levels of these cytokines and their receptors in the normal skin of two healthy donors were scaled to be 1 based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays using TLDA from Applied Biosciences. Black: the relative fold change of mRNA in the non-lesional skin compared to normal skin; Red: the relative fold change of mRNA in the lesional skin compared to normal skin. The p values for the overexpression of these individual genes in the non-lesional skin or lesional skin compared to healthy normal skin (listed in pairs) are as follows: IFNγ, 0.02, <0.001; IFNGR1, <0.001, <0.001; IFNGR2, <0.001, <0.001; TNFα, <0.001, <0.001, respectively.

FIG. 42: A Venn diagram illustrating both the number of probe sets that are altered by type I IFN, IFNγ, and TNFα during ex vivo stimulation, and probe sets that are altered in the lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. Red numbers: probe sets that show increased expression with cytokine treatment or compared to non-lesional skin baseline; Green numbers: probe sets that show decreased expression with cytokine treatment or compared to non-lesional skin baseline. The intersecting regions represent the probe sets that are common to both comparisons.

FIGS. 43 a and 43b: Co-overexpression type-I IFN, type-II IFN, and TNF-inducible genes in lesional/non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients based on Affymetrix GENECHIP® microarray results. The type-I IFN, type-II IFN, and TNFα inducible genes were selected based on ex vivo stimulation experiments (Examples 10 and 16). A probe set with an at least 2-fold change from non-lesional to lesion skin was considered overexpressed. (a) the number of up-regulated type I IFN, IFNγ, and TNFα inducible genes in the lesional skin shows strong correlation. (b) the number of type I IFN, IFNγ, and TNFα inducible genes in the lesional skin were significantly different amongst pairwise comparisons.

FIG. 44: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from psoriatic skin, non-lesional skin and skin from normal donors. BDCA2 is a specific marker for pDCs which are present at greater numbers in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin, and not at all in normal skin. CD83 is a marker for mDCs, CD4 is present on T cells and dendritic cells. STAT1 protein staining was observed in the epidermis of lesional skin (both nuclear and cytoplasmic) and dermal mononuclear inflammatory cells, but not in non-lesional or normal skin. ISG15 protein increase was observed in psoriatic skin and to a lesser extent in non-lesional skin, but was not detected in normal skin.

FIG. 45: A Venn diagram illustrating the number of probe sets that show altered expression at mRNA level in the lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin, or in the non-lesional skin compared to normal skin of psoriatic patients. Values shaded in red indicate the number of probe sets significantly upregulated while those values shaded in green indicate the number of probe sets significantly downregulated. The intersecting region represents probe sets that are common to both comparisons.

FIG. 46: Graphic representation of type-IFN signaling pathway that is activated in the lesional skin of psoriatic patients. Pathway image was generated with GENEGO's METACORE integrated software suite. Individual symbols within the image represent well characterized proteins or protein complexes. Arrows linking the proteins represent the stimulatory, inhibitory, or interactive effect of the protein on the target protein. Thermometers adjacent to the individual symbols represent relative expression levels (red indicates overexpression, while green indicates underexpression) of transcripts that comprise the protein (or protein complex) within the particular pathway.

FIGS. 47 a and 47b: Table providing fold change (fc; log 2 transformed) and q value (calculated by FDR) of the top 100 probe sets upregulated in the lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin in psoriasis. Also listed are the log 2 transformed fold change and q values of these genes when comparing non-lesional skin with healthy normal skin controls. Type I IFN inducible genes are listed in bold font.

FIG. 48: Distinctive separation of the lesional skin from non-lesional skin and normal skin—hierarchical clustering of all samples using transcript profiles of all genes on a whole genome (Affymetrix whole genome U133 plus v2.0 array) array.

FIG. 49 a-49d: Probe sets identified as IFNγ inducible by overlap in FIG. 42. FIG. 49b discloses “DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1.

FIG. 50 a-50b: Probe sets identified as TNFα inducible by overlap in FIG. 42.

FIG. 51 a-51g: Probe sets identified as type I IFN inducible by overlap in FIG. 42. FIG. 51c discloses “DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1.

FIG. 52: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of a placebo-treated SLE patient to detect pDC, mDC, and T cell infiltrates.

FIG. 53: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of a placebo-treated SLE patient to detect HERC5, ISG15, and IP10 proteins, proteins expressed from type I IFN-induced genes.

FIG. 54: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of an SLE patient treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 to detect pDC, mDC, and T cell infiltrates.

FIG. 55: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of an SLE patient treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 to detect HERC5, ISG15, and IP10 proteins, proteins expressed from type I IFN-induced genes.

FIG. 56: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of an SLE patient treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 to detect pDC, mDC, and T cell infiltrates.

FIG. 57: Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from skin lesions of an SLE patient treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 to detect HERC5, ISG15, and IP10 proteins, proteins expressed from type I IFN-induced genes.

FIGS. 58 a and 58b: Heatmap (a) and PCA (b) showing neutralization of the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes in a skin biopsy of an SLE patient treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 at 0 and 7 days post-dosing.

FIG. 59 a-d: Detection of type I and type II IFN activity in an IFN bioassay.

FIGS. 60 a and 60b: Detection of MEDI-545 (a) and MEDI-546 (b)-mediated neutralization of IFNα activity in the IFN bioassay.

FIG. 61: Detection of anti-IFNγ-mediated neutralization of IFNγ activity in the IFN bioassay.

FIG. 62: Detection of anti-IFNω-mediated neutralization of IFNω activity in the IFN bioassay.

FIG. 63: Detection of anti-IFNβ-mediated neutralization of IFNβ activity in the IFN bioassay.

FIG. 64: Heat map showing modulation of gene expression in whole blood from healthy donors ex vivo stimulated with IFNγ, TNFα, or IFNα/β. Negative control (NT).

FIG. 65: Type I IFN-inducible genes were among the most upregulated genes in whole blood of SLE patients.

FIG. 66: IFNγ, IFNω, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 mRNAs are upregulated in whole blood of lupus patients.

FIG. 67: Heat map showing modulation of gene expression in healthy donor PBMCs ex vivo stimulated with lupus patient serum.

FIGS. 68 a and 68b: (A) PCA plot showing lupus patients having a strong/moderate type I IFN inducible signature (approximately 66% in this sampling) cluster together. (b) Table providing the 25 genes used for PCA analysis.

FIG. 69: Confirmation of overexpression of selected type-I IFN inducible genes in lupus patients based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays using FLUIDIGM's BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array.

FIGS. 70 a and 70b: (a) Ability of four different SLE patient serum samples to induce type I IFN activity in a reporter gene assay. (b) Number of transcripts induced at least 3-fold in healthy human PBMCs by each of the four different SLE patient serum samples following 4 hour co-incubation.

FIGS. 71 a and 71b: The majority of genes neutralized by an anti-IFNα Ab 4 hours post co-incubation of SLE patient serum and healthy human PBMCs are type I IFN genes, while the majority of genes neutralized by the anti-IFNα Ab 18 hours post co-incubation of SLE patient serum and healthy human PBMCs are non-type I IFN genes as shown by (a) heatmap analysis and represented (b) in bar graphs.

FIGS. 72 a and 72b: Provides the (a) type I IFN genes and (b) non-type I IFN genes that were upregulated and neutralized by an anti-IFNα Ab 18 hours post co-incubation of SLE patient serum and healthy human PBMCs, but that were not upregulated 4 hours post co-incubation of SLE patient serum and healthy human PBMCs.

FIG. 73: Provides pathways and cell processes neutralized by an anti-IFNα Ab 18 hours following co-incubation of SLE patient serum and healthy human PBMCs.

FIGS. 74 a and 74b: Detection of (a) increased and (b) decreased levels of specific proteins in serum of lupus patients.

FIG. 75: QUANTIGENEPLEX 1.0 analysis of IFN-inducible gene signatures from whole blood of 5 healthy donors stimulated with 20 IU/mL IFNα2b.

FIG. 76: Dose-dependent changes in gene expression in blood from a single healthy donor treated with multiple concentrations of IFNα2b.

FIG. 77: Detection of IFN-inducible transcripts in PAXgene-preserved whole blood samples from SLE subjects with and without detectable serum IFNα activity.

FIGS. 78 a and 78b: Correlation between QUANTIGENEPLEX and FLUIDIGM technologies in SLE PAXgene-preserved whole blood samples.

FIGS. 79 a and 79b: Longitudinal testing of SLE samples following administration of an anti-IFNα monoclonal antibody: comparison of QUANTIGENEPLEX 2.0 and FLUIDIGM technologies.

FIG. 80: Representative heat map visualizing the (in descending order) overexpression of type I IFN gene signature; overexpression of granulocyte signature; underexpression of T-cell signature, underexpression of NK-cell signature, and underexpression of B-cell signature, in whole blood from 46 SLE patients (indicated by red bar under the heat map) compared with whole blood from 24 healthy donors (indicated by blue bar under the heat map) IFN=interferon; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.

FIG. 81 a-81c: Type I IFN-inducible genes in whole blood of SLE patients can be used to separate SLE patients with a type I IFN gene signature from healthy normal controls. (a) Three-dimensional PCA plot of whole blood from 46 SLE samples using a 114 type I IFN-inducible probe sets upregulated in whole blood of SLE patients compared with those from 24 healthy donors. (b) PCA plot of whole blood from 54 SLE patients in the prospective study using the 114 upregulated type I IFN-inducible probe set confirmed the overexpression of type I IFN gene signatures in SLE patients. (c) PCA plot of whole blood from 100 SLE samples in both discovery and prospective study using 21 upregulated type I IFN-inducible gene panel in SLE patients compared with 24 healthy donors. Each point represents one sample (blue dots, healthy normals; red dots, SLE patients). IFN=interferon; PCA=principal components analysis; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.

FIG. 82: Relative expression of mRNAs and median fold changes (horizontal bars) of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-γ receptors in whole blood of SLE patients compared with healthy controls (P<0.05 for all). Averages of relative mRNA levels of these cytokines and their receptors in whole blood from 24 healthy donors were scaled to 1 based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays. IFN=interferon; QRT-PCR=quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus; TNF=tumor necrosis factor.

FIG. 83 a-83c: TAQMAN QRT-PCR confirmed the overexpression of type I IFN-inducible genes in whole blood of SLE patients. (a) Relative fold changes of 15 type I IFN-inducible genes (generically labeled 1-15) in SLE patients were compared with healthy donors (p<0.05 for all). Averages of relative mRNA levels of genes in the pooled RNA from 24 healthy donors were scaled to 1 based on TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays. Horizontal bars represent average fold change. (b and c) TAQMAN QRT-PCR validation of overexpression of the 21-gene panel of type I IFN-inducible genes in whole blood of SLE patients as determined by whole genome array. The relative overexpression of 21 type I IFN-inducible genes in 2 SLE patients is shown via microarray (left) and TAQMAN QRT-PCR (right) assays. Correlation coefficients between TAQMAN QRT-PCR and microarray were 0.9861 and 0.9888 for patient X and Y, respectively. IFN=interferon; QRT-PCR=quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.

FIG. 84: Magnitude of overexpression of type I IFN gene signature in whole blood of SLE patients as measured by the median fold change of the 25 most overexpressed type I IFN-inducible genes or type I IFN gene signature score in individual SLE patients. The horizontal bars represent the median values. Patients whose type I IFN gene signature score was ≧10 were considered to have strong type I IFN gene signatures; those with scores between 4 and 10 were considered to have moderate type I IFN gene signatures, whereas those with scores≦4 were considered to have weak type I IFN gene signatures. IFN=interferon; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.

FIG. 85 a-85c: Stratification of 35 SLE patients into groups of low (a; green), moderate (b; gray), and high (c; red) type I IFN gene signature based on median fold change across the 21-gene panel of type I IFN-inducible genes. Densities for each SLE patient are calculated and graphed using the fold change for each of the 21 genes from each SLE patient on the log₂ scale to provide a representation of the distribution of 21 genes fold change values. The vertical dashed lines partition the 3 classes of signature scores: 7 patients with a weak type I IFN gene signature=median fold change<1.91 (0.93 on log₂ scale), 8 patients with a moderate type I IFN gene signature=median fold change between 1.91 and 5.53, and 20 patients with a strong type I IFN gene signature=median fold change>5.53 (2.47 on log₂ scale). IFN=interferon; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.

FIG. 86: Dose-dependent neutralization of 21 upregulated IFN-α/β-inducible genes in SLE patients by MEDI-545.

FIGS. 87 a and 87b: Heatmap (a) and PCA (b) showing neutralization of 21 upregulated IFN-α/β-inducible genes in whole blood of an SLE patient treated with 30 mg/kg MEDI-545 (0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post-dose).

FIGS. 88 a and 88b: PCA plots prepared using the 21 upregulated IFN-α/β-inducible probe sets do not show IFN signature neutralization in placebo-treated patients.

FIG. 89: Neutralization of the 21 upregulated IFN-α/β-inducible probe sets in patients treated with 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg MEDI-545.

FIG. 90: Methodology for calculating target neutralization for FIG. 89.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention encompasses methods of identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease progression in patients. Patients include any animal having a type I IFN or an IFNα-inducible disease, disorder, or condition. The patient may have the disease, disorder, or condition as a result of experimental research, e.g., it may be an experimental model developed for the disease, disorder, or condition. Alternatively, the patient may have the disease, disorder, or condition in the absence of experimental manipulation. Patients include humans, mice, rats, horses, pigs, cats, dogs, and any animal used for research.

The patient may comprise a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be a strong profile, a moderate profile, or a weak profile. The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile can readily be designated as strong, moderate, or weak by determining the fold dysregulation of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient, (e.g., the fold increase in expression of upregulated type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD markers in the patient), relative to a control sample(s) or control patient(s) and comparing the patient's fold dysregulation to that of other patients having a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. Fold dysregulation can be calculated by well known methods in the art as can the comparing. See, e.g., Example 8.

The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may comprise upregulation of any group of genes or group of genes detected by the probes identified in Tables 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, or 30. The group of genes or group of genes detected by the probes identified in Tables 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28 or 30 may include any at least 2, any at least 3, any at least 4, any at least 5, any at least 6, any at least 7, any at least 8, any at least 9, any at least 10, any at least 11, any at least 12, any at least 13, any at least 14, any at least 15, any at least 16, any at least 17, any at least 18, any at least 19, any at least 20, any at least 21, any at least 22, any at least 23, any at least 24, any at least 25, any at least 26, any at least 27, any at least 28, any at least 29, any at least 30, any at least 40, or any at least 50 of the genes or genes detected by the probes identified in the Tables.

The group of genes that may be included in the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient may be MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RASD2, and IFI44. The genes or genes detected by the probes may include IFI44, IFI27, IFI44L, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, LY6E, RSAD2, HERC5, IFI6, ISG15, OAS3, SIGLEC1, OAS2, USP18, RTP4, IFIT1, MX1, OAS1, EPSTI1, PLSCR1, and IFRG28.

The genes may include any at least 2, any at least 3, any at least 4, any at least 5, any at least 6, any at least 7, any at least 8, any at least 9, any at least 10, or any at least 11, or any at least 12, or any at least 13, or any at least 14, or any at least 15, or any at least 16, or any at least 17, or any at least 18, or any at least 19, or at least 20, or any at least 21, or any at least 22, or any at least 23, or any at least 24, or any least 25, or any at least 26, or any at least 27, or any at least 28, or any at least 29, or any at least 30 of LAMP3, DNAPTP6, FLJ31033, HERC6, SERPING1, EPST11, RTP4, OASL, FBXO6, IFIT2, IFI44, OAS3, BATF2, ISG15, IRF7, RSAD2, IFI35, OAS1, LAP3, IFIT1, IFIT5, PLSCR1, IFI44L, MS4A4A, GALM, UBE2L6, TOR1B, SAMD9L, HERC5, TDRD7, TREX1, PARP12, and AXUD1.

The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may contain upregulation of the entire group of genes or group of genes detected by the probes identified in one of Table 19, or Table 20, or Table 21, or Table 22, or Table 23, or Table 24, or Table 26, or Table 28, or Table 30 or may be any one or more of the genes identified in FIG. 72. The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may include upregulation of all the genes identified in Table 24. The type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may include upregulation of the genes identified in FIG. 72 A or FIG. 72b, or FIG. 72a and FIG. 72b.

The patient comprising the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further comprise downregulated type I IFN or IFNα PD marker(s). The downregulated PD markers may include any one, any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any 15, any 20, any 25, any 30, any 35, any 40, any 45, or any 50 of the genes in Table 31 or any of CYP1B1, TGST1, RRAGD, IRS2, MGST1, TGFBR3, and RGS2.

The patient comprising the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further comprise upregulation of expression of any number of IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes. The IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes may include any more than one, more than two, more than three, more than four, more than five, more than six, more than seven, more than eight, more than nine, or more than ten IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes. These subtypes may include IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα7, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21, IFNβ, or IFNω. The patient may comprise upregulation of expression of IFN subtypes IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα8, and IFNα14.

Alternatively, a patient treated in the methods encompassed by the invention may simply be one identified as comprising a gene expression profile with upregulation of expression of any number of IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes. The IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes may include any more than one, more than two, more than three, more than four, more than five, more than six, more than seven, more than eight, more than nine, or more than ten IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes. These subtypes may include IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα7, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21, IFNβ, or IFNω. These subtypes may include IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα8, and IFNα14.

The patient comprising the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further comprise upregulation of expression of IFNα receptors, either IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or both, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors (either IFNGR1, IFNGR2, or both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2). The patient may simply be identified as one who comprises upregulation of expression of IFNα receptors, either IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or both, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors (either IFNGR1, IFNGR2, or both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2).

The upregulation or downregulation of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD markers in the patient's expression profile may be by any degree relative to that of a sample from a control (which may be from a sample that is not disease tissue of the patient (e.g., non-lesional skin of a psoriasis patient) or from a healthy person not afflicted with the disease or disorder). The degree upregulation or downregulation may be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 125%, at least 150%, or at least 200%, or at least 300%, or at least 400%, or at least 500% that of the control or control sample.

Furthermore, the patient may overexpress or have a tissue that overexpresses a type I IFN subtype at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 125%, at least 150%, or at least 200%, or at least 300%, or at least 400%, or at least 500% that of the control. The type I IFN subtype may be any one of IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα7, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21, IFNβ, or IFNω. The type I IFN subtypes may include all of IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα8, and IFNα14.

The patient may further comprise or alternatively comprise alterations in levels of proteins in serum. The patient may have increased serum levels of proteins such as adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, or vWF. The patient may have increased serum levels of any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, o22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 of these proteins in serum. The increased level may be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 125%, at least 150%, or at least 200%, or at least 300%, or at least 400%, or at least 500% that of a control, e.g., a healthy subject. The alteration may be a decrease in serum levels of proteins such as BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin, The patient may have decreased serum levels of any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 or these proteins. The decreased level may be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100% that of a control, e.g., a healthy subject. The PD marker profile may comprise one or more of these increased or decreased serum levels of proteins.

The patient may further comprise auto-antibodies that bind to any one of the following auto-antigens: (a) Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78; (b) surfeit 5, transcript variant c; (c) proteasome (posome, macropain) activator subunit 3 (PA28 gamma; Ki) transc; (d) retinoic acid receptor, alpha; (e) Heat shock 10 kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10); (f) tropomyosin 3; (g) pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1; (h) cytoskeleton-associated protein 1; (i) Sjogren syndrome antigen A2 (60 kDa, ribonucleoprotein auto-antigen SS-A/Ro); (j) NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, alpha/beta subcomplex 1, 8 kDa; (k) NudE nuclear distribution gene E homolog 1 (A. nidulans); (1) MutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli); (m) leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 2; (n) tropomyosin 1 (alpha); (o) spastic paraplegia 20, spartin (Troyer syndrome); (p) preimplantation protein, transcript variant 1; (r) mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45; (s) Lin-28 homolog (C. elegans); (t) heat shock 90 kDa protein 1, alpha; (u) dom-3 homolog Z (C. elegans); (v) dynein, cytoplasmic, light intermediate polypeptide 2; (w) Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein); (x) synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2, transcript variant 2; (y) moesin; (z) homer homolog (Drosophila), transcript variant 1; (aa) GCN5 general control of amino-acid synthesis 5-like 2 (yeast); (bb) eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma; (cc) eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1, delta; (dd) DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3; (ee) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) gamma; and any other auto-antigen described in provisional application entitled “Auto-antibody markers of autoimmune disease” filed May 3, 2007 or in provisional application entitled “Auto-antibody markers of autoimmune disease” to be filed Nov. 6, 2007 (for example, but not limited to, those described on Tables 2, 4, 5, and 9). The patient may comprise auto-antibodies that bind to any number of these auto-antigens, e.g., any at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9 at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25.

A type I IFN or an IFNα-inducible disease, disorder, or condition is any that exhibits a type I IFN or an IFNα PD marker expression profile or gene signature. A PD marker expression profile and a gene signature will be understood to be equivalent. These diseases, disorders, or conditions include those with an autoimmune component such as systemic lupus erythematosus, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and Celiac's disease), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and sarcoidosis. Other diseases, disorders, or conditions include graft versus host disease and transplant rejection.

The patients may also exhibit any of a number of symptoms as discussed in, e.g., provisional patent application Methods of Treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosis filed Apr. 16, 2007, or may have a clinical SLEDAI score or BILAG score as discussed in the same. These symptoms may include fatigue, organ damage, malar rash, and alopecia. The patient may be scored using a known clinical scoring system, e.g., SLEDAI which is an index of SLE disease activity as measured and evaluated within the last 10 days (Bombardier C, Gladman D D, Urowitz M B, Caron D, Chang C H and the Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE: Derivation of the SLEDAI for Lupus Patients. Arthritis Rheum 35:630-640, 1992). Disease activity under the SLEDAI scoring system can range from 0 to 105. The following categories of SLEDAI activity have been defined: no activity (SLEDAI=0); mild activity (SLEDAI=1-5); moderate activity (SLEDAI=6-10); high activity (SLEDAI=11-19); very high activity (SLEDAI=20 or higher). (Griffiths, et al., Assessment of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the use of Lupus Disease Activity Indices). Another disease scoring index is the BILAG index which is an activity index of SLE that is based on specific clinical manifestations in eight organ systems: general, mucocutaneous, neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hematology results. Scoring is based on a letter system, but weighted numerical scores can also be assigned to each letter, making it possible to calculate a BILAG score in the range of 0-72. (Griffiths, et al., Assessment of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the use of Lupus Disease Activity Indices). Other scoring indices include the PGA score, the composite responder index (CRI), and the ANAM4™ test. The methods described herein, e.g., of treating an autoimmune disorder, may be used for any subject identified as having any activity level of disease activity as measured by any classification methodology known in the art, e.g., mild, moderate, high, or very high. The methods described herein, e.g., of treating an autoimmune disorder, may result in a decrease in a patient's symptoms or may result in an improvement in a score of disease for the patient's type I IFN or an IFNα-inducible disease, disorder, or condition.

A therapeutic agent may be administered to a patient or a patient may be identified as a candidate for administration of an agent or a therapeutic agent. A therapeutic agent is any molecule that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity. The therapeutic agent may be a small molecule or a biological agent. If the therapeutic agent is a small molecule it may be synthesized or identified and isolated from a natural source.

If the therapeutic agent is a biological agent, it may be an antibody specific for any subtype(s) of type I IFN or IFNα. For instance, the antibody may be specific for any one of IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα7, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21, IFNβ, or IFNω. Alternatively, the antibody may be specific for any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any eleven, any twelve type I IFN of IFNα subtypes. If the antibody is specific for more than one type I IFN subtype, the antibody may be specific for IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα8, IFNα10, and IFNα21; or it may be specific for IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα8, and IFNα10; or it may be specific for IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα8, and IFNα21; or it may be specific for IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα10, and IFNα21. Antibodies specific for type I IFN or IFNα include MEDI-545, any biologic or antibody other than MEDI-545, antibodies described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/009,410 filed Dec. 10, 2004 which published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20070014724 on Jan. 18, 2007 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,449; and Ser. No. 11/157,494 filed Jun. 20, 2005 which published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20060029601 on Feb. 9, 2006 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,662,381, 9F3 and other antibodies described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,726 (Example 1 and Example 2, those disclosed in Table 3 and Table 4, and/or those disclosed in the table entitled “Deposit of Material” on lines 25-54, column 56), NK-2 and YOK5/19 (WO 84/03105), LO-22 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,618), 144 BS (U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,166), and EBI-1, EBI-2, and EBI-3 (EP 119476). A therapeutic agent that modulates IFNα activity may neutralize IFNα activity. One of skill in the art is well aware of preparation and formulation of such biological agents and methods of their administration.

The antibody may be a synthetic antibody, a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibodies, a recombinantly produced antibody, an intrabody, a multispecific antibody (including bi-specific antibodies), a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a single-chain Fv (scFv) (including bi-specific scFv), a BiTE molecule, a single chain antibody, a Fab fragments, a F(ab′) fragment, a disulfide-linked Fv (sdFv), or an epitope-binding fragment of any of the above. The antibody may be any of an immunoglobulin molecule or immunologically active portion of an immunoglobulin molecule. Furthermore, the antibody may be of any isotype. For example, it may be any of isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. The antibody may be a full-length antibody comprising variable and constant regions, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, such as a single chain antibody, or a Fab or Fab′2 fragment. The antibody may also be conjugated or linked to a therapeutic agent, such as a cytotoxin or a radioactive isotope.

In the methods of treatment a second agent other than the agent that binds to modulates IFNα activity may be administered to the patient. Second agents include, but are not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac, diclofenac, piroxicam, ketoprofen, diflunisal, nabumetone, etodolac, and oxaprozin, indomethacin; anti-malarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine; corticosteroid hormones, such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone; methotrexate; immunosuppressive agents, such as azathioprine and cyclophosphamide; and biologic agents that, e.g., target T cells such as Alefacept and Efalizumab, or target TNFα, such as, Enbrel, Remicade, and Humira.

Treatment with the agent may result in neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile. Treatment with the agent may result in a decrease in one or more symptoms of the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder. Treatment with the agent may result in fewer flare-ups related to the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder. Treatment with the agent may result in improved prognosis for the patient having the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder. Treatment with the agent may result in a higher quality of life for the patient. Treatment with the agent may alleviate the need to co-administer second agents or may lessen the dosage of administration of the second agent to the patient. Treatment with the agent may reduce the number of hospitalizations of the patient that are related to the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may neutralize a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile. Neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile may be a reduction in at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least seven, at least eight, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty, at least twenty five, at least thirty, at least thirty five, at least forty, at least forty five, or at least fifty genes up-regulated by type I IFN or IFNα. The genes upregulated by type I IFN or IFNα may be any group of genes in Tables 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, or 30 as discussed above. Neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile is a reduction of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of any of the at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least seven, at least eight, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty, at least twenty five, at least thirty, at least thirty five, at least forty, at least forty five, or at least fifty genes up-regulated in any type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile. Alternatively, neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile refers to a reduction of expression of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα-inducible genes that is within at most 50%, at most 45%, at most 40%, at most 35%, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, at most 5%, at most 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, or at most 1% of expression levels of those type I IFN or IFNα-inducible genes in a control sample. If the agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may neutralize the type I IFN or IFNα profile at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

Neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile may be increased expression of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least seven, at least eight, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty, at least twenty five, at least thirty, at least thirty five, at least forty, at least forty five, or at least fifty genes whose expression is reduced by type I IFN or IFNα. The genes whose expression is reduced by type I IFN or IFNα may be any group of genes in Table 30. Neutralization of down-regulated genes in a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile is an increase of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 100%, or at least 125%, or at least 130%, or at least 140%, or at least 150%, or at least 175%, or at least 200%, or at least 250%, or at least 300%, or at least 500% of any of the at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least seven, at least eight, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty, or at least twenty five genes whose expression is downregulated in any type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile. Alternatively, neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible profile refers to an increase in expression of type I IFN or IFNα-inducible genes to within at most 50%, at most 45%, at most 40%, at most 35%, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, at most 5%, at most 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, or at most 1% of expression levels of those type I IFN or IFNα-inducible (downregulated) genes in a control sample. If the agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may neutralize the type I IFN or IFNα profile at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may further or alternatively neutralize expression of one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtypes. The IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes may include any more than one, more than two, more than three, more than four, more than five, more than six, more than seven, more than eight, more than nine, or more than ten IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes. These subtypes may include IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα6, IFNα7, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21, IFNβ, or IFNω. These subtypes may include all of IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα8, and IFNα14. Alternatively, these subtypes may include IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5, IFNα8, IFNα10, IFNα21. Neutralization of the IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes may be a reduction of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of any of the at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least seven, at least eight, or at least ten of the subtypes. Neutralization of the IFNα or type-I IFN subtypes may be a reduction in expression of IFNα or type-I IFN subtype genes that is within at most 50%, at most 45%, at most 40%, at most 35%, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, at most 5%, at most 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, or at most 1% of expression levels of those IFNα or type I IFN subtypes in a control sample. If the agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity or type I IFN activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may neutralize the IFNα or type I IFN subtypes at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may further or alternatively neutralize expression of IFNα receptors, either IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or both, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors (either IFNGR1, IFNGR2, or both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2). Neutralization of expression of IFNα receptors, either IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or both, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors (either IFNGR1, IFNGR2, or both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2) may be a reduction of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of any of the at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, or at least six of these genes. Neutralization of expression of IFNα receptors, either IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors (either IFNGR1, IFNGR2, or both IFNGR1 and IFNGR2) is a reduction of expression of at most 50%, at most 45%, at most 40%, at most 35%, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, at most 5%, at most 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, or at most 1% of expression levels of these genes in a control sample. If the agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may neutralize expression of IFNα receptors IFNAR1 or IFNAR2, or TNFα, or IFNγ, or IFNγ receptors IFNGR1 or IFNGR2 at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may further or alternatively neutralize alterations of levels of proteins in serum, e.g., increase levels of those proteins whose serum levels are downregulated or decrease levels of those proteins whose serum levels are upregulated to levels closer to those of control subjects. Neutralization of expression of proteins in serum, such as adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin may be by bringing the level of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty, or at least 25 of these proteins to within at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% levels of the protein in serum of a healthy subject. If the agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may neutralize levels of the serum proteins, e.g., adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin, at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may further or alternatively reduce number or level of auto-antibodies that bind to any one, any at least 2, any at least 3, any at least 4, any at least 5, any at least 6, any at least 7, any at least 8, any at least 9, any at least 10, any at least 15, or any at least 20 of the following auto-antigens: (a) Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78; (b) surfeit 5, transcript variant c; (c) proteasome (posome, macropain) activator subunit 3 (PA28 gamma; Ki) transc; (d) retinoic acid receptor, alpha; (e) Heat shock 10 kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10); (f) tropomyosin 3; (g) pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1; (h) cytoskeleton-associated protein 1; (i) Sjogren syndrome antigen A2 (60 kDa, ribonucleoprotein auto-antigen SS-A/Ro); (j) NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, alpha/beta subcomplex 1, 8 kDa; (k) NudE nuclear distribution gene E homolog 1 (A. nidulans); (1) MutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli); (m) leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 2; (n) tropomyosin 1 (alpha); (o) spastic paraplegia 20, spartin (Troyer syndrome); (p) preimplantation protein, transcript variant 1; (r) mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45; (s) Lin-28 homolog (C. elegans); (t) heat shock 90 kDa protein 1, alpha; (u) dom-3 homolog Z (C. elegans); (v) dynein, cytoplasmic, light intermediate polypeptide 2; (w) Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein); (x) synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2, transcript variant 2; (y) moesin; (z) homer homolog (Drosophila), transcript variant 1; (aa) GCN5 general control of amino-acid synthesis 5-like 2 (yeast); (bb) eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma; (cc) eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1, delta; (dd) DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3; (ee) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) gamma; and any other auto-antigen described in provisional application entitled “Auto-antibody markers of autoimmune disease” filed May 3, 2007; and any other auto-antigen described in provisional application entitled “Auto-antibody markers of autoimmune disease” filed Nov. 6, 2007 (for example, but not limited to, those described on Tables 2, 4, 5, and 9). Reduction in level of auto-antibody may be a reduction of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, or at least 90% in presence of any of the auto-antibodies. If the agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity is a biologic agent, such as an antibody, the agent may reduce number or level or auto-antibodies at doses of 0.3 to 30 mg/kg, 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, 0.3 to 3 mg/kg, 0.3 to 1 mg/kg, 1 to 30 mg/kg, 3 to 30 mg/kg, 5 to 30 mg/kg, 10 to 30 mg/kg, 1 to 10 mg/kg, 3 to 10 mg/kg, or 1 to 5 mg/kg.

The agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity may not neutralize expression of genes that are not included in an interferon-inducible signature or PD marker profile.

Samples may also be obtained from patients in the methods of the invention. Samples include any biological fluid or tissue, such as whole blood, saliva, urine, synovial fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal secretions, sputum, amniotic fluid, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, total white blood cells, lymph node cells, spleen cells, tonsil cells, or skin. The samples may be obtained by any means known in the art.

IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profiles may include up-regulated expression or activity of genes in cells exposed to elevated IFNα levels relative to baseline. Up-regulated expression or activity of genes includes an increase in expression of mRNA from a gene, an increase in expression of a protein encoded by a gene, or an increase in activity of a protein encoded by a gene. The expression or activity of the genes may be up-regulated as a direct or indirect response to IFNα.

The up-regulated expression or activity of any gene detected in a sample, by probes, or by probes in kits in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.25-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 2.0-fold, at least 2.25-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 2.75-fold, at least 3.0-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4.0-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5.0-fold, at least 6.0-fold, at least 7.0-fold, at least 8.0-fold, at least 9.0-fold, at least 10.0-fold, at least 15.0-fold, at least 20.0-fold, at least 25.0-fold, or at least 50.0-fold relative to baseline levels of control cells, e.g., cells of healthy volunteers or cells of control animals or cells not exposed to IFNα in culture. All of the genes in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may have up-regulated expression or activity at the same fold increase. Alternatively, the genes in the PD marker expression profile may have varying levels of up-regulated expression or activity.

The down-regulated expression or activity of any gene detected in a sample, by probes, or by probes in kits in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% relative to baseline levels of control cells, e.g., cells of healthy volunteers or cells of control animals or cells not exposed to IFNα in culture. All of the genes in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may have down-regulated expression or activity at the same fold decrease. Alternatively, the genes in the PD marker expression profile may have varying levels of down-regulated expression or activity.

The number of genes included in IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 25 at least 30, at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 750, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 5000, at least 10000, or at least 15000 genes. These genes may include those listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30 and/or 31 and/or any of the genes identified in FIG. 72, 74, 75, or 77. The genes included in IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be up-regulated genes, down-regulated genes, or a combination of up- and down-regulated genes.

The genes included in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may be the genes provided in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30 and/or 31 and/or any of the genes identified in FIG. 72, 74, 75, or 77. The genes included in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may consist of or comprise at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85% at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100% of the genes provided in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30 and/or 31 and/or any of the genes identified in FIG. 72, 74, 75, or 77.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include any at least 5 genes such as, for example: MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFI6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFI44L; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, ISG15; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, LAMP3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, OASL; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, RSAD2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFI44; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, OAS3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, USP18; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, HERC5; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, DNAPTP6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, LOC129607; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, EPSTI1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, BIRC4BP; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI44L; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, ISG15; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, LAMP3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, OASL; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, RSAD2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI44; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFIT2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, OAS3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, USP18; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, HERC5; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, DNAPTP6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, LOC129607; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, EPSTI1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, BIRC4BP; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LAMP3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OASL; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, RSAD2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFIT2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, USP18; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, HERC5; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, DNAPTP6; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LOC129607; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, EPSTI1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, BIRC4BP; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LAMP3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OASL; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, RSAD2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFIT2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OAS3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, USP18; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, HERC5; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, DNAPTP6; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LOC129607; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, EPSTI1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, BIRC4BP; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OASL; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, RSAD2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFI44; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFIT2 or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OAS3; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, USP18; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, SIGLEC1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, HERC5; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, DNAPTP6; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LOC129607; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, EPSTI1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, BIRC4BP; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, HERC5; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, DNAPTP6; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, LOC129607; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, EPSTI1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, BIRC4BP; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, SIGLEC1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, USP18; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFIT2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFI44; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, RSAD2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFI44; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFIT2; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, OAS3; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, USP18; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, SIGLEC1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, HERC5; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, DNAPTP6; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, LOC129607; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, EPSTI1;or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, BIRC4BP; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFIT2; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, OAS3; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, USP18; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, SIGLEC1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, HERC5; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, DNAPTP6; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, LOC129607; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, EPSTI1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, BIRC4BP; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, OAS3; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, USP18; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, SIGLEC1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, HERC5; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, DNAPTP6; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, LOC129607; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, EPSTI1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, BIRC4BP; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, USP18; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, SIGLEC1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, HERC5; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, DNAPTP6; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, LOC129607; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, EPSTI1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, BIRC4BP; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, SIGLEC1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, HERC5; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, DNAPTP6; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, LOC129607; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, EPSTI1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, BIRC4BP; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, HERC5; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, DNAPTP6; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, LOC129607; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, EPSTI1; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, BIRC4BP; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, LOC129607; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, BIRC4BP; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, LOC129607; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, EPSTI1; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, BIRC4BP; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, EPSTI1; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, BIRC4BP; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, BIRC4BP; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at, gene detected by probe 235276_at. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include any at least 6 genes such as, for example: MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI44L; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, ISG15; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, LAMP3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, OASL; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, RSAD2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI44; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFIT2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, OAS3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, USP18; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, HERC5; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, DNAPTP6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, LOC129607; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, EPSTI1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, BIRC4BP; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, ISG15; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LAMP3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OASL; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, RSAD2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFIT2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, USP18; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, HERC5; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, DNAPTP6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LOC129607; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, EPSTI1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, BIRC4BP; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LAMP3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OASL; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, RSAD2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFIT2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OAS3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, USP18; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, HERC5; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, DNAPTP6; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LOC129607; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, EPSTI1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, BIRC4BP; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OASL; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, RSAD2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFI44; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFIT2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OAS3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, USP18; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, HERC5; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, DNAPTP6; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LOC129607; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, EPSTI1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, BIRC4BP; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, RSAD2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFI44; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFIT2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, USP18; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, SIGLEC1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, HERC5; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, DNAPTP6; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, LOC129607; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, EPSTI1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, BIRC4BP; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFI44; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFIT2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, OAS3; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, USP18; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, SIGLEC1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, HERC5; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, DNAPTP6; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, LOC129607; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, EPSTI1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, BIRC4BP; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFIT2; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, OAS3; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, USP18; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, SIGLEC1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, HERC5; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, DNAPTP6; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, LOC129607; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, EPSTI1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, BIRC4BP; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, OAS3; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, USP18; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, SIGLEC1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, HERC5; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, DNAPTP6; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, LOC129607; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, EPSTI1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, BIRC4BP; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, USP18; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, SIGLEC1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, HERC5; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, DNAPTP6; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, LOC129607; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, EPSTI1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, BIRC4BP; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, SIGLEC1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, HERC5; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, DNAPTP6; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, LOC129607; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, EPSTI1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, BIRC4BP; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, HERC5; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, DNAPTP6; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, LOC129607; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, EPSTI1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, BIRC4BP; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, LOC129607; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, BIRC4BP; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, LOC129607; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, EPSTI1; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, BIRC4BP; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, EPSTI1; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, BIRC4BP; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, BIRC4BP; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at, gene detected by probe 235276_at. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include any at least 7 genes such as, for example: MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, ISG15; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LAMP3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OASL; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, RSAD2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFIT2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, USP18; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, HERC5; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, DNAPTP6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, LOC129607; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, EPSTI1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, BIRC4BP; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LAMP3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OASL; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, RSAD2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFIT2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OAS3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, USP18; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, HERC5; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, DNAPTP6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LOC129607; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, EPSTI1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, BIRC4BP; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OASL; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, RSAD2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFI44; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFIT2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OAS3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, USP18; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, HERC5; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, DNAPTP6; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LOC129607; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, EPSTI1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, BIRC4BP; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, RSAD2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFI44; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFIT2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, USP18; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, HERC5; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, DNAPTP6; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, LOC129607; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, EPSTI1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, BIRC4BP; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFI44; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFIT2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, OAS3; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, USP18; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, SIGLEC1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, HERC5; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, DNAPTP6; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, LOC129607; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, EPSTI1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, BIRC4BP; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFIT2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, OAS3; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, USP18; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, SIGLEC1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, HERC5; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, DNAPTP6; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, LOC129607; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, EPSTI1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, BIRC4BP; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, OAS3; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, USP18; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, SIGLEC1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, HERC5; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, DNAPTP6; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, LOC129607; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, EPSTI1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, BIRC4BP; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, USP18; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, SIGLEC1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, HERC5; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, DNAPTP6; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, LOC129607; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, EPSTI1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, BIRC4BP; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, SIGLEC1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, HERC5; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, DNAPTP6; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, LOC129607; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, EPSTI1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, BIRC4BP; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, HERC5; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, DNAPTP6; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, LOC129607; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, EPSTI1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, BIRC4BP; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, LOC129607; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, BIRC4BP; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, LOC129607; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, EPSTI1; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, BIRC4BP; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, EPSTI1; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, BIRC4BP; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, BIRC4BP; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at, gene detected by probe 235276_at. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include any at least 8 genes such as, for example: MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LAMP3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OASL; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, RSAD2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, IFIT2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, OAS3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, USP18; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, HERC5; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, DNAPTP6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, LOC129607; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, EPSTI1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, BIRC4BP; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OASL; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, RSAD2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFI44; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, IFIT2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, OAS3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, USP18; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, HERC5; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, DNAPTP6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LOC129607; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, EPSTI1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, BIRC4BP; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, RSAD2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFI44; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, IFIT2; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, USP18; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, HERC5; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, DNAPTP6; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, LOC129607; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, EPSTI1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, BIRC4BP; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFI44; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, IFIT2; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, OAS3; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, USP18; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, HERC5; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, DNAPTP6; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, LOC129607; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, EPSTI1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, BIRC4BP; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFIT2; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, OAS3; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, USP18; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, SIGLEC1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, HERC5; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, DNAPTP6; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, LOC129607; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, EPSTI1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, BIRC4BP; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, OAS3; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, USP18; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, SIGLEC1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, HERC5; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, DNAPTP6; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, LOC129607; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, EPSTI1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, BIRC4BP; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, USP18; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, SIGLEC1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, HERC5; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, DNAPTP6; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, LOC129607; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, EPSTI1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, BIRC4BP; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, SIGLEC1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, HERC5; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, DNAPTP6; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, LOC129607; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, EPSTI1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, BIRC4BP; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, HERC5; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, DNAPTP6; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, LOC129607; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, EPSTI1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, BIRC4BP; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, LOC129607; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, BIRC4BP; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, LOC129607; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, EPSTI1; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, BIRC4BP; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, EPSTI1; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, BIRC4BP; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, BIRC4BP; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at, gene detected by probe 235276_at. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include any at least 12 genes such as, for example: MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFIT2; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, OAS3; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, USP18; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, SIGLEC1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, HERC5; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, DNAPTP6; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, LOC129607; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, EPSTI1; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, BIRC4BP; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or MX1, LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, OAS3; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, USP18; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, SIGLEC1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, HERC5; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, DNAPTP6; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, LOC129607; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, EPSTI1; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, BIRC4BP; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LLY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, USP18; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, SIGLEC1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, HERC5; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, DNAPTP6; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, LOC129607; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, EPSTI1; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, BIRC4BP; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, SIGLEC1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, HERC5; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, DNAPTP6; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, LOC129607; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, EPSTI1; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, BIRC4BP; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, HERC5; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, DNAPTP6; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, LOC129607; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, EPSTI1; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, BIRC4BP; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, LOC129607; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, BIRC4BP; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, LOC129607; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, EPSTI1; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, BIRC4BP; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, EPSTI1; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, BIRC4BP; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, BIRC4BP; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or OASL, RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, gene detected by probe 235276_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or RSAD2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at; or IFI44, IFIT2, OAS3, USP18, SIGLEC1, HERC5, DNAPTP6, LOC129607, EPSTI1, BIRC4BP, gene detected by probe 229450_at gene detected by probe 235276_at. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28, and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, EPSTI1, and RSAD2. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes BCL2, BAK1, BAD, BAX, and BCL2L1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, HERC5, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, LY6E, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, and IFIT1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI27, IL-121R beta2, IL-15R alpha, IL-15, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), janus kinase 2, CXCL11 (T-TAC), TNFSF13B (BAFF), TRAF-type domain 1 (TRAFD1), SERPING1, CD274 (PD1-L), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (INDO), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and caspase 5. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes complement factor B, insulin-like growth factor (IGF2BP3), cyclin A1, neuropilin 2, complement 1qB, complement 1qC, CD80, CD47, MMP14, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR adaptor molecule 2 (TICAM2), macrophage scavenger receptor-1 (MSR1), desmoplakin, PDGR receptor, CCL13 (MCP-4), CXCL13 (BCA-1), CCL19 (CCR7), IL-1 family 5, purinergic receptor P2×7, IRS1, caspase 3, and cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 (CDKL1). The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, or vWF. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.

An IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes whose expression or activity is down-regulated in cells exposed to non-baseline IFNα levels. The genes whose expression or activity is down-regulated may be any of the genes that are identified in Table 31. The genes may include any one or more of SLC4A1, PRSS33, FCER1A, BACH2, KLRB1, D4S234E, T cell receptor alpha locus/T cell receptor delta locus, FEZ1, AFF3, CD160, ABCB1, PTCH1, OR2W3, IGHD, NOG, NR3C2, TNS1, PDZK1IP1, SH2D1B, STRBP, ZMYND11, TMOD1, FCRLA, DKFZp761P0423, EPB42, NR6A1, LOC341333, MS4A1, IGHM, SIGLECP3, KIR2DS2, PKIA, BLR1, C5orf4, MYLK, LOC283663, MAD1L1, CXCL5, D4S234E, FCRLA, KRT1, c16orf74, ABCB4, or GPRASP1. Any number of these genes may serve as PD markers in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. For example, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12 at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, or at least 50 down-regulated genes may be included in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28.

The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may include gene FEZ1, or may include genes FEZ1 and NOG, or may include gene NOG, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, and SLC4A1, or may include gene SLC4A1, or may include genes NOG and SLC4A1, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, SLC4A1, and D4S234E, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, SLC4A1, D4S234E, and PRSS33. The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30, and/or 31.

Down-regulated genes may have down-regulated expression or activity of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% that of control cells, e.g., cells of healthy volunteers or cells of control animals or cells not exposed to IFNα in culture.

Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by any means known in the art. For example, up- or down-regulation of gene expression may be detected by determining mRNA levels. mRNA expression may be determined by northern blotting, slot blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or gene chip hybridization techniques. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,744,305 and 5,143,854 for examples of making nucleic acid arrays for gene chip hybridization techniques.

Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting protein levels. The up- or down-regulated gene whose protein levels are detected may be any one, any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any twelve, any fifteen, any twenty, any twenty five, any thirty, any thirty five, or more of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin. Methods for detecting protein expression levels include immuno-based assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays, western blotting, protein arrays, and silver staining.

An IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may comprise a profile of protein activity. Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting activity of proteins including, but not limited to, detectable phosphorylation activity, de-phosphorylation activity, or cleavage activity. Furthermore, up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting any combination of these gene expression levels or activities.

A candidate therapeutic for treating IFNα-mediated disorders may be identified by the methods encompassed by the invention. Candidate therapeutics may be any type of molecule including a small molecule or a biological agent. A candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may immediately be identified as useful as a therapeutic for a disease, disorder, or condition. Alternatively, a candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may need to be further tested and/or modified before selection for treating patients. Alternatively, a candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may, after further testing, be de-selected as a molecule for treating patients.

In methods that identify candidate therapeutics, cells comprising an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile are contacted with an agent. The cells may be any type of cells, such as commercially available immortalized cell lines that comprise an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, commercially available immortalized cell lines that have been treated with IFNα to induce an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, cells isolated from a patient having an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, or cells isolated from a healthy patient and treated with IFNα to induce an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Presence or absence of a change in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the cells is detected following contacting the cells with the agent. Presence of change may be any change in IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile including at least a 10% decrease in up-regulated expression or activity of at least 1 gene in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, at least a 20% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 30% decrease of the at least up-regulated 1 gene, at least a 40% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 50% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 60% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 70% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 75% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least an 80% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least an 85% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 90% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 95% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 96% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 97% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 98% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 99% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, or a 100% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene. Alternatively, or in addition, presence of change may be any change in IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile including at least a 10% increase in expression or activity of at least 1 down-regulated gene in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, at least a 20% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 30% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 40% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 50% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 60% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 70% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 75% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least an 80% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least an 85% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 90% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 95% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 96% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 97% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 98% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, at least a 99% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene, or a 100% increase of the at least 1 down-regulated gene.

In methods of monitoring disease progression of a patient samples from the patient may be obtained before and after administration of an agent, e.g., an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity, or an agent that binds to and does not modulate type I IFN or IFNα activity, or a combination of agents that may or may not include an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity. Type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker expression profiles are obtained in the (before and after agent administration) samples. The type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker expression profiles in the samples are compared. Comparison may be of the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers present in the samples or may be of the quantity of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers present in the samples, or any combination thereof. Variance indicating efficacy of the therapeutic agent may be indicated if the number or level (or any combination thereof) of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers decreases in the sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent relative to the sample obtained before administration of the therapeutic agent. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may decrease by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. The level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may decrease by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Any combination of decreased number and decreased level of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may indicate efficacy. Variance indicating efficacy of the therapeutic agent may be indicated if the number or level (or any combination thereof) of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers decreases in the sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent relative to the sample obtained before administration of the therapeutic agent. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may decrease by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. The level of any given down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may increase by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with increased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Any combination of decreased number and increased level of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may indicate efficacy.

The sample obtained from the patient may be obtained prior to a first administration of the agent, i.e., the patient is naïve to the agent. Alternatively, the sample obtained from the patient may occur after administration of the agent in the course of treatment. For example, the agent may have been administered prior to the initiation of the monitoring protocol. Following administration of the agent an additional samples may be obtained from the patient and type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers in the samples are compared. The samples may be of the same or different type, e.g., each sample obtained may be a blood sample, or each sample obtained may be a serum sample. The type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers detected in each sample may be the same, may overlap substantially, or may be similar.

The samples may be obtained at any time before and after the administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 14 days after administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 weeks after administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 months following administration of the therapeutic agent.

Additional samples may be obtained from the patient following administration of the therapeutic agent. At least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25 samples may be obtained from the patient to monitor progression or regression of the disease or disorder over time. Disease progression may be monitored over a time period of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 4 years, at least 5 years, at least 10 years, or over the lifetime of the patient. Additional samples may be obtained from the patient at regular intervals such as at monthly, bi-monthly, once a quarter year, twice a year, or yearly intervals. The samples may be obtained from the patient following administration of the agent at regular intervals. For instance, the samples may be obtained from the patient at one week following each administration of the agent, or at two weeks following each administration of the agent, or at three weeks following each administration of the agent, or at one month following each administration of the agent, or at two months following each administration of the agent. Alternatively, multiple samples may be obtained from the patient following an or each administration of the agent.

Disease progression in a patient may similarly be monitored in the absence of administration of an agent. Samples may periodically be obtained from the patient having the disease or disorder. Disease progression may be identified if the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers increases in a later-obtained sample relative to an earlier obtained sample. The number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may increase by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. Disease progression may be identified if level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker increases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. Disease progression may be identified if level of any given down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker decreases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with increased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Any combination of increased number and increased level of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may indicate disease progression. Alternatively, or in combination, any combination of decreased number and decreased level of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may indicate disease progression. Disease regression may also be identified in a patient having a disease or disorder, not treated by an agent. In this instance, regression may be identified if the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers decreases in a later-obtained sample relative to an earlier obtained sample. The number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may decrease by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. Disease regression may be identified if level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker decreases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. Disease regression may be identified if level of any given down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker increases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with increased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Disease progression or disease regression may be monitored by obtaining samples over any period of time and at any interval. Disease progression or disease regression may be monitored by obtaining samples over the course of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 4 years, at least years, at least 10 years, or over the lifetime of the patient. Disease progression or disease regression may be monitored by obtaining samples at least monthly, bi-monthly, once a quarter year, twice a year, or yearly. The samples need not be obtained at strict intervals.

The invention also encompasses kits and probes. The probes may be any molecule that detects any expression or activity of any gene that may be included in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

The invention also encompasses methods of detecting IFN activity. These methods may employ cells comprising a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element. The cells comprising the polynucleotide sequence may be any cells amenable to transfection or transformation with a polynucleotide sequence and that can be maintained in culture. These cells include animal cells, bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, or plant cells. These cells may be adherent or may grow in suspension. If the cells are animal cells, they may be from a known cell line such as HeLa, COS, NIH3T3, AGS, 293, CHO, Huh-7, HUVEC, MCF-7, C6, BHK-21, BNL CL 2, C2C12, HepG2, and ATDC5. Countless other cell lines are known and can be obtained by those of skill in the art. The cells may alternatively be primary cells that have or have not been immortalized.

The cells may comprise a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element. The polynucleotide sequence may be stably integrated in the DNA of the cell or may be an extrachromosomal element that is stably or transiently in the cell. The polynucleotide may have been introduced to the cell as a naked polynucleotide molecule, a polynucleotide molecule complexed with lipids or other molecules, or a polynucleotide in a virus particle.

If the polynucleotide was introduced as a naked polynucleotide molecule, the polynucleotide may have been a linear or a circular molecule. Non-limiting examples of circular polynucleotide molecules include plasmids, and artificial chromosomes. These vectors may be cleaved with enzymes, for example, to generate linear polynucleotide molecules.

Furthermore, if the polynucleotide was introduced as a naked polynucleotide it may have been introduced into the cells by any of many well known techniques in the art. These techniques include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microinjection, and biolistic particle delivery. See, also, e.g., Loeffler and Behr, 1993, Meth. Enzymol. 217:599-618; Cohen et al., 1993, Meth. Enzymol. 217:618-644; Clin. Pharma. Ther. 29:69-92 (1985), Sambrook, et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989 and Ausubel et al., ed. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y. (1987-2001).

If the polynucleotide was introduced as a complex with lipids or liposomes, it too may have been introduced by one of many known techniques to the skilled artisan. Lipids or liposomes comprise a mixture of fat particles or lipids which bind to DNA or RNA to provide a hydrophobic coated delivery vehicle. Suitable liposomes may comprise any of the conventional synthetic or natural phospholipid liposome materials including phospholipids from natural sources such as egg, plant or animal sources such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol. Synthetic phospholipids also may be used, e.g., dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidycholine and corresponding synthetic phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylglycerols. Lipids or liposomes that may be conjugated with the vector are also commercially available to the skilled artisan. Examples of commercially available lipid or liposome transfection reagents known to those of skill in the art include LIPOFECTAMINE™ (Invitrogen), GENEJUICE® (Novagen), GENEJAMMER® (Stratagene), FUGENE® HD (Roche), MEGAFECTIN™ (Qbiogene), SUPERFECT® (Qiagen), and EFFECTENE® (Qiagen).

If the polynucleotide was introduced as a complex with other molecules it may have been compacted or in a nanosphere. Compacted polynucleotide complexes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,901, 6,008,336, and 6,077,835. Nanospheres are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,718,905 and 6,207,195. These compacted polynucleotide complexes and nanospheres that complex nucleic acids utilize polymeric cations. Typical polymeric cations include gelatin, poly-L-lysine, and chitosan. Alternatively, the polynucleotide may have been complexed with DEAE-dextran, or transfected using techniques such as calcium phosphate coprecipitation, or calcium chloride coprecipitation.

If the polynucleotide was introduced associated with a virus, the virus may have been any well known suitable virus for polynucleotide delivery. Example viruses that may be used as vectors include adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, retrovirus, herpes virus (e.g. herpes simplex virus), vaccina virus, papovirus, Sendai virus, SV40 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.

The polynucleotide sequence may include a reporter gene and an interferon-stimulated response element. The reporter gene may be any one of luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, β-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, β-glucuronidase, or secreted placental alkaline phosphatase. Variations of many of these reporter genes, e.g., green fluorescent protein and luceriferase, are known and can be readily identified and/or produced by those of skill in the art. Other reporter genes in addition to those listed will also be known to those of skill in the art and are readily available. Interferon-stimulated response elements are also known to those of skill in the art. They may be obtained from commercial vendors such as Stratagene, Clonetech, and Biomyx. They have also been reported in, for instance, Alcantara et al. (Nuc. Acid. Res. 30 (2002):2068-2075 and Kirchhoff et al. (Oncogene 18 (1999):3725-3736).

The cells employed in the assay may be incubated with a sample. The sample may be obtained from a patient, from a vendor with patient samples, or a control sample used for calibration or as a control. If the sample is obtained from a patient it may be any biological fluid or tissue, such as whole blood, saliva, urine, synovial fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal secretions, sputum, amniotic fluid, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, total white blood cells, lymph node cells, spleen cells, tonsil cells, or skin.

Expression of the reporter gene is detected by any well known means in the art. The expression, even if “0” indicates IFN activity in the sample. One of skill in the art may further quantitate any level of expression of the reporter gene which may then correlate to level of IFN activity in the sample.

Applicants provide a set of non-limiting embodiments to describe some of the aspects of the invention.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment 1

A method of treating a patient having a type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder comprising:

administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity;

• • wherein the patient comprises a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile;
  • and wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 2

The method of 1 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 3

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 4

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.

Embodiment 5

The method of embodiment 4 wherein the agent is an antibody.

Embodiment 6

The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.

Embodiment 7

The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.

Embodiment 8

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Embodiment 9

The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.

Embodiment 10

The method of embodiment 9 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.

Embodiment 11

The method of embodiment 10 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.

Embodiment 12

The method of any one of embodiments 9-11 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 10%.

Embodiment 13

The method of embodiment 12 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 20%.

Embodiment 14

The method of embodiment 13 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 30%.

Embodiment 15

The method of embodiment 14 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 40%.

Embodiment 16

The method of embodiment 15 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 50%.

Embodiment 17

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is one of lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis.

Embodiment 18

The method of embodiment 17 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is lupus.

Embodiment 19

The method of embodiment 17 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is psoriasis.

Embodiment 20

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.

Embodiment 21

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises transcripts of PD marker genes.

Embodiment 22

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises polypeptides expressed from PD marker genes.

Embodiment 23

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1

Embodiment 24

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2

Embodiment 25

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.

Embodiment 26

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 27

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 28

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 29

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 30

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 31

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 32

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 33

The method of embodiment 32 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.

Embodiment 34

The method of embodiment 33 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes OAS2 and OAS1.

Embodiment 35

The method of any one of embodiments 3 or 23-33 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 36

The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 37

The method of embodiment 22 wherein the polypeptides are detected at increased levels in serum.

Embodiment 38

The method of embodiment 37 wherein polypeptides include cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.

Embodiment 39

The method of embodiment 22 wherein the polypeptides are detected at decreased levels in serum.

Embodiment 40

The method of embodiment 39 wherein the polypeptides include EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand.

Embodiment 41

A method of treating an autoimmune disease patient comprising a moderate or strong type I IFN or an IFNα PD marker profile comprising:

administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity;

• • wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 42

The method of 41 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 43

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 44

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1

Embodiment 45

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2

Embodiment 46

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1.

Embodiment 47

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 48

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 49

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 50

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 51

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 52

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 53

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, and IFI27.

Embodiment 54

The method of embodiment 53 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.

Embodiment 55

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.

Embodiment 56

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.

Embodiment 57

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the agent is an antibody.

Embodiment 58

The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.

Embodiment 59

The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.

Embodiment 60

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Embodiment 61

The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.

Embodiment 62

The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.

Embodiment 63

The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.

Embodiment 64

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 10%.

Embodiment 65

The method of embodiment 64 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 20%.

Embodiment 66

The method of embodiment 65 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 30%.

Embodiment 67

The method of embodiment 66 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 40%.

Embodiment 68

The method of embodiment 67 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 50%.

Embodiment 69

The method of embodiment 41 wherein the autoimmune disease patient is a lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis patient.

Embodiment 70

The method of embodiment 69 wherein the patient is a lupus patient.

Embodiment 71

The method of embodiment 69 wherein the patient is a psoriasis patient.

Embodiment 72

A method of neutralizing a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a patient in need thereof, comprising:

administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity to the patient;

• • wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 73

The method of 72 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.

Embodiment 74

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 75

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.

Embodiment 76

The method of embodiment 75 wherein the agent is an antibody.

Embodiment 77

The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.

Embodiment 78

The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.

Embodiment 79

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Embodiment 80

The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.

Embodiment 81

The method of embodiment 80 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.

Embodiment 82

The method of embodiment 81 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.

Embodiment 83

The method of any one of embodiments 80-82 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 10%.

Embodiment 84

The method of embodiment 83 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 20%.

Embodiment 85

The method of embodiment 84 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 30%.

Embodiment 86

The method of embodiment 85 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 40%.

Embodiment 87

The method of embodiment 86 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 50%.

Embodiment 88

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the patient is a lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis patient.

Embodiment 89

The method of embodiment 88 wherein the patient is a lupus patient.

Embodiment 90

The method of embodiment 88 wherein the patient is a psoriasis patient.

Embodiment 91

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.

Embodiment 92

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises transcripts of PD marker genes.

Embodiment 93

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises polypeptides expressed from PD marker genes.

Embodiment 94

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1.

Embodiment 95

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.

Embodiment 96

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.

Embodiment 97

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 98

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 99

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 100

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 101

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 102

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 103

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 104

The method of embodiment 103 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.

Embodiment 105

The method of any one of embodiments 74 or 94-104 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 106

The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 107

The method of embodiment 93 wherein the polypeptides are detected at increased levels in serum.

Embodiment 108

The method of embodiment 107 wherein polypeptides include cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.

Embodiment 109

The method of embodiment 93 wherein the polypeptides are detected at decreased levels in serum.

Embodiment 110

The method of embodiment 109 wherein the polypeptides include EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand.

Embodiment 111

A method of monitoring or prognosing autoimmune disease progression of a patient comprising:

obtaining a first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a first sample from a patient.

Embodiment 112

The method of embodiment 111 wherein the first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is a strong profile and the patient prognosis is disease progression.

Embodiment 113

The method of embodiment 112 wherein the autoimmune disease is SLE and the progression is an SLE flare.

Embodiment 114

The method of embodiment 111 wherein the first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is a weak profile and the patient prognosis is disease regression.

Embodiment 115

The method of embodiment 111 further comprising:

obtaining a second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a second sample from a patient;

wherein an increase in number or level of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers in the second relative to the first expression profile prognoses disease progression; or

wherein a decrease in number or level of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers in the second relative to the first expression profile prognoses disease regression.

Embodiment 116

A method of monitoring disease progression of a patient receiving treatment with a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity comprising:

obtaining a first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a first sample from the patient;

administering a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity;

obtaining a second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a second sample from the patient; and

comparing the first and the second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profiles,

• • wherein a variance in the first and the second IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profiles indicates a level of efficacy of the therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity.

Embodiment 117

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44

Embodiment 118

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1.

Embodiment 119

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.

Embodiment 120

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.

Embodiment 121

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 122

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 123

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 124

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 125

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 126

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 127

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 128

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the variance is a decrease in up-regulated expression of activity levels of the genes.

Embodiment 129

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the disease is lupus, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, and psoriasis.

Embodiment 130

The method of embodiment 131 wherein the disease is lupus.

Embodiment 131

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the therapeutic agent is a small molecule or a biologic agent.

Embodiment 132

The method of embodiment 131 wherein the biologic agent is an antibody.

Embodiment 133

The method of embodiment 132 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.

Embodiment 134

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is obtained prior to administration of the therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 135

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is obtained at the time of administration of the therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 136

The method of embodiment 116 wherein the first and the second sample are whole blood or serum.

Embodiment 137

The method of embodiment 116 further comprising obtaining a third IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a third sample from the patient.

Embodiment 138

The method of 137 further comprising obtaining a fourth IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a fourth sample from the patient.

Embodiment 139

The method of 138 further comprising obtaining a fifth IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a fifth sample from the patient.

Embodiment 140

The method of 139 further comprising obtaining a sixth IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a sixth sample from the patient.

Embodiment 141

The method of 116 wherein the second sample is obtained at least one week, at least 2 weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month or at least two months following administration of the therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 142

The method of 137 wherein the third sample is obtained at least 2 days, at least 5 days, at least one week, at least 2 weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month or at least two months following obtaining the second sample.

Embodiment 143

The method of 138 wherein the fourth sample is obtained at least 2 days, at least 5 days, at least one week, at least 2 weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month or at least two months following obtaining the third sample.

Embodiment 144

The method of 139 wherein the fifth sample is obtained at least 2 days, at least 5 days, at least one week, at least 2 weeks, at least three weeks, at least one month or at least two months following obtaining the fourth sample.

Embodiment 145

The method of embodiment 116 wherein variance is a decrease in up-regulated expression or activity of the gene.

Embodiment 146

The method of embodiment 145 wherein the decrease is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.

Embodiment 147

A method of identifying a patient as a candidate for a therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity comprising:

detecting presence or absence of an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a sample from the patient,

• • wherein detecting presence of the IFNα-induced PD marker expression profile identifies the patient as a candidate for the therapeutic agent that binds to and modulates IFNα activity.

Embodiment 148

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 149

The method of embodiment 147 wherein type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1.

Embodiment 150

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.

Embodiment 151

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.

Embodiment 152

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 153

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 154

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 155

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 156

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 157

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 158

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 159

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the patient has been diagnosed as having a disorder selected from the group consisting of lupus, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, and psoriasis.

Embodiment 160

The method of embodiment 159 wherein the disorder is lupus.

Embodiment 161

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the therapeutic agent is a small molecule or a biologic agent.

Embodiment 162

The method of embodiment 161 wherein the biologic agent is an antibody.

Embodiment 163

The method of embodiment 162 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.

Embodiment 164

The method of any one of embodiments 148-158 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises at least a 2-fold increase in expression of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 165

The method of any one of embodiments 148-158 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises at least a 3-fold increase in expression of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 166

The method of any one of embodiments 148-158 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in mRNA levels of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 167

The method of any one of embodiments 148-158 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in protein levels of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 168

The method of any one of embodiments 148-158 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in enzymatic activity of a protein expressed from one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 169

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the sample is whole blood.

Embodiment 170

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 171

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises increased serum levels of polypeptides cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.

Embodiment 172

The method of embodiment 147 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises decreased serum levels of polypeptides EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand.

Embodiment 173

A method of diagnosing a patient as a having a disorder associated with increased IFNα levels comprising:

detecting presence or absence of an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a sample from the patient,

• • wherein detecting presence of the IFNα-induced PD marker expression profile identifies the patient as having a disorder associated with increased IFNα levels.

Embodiment 174

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 175

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1.

Embodiment 176

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.

Embodiment 177

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1.

Embodiment 178

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 179

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 180

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 181

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 182

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 183

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 184

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 185

The method of embodiment 173 wherein the disorder is lupus, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, or psoriasis.

Embodiment 186

The method of embodiment 185 wherein the disorder is lupus.

Embodiment 187

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises at least a 2-fold increase in expression or activity of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 188

The method of embodiment 187 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises at least a 3-fold increase in expression or activity of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 189

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in mRNA levels of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 190

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in protein levels of one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 191

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the up-regulated expression or activity comprises an increase in enzymatic activity of a protein expressed from one or more of the genes.

Embodiment 192

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOGSLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 193

The method any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises increased serum levels of polypeptides cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.

Embodiment 194

The method of any one of embodiments 174-184 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises decreased serum levels of polypeptides EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand.

Embodiment 195

A method of identifying a candidate therapeutic for treating IFNα-mediated disorders comprising:

contacting cells comprising an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile with an agent; and

detecting presence or absence of a change in the IFNα-induced PD marker expression profile of the cells,

• • wherein the presence of a change comprising a reduction in the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile indicates the agent is a candidate therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 196

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.

Embodiment 197

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, and OAS1.

Embodiment 198

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.

Embodiment 199

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1.

Embodiment 200

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.

Embodiment 201

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.

Embodiment 202

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 203

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 204

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.

Embodiment 205

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.

Embodiment 206

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.

Embodiment 207

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the cells obtained from a patient comprising a disorder associated with increased IFNα levels.

Embodiment 208

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the cells are cells treated with IFNα to induce the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Embodiment 209

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is at least a 2-fold increase in expression of one or more of the genes of the profile.

Embodiment 210

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile is at least a 3-fold increase in expression of one or more of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Embodiment 211

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises an increase in mRNA levels of one or more of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Embodiment 212

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises an increase in protein levels of one or more of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Embodiment 213

The method of embodiment 195 wherein the up-regulation of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises an increase in enzymatic activity of a protein expressed from one or more of the genes of the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.

Embodiment 214

The method of any one of embodiments 196-206 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOGSLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1; and

wherein the presence of a change comprising an increase in expression or activity of the down-regulated genes indicates the agent is a candidate therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 215

The method of any one of embodiments 196-206 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises increased serum levels of polypeptides cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3; and

wherein the presence of a change comprising a decrease in serum levels of the polypeptide indicates the agent is a candidate therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 216

The method of any one of embodiments 196-206 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises decreased serum levels of polypeptides EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand

wherein the presence of a change comprising an increase in serum levels of the polypeptide indicates the agent is a candidate therapeutic agent.

Embodiment 217

A set of probes comprising:

polynucleotides that specifically detect expression of any one of the sets of genes:

• • (a) MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1, IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44; or
  • (b) IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1; or
  • (c) IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2; or
  • (d) SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1; or
  • (e) RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15; or
  • (f) LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27; or
  • (g) DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18; or
  • (h) SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1; or
  • (i) SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1; or
  • (j) IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18; or
  • (k) IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27; or
  • (l) NOGSLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.

Embodiment 218

A kit comprising any of the set of probes recited in embodiment 217.

Embodiment 219

A method of detecting IFN activity in a sample comprising:

incubating cells comprising a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element with a sample; and

detecting expression of the reporter gene,

• • wherein expression of the reporter gene indicates IFN activity in the sample.

Embodiment 220

The method of embodiment 219 wherein cells are HEK293H cells.

Embodiment 221

The method of embodiment 219 wherein the reporter gene is luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, 3-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, β-glucuronidase, or secreted placental alkaline phosphatase.

Embodiment 222

The method of embodiment 221 wherein the reporter gene is luciferase.

Embodiment 223

The method of embodiment 222 wherein the luciferase is Gaussia princeps luciferase.

Embodiment 224

The method of embodiment 219 further comprising quantitating level of expression of the reporter gene.

Embodiment 225

The method of embodiment 224 further comprising correlating the level of expression of the reporter gene to level of IFN activity in the sample.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference into the specification to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/873,008 filed Dec. 6, 2006, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/907,762 filed Apr. 16, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/924,219 filed May 3, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/924,584 filed May 21, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/960,187 filed Sep. 19, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/996,176 filed Nov. 5, 2007, herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. This application also claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/924,220 filed May 3, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application entitled “Auto-Antibody Markers of Autoimmune Disease” filed Nov. 6, 2007 (Attorney docket no. IA201P2), and U.S. Provisional Application entitled “Auto-Antibody Markers of Autoimmune Disease” filed Dec. 6, 2007 (Attorney docket no. IA201P3), herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. This application further claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/907,767 filed Apr. 16, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/996,174 filed Nov. 5, 2007, and PCT application entitled “Methods of Treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, filed Dec. 6, 2007 (Attorney docket no. IA210PCT), herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.

The set of examples that follow are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1a

Initial Identification of Up-Regulated Genes in Lupus Patients

Gene expression in whole blood of 5 (2 cutaneous and 3 severe) lupus patients and 5 healthy volunteers was profiled using Affymetrix whole genome array technology and qPCR validation. Gene expression fold-change values were determined by calculating the log₂ signal intensity difference between individual lupus patient samples and the mean log₂ signal intensity for the 5 healthy donor samples. 118 genes were identified as up-regulated by at least 2-fold in whole blood of all 5 lupus patients relative to the healthy volunteers.

Table 1 provides a summary for 71 of the 118 annotated genes identified as up-regulated by at least 2-fold in all 5 lupus patients. Table 2 provides the fold-up-regulation in gene expression for a subset of the 118 genes for each of the five lupus patients relative to the healthy volunteers. Table 2 also provides a comparison between fold-change values determined on two unique platforms (Affy GENECHIP microarray and TAQMAN (i.e. qPCR)).

TABLE 1
Genes Identified as Up-Regulated_at Least 2-Fold in Whole Blood of Lupus Patients
(Table 1 discloses “DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1)
	UniGene		Gene			Gene
Probe_ID	I	Gene Title	Sym	Gene Ontology Bi	Gene Ont	Ont	Pathway
223674_s_	Hs.22065	CDC42 small effector 1	CDC42SE	7165 // signal tran	5886 // pla	5095 // GT	—
204415_at	Hs.523847	interferon, alpha-inducible	G1P3	6955 // immune re	16021 // in	—	—
228220_at	Hs.165762	FCH domain only 2	FCHO2	—	—	—	—
226312_at	Hs.407926	TORC2-specific protein A	AVO3	—	—	5488 // bin	—
215245_x_	Hs.103183	fragile X merifal retardatio	FMP1	8397 // mRNA pro	5625 // sol	3273 // RN	—
202194_at	Hs.482873	transmembrane emp24 p	TMED5	6886 // intraceTU	5783 // en	8320 // pro	—
226641_at	Hs.432706	Ankyrin repeat domain 44	LOC91526	—	—	—	—
212585_at	Hs.430849	oxysterol binding protein-	OCBPL8	6869 // lipid trans	—	—	—
201237_at	Hs.446123	capping protein (actin fila	CAPZA2	6461 // protein co	8290 // F-a	3779 // act	—
226934_at	Hs.369606	Cleavage and polyadenyl	CPSF6	6397 // mRNA pro	5634 // nu	166 // nucl	—
203983_at	Hs.96247	translin-associated factor	TSNAX	—	5634 // nu	3677 // DN	—
221428_s_	Hs.438970	transducin (beta)-like 1X-	TBL1XR1	6350 // transcipti	5634 // nu	—	—
215838_at	Hs.512233	leukocyte immunoglobuli	LILRA5	—	—	—	—
209884_s_	Hs.250072	solute carrier family 4, so	SLC4A7	6820 // anion tran	16020 // m	5452 // ino	—
222605_at	Hs.356399	REST corepressor 3	RCOR3	45449 // regulatio	5634 // nu	3677 // DN	—
202304_at	Hs.508010	fibronectin type III domain	FNDC3A	—	—	—	—
212579_at	Hs.8118	structural maintenance	SMCHD1	51276 // chromos	5694 // ch	5515 // pro	—
206783_s_	Hs.510402	membrane cotactactor protei	MCP	6955 // immune ne	5886 // pla	4872 // re	—
1555643_s	Hs.512233	leukoyte immunoglobuli	LILRA5	—	—	—	—
226617_at	Hs.470233	ADP-ribosylation factor-li	ARL5	6886 // intracellula	—	166 // nuc	—
229584_at	Hs.18763	leucine-rich repeat kinase	LRRK2	6468 // protein am	—	4672 // pro	—
211967_at	Hs.503709	pro-oncosis receptor indu	PORIMIN	—	16021 // in	4872 // rec	—
212192_at	Hs.109438	potassium channel tetran	KCTD12	6813 // potassium	8076 // vol	5249 // vol	—
208719_s_	Hs.528305	DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)	DDX17	6396 // RNA proce	5634 // nu	166 // nuc	—
201669 _s_	Hs.519909	myristoylated alanine-rich	MARCKS	6928 // cell motilit	5886 // pla	5516 // cal	—
222572_at	Hs.22265	protein phosphatase 2C,	PPM2C	6470 // protein am	5739 // mag	287 // mag	Krebs-TCA
212195_at	Hs.532082	Interleukin 6 signal transd	L6ST	6955 // immune re	5886 // pla	4872 // rec	Ribosomal
226711_at	Hs.468478	human T-cell leukemia vi	HTLF	6350 // transcipti	5634 // nu	3700 // tra	—
222846_at	Hs.389733	RAB8B, member RAS o	RAB8B	6886 // intracellula	—	166 // nuc	—
203566_s_	Hs.904	amylo-1, 6-glucosidase	AGL	5975 // carbohydr	43033 // is	4134 // 4-a	Glycogen_
207564_x_	Hs.405410	O-linked N-acetylglucosa	OGT	6493 // protein am	5634 // nu	5515 // pro	—
219237_s_	Hs.512743	DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, s	DNAJB14	6457 // protein fol	—	31072 // h	—
214093_s_	Hs.567255	far upstream element (FU	FUBP1	6350 // transcripti	5634 // nu	3697 // sin	—
218589_at	Hs.123464	purinergic receptor P2Y	P2RY5	7165 // signal tran	16021 // in	1584 // rho	GPCRDB_
217941_s_	Hs.519346	erbb2 interacting protein	ERBB2IP	7049 // cell cycle	5634 // nu	5176 // Erb	—
203603_s_	Hs.34871	zinc finger homeobox 1b	ZFHX1B	6355 // regulation	5634 // nu	3700 // tra	TGF_Beta
213111_at	Hs.173939	phosphatidylinositol-3-ph	PIP5K3	7242 // intracellula	45121 // li	5515 // pro	—
213070_at	Hs.175343	Phosphoinositide-3-kinas	PIK3C2A	6661 // phosphatic	5634 // nu	4428 // ino	Inositol ph
218041_x_	Hs.221847	solute carrier family 38, n	SLC38A2	6865 // amino acid	16020 // m	5279 // am	—
202033_s_	Hs.196102	RB1-inducible coiled-coil	RB1CC1	6350 // transcipti	5634 // nu	16301 // ki	—
200603_at	Hs.280342	protein kinase, cAMP-de	PRKAR1A	6357 // regulation	5952 // cA	166 // nucl	G_Protein
228996_at	Hs.495097	ring finger and CCCH-typ	RC3H1	16567 // protein u	151 // ubiq	3723 // RN	—
1554479_at	Hs.446146	caspase recruitment dom	CARD8	42981 // regulation	5634 // nuc	5515 // pro	—
203011_at	Hs.492120	inositol(myo)-1(or 4)-mon	IMPA1	5975 // carbohydra	—	287 // mag	Streptomy
223940_x_	Hs.187199	metastasis associated lu	MALAT1	—	—	—	—
222317_at	Hs.445711	Phosphodiesterase 3B	PDE3B	7165 // signal tran	16020 // m	4119 // cG	—
228157_at	Hs.500775	zinc finger protein 207	ZNF207	6355 // regulation	5634 // nu	3700 // tra	—
221505_at	Hs.385913	acidic (leucine-rich) nucle	ANP32E	—	5634 // nu	19212 // p	—
1554472_at	Hs.304362	PHD finger protein 20-like	PHF20L1	6355 // regulation	—	5515 // pro	—
226345_at	Hs.25362	ADP-ribosylation lactor-li	ARL8	6886 // intracellula	—	166 // nucl	—
224862_at	Hs.269782	Guanine nucleotide bindi	GNAQ	6471 // protein am	5737 // cyt	166 // nucl	G_Protein
207387_ s_	Hs.1466	glycerol kinase	GK	5975 // carbohydr	5737 // cyt	166 // nucl	Glycerolipi
222633_at	Hs.438970	transducin (beta)-like 1X-	TBL1XR1	6350 // transcipti	5634 // nu	—	—
236224_at	Hs.491234	Ras-like without CAAX 1	RIT1	6886 // intracellula	5886 // pla	166 // nucl	—
203080_s_	Hs.470369	bromodomain adjacent to	BAZ2B	6350 // transcipti	5634 // nu	3677 // DN	—
222587_s_	Hs.127407	UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-ga	GALNT7	5975 // carbohydr	5795 // Go	4653 // pol	O-Glycan
235057_at	Hs.472509	itchy homolog E3 ubiquiti	ITCH	1558 // regulation	5634 // nu	3677 // DN	—
1554154_at	Hs.310809	ganglioside induced differ	GDAP2	—	—	—	—
226444_at	Hs.413434	Solute carrier family 39 (z	SLC39A10	30001 // metal ion	5634 // nu	3676 // nu	—
204646_at	Hs.335034	dihydropyrimidine dehydr	DPYD	6118 // electron tr	5737 // cyt	4152 // dih	Pyrimidine
205321_at	Hs.539684	eukaryotic translation init	EIF2S3	6412 // protein bio	5843 // cyt	166 // nucl	Translation
202165_at	Hs.535731	protein phosphatase 1	PPP1R2	5975 // carbohydr	—	4865 // typ	—// KEG
201668 _x_	Hs.519909	myristoylated alanine-rich	MARCKS	6928 // cell motilit	5886 // pla	5516 // cal	—
213701_at	Hs.494204	hypothetical protein DK	DKFZp434	—	—	—	—
201110_s_	Hs.164226	thrombospondin 1	THBS1	6928 // cell motilit	5576 // ext	4866 // en	TGF_Beta
224800_at	Hs.368359	WD repeat and FYVE do	WDFY1	—	5634 // nu	5545 // ph	—
218396_at	Hs.511668	vacuolar protein sorting 1	VPS13C	8104 // protein loc	—	—	—
213737_x_	Hs.146211	hypothetical LOC283768	LOC28376	—	—	—	—
202973_x_	Hs.97270	family with sequence sim	FAM13A1	—	—	—	—
205198_s _	Hs.496414	ATPase, Cu++ transporti	ATP7A	6825 // copper ion	5783 // enc	166 // nucl	Oxidative
208867_s _	Hs.529862	casein kinase 1, alpha 1	CSNK1A1	6468 // protein am	—	166 // nucl	—
	Avg.	Avg.	LE]-	p	9SSR]-	99R]-	26CR]-	KHR]-	33XR]-
Probe_ID	Norma	SLE	[Avg.	value	[Avg]	[Avg	[Avg	[Avg	Avg
223674_s_	2.355	6.012	3.657	1.20E−05	2.787	4.166	4.429	3.165	3.737
204415_at	6.515	9.733	3.218	0.018746	1.626	1.102	2.325	5.854	5.183
228220_at	4.381	7.361	2.980	0.023153	4.085	2.810	1.084	2.995	3.928
226312_at	7.034	9.818	2.784	0.025167	3.163	2.487	1.045	3.274	3.953
215245_x_	6.070	8.828	2.758	0.032436	3.158	2.255	1.234	3.377	3.787
202194_at	6.365	9.064	2.689	0.065615	3.433	2.392	1.051	2.553	4.064
226641_at	7.476	10.170	2.694	0.030007	3.184	2.337	1.070	2.878	4.001
212585_at	8.182	10.818	2.636	0.028512	3.093	2.358	1.163	2.445	4.120
201237_at	6.438	9.060	2.622	0.026777	3.338	2.289	1.004	2.644	3.836
226934_at	5.619	8.241	2.622	0.007781	2.441	2.553	1.672	2.505	3.940
203983_at	5.522	8.141	2.619	0.018885	2.958	2.306	1.051	2.878	3.900
221428_s_	5.859	8.427	2.568	0.017844	3.004	2.258	1.524	2.398	3.654
215838_at	6.647	9.190	2.543	0.000349	2.071	2.399	2.263	2.840	3.144
209884_s_	4.525	7.068	2.543	0.006683	2.579	2.292	1.432	2.495	3.918
222605_at	5.249	7.775	2.526	0.032918	2.965	1.850	1.330	2.689	3.796
202304_at	4.793	7.268	2.475	0.014487	3.070	2.013	1.088	2.696	3.510
212579_at	8.996	11.436	2.440	0.014165	2.930	2.037	1.088	3.002	3.143
206783_s_	8.996	11.431	2.435	0.033522	3.161	2.327	1.100	2.518	3.068
1555643_s	6.942	9.367	2.426	0.001163	2.004	2.163	1.967	2.854	3.140
226617_at	4.385	6.781	2.395	0.07287	2.903	1.994	1.025	2.486	3.570
229584_at	8.541	10.926	2.385	0.008927	2.872	1.812	1.216	2.938	3.087
211967_at	8.352	10.735	2.383	0.032836	2.049	1.805	1.025	3.397	3.640
212192_at	8.386	10.763	2.377	0.040801	2.993	1.615	1.076	2.365	3.838
208719_s_	4.196	6.546	2.349	0.009291	1.614	4.874	1.826	2.018	1.416
201669 _s_	8.355	10.688	2.333	0.007803	2.738	2.177	1.128	3.141	2.479
222572_at	5.355	7.664	2.329	0.069262	2.681	1.957	1.016	2.279	3.712
212195_at	8.733	11.015	2.282	0.006803	2.104	2.242	1.440	2.020	3.605
226711_at	7.581	9.859	2.278	0.016463	2.791	1.734	1.043	2.440	3.384
222846_at	5.584	7.857	2.273	0.044318	2.897	1.665	1.193	2.829	2.779
203566_s_	4.862	7.131	2.269	0.041967	2.283	1.758	1.057	2.579	3.668
207564_x_	6.919	9.156	2.236	0.004017	2.212	2.086	1.479	2.355	3.048
219237_s_	6.022	8.229	2.207	0.004813	2.454	1.832	1.172	2.322	3.253
214093_s_	5.205	7.403	2.198	0.007941	1.994	1.644	1.199	2.491	3.661
218589_at	6.422	8.576	2.154	0.011493	2.263	1.396	1.174	1.868	4.067
217941_s_	7.497	9.637	2.140	0.020564	2.313	2.026	1.112	2.354	2.895
203603_s_	4.781	6.915	2.143	0.021477	2.750	1.278	1.039	2.257	3.346
213111_at	5.914	8.033	2.119	0.013802	2.394	1.869	1.048	2.315	2.968
213070_at	4.886	6.996	2.111	0.043279	2.405	1.654	1.103	1.921	3.472
218041_x_	7.527	9.629	2.102	0.023894	2.417	1.890	1.140	1.927	3.136
202033_s_	7.096	9.178	2.082	0.018164	2.798	1.406	1.272	2.225	2.709
200603_at	9.293	11.373	2.080	0.030496	2.651	2.062	1.004	2.031	2.653
228996_at	4.366	6.436	2.070	0.004022	3.253	1.738	1.435	1.897	2.026
1554479_at	7.947	10.012	2.065	0.023092	2.558	1.733	1.054	2.133	2.848
203011_at	5.383	7.442	2.059	0.043964	2.487	1.447	1.001	2.187	3.173
223940_x_	4.166	6.212	2.046	0.003564	2.139	1.026	1.120	2.671	3.273
222317_at	4.840	6.865	2.025	0.021022	2.593	1.664	1.155	1.901	2.812
228157_at	6.352	8.371	2.019	0.043641	2.300	1.363	1.074	2.263	3.094
221505_at	7.489	9.501	2.012	0.057164	2.070	1.656	1.053	2.251	3.028
1554472_at	4.062	6.074	2.012	0.000292	2.270	1.460	1.355	2.254	2.718
226345_at	5.050	7.057	2.007	0.034947	2.308	1.707	1.169	1.898	2.953
224862_at	6.663	8.665	2.002	0.046272	2.679	1.850	1.194	1.605	2.682
207387_ s_	6.577	8.565	1.987	0.00655	2.663	1.071	1.146	2.292	2.765
222633_at	5.358	7.324	1.966	3.89E−05	2.171	1.460	1.799	1.689	2.711
236224_at	5.105	7.064	1.960	0.018708	2.825	2.017	1.110	2.178	1.669
203080_s_	7.254	9.212	1.959	0.008344	2.597	1.166	1.051	2.058	2.921
222587_s_	4.095	6.038	1.944	0.006624	2.585	1.283	1.121	2.393	2.336
235057_at	3.238	5.161	1.923	0.001003	1.885	1.781	1.343	1.272	3.337
1554154_at	4.572	6.494	1.922	0.001031	2.092	1.729	1.615	1.761	2.413
226444_at	5.668	7.583	1.915	0.024435	1.542	1.861	1.070	1.880	3.221
204646_at	7.632	9.545	1.913	0.049899	2.288	1.489	1.263	1.806	2.719
205321_at	6.682	8.563	1.881	0.030696	2.094	2.213	1.758	1.309	2.030
202165_at	5.590	7.464	1.874	0.064575	2.078	1.532	1.055	1.763	2.943
201668 _x_	4.137	5.987	1.850	0.001437	2.370	1.760	1.413	2.538	1.170
213701_at	3.954	5.802	1.848	0.044061	1.883	1.388	1.137	1.485	3.345
201110_s_	4.265	6.106	1.841	0.000653	1.953	1.964	1.018	2.122	2.149
224800_at	6.372	8.193	1.820	0.027641	2.080	1.251	1.067	2.247	2.457
218396_at	7.271	9.069	1.798	0.020416	1.839	1.550	1.168	1.532	2.902
213737_x_	7.771	9.551	1.780	0.02147	1.892	1.274	1.120	1.602	3.013
202973_x_	5.718	7.492	1.774	0.010098	1.538	2.187	1.599	1.388	2.157
205198_s _	4.069	5.842	1.773	0.008607	2.038	1.332	1.003	1.660	2.833
208867_s _	5.746	7.514	1.768	0.007708	2.015	1.473	1.260	1.787	2.304
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 2
Up-Regulation in Gene Expression for a Set of Genes for each of Five Lupus Patients
	Gene	I29KHR.SLE	I29KHR.S	RH33XR.SLE	RH33XR.S	J9SSR	OJ9SSR	4499R	4499R	I26CR	MI26CR
Probe_ID	Symbol	(TaqMan)	LE (Affy)	(TaqMan)	LE (Affy)	(Ta	(	(Ta	(	(Ta	(
228220_at	FCHO2	3.24	39.86	3.30	76.15	33.05	84.86	22.36	35.07	17.77	10.61
205483_s_at	G1P3	86.13	146.74	80.55	92.15	4.45	7.83	2.90	5.45	5 06	12.71
212195_at	IL6ST	3.87	9.18	3.63	27.52	6.60	9.73	4.95	10.70	2.35	6.14
203275_at	IRF2	8.10	6.46	5.00	4.80	5.07	6.54	4.12	4.32	2.44	4.66
1555643_s_at	LILRA5	16.43	12.00	27.25	14.64	11.22	6.66	6.82	7.44	4.86	6.49
205170_at	STAT2	11.55	8.67	9.74	2.25	8.08	2.16	6.37	2.92	4.12	2 62
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Example 1a

Validation of Genes Identified as Up-Regulated Genes in Lupus Patients

To further identify candidate PD markers for anti-IFN-α mAb clinical trials in SLE, the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GENECHIP® array platform was used to profile WB from 46 SLE patients and WB from 24 age- and sex-matched healthy donors. It was observed that 245 and 77 probe sets were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in WB of SLE patients compared with that from healthy control donors.

Of the 245 probe sets upregulated in WB of SLE patients, 114 were type I IFN inducible. Table 30 lists the 50 most upregulated probe sets in WB of these SLE patients; 76% of them are type I IFN inducible. Table 30 also lists the prevalence of the overexpression of these genes in WB of SLE patients. The majority of these genes are overexpressed by at least 2-fold in 65% to 80% of the patients profiled. The robust and prevalent overexpression of a large number of type I IFN-inducible genes in SLE patients suggests that they might be suitable PD markers for clinical trials that investigate an anti-IFN-α mAb therapy for SLE.

TABLE 30
50 most upregulated probe sets in whole blood of SLE patients
		Gene		q Value
Probe ID	Gene Title	Symbol	log2 fc	(FDR)	Prevalence
202411_at	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27	4.60	8.41E−07	73.91
219519_s_at	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1,	SIGLEC1	3.52	7.28E−07	65.22
	sialoadhesin
214059_at	Interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	3.51	8.04E−07	73.91
213797_at	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain	RSAD2	3.29	9.86E−06	71.74
	containing 2
204415_at	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6	3.21	2.25E−09	82.61
242625_at	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain	RSAD2	3.19	1.55E−06	69.57
	containing 2
204439_at	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L	3.14	4.99E−06	71.74
219211_at	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18	2.84	2.23E−06	67.39
214453_s_at	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	2.72	1.07E−05	71.74
202145_at	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E	2.53	7.28E−07	63.04
207329_at	matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil	MMP8	2.51	0.00111	60.87
	collagenase)
202869_at	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	2.33	1.66E−06	69.57
222154_s_at	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6	2.32	1.14E−05	65.22
44673_at	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1,	SIGLEC1	2.31	2.23E−06	58.70
	sialoadhesin
242234_at	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	2.31	8.41E−07	65.22
203153_at	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT1	2.25	9.53E−05	67.39
	tetratricopeptide repeats 1
218400_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	2.24	1.23E−05	67.39
212768_s_at	olfactomedin 4	OLFM4	2.23	0.00608	60.87
241869_at	apolipoprotein L, 6	APOL6	2.22	0.00045	80.43
235643_at	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	2.22	1.37E−06	84.78
231688_at	Transcribed locus	—	2.22	0.00248	63.04
208470_s_at	haptoglobin /// haptoglobin-related protein	HP /// HPR	2.20	2.48E−05	80.43
239979_at	Epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	2.20	5.44E−06	65.22
206697_s_at	haptoglobin	HP	2.19	2.96E−05	73.91
205552_s_at	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	2.18	4.98E−07	65.22
205483_s_at	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15	2.16	2.73E−06	65.22
227609_at	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	2.15	4.99E−06	67.39
1555643_s_at	leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor,	LILRA5	2.14	8.41E−07	76.09
	subfamily A
222816_s_at	zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2	2.09	5.43E−05	80.43
205569_at	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3	2.08	2.74E−06	65.22
226702_at	hypothetical protein LOC129607	LOC129607	2.07	5.96E−05	67.39
215838_at	leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor,	LILRA5	2.07	1.87E−05	71.74
	subfamily A
219863_at	hect domain and RLD 5	HERC5	2.03	1.53E−05	67.39
204747_at	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT3	2.01	1.55E−06	67.39
	tetratricopeptide repeats 3
200986_at	serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1	SERPING1	1.98	0.00013	67.39
	inhibitor), member 1
224225_s_at	ets variant gene 7 (TEL2 oncogene)	ETV7	1.98	2.48E−05	58.70
219684_at	receptor (chemosensory) transporter protein 4	RTP4	1.96	2.74E−06	63.04
206133_at	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	1.96	7.28E−07	65.22
206871_at	elastase 2, neutrophil	ELA2	1.95	0.00316	54.35
217502_at	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT2	1.95	4.86E−06	71.74
	tetratricopeptide repeats 2
237340_at	solute carrier family 26, member 8	SLC26A8	1.93	6.68E−06	60.87
235276_at	—	—	1.93	6.44E−06	65.22
203757_s_at	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM6	1.91	0.00124	47.83
	molecule 6
202086_at	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,	MX1	1.90	2.66E−05	67.39
	interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse) ///
	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,
	interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)
241916_at	Phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1	1.89	4.86E−06	73.91
203595_s_at	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT5	1.89	2.81E−08	69.57
	tetratricopeptide repeats 5
205660_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	1.89	1.94E−05	65.22
219352_at	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6	1.87	9.79E−06	63.04
211657_at	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM6	1.86	0.00667	60.87
	molecule 6
228439_at	basic leucine zipper transcription factor,	BATF2	1.86	2.63E−05	63.04
	ATF-like 2
Data were generated from 46 SLE patients and 24 healthy controls using SAM and FDR in R (see Methods).
Type I IFN-inducible genes are highlighted in bold.
FDR = false discovery rate;
SAM = significance analysis of microarrays;
SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus;
WB = whole blood.

FIG. 80 (top panel) shows a heat map of the expression of the 114 upregulated type I IFN-inducible probe sets in SLE patients and healthy controls. A total of 32/46 of the SLE patients profiled showed significant overexpression of the type I IFN gene signature. To confirm the observation that type I IFN-inducible genes are overexpressed in WB of SLE patients, WB was procured from 54 SLE patients in a prospective study. FIG. 81A shows the PCA plot of the 46 SLE patients in the first study using the 114 overexpressed type I IFN-inducible probes. A clear difference was observed between SLE patients that had distinct overexpression of type I IFN gene signature from healthy donors and SLE patients that had weak or nondetectable type I IFN gene signature in WB. FIG. 81B shows the PCA plot from the 54 SLE patients in the prospective study using the same 114 type I IFN-inducible probe sets identified. A similar separation of SLE patients was observed based on type I IFN gene signature as in FIG. 81A. The distribution of the type I IFN gene signature scores in the prospective study was also similar to that of the first study (data not shown). The ability to use the overexpressed type I IFN-inducible genes identified to segregate SLE patients into 2 distinct groups—patients with or without type I IFN gene signature—validated the accurate identification of overexpression in the type I IFN gene signature in WB of SLE patients.

In addition to the overexpression of a type I IFN gene signature, the overexpression of a gene signature that is indicative of granulocyte activation in WB of SLE patients was observed. The granulocyte gene signature included (but was not limited to) the following genes: AZU, DEFA1, DEFA4, ELA2, MMP8, MMP9, RNAS2, MPO, CAMP, FCAR, and CYBB (FIG. 80, second panel). The granulocyte gene signature was present in about 50% of the SLE patients profiled.

The 50 most downregulated probe sets observed in WB of SLE patients are shown in Table 31. The downregulation of T, NK, and B cell gene signatures was observed in WB of SLE patients (FIG. 80, panels three, four, and five, respectively); this is in agreement with the observation of lymphopenia in SLE patients previously reported in the literature (Bennett L, Palucka A K, Arce E et al.: Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood. J Exp Med. 197(6), 711-723 (2003), Rivero S J, Diaz-Jouanen E and Alarcon-Segovia D: Lymphopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic significance. Arthritis Rheum. 21(3), 295-305 (1978).

TABLE 31
Top 50 most downregulated transcripts in whole blood of SLE patients
				q Value
Probe ID	Gene Title	Gene Symbol	log2 fc	(FDR)	Prevalence
1552713_a_at	solute carrier family 4, anion	SLC4A1	−1.82	0.00021	69.57
	exchanger, member 1 (erythrocyte
	membrane protein band 3, Diego
	blood group)
1552348_at	protease, serine, 33	PRSS33	−1.71	0.00046	63.04
211734_s_at	Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I,	FCER1A	−1.59	0.00083	54.35
	receptor for; alpha polypeptide /// Fc
	fragment of IgE, high affinity I,
	receptor for; alpha polypeptide
236307_at	BTB and CNC homology 1, basic	BACH2	−1.51	0.00012	54.35
	leucine zipper transcription factor 2
214470_at	killer cell lectin-like receptor	KLRB1	−1.50	0.00000	58.70
	subfamily B, member 1 /// killer cell
	lectin-like receptor subfamily B,
	member 1
209570_s_at	DNA segment on chromosome 4	D4S234E	−1.46	0.00000	65.22
	(unique) 234 expressed sequence
217143_s_at	T cell receptor alpha locus /// T cell	TRA@ ///	−1.38	0.00001	58.70
	receptor delta locus	TRD@
203562_at	fasciculation and elongation protein	FEZ1	−1.36	0.00028	89.13
	zeta 1 (zygin I)
227198_at	AF4/FMR2 family, member 3	AFF3	−1.35	0.00046	45.65
207840_at	CD160 molecule	CD160	−1.34	0.00079	47.83
232286_at	AF4/FMR2 family, member 3	AFF3	−1.34	0.00003	56.52
209993_at	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B	ABCB1	−1.32	0.00002	63.04
	(MDR/TAP), member 1
209815_at	patched homolog 1 (Drosophila)	PTCH1	−1.29	0.00003	54.35
241881_at	olfactory receptor, family 2,	OR2W3	−1.29	0.01736	50.00
	subfamily W, member 3
213674_x_at	immunoglobulin heavy constant delta	IGHD	−1.29	0.01801	50.00
231798_at	Noggin	NOG	−1.28	0.00234	73.91
239673_at	Nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group	NR3C2	−1.27	0.00004	56.52
	C, member 2
221748_s_at	tensin 1 /// tensin 1	TNS1	−1.23	0.00953	50.00
218864_at	tensin 1	TNS1	−1.22	0.00718	50.00
219630_at	PDZK1 interacting protein 1	PDZK1IP1	−1.20	0.00528	56.52
1553177_at	SH2 domain containing 1B	SH2D1B	−1.20	0.00187	47.83
229513_at	Spermatid perinuclear RNA binding	STRBP	−1.20	0.00017	58.70
	protein
243054_at	Zinc finger, MYND domain	ZMYND11	−1.20	0.00101	60.87
	containing 11
236796_at	BTB and CNC homology 1, basic	BACH2	−1.20	0.00004	56.52
	leucine zipper transcription factor 2
203661_s_at	tropomodulin 1	TMOD1	−1.19	0.00675	50.00
239278_at	CDNA clone IMAGE: 5301129	—	−1.17	0.00002	65.22
235400_at	Fc receptor-like A	FCRLA	−1.17	0.00099	52.17
240690_at	Homolog of rat pragma of Rnd2	DKFZp761P0423	−1.17	0.00012	52.17
210746_s_at	erythrocyte membrane protein band	EPB42	−1.16	0.00552	45.65
	4.2 /// erythrocyte membrane protein
	band 4.2
232478_at	Nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group	NR6A1	−1.15	0.00004	47.83
	A, member 1
243810_at	Similar to Heterogeneous nuclear	LOC341333	−1.15	0.00014	47.83
	ribonucleoprotein A1 (Helix-
	destabilizing protein) (Single-strand
	RNA-binding protein) (hnRNP core
	protein A1)
228599_at	membrane-spanning 4-domains,	MS4A1	−1.14	0.00454	45.65
	subfamily A, member 1
212827_at	immunoglobulin heavy constant mu	IGHM	−1.14	0.00324	45.65
	/// immunoglobulin heavy constant
	mu
1552349_a_at	protease, serine, 33	PRSS33	−1.13	0.02357	47.83
216191_s_at	T cell receptor alpha locus /// T cell	TRA@ ///	−1.12	0.01073	50.00
	receptor delta locus /// B-cell	TRD@ ///
	CLL/lymphoma 11B (zinc finger	BCL11B
	protein)
232686_at	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin,	SIGLECP3	−1.12	0.00003	58.70
	pseudogene 3
211532_x_at	killer cell immunoglobulin-like	KIR2DS2	−1.10	0.04011	54.35
	receptor, two domains, short
	cytoplasmic tail, 2
1563217_at	Protein kinase (cAMP-dependent,	PKIA	−1.10	0.00024	58.70
	catalytic) inhibitor alpha
243798_at	Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1, GTP	BLR1	−1.10	0.00044	54.35
	binding protein (chemokine (C—X—C
	motif) receptor 5)
220751_s_at	chromosome 5 open reading frame 4	C5orf4	−1.09	0.00531	50.00
202555_s_at	myosin, light chain kinase /// myosin,	MYLK	−1.09	0.00149	52.17
	light chain kinase
230245_s_at	hypothetical protein LOC283663	LOC283663	−1.09	0.00977	47.83
233921_s_at	MAD1 mitotic arrest deficient-like 1	MAD1L1	−1.08	0.00001	41.30
	(yeast)
214974_x_at	chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 5	CXCL5	−1.08	0.00717	54.35
209569_x_at	DNA segment on chromosome 4	D4S234E	−1.08	0.00005	58.70
	(unique) 234 expressed sequence
235401_s_at	Fc receptor-like A	FCRLA	−1.08	0.00173	50.00
205900_at	keratin 1 (epidermolytic	KRT1	−1.08	0.04518	43.48
	hyperkeratosis)
242509_at	Chromosome 16 open reading frame	C16orf74	−1.08	0.00016	47.83
	74
209994_s_at	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B	ABCB1 ///	−1.08	0.00000	56.52
	(MDR/TAP), member 1 /// ATP-	ABCB4
	binding cassette, sub-family B
	(MDR/TAP), member 4
204793_at	G protein-coupled receptor associated	GPRASP1	−1.08	0.00026	45.65
	sorting protein 1
Data were generated from 46 SLE patients and 24 healthy controls using SAM and FDR in R (see Methods).
FDR = false discovery rate;
SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus;
SAM = significance analysis of microarrays;
WB = whole blood.

To further confirm the observation of overexpression of the type I IFN and granulocyte signatures and to identify other signaling pathways that may be altered in SLE, a pathway and network analysis was carried out with GENEGO software (see Methods). Overall, for SLE, this pathway analysis confirmed the activation of the type I IFN pathway, along with the activation of a granulocyte signature, and the underexpression of the T-cell signaling pathway. Additionally, in the patients profiled, the activation of the IL-10 signaling pathway was among the other notable pathways found to be altered. This may suggest B cell activation and be indicative of the abnormal apoptosis of T-cell subsets observed in SLE patients. (Diaz-Alderete A, Crispin J C, Vargas-Rojas M I and Alcocer-Varela J: IL-10 production in B cells is confined to CD154+ cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Autoimmun. 23(4), 379-383 (2004), Wang H, Xu J, Ji X et al.: The abnormal apoptosis of T cell subsets and possible involvement of IL-10 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Immunol. 235(2), 117-121 (2005)).

Confirmation of Overexpression of Type I IFN-Inducible Genes:

To confirm the overexpression of type I IFN-inducible genes in SLE that were observed in the microarray analyses, a BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array was used to perform high throughput (HTP) TAQMAN QRT-PCR on 40 of the type I IFN-inducible genes (selected based on their magnitude and prevalence of overexpression in whole blood of SLE patients). TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays confirmed the overexpression of all 40 genes in whole blood of 35 of the originally profiled 46 SLE patients. The overexpression of 15 of the 40 type I IFN-inducible genes using TAQMAN QRT-PCR assays is shown in FIG. 83A. These genes were upregulated by an average of 8- to 92-fold, and all were significantly overexpressed (P<0.05). These observations provide evidence that type I IFN-inducible genes are significantly overexpressed in SLE patients. The consistency of the results among microarray and TAQMAN assays and the strong correlation (correlation coefficient>0.98) between microarray and TAQMAN assays for 21 IFN-inducible genes in 2 example SLE patients (FIGS. 83B and 4C) argues for their potential as PD and diagnostic markers in clinical trials that investigate anti-IFN-α approaches in the treatment of SLE.

Example 2

Potential PD Markers Selected from Genes Up-Regulated in Lupus Patients

Using the whole genome profiling data described in Example 1a, a group of candidate PD markers were selected. These candidate markers are provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3
Candidate PD markers

Example 3

Candidate PD Markers Exhibit Minimal Variation in Healthy Donors

qPCR was conducted for a selected group of candidate PD markers to determine whether they exhibited variation at baseline in the whole blood of healthy volunteers. qPCR indicated that baseline variation was minimal. See Table 4, which provides the baseline qPCR data (healthy volunteers shown in shaded columns).

TABLE 4
Baseline Variation of Candidate PD Markers

Example 4

IFNα Stimulates Up-Regulation in Expression of Candidate PD Markers in Whole Blood of Healthy Volunteers

A study was performed to determine whether IFNα could stimulate expression of candidate PD markers in whole blood of healthy volunteers. Whole blood of healthy volunteers was collected in heparinized tubes, transferred to the appropriate wells of 6-well culture plates, and incubated with leukocyte IFN doses of 3, 30, 100, and 300 I.U. and then incubated for 4 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Fold-induction of expression of candidate PD markers for genes IFI44, IRF2, RSAD2, G1P3, and HERC5 was determined using RNA isolated from PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) with Qiagen's RNAeasy kit. As shown in Table 5 (IFI44 and IRF2), Table 6 (RSAD2), and Table 7 (G1P3 and HERC5) leukocyte IFN causes up-regulation in expression of each of these candidate PD markers. See also FIG. 1 (IFI44), FIG. 2 (IRF2), FIG. 3 (RSAD2), FIG. 4 (G1P3), and FIG. 5 (HERC5) for a graphical analysis of these candidate PD marker expression results.

A summary hierarchical clustering of all samples using 1384 genes differentially regulated by IFN type 1, IFN type 2, or TNFα obtained from a separate experiment is shown in FIG. 17. A heat map with a summary hierarchical clustering is also provided for 689 type I IFN inducible probe sets used on whole blood samples from healthy donors ex vivo stimulated with IFN type 1, IFN type 2, or TNFα. See FIG. 64.

TABLE 5
Induced IFI44 and IRF2 Expression Following Leukocyte
IFN Stimulation of Healthy Volunteer's Whole Blood
	Sample	Gene	Average FC	StDev
	63A Media	IFI44	1.00
	63A IFN3	IFI44	8.58	0.16
	63A IFN30	IFI44	8.27	0.07
	63A IFN100	IFI44	15.12	0.50
	63A IFN300	IFI44	12.42	0.04
	63A Media	IRF2	1.00
	63A IFN3	IRF2	2.25	0.08
	63A IFN30	IRF2	1.96	0.06
	63A IFN100	IRF2	2.19	0.06
	63A IFN300	IRF2	3.75	0.10

TABLE 6
Induced RSAD2 Expression Following Leukocyte
IFN Stimulation of Healthy Volunteer's Whole Blood
	Sample	Gene	Average FC	StDev
	63A Media	RSAD2	1.00
	63A IFN3	RSAD2	10.88	0.11
	63A IFN30	RSAD2	11.14	0.21
	63A IFN100	RSAD2	14.96	0.12
	63A IFN300	RSAD2	25.50	0.50

TABLE 7
Induced G1P3 and HERC5 Expression Following Leukocyte
IFN Stimulation of Healthy Volunteer's Whole Blood
	Sample	Gene	Average FC	StDev
	63A Media	G1P3	1.00
	63A IFN3	G1P3	42.88	1.03
	63A IFN30	G1P3	25.76	0.10
	63A IFN100	G1P3	21.72	0.48
	63A IFN300	G1P3	16.02	0.06
	63A Media	HERC5	1.00
	63A IFN3	HERC5	14.17	0.12
	63A IFN30	HERC5	13.74	0.12
	63A IFN100	HERC5	18.51	0.58
	63A IFN300	HERC5	23.55	0.54

Example 5

IFNα Ab Neutralizes IFNα-Induced Candidate PD Marker Expression in Healthy Volunteers' Whole Blood

Source of Interferon=IFNα2a

Because IFNα treatment of healthy volunteers' whole blood induced expression of candidate PD markers, it was determined whether IFNα Ab, MEDI-545, could neutralize the induction of expression of these markers.

Blood was drawn from each of three donors into heparin tubes. Aliquots of 2.5 ml of drawn blood were added to each of 4 wells of 6- or 24-well treatment plates. The 4 wells were designated for treatment as follows: (a) blood+vehicle, (b) blood+100 IU IFNα2a, (c) blood+100 IU IFNα2a+MEDI-545 (IFNα Ab), and (d) blood+100 IU IFNα2a+R347 (control Ab).

Wells containing blood to be treated with Ab were first incubated with either MEDI-545 (IFNα Ab; well (c)) or R347 (control Ab; well (d)) for 30 minutes. Following Ab treatment, vehicle (well (a)) or IFN α2a (wells (b), (c), and (d)) was added to the appropriate wells and was then incubated for an additional 4 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂. The samples were then transferred to PAXgene tubes and incubated at room temperature for 2 hr. Following the 2 hr incubation the tubes were transferred to −80° C. for storage.

Following, at least, an overnight incubation at −80° C. the total RNA of the cells was prepared according to the PAXgene protocol. First and second strand cDNA was prepared via Affy GRP methods and TAQMAN was conducted on the cDNA samples.

Expression of at least 11 candidate PD markers, previously identified as up-regulated in lupus patients, could be neutralized by MEDI-545 in the IFNα2a-stimulated whole blood. See Table 8 (RAB8B), Table 9 (IRF7), Table 10 (MARCKS), Table 11 (IL6ST), Table 12 (LY6E), Table 13 (IFIT3), Table 14 (IFIT1), Table 15 (HERC5), Table 16 (OAS1), Table 17 (OAS3), and Table 18 (RSAD2), which provide quantitative gene expression analysis for each of these 11 genes in the whole blood of each of the 3 healthy volunteers.

TABLE 8
IFN α2a-Induced RAB8B Gene Expression is Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	RAB8B	1.00
	107 IFN	RAB8B	3.45	0.31
	107 IFN + 545	RAB8B	1.30	0.04
	107 IFN + R347	RAB8B	3.15	0.03
	163 VEH	RAB8B	0.70	0.01
	163 IFN	RAB8B	2.20	0.04
	163 IFN + 545	RAB8B	1.18	0.01
	163 IFN + R3437	RAB8B	3.71	0.02
	175 VEH	RAB8B	0.64	0.01
	175 IFN	RAB8B	2.63	0.04
	175 IFN + 545	RAB8B	1.15	0.02
	175 IFN + R347	RAB8B	2.51	0.05

TABLE 9
IFN α2a-Induced IRF7 Gene Expression is Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	IRF7	1.00
	107 IFN	IRF7	18.53	3.32
	107 IFN + 545	IRF7	3.42	0.33
	107 IFN + R347	IRF7	19.48	1.67
	163 VEH	IRF7	0.91	0.02
	163 IFN	IRF7	17.16	1.39
	163 IFN + 545	IRF7	2.92	0.22
	163 IFN + R3437	IRF7	23.28	1.46
	175 VEH	IRF7	1.25	0.10
	175 IFN	IRF7	24.65	0.80
	175 IFN + 545	IRF7	2.43	0.08
	175 IFN + R347	IRF7	26.34	8.61

TABLE 10
IFN α2a-Induced MARCKS Gene Expression
is Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	MARCKS	1.00
	107 FN	MARCKS	3.97	0.09
	107 IFN + 545	MARCKS	1.30	0.08
	107 IFN + R347	MARCKS	2.99	0.10
	163 VEH	MARCKS	0.56	0.01
	163 IFN	MARCKS	2.59	0.12
	163 IFN + 545	MARCKS	1.55	0.05
	163 IFN + R3437	MARCKS	4.42	0.07
	175 VEH	MARCKS	0.41	0.01
	175 IFN	MARCKS	2.59	0.06
	175 IFN + 545	MARCKS	0.55	0.02
	175 IFN + R347	MARCKS	3.38	0.05

TABLE 11
IFN α2a-Induced IL6ST Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	IL6ST	1.00
	107 IFN	IL6ST	3.54	0.60
	107 IFN + 545	IL6ST	2.62	0.16
	107 IFN + R347	IL6ST	8.19	0.54
	163 VEH	IL6ST	2.50	0.58
	163 IFN	IL6ST	7.69	0.47
	163 IFN + 545	IL6ST	4.18	0.44
	163 IFN + R3437	IL6ST	13.24	0.12
	175 VEH	IL6ST	1.37	0.09
	175 IFN	IL6ST	7.62	0.56
	175 IFN + 545	IL6ST	2.95	0.38
	175 IFN + R347	IL6ST	23.91	2.77

TABLE 12
IFN α2a-Induced LY6E Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	LY6E	1.00
	107 IFN	LY6E	19.09	0.03
	107 IFN + 545	LY6E	3.50	0.15
	107 IFN + R347	LY6E	12.54	0.20
	163 VEH	LY6E	1.02	0.04
	163 IFN	LY6E	13.52	0.35
	163 IFN + 545	LY6E	4.80	0.18
	163 IFN + R3437	LY6E	22.56	0.35
	175 VEH	LY6E	1.61	0.15
	175 IFN	LY6E	19.32	0.68
	175 IFN + 545	LY6E	3.74	0.00
	175 IFN + R347	LY6E	15.57	0.44

TABLE 13
IFN α2a-Induced IFIT3 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	IFIT3	1.00
	107 IFN	IFIT3	38.43	0.78
	107 IFN + 545	IFIT3	6.78	0.14
	107 IFN + R347	IFIT3	42.59	0.75
	163 VEH	IFIT3	0.62	0.01
	163 IFN	IFIT3	25.94	0.57
	163 IFN + 545	IFIT3	4.58	0.08
	163 IFN + R3437	IFIT3	44.83	0.44
	175 VEH	IFIT3	1.32	0.02
	175 IFN	IFIT3	35.02	0.48
	175 IFN + 545	IFIT3	5.28	0.05
	175 IFN + R347	IFIT3	29.71	0.79

TABLE 14
IFN α2a-Induced IFIT1 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	IFIT1	1.00
	107 IFN	IFIT1	80.21	3.44
	107 IFN + 545	IFIT1	13.14	0.02
	107 IFN + R347	IFIT1	86.44	0.57
	163 VEH	IFIT1	0.92	0.03
	163 IFN	IFIT1	51.65	1.21
	163 IFN + 545	IFIT1	7.60	0.05
	163 IFN + R3437	IFIT1	86.63	2.67
	175 VEH	IFIT1	1.47	0.17
	175 IFN	IFIT1	82.98	2.94
	175 IFN + 545	IFIT1	8.40	0.24
	175 IFN + R347	IFIT1	58.50	1.47

TABLE 15
IFN α2a-Induced HERC5 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	HERC5	1.00
	107 IFN	HERC5	41.12	2.87
	107 IFN + 545	HERC5	6.29	0.49
	107 IFN + R347	HERC5	55.04	0.69
	163 VEH	HERC5	1.05	0.07
	163 IFN	HERC5	75.81	0.50
	163 IFN + 545	HERC5	7.83	0.00
	163 IFN + R3437	HERC5	95.44	7.79
	175 VEH	HERC5	1.19	0.06
	175 IFN	HERC5	74.58	5.79
	175 IFN + 545	HERC5	6.89	0.13
	175 IFN + R347	HERC5	98.15	19.40

TABLE 16
IFN α2a-Induced OAS1 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	OAS1	1.00
	107 IFN	OAS1	15.11	4.27
	107 IFN + 545	OAS1	3.45	1.03
	107 IFN + R347	OAS1	17.82	3.93
	163 VEH	OAS1	0.77	0.22
	163 IFN	OAS1	14.19	3.14
	163 IFN + 545	OAS1	3.05	0.75
	163 IFN + R3437	OAS1	22.44	3.49
	175 VEH	OAS1	1.62	0.38
	175 IFN	OAS1	22.09	0.97
	175 IFN + 545	OAS1	4.04	0.45
	175 IFN + R347	OAS1	15.22	4.48

TABLE 17
IFN α2a-Induced OAS3 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	OAS3	1.00
	107 IFN	OAS3	49.04	13.74
	107 IFN + 545	OAS3	7.03	0.84
	107 IFN + R347	OAS3	76.88	13.69
	163 VEH	OAS3	0.49	0.06
	163 IFN	OAS3	42.01	10.01
	163 IFN + 545	OAS3	14.60	4.53
	163 IFN + R3437	OAS3	52.60	7.04
	175 VEH	OAS3	1.27	0.14
	175 IFN	OAS3	37.87	3.57
	175 IFN + 545	OAS3	3.92	0.06
	175 IFN + R347	OAS3	34.91	2.07

TABLE 18
IFN α2a-Induced RSAD2 Gene Expression is
Neutralized by MEDI-545
	Sample	Gene	Average	StDev
	107 VEH	RSAD2	1.00
	107 IFN	RSAD2	109.64	36.65
	107 IFN + 545	RSAD2	9.88	0.32
	107 IFN + R347	RSAD2	107.32	35.38
	163 VEH	RSAD2	0.56	0.11
	163 IFN	RSAD2	71.47	21.17
	163 IFN + 545	RSAD2	4.39	0.60
	163 IFN + R3437	RSAD2	114.51	28.63
	175 VEH	RSAD2	1.88	0.43
	175 IFN	RSAD2	126.27	22.95
	175 IFN + 545	RSAD2	8.43	0.36
	175 IFN + R347	RSAD2	90.97	7.42

See also FIG. 6 (RAB8B), FIG. 7 (IRF7), FIG. 8 (MARCKS), FIG. 9 (IL6ST), FIG. 10 (LY6E), FIG. 11 (IFIT3), FIG. 12 (IFIT1), FIG. 13, (HERC5), FIG. 14 (OAS1), FIG. 15 (OAS3), and FIG. 16 (RSAD2) for graphical representations of the gene expression data for each of the 11 genes.

Source of Interferon=SLE Patient Serum

(a) Neutralization of type I IFN-induced genes by MEDI-545 could also be observed in whole blood of healthy volunteers that had been stimulated with serum obtained from lupus patients. Serum samples were obtained from SLE patients that had been tested in an IFN bioassay. Whole blood was collected from healthy donors in heparinized vacutainer tubes and PBMC were isolated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation method. PBMC were resuspended at 1×10⁷ cells/mL in RPMI media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 125 μL of cells were aliquoted into each well of a 24 well flat bottom plate (1.25×10⁶ cells/well). Serum from SLE patients was preincubated for one hour with MEDI-545 (0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL), anti-IFN-γ antibody (1 μg/mL) or control antibody (10 μg/mL). SLE serum was added to the PBMC at a final concentration 25% (62.5 μL per well). Additional volume of RPMI+10% FBS was added to the wells to obtain a final volume of 250 μL per well. Plates were incubated at 37° C. for either 4 or 18 hours. Following the incubation, RNA was harvested by adding 750 μL of Trizol LS to each well. Samples were frozen at −70° C. until the time of RNA isolation. Table 21 provides the MEDI-545 blockade of 74 type I IFN genes in healthy volunteers' whole blood stimulated ex vivo with SLE patient serum.

TABLE 21
MEDI-545 blocks overexpression of type I IFN genes in whole blood of healthy
volunteers stimulated ex vivo with lupus patient serum
Probe ID	D1_002_545.10	D1_004_545.10	D1_17021_545.10	UniGene. ID	Gene. Symbol
219211_at	−3.1949	−4.9995	−4.0543	Hs.38260	USP18
217502_at	−3.1886	−4.2648	−3.0247	Hs.437609	IFIT2
218400_at	−3.1235	−4.3204	−3.9594	Hs.528634	OAS3
213797_at	−3.0752	−3.3250	−2.5795	Hs.17518	RSAD2
203153_at	−2.8862	−4.6545	−4.7890	Hs.20315	IFIT1
242625_at	−2.8104	−2.9506	−2.2214	Hs.17518	RSAD2
204747_at	−2.7900	−3.6590	−2.9676	Hs.47338	IFIT3
205483_s_at	−2.5237	−2.9955	−3.1566	Hs.458485	ISG15
204439_at	−2.5133	−3.5887	−3.5926	Hs.389724	IFI44L
202145_at	−2.4809	−3.0198	−3.5950	Hs.521903	LY6E
202869_at	−2.4582	−3.5402	−3.2304	Hs.524760	OAS1
235643_at	−2.4535	−3.3586	−2.9115	Hs.489118	SAMD9L
219352_at	−2.4496	−3.5983	−3.8692	Hs.529317	HERC6
204415_at	−2.4417	−2.5228	−2.3149	Hs.523847	IFI6
219684_at	−2.4167	−2.8965	−2.1421	Hs.43388	RTP4
236156_at	−2.4160	−2.5440	−2.8885	Hs.127445	LIPA
205552_s_at	−2.3880	−3.3679	−2.7561	Hs.524760	OAS1
206133_at	−2.3139	−3.0772	−2.4787	Hs.441975	BIRC4BP
214453_s_at	−2.2965	−3.1707	−3.3204	Hs.82316	IFI44
1556643_at	−2.2666	−2.0429	−1.7120	Hs.515243	LOC93343
228607_at	−2.2597	−2.1659	−2.3234	Hs.414332	OAS2
218943_s_at	−2.2563	−2.4118	−2.6600	Hs.190622	DDX58
242020_s_at	−2.2542	−2.6436	−1.7975	Hs.302123	ZBP1
204959_at	−2.2501	−1.3731	−1.5559	Hs.153837	MNDA
226757_at	−2.2481	−2.9288	−2.3984	Hs.437609	IFIT2
219863_at	−2.2465	−3.0980	−3.8114	Hs.26663	HERC5
229450_at	−2.2281	−3.2200	−2.2151	—	—
214059_at		−3.2929	−3.5281	Hs.82316	IFI44
232517_s_at	−2.1925	−2.2750	−2.4569	Hs.517180	PRIC285
232666_at	−2.1925	−1.9206	−1.4938	Hs.528634	OAS3
230036_at	−2.1654	−3.0256	−2.4879	Hs.489118	SAMD9L
227609_at	−2.1548	−2.5608	−1.1577	Hs.546467	EPSTI1
226702_at	−2.1420	−3.0150	−3.0155	Hs.7155	LOC129607
226603_at	−2.1183	−2.8672	−2.4103	Hs.489118	SAMD9L
210397_at	−2.1095	−0.5687	−2.0322	Hs.32949	DEFB1
204994_at	−2.0685	−3.2727	−3.6132	Hs.926	MX2
202086_at	−2.0661	−3.2741	−3.6406	Hs.517307	MX1
228617_at	−2.0596	−2.5832	−2.3139	Hs.441975	BIRC4BP
219364_at	−2.0583	−2.3774	−2.4651	Hs.55918	LGP2
209417_s_at	−2.0364	−2.5262	−2.4132	Hs.632258	IFI35
222154_s_at	−2.0330	−2.4542	−2.6425	Hs.120323	DNAPTP6
228230_at	−2.0323	−2.9621	−3.0255	Hs.517180	PRIC285
242234_at	−2.0161	−3.0047	−3.1633	Hs.441975	BIRC4BP
219519_s_at	−2.0077	−0.2596	−3.1621	Hs.31869	SIGLEC1
207713_s_at	−1.9940	−1.0134	−1.6345	Hs.247280	C20orf18
218974_at	−1.8904	−2.5122	−2.5244	Hs.445244	FLJ10159
1552309_a_at	−1.8820	−2.4284	−2.7221	Hs.632387	NEXN
210873_x_at	−1.8424	−1.2891	−1.2710	Hs.348983	APOBEC3A
243271_at	−1.8388	−2.2657	−2.0595	Hs.489118	SAMD9L
202411_at	−1.8385	−0.1345	−2.4757	Hs.532634	IFI27
222793_at	−1.8137	−2.4540	−2.6576	Hs.190622	DDX58
235276_at	−1.8007	−2.6121	−1.4780	—	—
203236_s_at	−1.7926	−1.9069	−2.6425	Hs.81337	LGALS9
225291_at	−1.7801	−2.0167	−2.4613	Hs.388733	PNPT1
44673_at	−1.7547	−0.1337	−2.3913	Hs.31869	SIGLEC1
213294_at	−1.7361	−2.4393	−2.5907	Hs.546523	—
211122_s_at	−1.7296	−3.0816	−1.5743	Hs.632592	CXCL11
224701_at	−1.6827	−1.7880	−1.2356	Hs.583792	PARP14
230314_at	−1.6795	−2.2159	−2.3476	Hs.112420	—
218986_s_at	−1.6648	−2.1615	−2.0204	Hs.591710	FLJ20035
205569_at	−1.6647	−2.5741	−2.6878	Hs.518448	LAMP3
219691_at	−1.6420	−1.8434	−1.8310	Hs.65641	SAMD9
204211_x_at	−1.6244	−2.0612	−2.3379	Hs.131431	EIF2AK2
220146_at	−1.6033	−2.7419	−1.7471	Hs.443036	TLR7
241916_at	−1.6026	−1.5906	−1.3802	Hs.130759	PLSCR1
229350_x_at	−1.5906	−1.7395	−1.3577	Hs.348609	PARP10
1555464_at	−1.5866	−1.7397	−1.3101	Hs.163173	IFIH1
204972_at	−1.5822	−2.8402	−2.8355	Hs.414332	OAS2
204698_at	−1.5277	−1.5978	−1.6553	Hs.459265	ISG20
203595_s_at	−1.4853	−1.8724	−1.5442	Hs.252839	IFIT5
220576_at	−1.4834	−1.7834	−1.0040	Hs.229988	PGAP1
1555491_a_at	−1.4739	−1.0165	−1.4991	—	FLJ11286
1565752_at	−1.4418	−0.0040	−1.0835	Hs.509664	FGD2
203596_s_at	−1.4389	−2.0356	−1.9284	Hs.252839	IFIT5

Analysis of the genes uniquely activated at the 18 hour time point revealed upregulation of genes involved in the innate immune response (TLR, NFκB), adaptive immune response (NFAT, IL-1/IL-6), complement activation as well as leukocyte chemotaxis and adhesion. It is possible that neutralization of the type IFN pathway has the potential to modify downstream pathways that may significantly impact the pathogenesis of SLE.

Heatmap analysis was also performed to examine induction of a type I IFN signature in PBMCs of a healthy donor by serum of an SLE patient and neutralization of the type I IFN signature by MEDI-545. See FIG. 67. The anti-IFN-α mAb treatment (lanes 4-6) demonstrated strong neutralization of a large number of genes stimulated with the serum of an SLE patient. Furthermore, neutralization by the anti-IFN-α mAb was dose-dependent, which suggests that these genes could be good candidates for PD. The reference mAb itself inhibited the overexpression of some of the genes upregulated when challenged with SLE patient sera; some of these were identified as type I IFN-inducible genes. However, the effect of anti-IFN-α mAb was much broader, with strong neutralization observed in a large number of genes of which neither the reference mAb nor anti-IFN-γ mAb had any significant effect (lane 2; lanes 4-6). It should be noted that treatment with anti-IFN-αR mAb (lane 7) induced more neutralization than anti-IFN-α mAb, which suggests the presence of other type I IFN family members in the serum of the SLE patients, in addition to IFN-α.

(b) Further investigation was conducted to identify early and late transcriptional responses in healthy donor PBMCs stimulated with SLE patient serum. In this study, four SLE patient serum samples, with varying levels of IFNα activity, were used to stimulate PBMCs isolated from a healthy donor. The varying levels of IFNα activity in the four SLE serum samples were determined in a luciferase reporter gene assay as described in Example 20. Briefly, HEK293H cells were stably transfected with a luciferase construct (Gaussia princeps) under the control of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). Transfected cells were incubated with 50% patient sera and luciferase activity was detected in the culture supernatants 24 h later. Samples generating a signal greater than 1.5× negative control wells (normal human serum) were considered positive. To determine which class of type I IFN was responsible for the positive response, cells were treated with anti-type I and anti-type II IFN mAbs. FIG. 70a shows the range of levels of type I IFN activity in each of the four SLE patient serum samples.

Each of the four SLE patient serum samples was co-incubated with PBMCs isolated from a healthy volunteer. The PBMCs from the healthy volunteer (previously determined to be IFN-signature negative) were isolated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Isolated PBMCs were incubated with 25% SLE patient serum or with 25% autologous patient serum (as a negative control). Following the incubation, cells were harvested with Trizol LS and stored at −70° C. for RNA isolation. Total RNA was extracted and RNA purity and concentration were determined spectrophotometrically (260/280>1.9). The generation and hybridization of biotin-labeled amplified complementary RNA (cRNA) were conducted according to manufacturer's instructions (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, Calif.). Data was generated by implementing a 3-fold (up-regulation) expression cutoff between SLE serum stimulation compared to autologous serum control samples (q value≦0.05). FIG. 70b shows the number of probes detected as 3-fold or more upregulated in the healthy volunteer PBMCs by each of the four SLE patient serum samples. The number of probes detected as 3-fold or more upregulated by an SLE patient serum sample correspondingly increased with the level of type I IFN activity detected in the SLE serum sample.

The role of type I IFNs in inducing the 3-fold or more upregulation of probes by the SLE patient serum samples was next investigated. PBMCs isolated from a healthy volunteer, discussed above, were incubated with 25% SLE patient serum in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies against IFN-α, or irrelevant mAb, for 4 or 18 hours. As a negative control, PBMC were incubated with 25% of autologous patient serum. Following the incubation, cells were harvested with Trizol LS and stored at −70° C. for RNA isolation. Total RNA was extracted and RNA purity and concentration were determined spectrophotometrically (260/280>1.9). The generation and hybridization of biotin-labeled amplified complementary RNA (cRNA) were conducted according to manufacturer's instructions (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, Calif.). ARRAYASSIST® Lite software was used to calculate probe-level summaries from the array cell intensity files and R packages were used to identify differentially regulated genes (3-fold or greater upregulation in expression between SLE serum stimulation compared to autologous serum control samples (q value≦0.05); R Development Core Team, New Zealand). Percent neutralization was then determined by calculating the percent change for each upregulated probe treated with and without anti-IFNα antibody. FIG. 71a provides heat maps showing the percent neutralization of probes that were identified as upregulated following anti-IFNαtreatment for type I IFN genes (689 probes) and non-type I IFN genes (probes induced by SLE serum outside of type I IFN gene list) 4 and 18 h post incubation. FIG. 71b shows, for each of the four SLE patient serum samples, the percentage of type I IFN gene signature or non-type I IFN gene signature probes that were neutralized by the anti-IFNα treatment following both the 4 and 18 hour incubations. It appears that the majority of genes neutralized by anti-IFNα treatment of SLE serum-treated healthy volunteer's PBMCs 4 hours post-incubation were type I IFN genes, while the majority of genes neutralized by anti-IFNα treatment of SLE serum-treated healthy volunteer's PBMCs 18 hours post-incubation were non-type I IFN genes.

Genes, whether type I IFN genes or non-type I IFN genes, that were both upregulated and neutralized by anti-IFNα treatment at 18 hours, but that were not upregulated at 4 hours (i.e., “unique genes”) were identified for each SLE patient serum sample. FIG. 72 provides the (a) type I IFN genes and (b) non-type I IFN genes that were identified as unique genes. Shaded areas indicate greater than 50% neutralization by anti-IFNα in that patient sample.

Cell pathways and processes neutralized by anti-IFNα treatment at the 18 hr time point are involved in cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways, immune regulation, cell adhesion, and cell survival. See FIG. 73, which provides a table showing the pathway analysis of altered genes and proteins at the 18 hr time point. Pathways highlighted in yellow were also significantly altered in SLE serum samples. The cell pathways and processes neutralized by anti-IFNα treatment at the 18 hr time point were analyzed with the METACORE integrated software suite from GENEGO, Inc. using the identified unique genes. Only pathways with p-values≦0.05 were considered significant. The pathways shown were altered in at least 2 out of 4 SLE serum samples.

Example 6

Administering MEDI-545 to Lupus Patients Neutralizes the IFNα-Inducible Candidate PD Marker Expression Pattern

Whole blood of lupus patients receiving placebo, 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 3.0 mg/kg MEDI-545 were analyzed for expression of IFNα-inducible PD markers over the course of 28 days. Whole blood (˜2.5 mL) was drawn into PAXgene RNA tubes and processed as outlined above. With increasing doses of MEDI-545, up-regulated expression of the top 25 PD markers was neutralized. See FIG. 18, FIG. 23, and FIG. 24 which provide graphical representations of neutralization of these top 25 PD markers following administration of varying concentrations of the MEDI-545 IFNα Ab over various lengths of time. The top 25 PD markers measured in this study are provided in Table 19.

TABLE 19
Top 25 IFN-Induced PD Markers in Lupus Patients
	UniGene
Probe ID	ID	Gene Title	Gene Symbol
202086_at	Hs.517307	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-	MX1
		inducible protein p78 (mouse) /// myxovirus (influenza
		virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78
		(mouse)
202145_at	Hs.521903	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E
202411_at	Hs.532634	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27
202869_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1
203153_at	Hs.20315	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT1
		repeats 1 /// interferon-induced protein with
		tetratricopeptide repeats 1
204415_at	Hs.523847	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6
204439_at	Hs.389724	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15
205569_at	Hs.518448	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3
205660_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL
213797_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2
214059_at	Hs.82316	Interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44
217502_at	Hs.437609	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT2
		repeats 2
218400_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3
219211_at	Hs.38260	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18
219519_s_at	Hs.31869	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin /// sialic	SIGLEC1
		acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin
219863_at	Hs.26663	hect domain and RLD 5	HERC5
222154_s_at	Hs.120323	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6
226702_at	Hs.7155	hypothetical protein LOC129607	LOC129607
227609_at	Hs.546467	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1
229450_at	—	—	—
235276_at	—	—	—
239979_at	Hs.546467	Epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1
242234_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP
44673_at	Hs.31869	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin	SIGLEC1

The neutralization of IFN-induced PD markers by MEDI-545 for several individual lupus patients was examined and is presented in FIGS. 19-21. FIGS. 19 and 20 are heatmaps showing the neutralization of the top 25 PD markers (see Table 19) for two individual lupus patients (FIG. 19, patient 1541; and FIG. 20, patient 1449). Each of these lupus patients received 3 mg/kg MEDI-545. Each exhibited neutralization of the top 25 inducible PD markers at 7 and 14 days post-MEDI-545 treatment.

Neutralization of the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes in whole blood of an SLE patient treated with high dose (30 mg/kg) MEDI-545 was also examined. A heatmap of neutralization of the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days following administration of MEDI-545 is presented in FIG. 25(a). Neutralization of all genes can be seen following administration of MEDI-545. FIG. 25(b) is a PCA of target modulation based on the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes. The PCA diagram shows the progression of the treated SLE patient from a position directly opposite that of normal healthy donors prior to administration of MEDI-545 to a position where it clusters with the healthy donors after administration of MEDI-545.

The neutralization of 165 PD markers by MEDI-545 was examined in a further lupus patient dosed with a lower, 0.3 mg/kg dose, of Ab. See FIG. 21. MEDI-545 neutralized most of the 165 candidate PD markers in this lupus patient. The 165 candidate PD markers are shown as the first 165 entries of Table 20.

The neutralization of type I IFN inducible probes sets was not observed in SLE patients treated with placebo control. Compare PCA plots of SLE patients before (a) and after (b) dosing with placebo in FIG. 26. Thus, the neutralization of the type-I IFN PD markers was due to the MEDI-545 antibody.

Table 22 provides a list of the 63 type I IFN inducible probes upregulated in whole blood of lupus patients and neutralized by MEDI-545 or placebo by at least 30% at day 7, day 14, or day 28 post administration. Each set of columns provides neutralization data for each of the indicated genes at 7, 14, and 28 days post-administration. The first set of columns provides percentage neutralization of each of the indicated genes for lupus patients having a type I IFN signature and that were treated with MEDI-545. It can be noted that for each of the indicated genes, neutralization ranged from 30% to 68% at day 7 post-administration. Meanwhile, at day 7 in the placebo treated group, neutralization of the same genes ranged from 0% to 27%.

TABLE 22
Neutralization of 63 Type I IFN Inducible Probes in Whole Blood of Lupus by MEDI-545
		Lupus Samples with IFN	All Lupus Samples, (+)Medi-	Lupus Samples Without an IFN	Samples Receiving Placebo
(type I	5	Day.7_	Day.14_	Day.28_	Day.7_	Day.14_	Day.28_	Day.7_	Day.14_	Day.28_	Day.7_	Day.14_	Day.28_
IFN induc	neutralizab	Sig	Sig	Sig	All	All	All	NoSi	NoS	NoS	Place	Place	Place
IFI44	214059_at	0.6871	0.6276	0.5047	0.3433	0.2657	0.2357	−0.0799	−0.2278	−0.0088	−0.1325	−1.91	−0.4185
IFI44L	204439_at	0.6621	0.6193	0.5515	0.6662	0.5561	0.492	0.6713	0.4698	0.4379	0.007	−2.1816	0.0035
RSAD2	213797_at	0.6547	0.631	0.5213	0.6023	0.4611	0.4464	0.5377	0.2294	0.3783	−0.2332	−5.0172	−0.9617
G1P2	205483_s_at	0.6395	0.5954	0.5703	0.5404	0.4781	0.4148	0.4185	0.3181	0.2734	0.0423	−0.944	0.1706
RSAD2	242625_at	0.6359	0.6123	0.4946	0.5607	0.541	0.3443	0.4681	0.4437	0.2077	−0.3537	−2.7176	−0.2632
USP15	219211_at	0.6305	0.6269	0.5577	0.4322	0.4423	0.4082	0.1882	0.1907	0.2723	−0.4424	−2.4219	−0.4972
IFI44	214453_s_at	0.626	0.5875	0.4223	0.4956	0.2741	0.2298	0.3352	−0.1532	0.0547	−0.2833	−1.0524	−2.4005
IFIT1	203153_at	0.6224	0.6093	0.5376	0.5442	0.4586	0.4182	0.448	0.2532	0.3097	−0.1604	−1.1565	−0.436
IFIT3	204747_at	0.6213	0.5676	0.5638	0.5212	0.4174	0.3854	0.398	0.2124	0.2232	−5.9101	−9.7543	−7.4011
SERPING1	200985_at	0.617	0.6214	0.5974	0.4617	0.4294	0.3673	0.2706	0.1676	0.1582	−0.5973	−2.7824	−0.4193
HERC8	219352_at	0.5996	0.531	0.5352	0.3581	0.3678	0.4335	0.0609	0.1452	0.341	−0.9901	−4.4468	−1.6832
DNAPTP6	222154_s_at	0.5973	0.6223	0.5016	0.345	0.3819	0.2244	0.0345	0.0543	−0.0276	0.028	−1.947	0.007
CASL	210797_s_at	0.5968	0.5529	0.5815	0.4715	0.3853	0.4208	0.3174	0.1569	0.2748	−0.1014	−1.6808	−0.1344
HERC5	219883_at	0.5948	0.5552	0.4997	0.4651	0.4521	0.3816	0.3054	0.3115	0.2742	−0.0955	−0.9446	−0.1306
OAS3	218400_at	0.589	0.5792	0.5062	0.4846		0.4039	0.3562	0.3065	0.311	−0.0945	−1.1786	−0.1744
IFRG23	219884_at	0.581	0.5218	0.4955	0.3014	0.3035	0.2441	−0.0427	0.0058	0.0155	−2.1401	−2.8445	−3.3644
MX1	202086_at	0.5807	0.5329	0.5073	0.512	0.4831	0.4001	0.4273	0.4152	0.3026	−0.0951	−0.7789	0.01
OAS1	202869_at	0.5761	0.5148	0.5652	0.4345	0.429	0.4373	0.2603	0.3119	0.3211	0.0389	−0.6246	0.0692
OASL	206660_at	0.5681	0.5549	0.5494	0.4814	0.4415	0.4046	0.3746	0.2868	0.2729	−0.0675	−0.9765	0.0773
OAS1	205552_s_at	0.5678	0.5193	0.56	0.4796	0.4115	0.4196	0.3711	0.2644	0.292	−0.1562	−1.7918	−0.395
LAMP3	205569_at	0.5531	0.6796	0.4871	0.3427	0.4182	0.2854	0.0838	0.0618	0.1021	0.007	−1.4332	0.045
MGC20410	228439_at	0.535	0.5085	0.5093	0.359	0.2949	0.332	0.1424	0.0036	0.1709	−1.1629	−2.0558	−0.5523
SN	219518_at	0.5321	0.5639	0.5307	0.307	0.3711	0.212	0.03	0.1081	−0.0778	−0.1736	−4.8297	0.1133
HSXIAPAF1	228817_at	0.5317	0.503	0.4707	0.3942	0.3604	0.266	0.2249	0.1659	0.0799	−0.2206	−0.7607	−0.1053
IFIT5	203896_s_at	0.5257	0.4922	0.3314	0.3004	0.1997	0.0723	0.023	−0.1991	−0.1633	0.0791	−0.2048	−0.1939
IRF7	208436_s_at	0.5183	0.494	0.4717	0.4318	0.3509	0.301	0.3253	0.1557	0.1459	0.1162	−0.2791	0.2159
EPSTI1	227609_at	0.517	0.5298	0.4999	0.3142	0.2662	0.2798	0.0646	−0.0932	0.0797	0.0161	−1.0185	−0.1578
EPSTI1	239979_at	0.5074	0.4803	0.553	0.3738	0.3527	0.3674	0.2093	0.1786	0.1987	−0.6502	−1.8449	−0.4975
ETV7	224225_s_at	0.5057	0.5101	0.3596	0.2965	0.2389	0.0985	0.039	−0.1308	−0.1389	−0.5808	−1.3814	−0.6834
IFIT8	203595_s_at	0.5056	0.4731	0.2902	0.2482	0.2263	0.028	−0.0685	−0.1102	−0.2105	−0.1956	−0.4059	−0.6195
HES4	227347_k_at	0.4998	0.4746	0.4266	0.3377	0.3141	0.2703	0.1383	0.0953	0.1283	0.0775	−0.3688	0.2619
ZCGHDC1	218543_s_at	0.4812	0.4274	0.4076	0.3058	0.2935	0.2109	0.0898	0.1109	0.0321	0.055	−0.1726	0.1826
C7orf6	230035_at	0.4636	0.4665	0.4025	0.3114	0.2848	0.2299	0.1241	0.037	0.073	0.0287	−0.4023	−0.002
C7orf6	226603_at	0.4578	0.4242	0.3425	0.264	0.1555	0.1794	0.0253	−0.211	0.0312	−0.2153	−0.8023	−0.4988
OAS3	232666_at	0.4557	0.3628	0.4828	0.3165	0.2457	0.3356	0.1452	0.086	0.2018	−0.3754	−1.0637	−0.0014
OAS2	204972_at	0.4532	0.4503	0.3889	0.2963	0.3106	0.2084	0.1032	0.1202	0.0444	−0.1067	−0.9025	−0.1084
IFIT2	217502_at	0.4514	0.4519	0.1899	0.0857	−0.039	−0.4306	−0.3643	−0.7083	−0.9948	−0.7316	−0.9653	−4.4123
CKCL10	204533_at	0.4476	0.4647	0.262	0.1834	0.1911	0.1282	−0.1418	−0.1819	0.0066	−0.1664	−0.9562	−0.1939
LY6E	202146_at	0.4463	0.4582	0.4113	0.3404	0.3294	0.2612	0.21	0.1536	0.1247	−0.4715	−1.729	−0.5955
HERC6	239986_at	0.4449	0.3726	0.3596	0.2951	0.2402	0.2433	0.1108	0.0596	0.1376	0.2771	−0.098	0.0584
G1P3	204415_at	0.4421	0.3914	0.1018	0.152	0.3129	−0.3045	−0.205	0.2058	−0.6738	−0.3862	−0.3826	−0.4763
C7orf6	243271_at	0.4419	0.4279	0.401	0.2663	0.2445	0.2165	0.0501	−0.0055	0.0488	1.00E−04	−0.2487	0.116
OAS2	206663_at	0.4377	0.3721	0.2965	0.3008	0.2379	0.1882	0.1323	0.0548	0.0897	−0.0861	−1.1845	−0.2322
APOL6	241669_at	0.4264	0.063	0.4352	−0.787	−0.5482	−0.2042	−0.7003	−1.3816	−0.7855	−1.0548	−2.225	0.0949
ZBP1	242920_s_at	0.4232	0.406	0.3729	0.0761	0.1281	0.2718	−0.3512	−0.2508	0.1799	0.0954	−0.6879	−0.0275
PLSCR1	202446_s_at	0.4022	0.3948	0.2996	0.1919	0.1973	0.1063	−0.0668	−0.0719	−0.0694	0.0049	−0.5041	−0.1826
OAS2	228807_at	0.3989	0.3655	0.3374	0.2712	0.2174	0.1639	0.114	0.0155	0.0061	−0.026	−0.5978	−0.0611
TRIM6	223599_at	0.3896	0.3464	0.2669	0.2285	0.1987	0.1119	0.0303	−0.0027	−0.0289	−0.4333	−1.2181	−0.76
ZCCHC2	233425_at	0.3891	0.4249	0.3925	0.2541	0.2965	0.2822	0.088	0.1213	0.182	−0.1376	−0.4844	−0.075
PLSCR1	202438_s_at	0.3847	0.3858	0.2706	−0.2032	−0.0283	−0.1714	−0.9268	−0.5931	−0.5733	−0.091	−0.5114	−0.3841
CLEC4D	1562773_at	0.3782	0.2012	0.1293	−0.5127	−0.9029	−0.5568	−1.6091	−2.4085	−1.1806	−0.0151	−0.298	−0.9965
ECGF1	204658_s_at	0.3778	0.2403	0.2971	0.3178	0.1699	0.0019	0.244	0.0741	−0.2665	0.0637	−0.2711	0.1519
C17orf27	233680_at	0.3658	0.3508	0.2804	0.2913	0.2599	0.108	0.1996	0.136	−0.0488	−0.4266	−0.7606	−0.4247
SN	44873_at	0.3642	0.3373	0.3736	0.2344	0.2522	0.1405	0.0747	0.1362	−0.0714	−0.321	−1.2105	0.1766
PRIIC286	228230_at	0.3636	0.4131	0.3363	0.2701	0.2731	0.1074	0.155	0.0822	−0.1008	−0.5711	−0.6313	−0.1671
PARP14	224701_at	0.3611	0.3765	0.3718	0.2737	0.2855	0.2267	0.1662	0.1614	0.0947	−0.0715	−0.3247	0.0835
DNAPTP6	241812_at	0.3448	0.3672	0.2896	0.2048	0.2134	0.108	0.0325	0.0037	−0.0571	−0.134	−0.5147	0.0613
HSKIAPAF1	242234_at	0.3371	0.3793	0.1084	0.1586	0.1796	−0.2285	−0.0612	−0.0927	−0.5347	−0.4102	−0.7359	0.0295
TNFAIP6	206026_s_at	0.336	0.3559	0.3269	0.1913	0.1909	0.1164	0.0133	−0.034	−0.0751	−0.3457	−0.7114	−0.2343
LGALS38P	200923_at	0.3331	0.27	0.2644	−0.0457	0.1764	0.1032	−0.512	0.0487	−0.0434	0.111	−0.2857	0.3187
CKS2	204170_s_at	0.3215	0.0604	0.0634	−0.2323	−0.5787	−1.1884	−0.914	−1.4502	−2.3265	−0.3697	0.1034	−1.5141
STAT2	205170_at	0.3176	0.1781	0.1852	0.1643	−0.0318	−0.051	−0.0245	−0.318	−0.2657	0.0708	−0.6738	−0.8915
EIF2AK2	204211_k_at	0.3094	0.3621	0.2577	0.2165	0.286	0.1441	0.1021	0.1021	0.0408	−0.2044	−0.3038	−0.2554
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Table 33 provides the results of a separate study which determined the top 50 genes neutralized in SLE patient whole blood 7 days after MEDI-545 treatment. Only three genes of the 50 genes, ZCCHC2, REC8L1, and GCLM, were not IFN-α/β-inducible.

TABLE 33
Top 50 probes neutralized 7 days post-dose in SLE patients receiving MEDI-545 treatment
				Avg Probe	Final
				Rank (By %	Probe
Probe ID	UniGene ID	Gene Title	Gene Symbol	Neutralization)	Rank
219352_at	Hs.529317	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6	2277.0	1
208436_s_at	Hs.166120	interferon regulatory factor 7	IRF7	2497.5	2
210797_s_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	2708.2	3
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15	2735.7	4
204439_at	Hs.389724	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L	3194.9	5
219211_at	Hs.38260	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18	3458.6	6
218543_s_at	Hs.12646	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 12	PARP12	3472.3	7
205241_at	Hs.567405	SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 2 (yeast)	SCO2	3825.7	8
204747_at	Hs.47338	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3	IFIT3	3987.2	9
219519_s_at	Hs.31869	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin	SIGLEC1	4207.2	10
228230_at	Hs.517180	peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor A interacting	PRIC285	4373.1	11
		complex 285
235276_at	—	—	—	4438.7	12
214059_at	Hs.82316	Interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	4477.4	13
222154_s_at	Hs.120323	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6	4531.3	14
202145_at	Hs.521903	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E	4618.6	15
223849_s_at	Hs.514941	Mov10, Moloney leukemia virus 10, homolog (mouse)	MOV10	4691.0	16
219364_at	Hs.55918	likely ortholog of mouse D11Igp2	LGP2	4717.4	17
224503_s_at	Hs.114191	zinc finger. CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2	4926.5	18
228617_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	4942.0	19
53720_at	—	hypothetical protein FLJ11286	FLJ11286	5046.2	20
218400_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	5136.7	21
235508_at	Hs.526464	promyelocytic leukemia	PML	5328.7	22
232155_at	Hs.514554	KIAA1618	KIAA1618	5344.5	23
202086_at	Hs.517307	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible	MX1	5484.4	24
		protein p78 (mouse)
242625_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2	5522.4	25
209417_s_at	Hs.632258	interferon-induced protein 35	IFI35	5529.4	26
228439_at	Hs.124840	basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 2	BATF2	5563.0	27
221766_s_at	Hs.10784	family with sequence similarity 46, member A	FAM46A	5607.1	28
202446_s_at	Hs.130759	phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1	5911.3	29
205660_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	6001.3	30
205875_s_at	Hs.344812	three prime repair exonuclease 1	TREX1	6062.0	31
34689_at	Hs.344812	three prime repair exonuclease 1	TREX1	6097.0	32
202869_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	6101.5	33
214453_s_at	Hs.82316	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	6210.4	34
1555491_a_at	—	hypothetical protein FLJ11286	FLJ11286	6235.7	35
230036_at	Hs.489118	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	6254.1	36
222217_s_at	Hs.438723	solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 3	SLC27A3	6257.9	37
201641_at	Hs.118110	bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2	BST2	6371.4	38
218599_at	Hs.419259	REC8-like 1 (yeast)	REC8L1	6423.3	39
238327_at	Hs.531314	glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit	GCLM	6500.4	40
225291_at	Hs.388733	polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1	PNPT1	6537.6	41
208581_x_at	Hs.374950	metallothionein 1X	MT1X	6541.4	42
212380_at	Hs.520102	KIAA0082	KIAA0082	6547.1	43
227347_x_at	Hs.154029	hairy and enhancer of split 4 (Drosophila)	HES4	6557.3	44
1557116_at	Hs.257352	apolipoprotein L, 6	APOL6	6571.1	45
231769_at	Hs.464419	F-box protein 6	FBXO6	6683.0	46
200986_at	Hs.384598	serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor), member 1,	SERPING1	6688.7	47
		(angioedema, hereditary)
33304_at	Hs.459265	interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 kDa	ISG20	6853.8	48
209593_s_at	Hs.252682	torsin family 1, member B (torsin B)	TOR1B	6866.4	49
202307_s_at	Hs.352018	transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP)	TAP1	6909.0	50

Example 7

The Majority of Lupus Patients Exhibit a Type I IFN-Inducible PD Marker Expression Pattern

Using 169 probe sets to detect expression of a number of PD markers, gene expression in whole blood samples of 35 lupus patients was analyzed using PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Principal component analysis is a statistical technique for simplifying a dataset, by reducing multidimensional datasets to lower dimensions for analysis. PCA was conducted on the filtered data set (169 probe sets) using the Spotfire statistical tool. The PCA determined that 24/35 of the lupus patients had a statistically significant PD marker signature. See FIG. 22 for PCA analysis results. The 169 probe sets used for this PCA analysis are provided in Table 20.

TABLE 20
Gene Expression Detected by 169 Probe Sets in 35 SLE Patients (Table 20 discloses
“DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1)
			Gene
Probe ID	UniGene ID	Gene Title	Symbol
1552772_at	Hs.351811	C-type lectin domain family 4, member D	CLEC4D
1554343_a_at	Hs.435579	BCR downstream signaling 1	BRDG1
1555464_at	Hs.163173	interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	IFIH1
1555728_a_at	Hs.325960	membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A,	MS4A4A
		member 4
1556643_at	Hs.515243	Hypothetical protein BC011840	LOC93343
1557236_at	Hs.257352	apolipoprotein L, 6	APOL6
1559585_at	Hs.535011	hypothetical protein FLJ31033	FLJ31033
200887_s_at	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,	STAT1
		91 kDa
200923_at	Hs.514535	lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 binding	LGALS3BP
		protein
200986_at	Hs.384598	serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor),	SERPING1
		member 1, (angioedema, hereditary)
201015_s_at	Hs.514174	junction plakoglobin	JUP
201324_at	Hs.436298	epithelial membrane protein 1	EMP1
201641_at	Hs.118110	bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2	BST2
201646_at	Hs.349656	scavenger receptor class B, member 2	SCARB2
201761_at	Hs.469030	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+	MTHFD2
		dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate
		cyclohydrolase
202086_at	Hs.517307	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,	MX1
		interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse) ///
		myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,
		interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)
202145_at	Hs.521903	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E
202270_at	Hs.62661	guanylate binding protein 1, interferon-inducible,	GBP1
		67 kDa /// guanylate binding protein 1, interferon-
		inducible, 67 kDa
202411_at	Hs.532634	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27
202430_s_at	Hs.130759	phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1
202446_s_at	Hs.130759	phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1
202759_s_at	Hs.591908	A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 2 /// PALM2-	AKAP2 ///
		AKAP2 protein	PALM2-
			AKAP2
202863_at	Hs.369056	SP100 nuclear antigen	SP100
202869_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1
203153_at	Hs.20315	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT1
		repeats 1 /// interferon-induced protein with
		tetratricopeptide repeats 1
203595_s_at	Hs.252839	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT5
		repeats 5
203596_s_at	Hs.252839	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT5
		repeats 5
203771_s_at	Hs.488143	biliverdin reductase A	BLVRA
204211_x_at	Hs.131431	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha	EIF2AK2
		kinase 2
204224_s_at	Hs.86724	GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (dopa-responsive dystonia)	GCH1
204326_x_at	Hs.374950	metallothionein 1X	MT1X
204415_at	Hs.523847	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6
204439_at	Hs.389724	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L
204533_at	Hs.632586	chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 10	CXCL10
204747_at	Hs.47338	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT3
		repeats 3
204972_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2
204994_at	Hs.926	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2 (mouse)	MX2
205098_at	Hs.301921	chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1	CCR1
205099_s_at	Hs.301921	chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1	CCR1
205170_at	Hs.530595	signal transducer and activator of transcription 2,	STAT2
		113 kDa
205241_at	Hs.567405	SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 2	SCO2
		(yeast)
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15
205552_s_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1
205569_at	Hs.518448	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3
205660_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL
206025_s_at	Hs.437322	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 6	TNFAIP6
206026_s_at	Hs.437322	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 6	TNFAIP6
206133_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP
206332_s_at	—	interferon, gamma-inducible protein 16	IFI16
206513_at	Hs.281898	absent in melanoma 2	AIM2
206553_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2
206576_s_at	Hs.512682	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM1
		molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein)
206715_at	Hs.125962	transcription factor EC	TFEC
208087_s_at	Hs.302123	Z-DNA binding protein 1 /// Z-DNA binding	ZBP1
		protein 1
208436_s_at	Hs.166120	interferon regulatory factor 7	IRF7
208581_x_at	Hs.374950	metallothionein 1X	MT1X
208653_s_at	Hs.591335	CD164 molecule, sialomucin	CD164
208966_x_at	—	interferon, gamma-inducible protein 16	IFI16
209417_s_at	Hs.632258	interferon-induced protein 35	IFI35
209498_at	Hs.512682	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM1
		molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein)
209593_s_at	Hs.252682	torsin family 1, member B (torsin B)	TOR1B
210001_s_at	Hs.50640	suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	SOCS1
210705_s_at	Hs.370515	tripartite motif-containing 5	TRIM5
210797_s_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL
		apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic
210873_x_at	Hs.348983	polypeptide-like 3A	APOBEC3A
210985_s_at	Hs.369056	SP100 nuclear antigen	SP100
211012_s_at	Hs.498345	promyelocytic leukemia /// hypothetical protein	PML ///
		LOC161527 /// similar to promyelocytic leukemia	LOC161527
		protein isoform 9	///
			LOC652671
211456_x_at	—	hypothetical protein LOC650610	LOC650610
211889_x_at	Hs.512682	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion	CEACAM1
		molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein)
212185_x_at	Hs.534330	metallothionein 2A	MT2A
212657_s_at	Hs.81134	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	IL1RN
212659_s_at	Hs.81134	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	IL1RN
212845_at	Hs.98259	sterile alpha motif domain containing 4A	SAMD4A
213293_s_at	Hs.501778	tripartite motif-containing 22	TRIM22
213294_at	Hs.546523	Full-length cDNA clone CS0DK002YF13 of HeLa	—
		cells Cot 25-normalized of Homo sapiens (human)
213361_at	Hs.193842	tudor domain containing 7	TDRD7
213469_at	Hs.229988	GPI deacylase	PGAP1
213797_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2
214059_at	Hs.82316	Interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44
214329_x_at	Hs.478275	tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member	TNFSF10
		10 /// tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily,
		member 10
214453_s_at	Hs.82316	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44
214511_x_at	Hs.534956	Fc fragment of IgG, high affinity Ia, receptor	FCGR1A ///
		(CD64) /// Fc-gamma receptor I B2 /// similar to	LOC440607
		Fc-gamma receptor I B2 isoform b	///
			LOC652758
216243_s_at	Hs.81134	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	IL1RN
216598_s_at	Hs.303649	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	CCL2
217165_x_at	Hs.513626	metallothionein 1F (functional)	MT1F
217502_at	Hs.437609	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT2
		repeats 2
217933_s_at	Hs.570791	leucine aminopeptidase 3	LAP3
218400_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3
218543_s_at	Hs.12646	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 12	PARP12
218943_s_at	Hs.190622	DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 58	DDX58
218986_s_at	Hs.591710	hypothetical protein FLJ20035	FLJ20035
219062_s_at	Hs.631682	zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2
219209_at	Hs.163173	interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	IFIH1
219211_at	Hs.38260	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18
219352_at	Hs.529317	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6
219364_at	Hs.55918	likely ortholog of mouse D11lgp2	LGP2
219519_s_at	Hs.31869	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin ///	SIGLEC1
		sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin
219607_s_at	Hs.325960	membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A,	MS4A4A
		member 4
219684_at	Hs.43388	receptor transporter protein 4	RTP4
219691_at	Hs.65641	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9	SAMD9
219863_at	Hs.26663	hect domain and RLD 5	HERC5
219885_at	—	schlafen family member 12	SLFN12
220059_at	Hs.435579	BCR downstream signaling 1	BRDG1
220576_at	Hs.229988	GPI deacylase	PGAP1
221680_s_at	Hs.272398	ets variant gene 7 (TEL2 oncogene)	ETV7
221816_s_at	Hs.369039	PHD finger protein 11	PHF11
222154_s_at	Hs.120323	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6
222631_at	Hs.443733	phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 beta	PI4K2B
222793_at	Hs.190622	DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 58	DDX58
222816_s_at	Hs.631682	zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2
223167_s_at	Hs.473370	ubiquitin specific peptidase 25	USP25
223220_s_at	Hs.518200	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 9	PARP9
223434_at	—	guanylate binding protein 3	GBP3
223501_at	—	—	—
223849_s_at	Hs.514941	Mov10, Moloney leukemia virus 10, homolog	MOV10
		(mouse)
224225_s_at	Hs.272398	ets variant gene 7 (TEL2 oncogene)	ETV7
224701_at	Hs.583792	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14	PARP14
225291_at	Hs.388733	polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1	PNPT1
225415_at	Hs.518201	deltex 3-like (Drosophila)	DTX3L
225636_at	Hs.530595	signal transducer and activator of transcription 2,	STAT2
		113 kDa
225834_at	Hs.599880	hypothetical protein LOC652689 /// family with	LOC652689
		sequence similarity 72, member A /// similar to	/// FAM72A
		family with sequence similarity 72, member A ///	///
		similar to family with sequence similarity 72,	LOC653594
		member A	///
			LOC653820
225869_s_at	Hs.502989	unc-93 homolog B1 (C. elegans)	UNC93B1
226103_at	Hs.632387	nexilin (F actin binding protein)	NEXN
226603_at	Hs.489118	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L
226702_at	Hs.7155	hypothetical protein LOC129607	LOC129607
226757_at	Hs.437609	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide	IFIT2
		repeats 2
227458_at	—	—	—
227609_at	Hs.546467	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1
227697_at	Hs.527973	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3	SOCS3
228152_s_at	Hs.535011	hypothetical protein FLJ31033	FLJ31033
228230_at	Hs.517180	peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor A	PRIC285
		interacting complex 285
228439_at	Hs.124840	basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 2	BATF2
228531_at	Hs.65641	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9	SAMD9
228607_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2
228617_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP
229450_at	—	—	—
230036_at	Hs.489118	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L
230314_at	Hs.112420	Transcribed locus, strongly similar to XP_511805.1	—
		PREDICTED: hypothetical protein XP_511805.1
		[Pan troglodytes]
231769_at	Hs.464419	F-box protein 6	FBXO6
232034_at	Hs.599821	hypothetical protein LOC203274	LOC203274
232155_at	Hs.514554	KIAA1618	KIAA1618
232375_at	Hs.565365	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,	STAT1
		91 kDa
232666_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3
233425_at	Hs.631682	zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2
233880_at	Hs.195642	chromosome 17 open reading frame 27	C17orf27
235061_at	Hs.291000	protein phosphatase 1K (PP2C domain containing)	PPM1K
235112_at	Hs.533491	KIAA1958	KIAA1958
235157_at	Hs.583792	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14	PARP14
235276_at	—	—	—
235643_at	Hs.489118	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L
236156_at	Hs.127445	lipase A, lysosomal acid, cholesterol esterase	LIPA
		(Wolman disease)
236692_at	—	—	—
238439_at	Hs.217484	ankyrin repeat domain 22	ANKRD22
238581_at	Hs.513726	Guanylate binding protein 5	GBP5
238743_at	Hs.546523	Full-length cDNA clone CS0DK002YF13 of HeLa	—
		cells Cot 25-normalized of Homo sapiens (human)
239196_at	Hs.217484	ankyrin repeat domain 22	ANKRD22
239277_at	—	—	—
239979_at	Hs.546467	Epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1
241812_at	Hs.120323	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6
241916_at	Hs.130759	Phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1
242020_s_at	Hs.302123	Z-DNA binding protein 1	ZBP1
242234_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP
242625_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2
242898_at	—	—	—
243271_at	Hs.489118	Sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L
44673_at	Hs.31869	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin	SIGLEC1
AFFX-	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,	STAT1
HUMISGF3A/M97935_3_at		91 kDa
AFFX-	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,	STAT1
HUMISGF3A/M97935_5_at		91 kDa
AFFX-	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,	STAT1
HUMISGF3A/M97935_MB_at		91 kDa

Similarly, using 25 highly upregulated IFN-inducible genes, expression in whole blood samples of lupus patients and normal healthy donors was analyzed using PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The PCA determined that approximately 66% of the lupus patients had a strong/moderate type I IFN inducible signature. See FIG. 68a for PCA analysis results and 68b for 25 genes used in the PCA analysis.

The overexpression of type I IFN genes in SLE patient whole blood for a larger number of patients, determined using an Affymetrix whole genome array, is provided in Table 23. Table 23 and FIG. 65 provide further evidence that a high percentage of SLE patients share at least 2-fold overexpression of each individual type I IFN genes.

TABLE 23
Overexpressed Type-I IFN Genes in Whole Blood of Lupus Patients
			Number Of
			Samples
			Displaying		Average
			A Fold-		log2
			Change	% of	Fold-
Probe.ID	Gene.Title	Gene.Symbol	>=2	Samples	Change
222816_s_at	zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2	ZCCHC2	70	79.55	2.124
204415_at	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6	67	76.14	3.007
217502_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2	IFIT2	65	73.86	1.913
235643_at	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	65	73.86	2.020
213797_at	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2	62	70.45	2.978
214059_at	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	61	69.32	3.050
202411_at	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27	60	68.18	3.937
204439_at	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L	60	68.18	2.847
242625_at	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2	59	67.05	2.861
214453_s_at	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	59	67.05	2.463
203153_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 /// in	IFIT1	59	67.05	2.034
242234_at	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	59	67.05	2.066
203595_s_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5	IFIT5	59	67.05	1.603
202086_at	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible p	MX1	58	65.91	1.777
206133_at	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	58	65.91	1.803
216243_s_at	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	IL1RN	58	65.91	1.278
219863_at	hect domain and RLD 5	HERC5	57	64.77	1.795
202869_at	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	56	63.64	2.057
226702_at	hypothetical protein LOC129607	LOC129607	56	63.64	1.797
205483_s_at	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15	56	63.64	1.979
204747_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3	IFIT3	56	63.64	1.675
1555464_at	interferon induced with helicase C domain 1	IFIH1	56	63.64	1.532
218400_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	55	62.50	1.932
227609_at	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	55	62.50	1.788
200986_at	serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor), member 1, (a	SERPING1	55	62.50	1.503
202145_at	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E	54	61.36	2.242
239979_at	Epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	54	61.36	1.895
205552_s_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	54	61.36	1.945
225929_s_at	chromosome 17 open reading frame 27	C17orf27	54	61.36	1.054
222154_s_at	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6	53	60.23	2.030
205569_at	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3	53	60.23	1.813
205660_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	53	60.23	1.677
219352_at	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6	52	59.09	1.663
210797_s_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	52	59.09	1.548
241916_at	Phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1	52	59.09	1.396
208087_s_at	Z-DNA binding protein 1 /// Z-DNA binding protein 1	ZBP1	52	59.09	1.438
243271_at	Sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	52	59.09	1.126
219519_s_at	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin /// sialic acid bin	SIGLEC1	51	57.95	3.019
228617_at	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	51	57.95	1.473
202446_s_at	phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1	51	57.95	1.307
232095_at	SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2	SRGAP2	50	56.82	1.155
232666_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	49	55.68	1.862
204972_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	49	55.68	1.642
202430_s_at	phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1	49	55.68	1.209
224701_at	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14	PARP14	49	55.68	1.098
219211_at	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18	48	54.55	2.365
206553_at	2′-5′-oligoadanylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	48	54.55	1.582
219684_at	receptor transporter protein 4	RTP4	48	54.55	1.534
239900_at	chromosome 17 open reading frame 27	C17orf27	47	53.41	0.936
44673_at	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1, sialoadhesin	SIGLEC1	47	53.41	1.975
203596_s_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5	IFIT5	47	53.41	1.327
218986_s_at	hypothetical protein FLJ20035	FLJ20035	47	53.41	1.091
242020_s_at	Z-DNA binding protein 1	ZBP1	47	53.41	1.195
212659_s_at	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist	IL1RN	47	53.41	1.196
228439_at	basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 2	BATF2	46	52.27	1.180
226757_at	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2	IFIT2	46	52.27	0.882
225291_at	polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1	PNPT1	46	52.27	0.957
206026_s_at	tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 6	TNFAIP6	46	52.27	0.942
222858_s_at	dual adaptor of phosphotryosine and 3-phosphoinositides	DAPP1	46	52.27	1.055
208436_s_at	interferon regulatory factor 7	IRF7	45	51.14	1.146
217933_s_at	leucine aminopeptidase 3	LAP3	45	51.14	0.807
228152_s_at	hypothetical protein FLJ31033	FLJ31033	45	51.14	0.834
230036_at	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	44	50.00	1.097
228607_at	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	44	50.00	1.113
218543_s_at	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 12	PARP12	44	50.00	1.111
226603_at	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like	SAMD9L	44	50.00	1.033
204211_x_at	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2	EIF2AK2	44	50.00	1.050
235157_at	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14	PARP14	44	50.00	0.940
209417_s_at	interferon-induced protein 35	IFI35	44	50.00	0.957
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Based on the observations of different overexpressed type I IFN genes in SLE patients, described above, a set of 21 type I IFN genes in whole blood of lupus patients was identified as potentially useful. See Table 24.

TABLE 24
Twenty one potential overexpressed type I IFN genes useful as PD markers
Sample	IFI44	IFI27	IFI44L	DNAPTP6	LAMP3	LY6E	RSAD2	HERC5	IFI6	ISG15	OAS3	SIGLEC1	OAS2	USP18	RTP4	IFIT1	MX1	OAS1	EPSTI1	PLSCR1	IFRG28
A_37329	23.67	3.34	23.45	7.63	6.75	7.25	28.21	8.12	5.53	7.47	4.82	5.16	5.22	7.14	3.94	15.26	4.98	7.75	6.57	3.69	3.71
A13
A_37330	5.31	4.33	6.28	2.80	4.23	1.44	8.14	2.76	2.39	3.44	3.48	2.26	2.63	2.12	1.82	4.83	2.77	2.06	2.48	3.66	2.17
A13
A_37343	10.70	1.41	10.31	2.51	2.23	2.94	11.76	2.52	1.25	1.97	2.63	0.96	2.38	2.85	2.73	7.39	2.82	3.78	2.97	2.12	2.89
A13
A_37345	37.55	30.71	28.86	5.28	3.94	4.30	35.61	1.88	1.85	3.73	2.26	0.92	3.03	2.54	3.70	21.92	2.66	4.51	10.06	2.48	3.92
A13
A_37360	10.72	4.62	7.36	2.42	1.34	3.38	14.35	2.07	3.34	2.46	2.55	2.81	2.17	2.01	1.12	13.79	2.32	2.30	3.51	1.40	1.29
A13
A_37361	4.19	0.83	5.32	2.51	4.13	1.27	7.01	3.64	4.67	3.08	4.16	6.38	2.97	2.43	1.46	4.55	2.40	2.02	2.40	2.43	1.41
A13
A_37365	24.79	8.25	26.45	15.76	18.11	11.33	54.51	13.72	15.37	16.02	10.79	10.33	8.85	9.57	7.07	23.56	8.22	11.56	16.51	5.93	7.49
A13
A_37473	0.88	0.96	0.53	0.63	0.65	0.85	0.27	0.39	0.48	0.70	0.25	0.26	0.50	0.96	1.35	0.31	0.77	0.68	0.59	1.45	1.48
A13
A_37475	0.85	0.17	0.67	0.89	0.14	0.36	0.36	0.32	0.18	0.27	0.42	0.12	0.73	0.43	0.69	0.32	0.23	0.92	0.50	2.97	0.82
A11
A_37476	1.25	4.20	0.83	2.71	2.19	2.82	0.95	1.97	0.70	1.78	0.93	0.45	2.15	2.94	4.70	0.49	1.76	1.54	1.01	7.92	4.96
A15
A_37477	0.78	17.78	0.54	0.37	0.40	2.26	0.11	0.28	0.65	1.99	0.28	0.57	0.35	1.18	3.44	0.23	0.96	1.65	0.51	2.05	3.50
A11
A_37478	1.53	5.56	0.98	1.90	2.24	1.89	0.82	1.65	0.71	2.89	0.50	1.00	1.64	1.86	4.20	0.39	1.73	2.40	1.23	8.18	4.51
A14
C_001	8.93	162.67	16.29	41.43	4.13	36.49	14.75	10.03	5.34	31.98	5.95	13.14	6.35	15.81	13.08	0.65	18.84	10.75	9.42	8.16	14.58
C_002	30.64	135.38	53.11	15.25	6.78	7.33	20.98	4.88	6.52	8.78	6.28	6.49	5.58	23.17	6.56	15.64	6.73	9.22	7.10	3.62	6.68
C_004	25.99	220.81	71.18	18.13	8.48	9.94	51.74	8.77	4.32	12.04	7.00	6.60	7.87	32.60	11.21	21.06	9.69	8.07	11.63	7.62	10.31
C_005	11.39	324.78	63.12	44.63	6.71	14.93	50.68	11.58	7.46	22.37	11.03	23.05	11.90	63.56	10.70	19.74	17.43	14.42	9.62	5.59	9.02
C_006b	0.48	0.57	0.47	0.55	0.25	0.73	0.27	0.33	1.20	0.70	0.21	0.31	0.34	0.38	0.81	0.33	0.38	0.52	0.60	0.37	0.67
C_007	63.08	498.86	71.47	31.25	9.75	26.15	124.43	17.26	12.01	30.68	4.98	4.68	11.92	37.94	14.21	32.73	13.92	12.20	14.28	14.35	11.18
C_009	30.12	209.75	46.29	15.45	6.63	11.07	32.35	8.07	4.71	10.17	6.77	8.67	9.57	21.00	8.07	14.25	9.04	9.53	8.01	7.83	7.49
C_010	24.31	85.83	42.22	21.61	10.78	15.14	49.98	12.94	7.29	19.29	10.90	7.34	10.34	18.34	7.80	12.47	8.32	11.58	12.30	7.21	7.03
C_011	26.17	160.53	30.34	57.41	32.46	29.58	45.36	35.18	2.66	14.93	44.32	25.28	27.10	51.74	26.85	9.19	15.63	17.96	15.00	19.29	28.84
C_012	48.84	131.90	86.63	15.28	7.85	10.17	57.95	0.18	5.21	0.71	7.76	4.55	10.17	31.27	10.46	27.35	8.32	7.66	12.35	6.33	9.08
C_013	3.14	2.21	4.97	1.84	1.79	0.73	6.65	2.66	1.34	1.02	1.65	0.74	1.41	2.45	2.69	3.55	2.14	1.32	3.19	2.30	2.31
C_017	21.09	256.30	48.34	18.49	5.74	9.18	35.38	7.79	4.91	13.13	6.54	4.77	6.67	16.58	4.91	18.66	5.69	10.37	8.29	5.62	5.43
C_018	71.14	177.60	97.17	41.72	11.95	28.82	98.76	16.75	10.97	27.33	18.71	9.84	16.48	75.02	18.41	44.09	23.41	12.66	18.71	12.52	15.63
C_019	75.89	362.67	158.96	30.47	16.33	17.58	113.44	17.70	16.63	29.09	7.39	5.29	15.13	61.50	21.00	22.61	21.25	19.06	18.93	12.46	19.78
C_020	49.27	149.00	96.50	40.29	13.89	23.41	77.48	16.52	10.21	30.40	6.26	5.92	11.57	48.59	13.57	34.76	13.99	11.76	13.89	8.63	13.38
C_10721	100.31	153.10	123.21	46.69	25.19	19.63	95.12	17.61	8.08	42.37	3.38	8.45	14.21	58.15	12.60	20.80	14.95	20.32	23.72	13.22	13.85
C_10722b	7.05	3.09	4.15	2.50	3.07	1.82	2.62	1.75	0.61	1.29	0.40	0.58	1.55	5.30	1.56	3.31	1.98	1.87	4.22	3.40	1.54
C_129141	49.92	189.36	47.56	32.63	11.84	24.45	50.62	15.98	15.19	50.39	12.14	6.27	13.98	26.94	12.80	33.17	10.47	17.41	16.85	8.43	13.63
C_19171	32.06	8.24	26.46	13.54	9.78	6.63	41.14	12.40	5.23	10.87	7.65	8.53	8.22	12.46	6.35	25.74	11.90	5.68	8.13	6.33	5.56
C_325532	77.48	163.43	90.25	236.52	162.67	30.05	73.47	26.40	25.86	193.45	35.73	130.31	28.23	71.63	23.96	33.26	13.14	20.71	25.62	12.29	27.39
C_45311	5.39	0.81	2.19	1.36	0.54	1.08	1.15	0.79	1.05	1.42	0.17	0.30	0.88	1.08	2.50	1.43	1.29	2.19	2.02	2.20	2.80
C_71277	16.15	7.55	19.03	7.33	3.59	6.35	14.39	3.88	1.82	4.88	3.85	3.76	4.75	7.64	3.43	7.76	4.15	3.10	6.32	2.90	3.76
C_72371	86.57	51.96	89.42	96.06	18.37	28.43	110.34	24.75	12.09	45.54	24.29	12.46	25.62	54.29	17.10	51.00	13.86	21.64	25.98	14.28	17.42
median	23.67	30.73	26.46	15.29	6.53	7.33	32.35	8.07	4.71	8.78	4.96	5.16	6.35	12.46	5.35	14.25	6.73	7.73	8.13	5.93	3.36
average	28.22	101.10	40.00	25.02	12.14	11.37	38.03	9.19	5.94	18.76	7.62	9.39	8.07	22.10	8.17	15.62	7.95	8.32	9.27	6.55	8.16
Sample	IFI44	IFI27	IFI44L	DNAPTP6	LAMP3	LY6E	RSAD2	HERC5	IFI6	ISG15	OAS3	SIGLEC1	OAS2	USP18	RTP4	IFIT1	MX1	OAS1	EPSTI1	PLSCR1	IFRG28

Overexpression of these genes, as detected initially using the Affymetrix arrays, was confirmed by FLUIDIGM dynamic array, validating their overexpression. See FIG. 69.

Example 8

MEDI-545 Considerably Neutralizes the Type I IFN Gene Signature of SLE Patients Having a Strong to Moderate Type I IFN Gene Signature

Patients in a clinical trial were identified as having a strong/moderate type I IFN gene, a weak type I IFN gene signature, or no type I IFN gene signature. These patients were designated into one of these groups based on 149 genes. Table 25 shows the number of lupus patients in the clinical trial that were designated in each of these three groups and indicates the treatment protocol they received.

TABLE 25
Patient distribution based on type-I IFN gene signature
prior to treatment
Group	Strong & moderate signature	Weak signature	No signature
PBO	10	5	2
0.3 mpk	5	0	1
1 mpk	2	2	2
3 mpk	3	2	1
10 mpk	4	3	0
30 mpk	3	2	1
Total	27	14	7

The SLE patients that were designated as having strong and moderate type-I IFN gene signatures all had: an average 4-fold increase in expression of the top 25 most upregulated type I IFN genes; an average 2-fold increase in expression of the top 50 most upregulated type I IFN genes; and a percentage of total examined disease genes being type I IFN inducible of 3.8. The average fold increase in the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes for each patient having a strong/moderate type I IFN signature or a weak signature in the trial is provided in FIG. 28.

Treatment of these different SLE patient groups provided evidence that neutralization of the type I IFN gene signature by MEDI-545 is drug specific. FIG. 29(a) shows that in a group of SLE patients having a type-I IFN gene signature, virtually all of the top 39 genes neutralized 14 days post-MEDI-545 treatment are type I IFN signature genes (see yellow highlighted genes; percentage inhibition of the type I IFN signature genes ranged from 30.5-64.7). By contrast, none of the top 39 neutralized genes in SLE patients who received placebo were type I IFN signature genes. See FIG. 29(c). The SLE patients who lacked a type I IFN signature and were treated with MEDI-545 displayed an intermediate neutralization pattern, with some type I IFN signature genes neutralized. (See FIG. 29(b); yellow highlighting indicates type I IFN signature genes, which were neutralized from 19%-44.9%).

Further break down of SLE patients into strong, moderate, and weak type-I IFN gene signatures was conducted. Briefly, the 25 most highly overexpressed type I IFN-inducible genes in individual SLE patients generated from the ex vivo stimulation of healthy donor WB with SLE patient sera study were selected and the median fold change of these 25 genes was used to construct a type I IFN gene signature score for each SLE patient. FIG. 84 shows the distribution of the type I IFN gene signature scores of the 46 SLE patients profiled. The SLE patients were profiled into 3 groups based on their type I IFN gene signature score: high type I IFN gene signature (score>10); moderate type I IFN gene signature (score 4-10); and weak type I IFN gene signature (score<4).

Selection of a Panel of 21 Type I IFN-Inducible Genes in WB of SLE Patients

To select a small, robust panel of type I IFN-inducible genes that could be developed into an HTP assay, the gene panel was narrowed to 21 genes. To identify the 21 potential PD and diagnostic markers, 807 IFN-α/β-inducible probes identified by ex vivo stimulation of healthy donor WB with 10 IFN-α subtypes (2a, 4b, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, and 17) and IFN-β were used as a candidate marker starting point. The WB samples from a total of 46 SLE patients procured from commercial vendors and 24 healthy normal controls were used to determine the type I IFN-inducible probes that are upregulated in WB of SLE patients. 114 overexpressed probes (q≧0.05; fold change≧2) were identified in WB of SLE patients were type I IFN-inducible using SAM and FDR.

To investigate whether these overexpressed type I IFN-inducible genes in WB of SLE patients were neutralizable by an anti-IFN-α mAb, one healthy donor PBMC was stimulated ex vivo with sera from six individual SLE patients. The healthy donor was prescreened to exclude those donors that might have viral infection. 161 type I IFN-inducible probes were upregulated by ≧2-fold in the PBMC of the healthy donor following stimulation with ≧1 SLE patient serum in which the overexpression of these genes was suppressed by ≧50% and ≧70% by an anti-IFN-α mAb and an anti-IFN-α R mAb, respectively.

The intersection between this list of 161 probes and previously determined list of 114 probes was 80 probes. Each of these 80 probes was ranked by both the average fold change magnitude across all SLE patients and the percentage of patients displaying a change≧2-fold. Generally, the 21 most prevalently overexpressed type I IFN-inducible genes (that represent unique genes using the NetAffx annotation file for the Affymetrix U133 2.0 plus array; ESTs were excluded) from this ranking were retained for a static list of probes used to measure PD. The type I IFN signature score was then defined by the median of these 21 genes.

With these 21 genes, it was necessary to recalculate the thresholds that had been previously identified for partitioning SLE patients into type I IFN gene signature responses of strong, moderate, or weak (based on the Affymetrix platform) for a lower density platform (TAQMAN-based assay). A scaling method was required to convert the type I IFN signature score based on the top 25 differentially expressed genes (independent for each SLE patient) on the Affymetrix platform to the type I IFN signature score based on the 21 genes selected for the TAQMAN-based assay. This method was implemented to compensate for 3 primary differences between the 2 platforms: (1) the number of probes used for the type I IFN signature (25 genes dynamically determined for each patient on the Affymetrix platform versus a 21 static gene list on the TAQMAN-based assay), (2) the differences in sensitivity between the 2 platforms, and (3) the scales of the dynamic ranges within each platform. First, the fold change values were calculated (on a log₂ scale) for the 155 type I-inducible probes between the 35 randomly selected SLE patients and the average of a set of normal healthy controls. The genes with the top 25-fold change values were determined for each patient on the Affymetrix platform (this gene set is allowed to vary from patient to patient depending on which type I IFN-inducible genes are most highly expressed). Next, the median fold change was calculated from the top 25 genes for each SLE patient. The same calculation was conducted across the same patients using the static 21 gene set on the TAQMAN-based assay. This gene set was identical for each patient and the median fold change was calculated based on 21 genes, rather than 25 dynamic genes, as was conducted for the Affymetrix platform. A simple regression model was then computed using these 2 vectors of equal length (35 median fold change values), and the coefficients from the model were used to calculate the conversion factor (from the Affymetrix platform to the TAQMAN-based assay) for the response threshold values to partition the SLE patients into a type I IFN gene signature category of strong (>10 on Affymetrix; >5.53 on TAQMAN), moderate (between 4 and 10 on Affymetrix; between 1.91 and 5.53 on TAQMAN), or weak (<4 on Affymetrix; <1.91 on TAQMAN). Using these scaled threshold values, for the purpose of stratifying SLE patients, the signature (ie, median fold change) that was calculated on the 21 genes from the TAQMAN-based assay was comparable to that from the top 25 upregulated type I IFN-inducible genes.

The prevalence and fold change (log₂ based) of the 21 IFN α/β-inducible genes in whole blood of 111 SLE patients is provided in Table 32, below.

TABLE 32
Prevalence and fold chance in expression of 21 IFN α/β-inducible genes in SLE
patient whole blood
					Gene
Probe	Q value	Fold	Prevalence	Gene name	symbol
204415_at	qv<1e−16	9.38	78.20	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6
213797_at	2.67E−12	8.27	71.80	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain	RSAD2
				containing 2
214059_at	7.18E−14	7.93	70.90	Interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44
204439_at	5.85E−12	6.45	69.10	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L
202411_at	6.35E−12	14.42	67.30	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27
202086_at	1.09E−09	3.26	66.40	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,	MX1
				interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)
203153_at	3.90E−07	3.52	65.50	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT1
				tetratricopeptide repeats 1
219863_at	8.05E−11	3.27	64.50	hect domain and RLD 5	HERC5
205483_s_at	1.23E−13	3.71	63.60	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15
205569_at	qv<1e−16	3.91	62.70	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3
218400_at	1.01E−10	3.65	62.70	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3
202869_at	4.95E−11	3.77	61.80	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1,	OAS1
				40/46 kDa
227609_at	7.41E−10	3.16	60.90	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1
204747_at	9.78E−11	3.04	60.90	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT3
				tetratricopeptide repeats 3
202145_at	qv<1e−16	4.65	60.90	lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E	LY6E
204972_at	qv<1e−16	3.06	58.20	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2,	OAS2
				69/71 kDa
241916_at	6.29E−07	2.46	56.40	Phospholipid scramblase 1	PLSCR1
44673_at	qv<1e−16	3.91	55.50	sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 1,	SIGLEC1
				sialoadhesin
219211_at	2.54E−13	4.83	55.50	ubiquitin specific peptidase 18	USP18
219684_at	2.75E−07	2.47	50.00	receptor (chemosensory) transporter	RTP4
				protein 4
241812_at	5.25E−07	1.84	38.20	DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 6	DNAPTP6

These 21 genes were neutralized in a dose-dependent dependent fashion by MEDI-545. See FIGS. 86 and 89. Heatmap (FIG. 87a) and PCA calculations (FIG. 87b) using these 21 genes showed neutralization of the upregulated IFN α/β gene signature in an SLE patient treated with 30 mg/kg MEDI-545, but not in placebo-treated SLE patients (FIG. 88). Thus, it is evident that these genes could be used as a PD marker set.

Stratification of 35 Patients, by Strength of Type I IFN Gene Signature Using the 21 Genes

FIG. 85 shows the stratification of 35 SLE patients into groups of high (20 patients), moderate (8 patients), and weak (7 patients) type I IFN gene signatures based on the distribution of fold change values (log₂ scale) of all 21 type I IFN-inducible genes and partitioned into each group by the median fold change of this distribution of 21 genes for each patient (vertical dashed lines), as measured by the dynamic array from FLUIDIGM. From FIG. 85, it is apparent that each patient distribution exhibits slight differences in skewness and basic shape/form, as this indicates the diversity in the various severity levels of SLE, based on the 21 type IFN-inducible gene selected. In a PCA plot for all SLE patients profiled in this study (n=100) and for the 24 healthy control samples using the 21 type I IFN-inducible genes, a clear distinction between SLE patients with an overexpressed type I IFN gene signature and those with weak or nondetectable type I IFN gene signatures is observed (FIG. 82C). Furthermore, the SLE patients with weak or nondetectable type I IFN gene signatures were clustered together with healthy donors. Importantly, the partitioning between these groups using the 21-gene panel of type I IFN-inducible genes was similar to that observed with the larger 114-gene set (FIGS. 81A and 81B).

Example 9

Multiple Type-I IFN Subtypes are Up-Regulated in Whole Blood of SLE Patients

To identify the type-I IFN subtypes responsible for the induction of the type-I IFN signature of SLE patients, mRNA levels of type-I IFN genes in SLE patient whole blood were measured.

Gene expression analysis was performed using a TAQMAN Low Density Array (TLDA) from Applied Biosystems. Expression of type-I IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, and 21 was monitored and compared in whole blood of SLE patients relative to healthy volunteers.

Double-stranded cDNA for each patient sample was pre-amplified using the TAQMAN PreAmp Master Mix kit (Applied Biosystems). cDNA was pre-amplified by conducting 10 cycles of PCR on each patient sample using a pooled solution of primers, a pair for each gene analyzed on the array. The pre-amplified cDNA were diluted 1:5 with TE. A 50 μL volume of the diluted pre-amplified cDNA was added to a 50 μL volume of 2× TAQMAN Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and mixed. The array was loaded with the mixture using standard procedures and the loaded array was run on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Data analysis of the resulting Ct values was conducted with the SDSv2.2.2 software tool (Applied Biosystems).

FIG. 27 shows the relative overexpression of mRNA of nine IFNα subtypes in the whole blood of lupus patients relative to healthy volunteers. Many of these IFNα subtypes were upregulated at the mRNA level in the whole blood of SLE patients.

FIG. 66 shows that IFNβ, IFNω and IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 genes are also overexpressed in whole blood of lupus patients relative to healthy volunteers.

FIG. 82 shows that TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-γR1, and IFN-γR2 transcripts were also upregulated in WB of SLE patients (FIG. 82). However, the relative magnitude of overexpression of these transcripts was less than that of the type I IFN family members, especially the IFN-α subtypes.

Example 10

Ex Vivo IFN-Stimulated Whole Blood and Keratinocytes of Healthy Individuals Identifies a Panel of Type I IFN-Inducible Genes Relevant to Psoriasis

To identify type-I IFN inducible genes over-expressed in keratinocytes of lesions of psoriatic patients, whole blood and keratinocytes of healthy donors were stimulated ex vivo with a panel of IFNα subtypes, as well as IFNβ, IFNγ, and TNFα.

Whole Blood

Whole blood was collected from healthy donors in heparinized tubes. The total blood volume collected from each donor was pooled into a single culture flask and 3 mL of the total volume was aliquoted into a single well of a 6-well culture plate. Individual wells of blood were then exposed to a variety of treatments, including: vehicle (1×PBS), a panel of IFNα subtypes (IFNα2a, -4b, -5, -6, -7, -8, -10, -16, -17), IFNβ, IFNω, IFNλ, IFNγ, leukocyte IFN, or TNFα. Following exposure, the blood was gently mixed by pipetting and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 4 hrs (TNFα treatment was conducted for both 2 hrs and 4 hrs). Following the incubation period, 2.5 mL of blood was transferred to a PAXgene RNA tube and inverted 8-10 times. The PAXgene tubes were incubated at room temperature for two hours and then frozen (−20° C. overnight, -70° C. for long term storage) until further processing was required. Induction of gene expression by exposure to each of the treatment conditions was performed using Affymetrix GENECHIP® human genome U133 plus v2.0 arrays.

The various IFNα subtypes and IFNβ up-regulated 900-1200 probe sets by at least 2 fold. Of these, 689 probe sets (approximately 1.3% of all probe sets on the Affymetrix human genome U133 plus v2.0 array) were uniformly up-regulated by at least 2 fold in all donors by all ten IFNα subtypes and IFNβ. Using the same approach, 336 probe sets were identified as down-regulated by IFNα/β in the ex vivo stimulated whole blood.

Alterations in gene expression in healthy patient whole blood stimulated with TNFα were also observed at both the two and four hour time points. In all, 234 and 72 probe sets were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, by at least 2 fold in all donors. Furthermore, IFNγ challenge of whole blood for 4 hrs induced up-regulation of 304 probe sets and down-regulation of 52 probe sets by at least 2 fold. Little overlap was observed in the probe sets up-regulated by IFNα/β and TNFα (40 probes). By contrast, greater overlap was observed in the probe sets up-regulated by IFNα/β and IFNγ. 198 probes were up-regulated by at least 2-fold by both IFNα/β and IFNγ. Of the 198 probes up-regulated by at least 2-fold by both IFNα/β and IFNγ, the magnitude of up-regulation by IFNα/β was greater for about ⅔ of these probes (p value less than 0.05) than IFNγ.

FIG. 30 provides the hierarchical clustering of 1384 probe sets differentially regulated by either IFNα/β, or IFNγ, or TNFα in ex vivo stimulated whole blood. From this hierarchical clustering the similar response of whole blood to challenge with IFNα subtypes and IFNβ can easily be observed, as can the similar but distinctly different effect of IFNγ from IFNα/β, and the drastically different effect of TNFα from IFNα/β.

FIG. 31 a provides the hierarchical clustering of the relative expression of only the top 25 type-I IFN inducible probe sets identified in the ex vivo stimulated whole blood.

Keratinocytes

Normal human keratinocytes (EpiDerm system, MatTek, Inc.) were grown under serum-free conditions according to the manufacturers instructions. Briefly, keratinocytes were maintained on tissue culture inserts at the air-liquid interface to maintain a multilayered, fully differentiated epithelial phenotype. Keratinocytes were stimulated with human leukocyte IFN (15, 50, 150, IU/mL, PBL Biomedical Labs), human IFNα2a (15-350 IU/ml, PBL Biomedical Labs), recombinant human TNFα, (0.1 ng/ml, R+D Systems) or recombinant human IFNγ (3 ng/ml, R+D Systems). Epidermal cultures were harvested at 2, 4, or 18 hours post treatment for transcript analysis. Over 100 probe sets were identified as overexpressed in keratinocytes cultures stimulated with human IFNα2a and leukocyte IFN.

FIG. 31 b provides the hierarchical clustering of the relative expression of 25 type-I IFN inducible genes in ex vivo stimulated keratinocytes. The 25 type-I IFN inducible probe sets used to prepare the hierarchical clustering are the top 25 type-I IFN inducible probes identified in the ex vivo stimulated whole blood (those shown in FIG. 31a). Many of the top 25 type-I IFN inducible probe sets in ex vivo stimulated whole blood are also induced in ex vivo stimulated keratinocytes. See, e.g., MX1, IFI27, OAS1, IFI6, IFI44L, etc.

In addition, many of these genes were among those most overexpressed in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients. See discussion in Example 11, below.

Example 11

Whole Genome Array Profiling Identified IFNα/β Signaling Pathway as the Most Significantly Activated Pathway in Lesional Skin of Psoriasis Patients

A comparison of gene expression profiles of skin samples from healthy donors and paired non-lesional/lesional skin samples from psoriasis patients was performed to identify a type-I interferon induced gene expression signature associated with psoriatic skin lesions. Briefly, skin samples of 21 normal healthy control donors (5 samples obtained from Biochain, 14 from ILSbio, and 2 from Dr. James Krueger's lab) and 26 paired non-lesional/lesional skin samples of 24 psoriatic patients (21 pairs obtained from Asterand, and 5 from Dr. James Krueger's lab) were obtained. Three additional lesional skin samples from 3 psoriatic patients were obtained. These 3 additional lesional skin samples lacked a paired non-lesional skin sample because the non-lesional skin sample either did not yield sufficient cRNA for hybridization or the scanned array for the non-lesional skin sample had high scaling factors that were more than 3-fold of average.

Total RNA from the samples was extracted using the Qiagen RNAeasy-Mini kit (Hilden, Germany). The purity and concentration of the extracted RNA were determined spectrophotometrically (260/280>1.9). RNA quality was assessed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer using the RNA 6000 NANO LABCHIP®. Generation of biotin-labeled amplified cRNA, from 2 μg of total RNA, was accomplished using the Affymetrix GENECHIP® One-Cycle cDNA Synthesis kit and the AFFYMETRIX GENECHIP® WT Labeling kit. Concentration and purity of the cRNA product were determined spectrophotometrically.

Twenty micrograms of each biotin-labeled cRNA was fragmented for hybridization on Affymetrix GENECHIP® human genome U133 plus v2.0 arrays. Fragmented cRNA was prepared for hybridization as outlined in the Affymetrix GENECHIP® manual. Hybridization was conducted overnight in a model 320 rotating hybridization oven set at 45° C. All GENECHIP® wash and staining procedures were performed on an Affymetrix Model 450 Fluidics station. Arrays were scanned on an Affymetrix GENECHIP® Scanner 3000. Data capture and initial array quality assessment were performed with the GENECHIP Operating Software (GCOS) tool.

Stratagene's (La Jolla, Calif.) ARRAYASSIST® Lite software was used to calculate probe-level summaries (GC-RMA normalization algorithm) from the array CEL files. R packages (R development core team) samr & qvalue were used to generate differentially regulated genes. PCA and hierarchical clustering analyses were performed in both SpotFire and R(R Development Core Team). SAM & FDR were used to select differentially regulated genes (pairwise comparison between lesional and non-lesional skin, lesional and normal skin, and non-lesional and normal skin). Probe sets with a fold-change of at least 2 and q value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered to be differentially regulated. PCA and hierarchical clustering were performed in both SpotFire and bioconductor R.

Overall, 1408 probe sets were up-regulated and 1465 probe sets were down-regulated in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. Although the downregulated genes outnumbered the upregulated genes in the lesional skin, the magnitude of differential regulation of the upregulated genes was much greater as a whole. For example, 318 probe sets were upregulated by at least four fold in the lesional skin, while only 84 probe sets were downregulated by at least four fold in the lesional skin. Among them, 96 probe sets were upregulated by at least eight fold in the lesional skin, while only six probe sets were downregulated by at least eight fold.

463 probe sets were also up-regulated and 489 probe sets were down-regulated in non-lesional skin compared to normal skin. FIG. 45 provides a Venn diagram of the probe sets both upregulated (downregulated) in lesional skin and non-lesional skin relative to normal healthy skin. Only 70 of the 1408 upregulated probe sets in the lesional skin were also upregulated in non-lesional skin. Meanwhile, only 43 of the 1465 probe sets downregulated in the lesional skin were also downregulated in the non-lesional skin. These data suggested that the molecular events and biological changes from the non-lesional skin to lesional skin were quite different from those from the normal skin to the non-lesional skin.

To identify the most statistically significant signaling pathways altered in psoriasis, the list of differentially regulated genes were submitted to GENEGO for pathway and network analysis. Briefly, the pathway and network analysis was conducted with the MetaCore™integrated software suite from GENEGO, Inc. (St. Joseph, Mich.). The significance, given a particular pathway or network, is approximated by a hypergeometric distribution where the p-value essentially represents the probability of a particular gene set mapping arising by chance, given the numbers of genes in the set of all genes on pathway maps, genes on a particular pathway map and genes in the experiment.

Fifty seven signaling pathways were significantly altered in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin, a majority of which were involved in immune response and cell cycle. The IFNα/β signaling pathway was the most significantly altered in lesional skin with a p value of 3.8×10⁻¹³. IFNα/β signaling pathway members such as IFNα, IFNβ, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, STAT1, IRF1, MPL, ISG15, IFI6 were all significantly overexpressed in lesional skin compared to uninvolved skin.

Overall, 22 signaling pathways were activated and 37 signaling pathways were inhibited (p<0.05) in the lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. All the putative signaling pathways activated were either cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathways or were involved in immune responses. For example, IFNγ, TNFα and onconstatin M signaling pathways were activated in the lesional skin of psoriatic patients. Of all the signaling pathways altered in lesional and non-lesional skin, IFNα/β signaling pathway topped the list with a p value of 6.6×10⁻²⁶ (FIG. 46). Components of the pathway like IFNα subtypes, IFNβ, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, STAT1, IRF1, MPL, ISG15, IFI6 were all significantly overexpressed in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients.

Using the list of probe sets identified to be type-I IFN inducible in the whole blood and keratinocyte ex vivo stimulation studies (Example 10), 164 of the 1408 (approximately 11.7%) probe sets upregulated in lesional relative to non-lesional skin were identified as type-I IFN inducible. Fisher's exact test calculated a p value (one-tailed t test) less than 0.0001, suggesting that the observed overexpression of type-I IFN genes in lesional skin of psoriatic patients was statistically significant. The type-I IFN induced genes were also many of the most highly upregulated genes in the lesional relative to non-lesional psoriatic skin. Nineteen percent of the top 100 and 200 most upregulated probe sets in lesional skin relative to non-lesional skin were type-I IFN genes. See FIGS. 47a and b for the top 100 upregulated probe sets in lesional skin. These genes included STAT1, a key component in forming the ISGF3 complex; IRF7, a master regulator of the IFNα/β mediated immune response; MYD88, which governs the induction of CD8⁺ T-cell responses with IRF7; IRF1, a transcriptional activator for the type-I IFN genes; OAS family members OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, mediators of resistance to virus infection; ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein that becomes conjugated to many cellular proteins upon activation by IFNα/β; and members of the ISG15 signaling pathways such as USP18, UBE2L6, and HERC5. This enrichment of type I IFN genes indicated them as the most overexpressed genes in lesional skin of psoriatic patients.

Table 26 lists, in descending order, the top 50 IFN induced probes in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients. Table 26 not only compares the log 2-based fold change (log 2 fc) and q value for each of the 50 most upregulated type I IFN inducible genes in lesional relative to non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients, it also compares the log 2-based fold change and q value for these 50 genes in non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients relative to healthy control patients.

TABLE 26
The frequency of upregulation of the top 50 type-I IFN induced probes in lesional
relative to non-lesional skin in psoriasis patients
				Lesional vs.	Non-lesional vs.
				Non-lesional	Normal
Probe ID	Unigene ID	Gene Title	Gene Symbol	log2 fc	q value	log2 fc	q value
219403_s_at	Hs.44227	heparanase	HPSE	4.598	4.46E−22	0.226	0.23589
204972_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	4.098	8.57E−14	0.096	0.28896
205660_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	4.030	1.34E−12	0.029	0.20341
227609_at	Hs.546467	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	4.002	1.14E−14	−0.254	0.10796
227458_at	—	—	—	3.859	9.31E−14	−0.591	0.05449
219352_at	Hs.529317	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6	3.842	9.49E−16	−0.460	0.04810
216834_at	Hs.75256	regulator of G-protein signalling 1	RGS1	3.809	2.47E−17	−5.269	0.00000
204533_at	Hs.632586	chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 10	CXCL10	3.697	2.97E−12	0.338	0.13024
226702_at	Hs.7155	hypothetical protein LOC129607	LOC129607	3.572	2.37E−16	−0.156	0.26500
242625_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain	RSA D2	3.403	1.65E−12	−0.070	0.31309
		containing 2
213797_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain	RSA D2	3.243	3.36E−10	0.004	0.36209
		containing 2
202086_at	Hs.517307	myxotirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,	MX1	3.235	5.28E−14	0.050	0.33453
		interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)
205552_s_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	3.222	2.41E−14	0.328	0.13669
210797_s_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	3.216	1.63E−09	0.005	0.34940
204439_at	Hs.389724	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IFI44L	3.205	4.73E−13	0.120	0.30073
202411_at	Hs.532634	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IFI27	3.165	4.81E−12	−0.154	0.26878
202869_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	3.150	2.47E−14	0.248	0.21403
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15	3.088	4.73E−13	−0.273	0.11013
209969_s_at	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription	STAT1	2.993	7.95E−17	0.199	0.20072
		1, 91 kDa
228531_at	Hs.65641	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9	SAMD9	2.846	5.42E−14	−0.333	0.35359
204415_at	Hs.523847	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6	2.769	7.23E−09	−0.045	0.29074
214453_s_at	Hs.82316	interferon-induced protein 44	IFI44	2.679	1.94E−12	0.086	0.32618
222838_at	Hs.517265	SLAM family member 7	SLAMF7	2.659	1.60E−16	−0.046	0.31222
219684_at	Hs .43388	receptor transporter protein 4	RTP4	2.649	3.73E−11	0.497	0.04912
203127_s_at	Hs.435661	serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain	SPTLC2	2.628	1.04E−20	−1.016	0.00017
		base subunit 2
205569_at	Hs.518448	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3	2.569	2.64E−09	0.293	0.22865
219691_at	Hs.65641	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9	SAMD9	2.559	1.30E−13	0.011	0.37349
223220_s_at	Hs.518200	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family,	PARP9	2.553	1.08E−15	0.069	0.31416
		member 9
AFFX-HUMISG	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription	STAT1	2.525	1.64E−10	0.706	0.03338
		1, 91 kDa
212268_at	Hs.381167	serpin peptidase inhibitor, Glade B	SERPINB1	2.510	3.02E−15	−0.605	0.07749
		(ovalbumin), member 1
216202_s_at	Hs.435661	serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain	SPTLC2	2.507	1.17E−13	−0.682	0.01693
		base subunit 2
229450_at	—	—	—	2.482	1.50E−14	0.224	0.20674
208436_s_at	Hs.166120	interferon regulatory factor 7	IRF7	2.448	6.90E−15	−0.578	0.01612
AFFX-HUMISG	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of	STAT1	2.444	3.03E−10	0.516	0.05854
		transcription 1, 91 kDa
204747_at	Hs.47338	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT3	2.424	2.15E−14	0.365	0.07219
		tetratricopeptide repeats 3
229390_at	Hs.381220	hypothetical protein LOC441168	RP1-93H18.5	2.400	2.59E−12	−0.369	0.11426
218400_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	2.397	3.83E−14	0.179	0.11631
235276_at	—	—	—	2.386	3.61E−15	0.057	0.32771
203153_at	Hs.20315	interferon-induced protein with	IFIT1	2.351	1.17E−10	0.054	0.34454
		tetratricopeptide repeats 1
210873_x_at	Hs.348983	apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme,	APOBEC3A	2.348	1.35E−07	−0.048	0.30119
		catalytic polypeptide-like 3A
204698_at	Hs.459265	interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 kDa	ISG20	2.337	1.50E−12	−0.644	0.05052
232666_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	2.236	4.50E−10	0.077	0.04616
222881_at	Hs.44227	heparanase	HPSE	2.230	3.47E−15	0.221	0.17127
205241_at	Hs.567405	SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient	SCO2	2.208	1.90E−17	−0.285	0.08517
		homolog 2 (yeast)
AFFX-HUMISG	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of	STAT1	2.205	5.29E−10	0.397	0.10218
		transcription 1, 91 kDa
206553_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	2.183	1.34E−09	0.043	0.14755
207387_s_at	Hs.1466	glycerol kinase	GK	2.160	9.38E−14	0.014	0.37488
219716_at	Hs.257352	apolipoprotein L, 6	APOL6	2.123	3.03E−11	−0.126	0.19251
202270_at	Hs.62661	guanylate binding protein 1,	GBP1	2.113	4.67E−14	−0.053	0.31367
		interferon-inducible, 67 kDa

Removal of ESTs, hypothetical proteins, and duplications of genes due to identification by multiple probe sets produced Table 27. Table 27 provides, in descending order, the top 50 most upregulated type-I IFN genes in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. For genes identified by more than one probe set, only the probe set detected as most upregulated is provided.

TABLE 27
Top 50 type-I IFN induced genes in lesional relative to non-lesional skin in psoriasis
patients (Table 27 discloses “DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)” as SEQ ID NO: 1)
Probe.ID	Unigene.ID	Gene.Title	Gene.Symbol	log2.fc	q.value(fdr)	% Prevalence
219403_s_at	Hs.44227	heparanase	HPSE	4.60	4.46E−22	100.00
204972_at	Hs.414332	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2, 69/71 kDa	OAS2	4.10	8.57E−14	96.15
205660_at	Hs.118633	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like	OASL	4.03	1.34E−12	96.15
227609_at	Hs.546467	epithelial stromal interaction 1 (breast)	EPSTI1	4.00	1.14E−14	92.31
219352_at	Hs.529317	hect domain and RLD 6	HERC6	3.84	9.49E−16	96.15
216834_at	Hs.75256	regulator of G-protein signalling 1	RGS1	3.81	2.47E−17	100.00
204533_at	Hs.632586	chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 10	CXCL10	3.70	2.97E−12	100.00
242625_at	Hs.17518	radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2	RSAD2	3.40	1.65E−12	88.46
202086_at	Hs.517307	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1,	MX1	3.24	5.28E−14	92.31
		interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)
205552_s_at	Hs.524760	2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa	OAS1	3.22	2.41E−14	96.15
204439_at	Hs.389724	interferon-induced protein 44-like	IF144L	3.21	4.73E−13	88.46
202411_at	Hs.532634	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27	IF127	3.17	4.81E−12	92.31
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier	ISG15	3.09	4.73E−13	92.31
209969_s_at	Hs.565365	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91 kDa	STAT1	2.99	7.95E−17	96.15
228531_at	Hs.65641	sterile alpha motif domain containing 9	SAMD9	2.85	5.42E−14	92.31
204415_at	Hs.523847	interferon, alpha-inducible protein 6	IFI6	2.77	7.23E−09	84.62
214453_s_at	Hs.82316	interferon-induced protein 44	IF144	2.68	1.94E−12	92.31
222838_at	Hs.517265	SLAM family member 7	SLAMF7	2.66	1.60E−16	92.31
219684_at	Hs.43388	receptor transporter protein 4	RTP4	2.65	3.73E−11	88.46
203127_s_at	Hs.435661	serine palmitoyltransf erase, long chain base subunit 2	SPTLC2	2.63	1.04E−20	100.00
205569_at	Hs.518448	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3	LAMP3	2.57	2.64E−09	96.15
223220_s_at	Hs.518200	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 9	PARP9	2.55	1.08E−15	88.46
212268_at	Hs.381167	serpin peptidase inhibitor, Glade B (ovalbumin), member 1	SERPINB1	2.51	3.02E−15	88.46
208436_s_at	Hs.166120	interferon regulatory factor 7	IRF7	2.45	6.90E−15	96.15
204747_at	Hs.47338	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3	IFIT3	2.42	2.15E−14	92.31
218400_at	Hs.528634	2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa	OAS3	2.40	3.83E−14	100.00
203153_at	Hs.20315	interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1	IFIT1	2.35	1.17E−10	84.62
210873_x_at	Hs.348983	apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme,	APOBEC3A	2.35	1.35E−07	80.77
		catalytic polypeptide-like 3A
204698_at	Hs.459265	interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 kDa	ISG20	2.34	1.50E−12	92.31
205241_at	Hs.567405	SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 2 (yeast)	SCO2	2.21	1.90E−17	96.15
207387_s_at	Hs.1466	glycerol kinase	GK	2.16	9.38E−14	92.31
219716_at	Hs.257352	apolipoprotein L, 6	APOL6	2.12	3.03E−11	92.31
202270_at	Hs.62661	guanylate binding protein 1, interferon-inducible, 67 kDa	GBP1	2.11	4.67E−14	92.31
229625_at	Hs.513726	Guanylate binding protein 5	GBP5	2.07	7.52E−10	88.46
228617_at	Hs.441975	XIAP associated factor-1	BIRC4BP	2.05	3.41E−12	84.62
206513_at	Hs.281898	absent in melanoma 2	AIM2	2.04	2.32E−08	76.92
218943_s_at	Hs.190622	DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 58	DDX58	2.00	1.39E−10	88.46
203148_s_at	Hs.575631	tripartite motif-containing 14	TRIM14	1.94	2.17E−17	96.15
213293_s_at	Hs.501778	tripartite motif-containing 22	TRIM22	1.89	1.36E−12	88.46
214838_at	—	SFT2 domain containing 2	SFT2D2	1.88	5.30E−17	92.31
231769_at	Hs.464419	F-box protein 6	FBXO6	1.86	6.34E−14	88.46
227697_at	Hs.527973	suppressor of cytokine signaling 3	SOCS3	1.82	4.55E−10	88.46
206632_s_at	Hs.226307	apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme,	APOBEC3B	1.81	9.42E−10	92.31
		catalytic polypeptide-like 3B
201649_at	Hs.425777	ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 6	UBE2L6	1.81	2.15E−13	84.62
204702_s_at	Hs.404741	nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 3	NFE2L3	1.80	1.71E−16	96.15
202531_at	Hs.436061	interferon regulatory factor 1	IRF1	1.79	2.13E−13	80.77
204994_at	Hs.926	myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2 (mouse)	MX2	1.75	7.99E−09	69.23
215966_ x_at	—	glycerol kinase pseudogene 3	GKP3	1.73	3.33E−11	80.77
207655_s_at	Hs.444049	B-cell linker	BLNK	1.71	2.28E−14	96.15
216598_s_at	Hs.303649	chemokine (C—C motif) ligand 2	CCL2	1.71	4.80E−07	65.38

The fold changes (log 2 fc) were calculated based on relative transcript level between paired lesional skin and non-lesional skin. Q values were calculated based on FDR. Prevalence tabulated the percentage of the 26 paired lesional and non-lesional skin that had at least 2-fold overexpression of the genes listed in the table.

These top 50 type-I IFN induced genes in lesional relative to non-lesional skin in psoriasis patients were overexpressed, on average, 3.2-fold (CCL2 and BLNK) to 24-fold (HPSE) more in the lesional skin. In addition, all of the genes in the table, except CCL2 and AIM2, were upregulated in at least 84% of the paired lesional/non-lesional skin biopsies (23 of the 26 pairs) of the psoriasis patients. This robust upregulation of a large panel of type-I IFN genes across lesional versus non-lesional skin samples of psoriasis patients provided a strong rationale for their use as PD markers.

As briefly alluded to, above, upregulation of type-I interferon inducible genes was consistently observed across psoriasis patients. Table 28 provides the average and median fold change of the top 25 most upregulated type-I IFN probe sets for each paired lesional/non-lesional skin sample. The top 25 most upregulated type-I IFN probe sets were consistently observed to detect elevated gene expression in the lesional relative to non-lesional skin of each individual psoriasis patient.

TABLE 28
Average and median fold change of the top 25 most upregulated type-I IFN inducible genes in 26 pairs of lesional skin compared to lesional skin
Probe ID	Unigene ID	Gene Symbol	Pair 1	Pair 2	Pair 3	Pair 4	Pair 5	Pair 6	Pair 7	Pair 8	Pair 9	Pair 10	Pair 11	Pair 12
219403_s_at	Hs.44227	HPSE	67.78	24.31	35.28	27.94	37.31	28.56	236.24	128.77	10.29	7.12	19.62	25.78
204972_at	Hs.414332	OAS2	12.60	21.22	1.19	2.44	49.33	48.03	33.22	43.96	13.92	71.36	28.17	4.04
205660_at	Hs.118633	OASL	7.19	13.48	4.51	9.03	62.19	50.23	31.12	54.05	9.72	9.94	1.10	2.31
227609_at	Hs.546467	EPSTI1	11.25	20.34	−1.43	1.38	57.01	32.14	14.40	23.42	10.53	55.80	32.87	8.86
227458_at	—	—	16.69	10.94	19.35	3.11	54.31	23.30	30.76	10.59	3.25	40.43	41.37	6.70
219352_at	Hs.529317	HERC6	7.86	15.70	2.38	1.46	49.25	51.01	11.64	19.63	20.95	21.72	15.84	5.82
216834_at	Hs.75256	RGS1	27.92	8.50	17.90	6.81	58.42	16.25	4.97	20.52	10.02	24.32	19.50	9.91
204533_at	Hs.632586	CXCL10	3.92	3.01	8.72	3.91	249.60	13.12	13.37	15.14	4.75	69.86	56.31	22.30
226702_at	Hs.7155	LOC129607	3.59	5.77	3.10	1.27	60.00	12.76	14.72	22.00	9.53	58.99	27.55	2.99
242625_at	Hs.17518	RSAD2	4.57	6.19	1.79	1.24	66.13	51.91	19.28	23.36	4.02	32.04	8.80	1.76
213797_at	Hs.17518	RSAD2	8.33	7.37	1.16	1.00	78.64	33.08	11.98	25.13	1.86	21.73	8.43	2.73
202086_at	Hs.517307	MX1	5.03	9.17	1.25	1.08	20.97	39.08	14.63	23.54	11.33	18.56	11.71	3.08
205552_s_at	Hs.524760	OAS1	5.93	11.05	1.19	2.76	21.03	29.00	11.76	27.37	7.71	19.23	20.14	3.49
210797_s_at	Hs.118633	OASL	2.04	6.90	1.32	1.34	45.94	31.06	16.86	66.61	9.25	1.69	1.73	1.20
204439_at	Hs.389724	IFI44L	4.52	6.71	−3.59	−1.06	14.49	58.16	9.25	32.21	6.68	37.49	31.82	3.96
202411_at	Hs.532634	IFI27	10.97	15.52	1.94	2.66	12.02	38.87	14.83	27.63	17.02	17.22	17.69	5.81
202869_at	Hs.524760	OAS1	5.34	7.99	2.04	2.09	16.23	32.48	13.29	30.47	12.75	49.00	10.15	5.52
205483_s_at	Hs.458485	ISG15	5.64	4.37	1.65	1.10	19.82	40.24	8.30	13.89	7.00	12.18	14.49	4.47
209969_s_at	Hs.565365	STAT1	6.14	6.12	2.85	2.00	38.39	16.50	10.35	7.10	12.90	17.32	12.41	3.77
228531_at	Hs.65641	SAMD9	5.07	5.24	2.52	1.79	12.56	12.67	5.76	15.63	9.88	12.94	20.85	1.97
204415_at	Hs.523847	IFI6	1.62	6.53	−2.01	1.00	13.90	25.74	5.59	16.88	4.66	11.65	6.45	3.30
214453_s_at	Hs.82316	IFI44	2.60	6.23	−2.89	1.22	14.76	10.55	4.43	9.99	2.67	12.32	25.67	3.66
222838_at	Hs.517265	SLAMF7	5.26	7.36	1.70	1.97	10.55	8.75	5.56	9.97	6.78	10.62	15.91	5.44
219684_at	Hs.43388	RTP4	13.11	13.02	−3.07	−1.11	13.95	18.00	6.50	10.09	3.48	30.25	23.69	8.83
203127_s_at	Hs.435661	SPTLC2	6.06	5.07	4.11	3.50	8.18	5.50	11.49	8.25	2.73	4.53	6.24	5.57
	Average total change	10.04	9.92	4.12	3.20	43.40	29.08	22.41	27.45	8.55	26.73	19.14	6.13
	Median total change	5.93	7.37	1.79	1.79	37.31	29.00	11.98	22.00	9.25	19.23	17.69	4.04
Probe ID	Pair 13	Pair 14	Pair 15	Pair 16	Pair 17	Pair 18	Pair 19	Pair 20	Pair 21	Pair 22	Pair 23	Pair 24	Pair 25	Pair 26
219403_s_at	30.21	24.01	56.80	10.70	35.20	11.42	5.86	12.73	25.78	30.81	32.26	24.58	48.50	105.13
204972_at	24.63	79.34	15.84	96.99	10.27	30.28	9.26	30.11	16.38	24.27	60.43	25.32	132.09	9.07
205660_at	24.75	44.70	11.91	45.98	17.46	14.66	33.60	17.27	84.97	24.22	92.12	46.44	54.96	39.66
227609_at	59.54	47.71	33.84	78.12	14.34	25.86	33.41	12.06	19.24	17.86	28.12	22.43	78.03	10.90
227458_at	26.83	23.19	37.88	70.78	75.98	19.04	26.19	49.50	5.43	24.89	24.13	11.45	26.05	9.87
219352_at	10.58	23.06	30.42	133.47	11.03	26.94	9.90	16.46	19.06	33.32	27.98	19.08	26.56	8.66
216834_at	94.41	14.83	23.00	15.64	13.95	31.90	100.03	8.02	2.44	13.49	15.83	22.64	29.15	14.83
204533_at	12.75	8.30	16.61	28.11	12.95	30.79	66.10	17.72	11.89	12.12	41.27	10.90	30.14	5.86
226702_at	5.99	39.75	25.66	225.99	19.79	30.96	4.88	45.30	14.42	7.91	32.87	14.50	19.85	3.13
242625_at	5.64	16.36	15.97	94.85	9.47	14.58	4.64	33.67	16.26	10.67	68.96	20.21	40.57	5.99
213797_at	3.23	31.91	12.04	49.52	8.11	12.61	11.92	24.02	25.00	10.04	75.04	17.36	28.33	6.29
202086_at	8.93	20.03	8.68	86.72	11.04	19.60	7.24	4.00	12.05	10.63	28.80	11.08	27.74	5.68
205552_s_at	2.82	37.85	21.91	39.43	6.13	24.10	5.86	2.63	4.18	13.46	21.42	9.30	32.15	16.09
210797_s_at	19.00	23.73	1.62	43.88	11.71	10.30	26.36	2.27	78.51	15.88	65.78	33.47	35.32	18.92
204439_at	19.43	16.66	23.81	253.56	6.81	20.34	3.18	17.90	12.16	7.60	18.42	4.52	25.93	1.12
202411_at	9.36	26.00	15.85	38.94	2.01	30.69	4.59	−4.73	3.46	10.59	22.17	7.00	50.18	7.37
202869_at	2.31	18.94	19.52	36.57	4.58	16.19	4.81	8.96	4.73	11.05	11.67	7.13	18.20	7.39
205483_s_at	6.78	19.24	10.65	57.01	3.67	12.65	2.96	2.57	11.30	5.71	34.41	18.06	30.48	5.07
209969_s_at	14.31	7.49	25.00	18.73	5.45	9.63	9.18	17.30	7.10	9.27	11.03	10.91	12.19	4.37
228531_at	4.70	24.24	15.22	20.12	10.49	10.39	5.60	14.30	6.80	6.38	16.24	12.46	13.49	6.75
204415_at	5.43	30.76	3.29	38.93	4.08	20.01	2.08	1.00	49.45	16.05	58.43	17.95	52.57	6.86
214453_s_at	8.26	18.22	2.57	61.65	6.49	20.83	8.32	10.76	4.93	5.66	13.27	8.02	26.71	2.03
222838_at	19.09	5.39	14.93	6.86	10.10	8.89	15.42	7.99	4.69	5.06	5.92	5.61	11.22	9.01
219684_at	6.66	16.47	10.87	18.65	3.40	17.36	5.96	1.92	5.90	8.90	4.55	4.92	28.75	3.91
203127_s_at	5.61	11.38	8.26	7.73	10.92	7.32	4.82	3.64	9.24	5.35	9.32	13.11	11.00	12.89
Average	17.25	25.18	18.49	63.16	13.02	19.09	16.49	14.30	18.21	13.65	32.82	15.94	35.61	13.07
total change
Median	9.36	23.06	15.85	43.88	18.27	19.04	7.24	12.06	11.89	10.67	27.98	13.11	28.75	7.37
total change

FIG. 32 provides a graphic of the distribution of the average and median fold changes among the different pairs of lesional and non-lesional skin. The prevalent and uniform upregulation of the most overexpressed type-I IFN genes in lesional skin of psoriatic patients verified their usefulness as PD markers.

Seventeen probe sets were also observed as underexpressed in lesional skin that were also down-regulated by IFNα/β in the ex vivo stimulation studies described in Example 10. These genes include CYP1B1, TGST1, RRAGD, IRS2, MGST1, TGFBR3, and RGS2.

Example 12

Expression of Type-I IFN Genes is not Significantly Altered in Normal Skin Relative to Non-Lesional Skin of Psoriatic Patients

Although the array data obtained in Example 11 identified overexpression of numerous type-I IFN-inducible genes in lesional relative to non-lesional skin, it identified only 5 probe sets overexpressed in non-lesional skin relative to normal control skin. The p value of Fisher's exact test (two-tailed t-test) was 0.581, which suggested that the overexpression of the type-I IFN genes is not statistically significant in the non-lesional skin of the psoriasis patients over normal skin.

As shown in Table 26 (Example 11), most of the genes identified as being top 50 type-I IFN-induced genes in lesional relative to non-lesional skin were comparably expressed in non-lesional skin relative to normal skin controls (several genes, e.g., RGS1, SPTLC2, are downregulated in the non-lesional skin compared to normal skin). FIG. 33 provides a graphical representation of the relative expression of 3 type-I IFN inducible genes (HPSE, OASL, and HERC6; included as top 50 type-I IFN-induced probe sets in lesional relative to non-lesional skin), and 1 non type-I IFN inducible gene (SERPINB4) in both (a) lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin and (b) non-lesional skin compared to normal skin. The overexpression of genes HPSE, OASL, and HERC6 in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin is both statistically significant (as evidenced by the very small p value) and large in scale (between 12-250 fold overexpression on average). SERPINB4 is overexpressed in non-lesional skin by about 3-4 fold compared to normal skin, but upregulated by well over 200 fold in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin.

Analysis of normal healthy, lesional psoriasis, and non-lesional psoriasis skin samples using the 164 probe sets identified in Example 11 as type-I IFN inducible, showed a clustering of lesional psoriasis samples and a clustering of non-lesional psoriasis and normal healthy skin samples. FIG. 34a provides heatmap of unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all lesional, non-lesional, and normal skin samples profiled using the 164 type-I IFN-inducible probe sets in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients. It can be observed that nearly all (all but three) of the lesional skin samples clustered together, while nearly all of the non-lesional and normal skin samples clustered together. FIG. 34b provides a PCA plot of the skin samples using the same 164 upregulated type-I IFN inducible probe sets. Again, the normal skin samples and the non-lesional skin samples mostly clustered together, indicating similar levels of expression of the 164 genes. Also, the majority of the lesional skin samples were separated from the normal and non-lesional skin samples, indicating that the lesional samples exhibited a distinct overexpression of the type-I IFN inducible genes that was separable from the gene expression levels of the normal and non-lesional skin samples.

These observations were further confirmed by gene pathway analysis. GENEGO analysis showed that the possibility of an alteration in the IFNα/β signaling pathway of non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients relative to normal skin had a p value close to 1. A distinctive separation of lesional skin samples from non-lesional skin samples and normal skin samples was even observed when clustering samples based on the transcript profile of an entire genome array. See FIG. 47.

Example 13

Validation of Type-I IFN-Inducible Gene Up-Regulation in Psoriatic Lesional Skin Using TAQMAN-Based Assays

A BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array (TAQMAN-based assay) from FLUIDIGM was used to validate the results of the Affymetrix GENECHIP® human genome U133 plus v2.0 arrays, results indicating that type-I IFN genes are up-regulated in lesional psoriatic relative to non-lesional psoriatic or normal skin samples.

Eighteen pairs of lesional and non-lesional skin samples from 18 psoriasis patients were used for the gene expression analysis. Twenty nine of these genes were type-I IFN inducible genes while 11 were highly upregulated in lesional skin but were not IFN-inducible genes, e.g., S100A9, S100A12, SERPINGB4, and KLK13. Each of these genes was selected based on prevalence and significance of overexpression in lesional skin. The overexpression of all genes in the lesional skin was confirmed by TAQMAN qRT-PCR, the majority of which showed very good correlation between microarray and TAQMAN assays. FIG. 35 provides TAQMAN data showing overexpression of each of ten (OAS2, OASL, EPSTI1, MX1, IFI44L, IFI44, HERC6, HPSE, ISG15, and STAT1) type-I IFN-inducible genes in lesional skin in the 18 paired lesional/non-lesional samples.

Overall, the TAQMAN-based assay and Affymetrix array results correlated well, validating the selected genes as overexpressed type-I IFN-induced genes in lesional psoriatic skin. The distribution of correlation coefficients between the TAQMAN-based assay and the Affymetrix array for the 40 overexpressed genes is provided in FIG. 36a. Nineteen of the overexpressed genes had correlation coefficients greater than 0.85, indicating excellent correlation between the microarray and TAQMAN-based assay. Another 17 genes had high correlation coefficients between the microarray and TAQMAN-based assay of 0.5-0.85. FIG. 36b provides the distribution of correlation coefficients between the TAQMAN-based assay and the Affymetrix array for the 29 type-I IFN-induced genes of the 18 psoriasis patients. Again, many of the genes had high correlation coefficients, greater than 0.90. These genes include, inter alia, IFI27, CXCL10, ISG15, and MX1.

FIGS. 37 a-37d and 38 provide detailed gene expression data obtained from the microarray and TAQMAN-based assays for several type-I IFN-inducible genes in the paired lesional/non-lesional samples. These data evidence that similar levels of overexpression of type-I IFN-induced genes in lesional psoriatic skin is detected between the TAQMAN and array assays, and thus the high correlation coefficients discussed above. FIGS. 37a and 37b show similar overexpression of ISG15 in each of the 18 paired lesional/non-lesional skin samples as determined by TAQMAN (37a) and microarray (37b) analysis. FIGS. 37c and 37d show similar overexpression of MX1 in each of the 18 paired lesional/non-lesional skin samples as determined by TAQMAN (37c) and microarray (37d) analysis. The correlation coefficient between the TAQMAN and microarray was 0.9735 for ISG15 and 0.9836 for MX1. FIG. 38 shows measurement of similar overexpression of type-I IFN-inducible genes IFI27 and CXCL10 by TAQMAN and microarray analysis in each if the 18 paired lesional/non-lesional skin samples. The correlation coefficient between the TAQMAN and microarray results for IFI27 and CXCL10 was 0.9456 and 0.9455, respectively.

Example 14

IFNα Ab Neutralizes Type-I IFNα-Induced Gene Expression in Ex Vivo Stimulated Keratinocytes of Healthy Volunteers

Keratinocytes of healthy volunteers were isolated and stimulated ex vivo with escalating doses of IFNα2a and leukocyte IFN to induce an escalating type I IFNα-induced gene expression pattern. Anti-IFNα antibody was able to neutralize the type I IFNα-induced gene expression pattern in a dose-dependent manner.

Normal human keratinocytes (EpiDerm system, MatTek, Inc.) were grown under serum-free conditions according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, keratinocytes were maintained on tissue culture inserts at the air-liquid interface to maintain a multilayered, fully differentiated epithelial phenotype. Keratinocytes were stimulated with human leukocyte IFN (15-150 IU/ml, PBL Biomedical Labs) and human IFNα2a (15-350 IU/ml, PBL Biomedical Labs). In some wells a humanized anti-human IFNα monoclonal antibody (0.01-100 μg/ml; MEDI-545, MedImmune, Inc) or isotype matched control antibody of irrelevant specificity (R347, MedImmune, Inc) was added simultaneously with cytokine stimulus. Epidermal cultures were harvested at 2, 4, or 18 hours post treatment for transcript analysis. Expression of type-I IFN-induced genes was measured using a BIOMARK™ 48.48 dynamic array.

Expression of a majority of type-I IFN-induced genes was upregulated in the IFNα2a and leukocyte interferon stimulated keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This upregulation of type-I IFN-induced genes, by either IFNα2a or leukocyte interferon, was likewise inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by IFNα monoclonal antibody (MEDI-545). Control antibody, R347, did not have a significant effect on neutralization of the type-I IFN-induced genes.

Dose-dependent neutralization of three type-I IFN-induced genes (ISG15, USP18, and IFIT2) by MEDI-545 in IFNα2a or leukocyte IFN stimulated keratinocytes is provided in FIG. 39. FIGS. 39 (a), (c), and (e) show that MEDI-545 neutralizes overexpression of type-I IFN induced genes ISG15, USP18, and IFIT2, respectively, in keratinocytes stimulated with 350 IU/mL IFNα2a. Each of these genes was neutralized 100% by MEDI-545. FIGS. 39 (b), (d), and (f), show that MEDI-545 neutralizes overexpression of type-I IFN induced genes ISG15, USP18, and IFIT2, respectively, in keratinocytes stimulated with 150 I.U./mL leukocyte IFN. Neutralization of these genes by MEDI-545 was between 70 and 100%, which is not surprising because leukocyte IFN contains both IFNα and IFNβ. MEDI-545 neutralizes a majority of IFNα subtypes efficiently, but not IFNβ. These neutralization data provide further evidence that the type-I IFN-inducible genes identified in ex vivo stimulated whole blood and keratinocytes (Example 10) are type-I IFN-inducible genes. It also provides further support that upregulated expression of these genes in lesional psoriatic skin relative to non-lesional skin due to type-I IFN induction.

Example 15

Multiple Type-I IFN Subtypes are Up-Regulated in Lesional Skin of Psoriasis Patients

To identify the type-I IFN subtypes responsible for the induction of the type-I IFN signature in lesional skin of psoriasis patients, mRNA levels of type-I IFN genes in psoriatic lesions were measured.

Gene expression analysis was performed using a TAQMAN Low Density Array (TLDA) from Applied Biosystems. Expression of 23 genes, including type-I IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, and 21; type-I IFNs IFNβ, κ, and ω; IFNγ; IFNα receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2; IFNγ receptors IFNGR1 and IFNGR2; type-I IFNα inducible genes RSAD2, OAS3, IFI44, MX1, and CXCL10; and TNFα was monitored and compared in paired lesional and non-lesional skin of 18 psoriasis patients.

Double-stranded cDNA for each patient sample was pre-amplified using the TAQMAN PreAmp Master Mix kit (Applied Biosystems). cDNA was pre-amplified by conducting 10 cycles of PCR on each patient sample using a pooled solution of primers, a pair for each gene analyzed on the array. The pre-amplified cDNA were diluted 1:5 with TE. A 50 μL volume of the diluted pre-amplified cDNA was added to a 50 μL volume of 2× TAQMAN Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and mixed. The array was loaded with the mixture using standard procedures and the loaded array was run on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Data analysis of the resulting Ct values was conducted with the SDSv2.2.2 software tool (Applied Biosystems).

FIG. 40 a shows the relative overexpression of mRNA of nine IFNα subtypes in the lesional skin compared to either non-lesional skin or normal skin. With the exception of IFNα5 (upregulated by about 4.6 fold; median fold change, p<0.001), none of the IFNα subtypes were significantly altered at the mRNA level in the non-lesional skin compared to that in the normal skin (p<0.05). However, all of these IFNα subtypes were upregulated at the mRNA level in the lesional skin compared to that in the normal skin (or non-lesional skin), with the overexpression of IFNα1, IFNα5, IFNα8, IFNα14, IFNα17, IFNα21 being statistically significant (p<0.05). FIG. 40b shows that the overexpression of other members of type I IFN family members, IFNβ, -κ, and -ω mRNA in the lesional skin compared to either non-lesional skin or normal skin. The alterations of IFNβ and IFNω mRNAs in the non-lesional skin were not significant. However, the upregulation of these mRNAs were significant in the lesional skin compared to normal skin (p values of 0.022 and 0.049 respectively). IFNκ mRNA was upregulated by about 1.6 fold (median fold change, p=0.03) in the non-lesional skin, and was sharply upregulated by 62.6 fold (median fold change) in the lesional skin compared to normal skin (p<0.001). Additionally, the receptors for type I IFN, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 were also significantly overexpressed in the lesional skin of psoriatic patients at transcript level (p values<0.001; FIG. 40c). While IFNAR2 upregulation was significant in the non-lesional skin, IFNAR1 was not (FIG. 40c). Collectively, these data provided strong evidence that mRNA levels of type I IFN family members were comparable between the non-lesional skin and healthy normal skin (with the exception of IFNα5 and IFNκ), and were uniformly overexpressed in the lesional skin of psoriatic patients.

Table 29, lists the correlation coefficients of the overexpression of type-I IFN family member (type-I IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, and 21; and IFNβ, IFNκ, and IFNω) mRNAs in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients. Of the 12 type-I IFN family members measured, overexpression of IFNα1, 2, 8, and 14 in lesional skin correlated most consistently with overexpression of other members in the type-I IFN family, with the exception of IFNα5 which showed the weakest correlation with other type-I IFN family members.

TABLE 29
Correlation coefficient of overexpression of type-I IFN family members in lesional
skin of psoriasis patients
	IFNA1	IFNA2	IFNA5	IFNA6	IFNA7	IFNA8	IFNA14	IFNA17	IFNA21	IFNB1	IFNK	IFNW1
INFA1	1
IFNA2	0.66	1
IFNA5	0.11	0.20	1
IFNA6	0.45	0.47	−0.01	1
IFNA7	0.77	0.79	0.09	0.68	1
IFNA8	0.64	0.99	0.19	0.49	0.84	1
IFNA14	0.84	0.94	0.28	0.44	0.72	0.94	1
IFNA17	1.00	0.96	0.15	0.07	0.77	0.97	0.94	1
IFNA21	0.71	0.49	0.50	0.42	0.81	0.49	0.61	0.75	1
IFNB1	0.54	0.86	0.28	0.33	0.69	0.96	0.80	0.93	0.54	1
IFNK	0.78	0.73	0.09	0.59	0.27	0.73	0.77	0.03	0.22	0.54	1
IFNW1	0.73	0.72	0.44	0.22	0.75	0.70	0.77	0.93	0.90	0.73	0.26	1

Example 16

Co-Overexpression of Type-I IFN, Type-II IFN, and TNFα and their Gene Signatures in Lesional Skin or Psoriasis Patients

The involvement of IFNγ and TNFα mRNA signaling pathways was also evaluated in the paired lesional/non-lesional psoriasis and normal skin samples. As discussed in Example 15, above, TLDA from Applied Biosciences was used to measure IFNγ, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, and TNFα mRNA in lesional and non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients and in normal healthy skin.

Unlike the observations for type-I IFN mRNA expression levels, IFNγ, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and TNFα mRNAs were significantly overexpressed in non-lesional skin compared to healthy normal skin (FIG. 41; p values of 0.02, <0.001, <0.001 and <0.001 respectively). TNFα mRNA was upregulated by about 5.7 fold, while IFNγ, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 mRNAs were upregulated by about 1.5, 2.2, and 2.8 fold compared to that in the normal skin (median fold change; FIG. 41). However, like the type I IFNs, these genes were upregulated in the lesional skin compared to either non-lesional skin (p values of 0.04, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.007 respectively) or normal skin (p values<0.001 for all of them; FIG. 41). TNFα, IFNγ, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 mRNAs were upregulated by about 33.5, 116.7, 11.6, and 8.4 fold in the lesional skin compared to that in the normal skin. These observations indicated that the mRNA expression patterns for IFNγ and TNFα are different from those of type I IFN family members, which were comparable between healthy skin and non-lesional skin (with the exception of IFNα5 and IFNκ), but upregulated in the lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients.

Example 17

Identification Genes Induced by Type II IFN and TNFα in Ex Vivo Stimulated Whole Blood and which are Induced in Skin Lesions of Psoriasis Patients

As described in Example 10, whole blood of healthy donors was stimulated ex vivo with a panel of IFNα subtypes, as well as IFNβ, IFNγ, and TNFα. Stimulating whole blood ex vivo with IFNγ or TNFα identified probe sets associated with potential IFNγ- or TNFα-inducible genes. Three hundred four probe sets were identified as at least 2-fold upregulated by IFNγ four hours post-stimulation. Two hundred thirty four probe sets were identified as at least 2-fold upregulated by TNFα both 2 and 4 hours post-stimulation.

The probe sets identified as associated with ex vivo IFNγ or TNFα induction were compared with the total 1408 probe sets (Example 11) found to be upregulated in lesional skin relative to non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients. Using this method, 106 and 35 of the probe sets included in the total 1408 upregulated in lesional skin were identified as IFNγ or TNFα inducible, respectively (FIG. 42). The 106 probe sets identified as IFNγ inducible are provided in FIG. 49. The 35 probe sets identified as TNFα inducible are provided in FIG. 50. The 164 probes sets shown in FIG. 42 as identified as type-I IFN inducible are provided in FIG. 51. The Fisher's exact test indicated that the p values (one-tailed t-test) of the overexpression of IFNγ or TNFα inducible genes in lesional skin were both less than 0.0001. The overexpression of IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes was significant.

Also using the list of probe sets identified to be type I IFN, IFNγ and TNFα inducible from the ex vivo studies, type I IFN, IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes upregulated at least 2-fold in each of the lesional relative to non-lesional skin sample were identified. FIG. 43 shows the number of type I IFN, IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes upregulated in each of the 26 paired lesional and non-lesional skin. The larger the number of type I IFN inducible genes upregulated in a particular lesional skin biopsy usually gave rise to the overexpression of larger numbers of IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes in the same lesional skin biopsy. This observation was confirmed by the strong correlation in the co-activation of these three sets of genes with correlation coefficients of 0.9811, 0.9179 and 0.9372 using two-tail paired t-test to compare the upregulation of type I IFN and IFNγ, type I IFN and TNFα, and IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin (FIG. 43a).

Similar analysis was carried out for the downregulated genes in the lesional skin compared to the non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients (FIG. 42). Of the 1465 total probe sets downregulated in lesional relative to non-lesional skin, only 17, 5, and 5 of them were type I IFN, IFNγ and TNFα inducible.

Although IFNγ and TNFα mRNAs were found to be upregulated in the non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients when compared to healthy normal skin, IFNγ and TNFα inducible genes did not appear to be significantly overexpressed in the non-lesional skin (FIG. 42). The absence of type I IFN, IFNγ and TNFα inducible gene signatures in the non-lesional skin compared to normal skin, even when IFNγ and TNFα mRNAs are overexpressed in the non-lesional skin, suggested that either IFNγ and TNFα proteins were not made in the non-lesional skin, or other signaling molecules might have inhibitory effect on the IFNγ and TNFα pathways in the non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients.

Example 18

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Biopsies from Lesional Psoriatic Skin, Non-Lesional Psoriatic Skin, and Skin from Normal Donors Shows Increased Protein Levels of Type I IFN-Induced Genes

To determine whether some of the highly overexpressed type I IFN inducible genes in psoriatic skin gave rise to similar changes in the expression of the proteins, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to assess the presence of STAT1 and ISG15 protein in the skin. Furthermore, analysis of the cellular infiltrates (pDCs, mDCs and CD4-positive cells) was carried to compare the number of IFN-producing cell types and inflammatory cells in the biopsies of the lesional vs. non-lesional and normal skin.

Snap-frozen lesional psoriatic, non-lesional psoriatic, and normal skin biopsies were divided in half. One-half of each sample was embedded in O.C.T., sectioned at 5 μM, placed on a “plus” slide, and fixed in cold acetone. The sectioned samples were incubated with primary antibodies (specific for BDCA2, CD83, CD4, STAT1, and ISG15) for 4 hours and washed with TBS. The slides were then incubated with peroxidase-labeled polymer conjugated to goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody (Envision+; Dakocytomation, Carpenteria, Calif.) for 30 minutes and washed with Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.2. Detection was performed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidiine tetrahydrochloride (DAB+; DakoCytomation) as the chromogen. Slides were washed with dH₂O), counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and coverslipped.

In all psoriasis patients for which paired lesional/non-lesional samples could be evaluated, lesional skin contained increased numbers of pDCs, and/or mDCs, increased numbers of CD4+ cells, as well as the significant upregulation of STAT-1 and ISG15 protein in the epidermis and dermis compared to non-lesional biopsies. By contrast, skin biopsies from normal donors did not contain appreciable numbers of pDCs, mDCs or staining for STAT-1 and ISG15. See FIG. 44 for example immunohistochemistry slides.

Example 19

Immunohistochemical and Gene Expression Analysis of Biopsies from SLE Patient Skin Lesions Show Reduced Expression of Type I IFN-Induced Genes at the Protein and Transcript Level Following Treatment with MEDI-545

To determine whether transcripts of the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes in skin lesions of an SLE patient were neutralized by MEDI-545, biopsies from patients treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 were examined. A heatmap of neutralization of the top 25 type I IFN inducible genes in skin lesions at 0 and 14 days post-treatment is provided in FIG. 58(a). All of the top 25 genes are neutralized 14 days following administration of MEDI-545. A PCA diagram of target modulation based on these top 25 type I IFN-inducible genes is provided in FIG. 58(b). The PCA diagram shows the progression of the treated SLE patient from a position directly opposite that of normal healthy donors prior to administration of MEDI-545 to a position nearing that of the healthy donors 14 days after administration of MEDI-545.

To determine whether levels of some of the proteins expressed from these highly overexpressed type I IFN inducible genes were also reduced by treatment with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to detect HERC5, ISG15, and IP10 protein in SLE skin lesions of patients treated with MEDI-545 and placebo. Furthermore, analysis of the cellular infiltrates (pDCs, mDCs and CD4-positive cells) was carried out to compare the number of IFN-producing cell types and inflammatory cells in the biopsies of the SLE skin lesions of MEDI-545 treated patients and placebo treated controls.

Snap-frozen skin lesion samples of MEDI-545 treated SLE patients and placebo treated SLE patients were divided in half. One-half of each sample was embedded in O.C.T., sectioned at 5 μM, placed on a “plus” slide, and fixed in cold acetone. The sectioned samples were incubated with primary antibodies (specific for BDCA2, CD83, CD4, IP10, and ISG15) for 4 hours and washed with TBS. The slides were then incubated with peroxidase-labeled polymer conjugated to goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody (Envision+; Dakocytomation, Carpenteria, Calif.) for 30 minutes and washed with Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.2. Detection was performed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidiine tetrahydrochloride (DAB+; DakoCytomation) as the chromogen. Slides were washed with dH₂O), counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and coverslipped.

In placebo-treated SLE patients both cellular infiltrates and levels of proteins expressed from overexpressed type I IFN inducible genes increased (or worsened) over the course of 14 days. See FIG. 52 which shows an increase in (worsening of) mDC(CD83 staining) and T cell (CD4 staining) infiltration in skin lesions. FIG. 52 also shows no change in pDC (BDCA2 staining) infiltration in the placebo-treated SLE patient skin lesions over the 14 days. See also FIG. 53 which shows an increase in staining for proteins expressed from overexpressed type I IFN inducible genes HERC and IP10. No change in staining for ISG15 was observed.

By contrast, in patients treated with 10 mg/kg MEDI-545 levels of infiltrates and proteins expressed from overexpressed type I IFN inducible genes were decreased by varying degrees. See FIGS. 54 and 55, which provide immunohistochemical data from a first SLE patient treated with MEDI-545 and FIGS. 56 and 57, which provide immunohistochemical data from a second SLE patient treated with MEDI-545.

Example 20

Assay for Sensitive Detection of Type I and Type II IFNs

To devise an assay to sensitively detect type I and type II IFNs a construct containing the gene for a luciferase enzyme isolated from the marine organism Gaussia princeps (Targeting Systems; Santee, Calif.) under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) (TAGTTTCACTTTCCC)₅ (SEQ ID NO: 2); Biomyx; San Diego, Calif.) was cloned. HEK293H cells were stably transfected with the construct and these cells were used for the IFN detection assays.

25,000 of the stably transfected HEK293H cells were seeded per assay well in 50 uL of cell culture medium overnight in a CO₂ incubator. The following day, patient serum samples (or normal pooled human serum spiked with the various sub-types of IFN alpha or IFN-beta, IFN-omega, IFN-gamma) were screened for detection of the various subtypes of IFN by adding 50 uL of undiluted patient or spiked serum to the assay wells containing the seeded cells (final concentration of 50% patient sera in the wells for 24 hours). IFN-induced luciferase activity was detected the following day, by observing chemiluminescence in the culture supernatants. Chemiluminescence was observed by transferring 50 uL of supernatant from the wells to a B&W Isoplate, adding 50 uL of chemiluminescent substrate, and detecting luminescence at 6 minutes. Samples generating a signal greater than 1.5-times the Negative Control wells on each assay plate are classified as Positive for IFN activity. See FIG. 59a-d, which provide detected levels of type I and type II IFN activity in the IFN bioassay for different plates of cells treated with patient serum and spiked control serum. Each of panels a-d show that increased dose of IFN in the assay results in increased detection of IFN activity.

In samples where IFN activity is detected, antibodies that specifically neutralize various Type I and Type II IFNs can then be used to determine which IFN was responsible for the positive response. Anti-IFN-type specific antibodies are pre-incubated with either the positive serum sample(s) (in the case of MEDI 545, anti-IFN beta, anti-IFN gamma and anti-IFN omega that bind to the IFN ligand itself) or with the cells (in the case of MEDI 546 that binds to the Type I interferon receptor on the HEK293H cells) followed by addition of the samples to the cells and chemiluminescence determination as above. Spiked samples that demonstrate lower chemiluminescence following specific antibody treatment are considered to be positive for the presence of the particular IFN(s) that is neutralized by the IFN-specific antibodies.

FIG. 60( a) shows that increasing dose of MEDI-545 in the treated wells increasingly neutralizes of IFN activity as does increasing dose of MEDI-546 (FIG. 60(b)). FIGS. 61-63 show that IFNγ, IFNω, and IFNβ, respectively, are neutralized by antibodies specific for IFNγ, IFNω, and IFNβ, as expected.

Example 21

Alterations of Levels of Soluble Proteins in Serum of Lupus Patients

Serum was collected from SLE (n=40) and CLE (n=5) patients that had a history of at least 4 of 11 positive ACR classification criteria and demonstrated active disease manifestations at the time of sample collection. Ninety-five percent were female, with mean±SD age of 41±15 years. Seventy-six percent were currently receiving oral corticosteroids in doses ranging from 1 mg/d to 30 mg/d prednisone, with 2 SLE patients also receiving pulse intravenous steroids. Fifty-nine percent were receiving at least 1 potential disease-modifying medication other than corticosteroids. Luminex xMAP technology was used to detect changes in 89 analytes and was performed by Rules Based Medicine (see the world wide web at domain name rulesbasedmedicine.com). Results for each analyte were compared to the mean of a panel of normal human serum (n=17) and significance was determined using a paired t-test. FIG. 74 shows analytes whose levels were significantly (a) increased or (b) decreased from the mean of the normal serum (p value≧0.05). Significant alterations in levels of cytokines chemokines, metabolic proteins, and other soluble mediators were detected in serum of lupus patients.

Example 22

Alternative Assay, Panomics QUANTIGENEPLEX Assay, Verifies IFN-Induced Gene Expression Analysis Results

The QUANTIGENEPLEX assay was first performed to assess the ability of QUANTIGENEPLEX to detect 22 IFN-inducible transcripts in whole blood stimulated with IFNα2b. The 22 IFN-inducible transcripts detected by this initial QUANTIGENEPLEX assay were selected based on their consistent up-regulation in SLE patients and are shown on the x-axis of the graphs shown in FIGS. 75 and 76.

Stimulation of the whole blood was performed by incubating freshly drawn Na-EDTA whole blood from 5 healthy donors with 20 IU/mL IFNα2b for 4 hours. Following this incubation, 2.5 mL of the stimulated whole blood was added to PAXgene tubes, mixed, and held overnight at room temperature. After overnight incubation, the samples were frozen at −80° C. These sample-handling procedures were selected to mimic those to be used during clinical trials.

PAXgene blood was analyzed for expression levels of the IFN-inducible transcripts. PAXgene blood (500 μL) was pelleted and then lysed in 139 μL of buffer according to the QUANTIGENEPLEX PAXgene Blood Lysis Protocol. Processed blood from each donor was split into duplicate wells and hybridized overnight with a multiplex probe set for the 22 IFN-inducible genes. Gene expression was assessed the following day using a Luminex 100 instrument with BioRad BioPlex software. Fold changes were assessed for each individual based on the increase in signal observed between IFN-stimulated and PBS-stimulated control wells. FIG. 75 shows the fold-change in expression of each of the 22 IFN-inducible genes following IFN stimulation of each of the 5 healthy volunteer whole blood samples. The dashed line indicates a 2-fold change over PBS-stimulated control samples.

Whole blood of a single volunteer was further stimulated over a dose range of 0.2 to 200 IU/mL IFNα2b to determine whether upregulation of the IFN-inducible genes by IFNα2b was dose-dependent and could be detected by the QUANTIGENEPLEX assay. For each of the 22 transcripts, a dose-dependent induction was observed. See FIG. 76, which provides the fold change in expression for each of the 22 transcripts at each IFNα2b dosage. Maximal transcript induction of nearly 100-fold was observed for RSAD2, IFIT3, and MX1. Using a 2-fold increase over baseline as a cutoff criterion, 19/22 genes were detected in samples spiked with 2 IU/mL of IFN and 5/22 were detected in samples spiked with 0.2 IU/mL IFN. Expression of SIGLEC1, LY6E, SERPING1, OAS3 and IFI27 transcripts were poorly induced by IFNα2b stimulation. These low levels of induction may indicate a lack of sensitivity of the assay to these targets or differences in gene expression between actual SLE disease (from which this panel of transcripts was chosen) and ex vivo stimulation with a single IFNα subtype, IFNα2b. Dashed line indicates a 2-fold change over PBS-stimulated control samples.

Next, the QUANTIGENEPLEX assay was used to detect levels of IFN-inducible transcripts in whole blood of SLE patients. Twenty of the 22 probes from the original QUANTIGENEPLEX kit, probes identified in FIGS. 75 and 76, were retained in the QUANTIGENEPLEX assay used for this data analysis. Two probes, HSXIAPAF1 and GIP3, were substituted with different probes, XAF1 and IFI6. Using this panel of 22 probes, a baseline gene signature was established based on whole blood samples of ten healthy donors (blue bars in each panel). The baseline gene signature, based on the whole blood samples of the healthy donors, was compared to (1) the gene signature of an SLE patient that had detectable IFN serum activity and (2) the gene signature of an SLE patient that did not have detectable IFN serum activity. IFN serum activity was detected in the SLE patient serum samples using the assay described in Example 20. FIG. 77a shows a comparison of the gene signature of an SLE patient (red bars) having no detectable serum IFNα activity (i.e. serum IFN activity<2.5 IU/mL) relative to the baseline gene signature (blue bars). With the exception of LAMP3, all transcript levels were detected as elevated in blood from the SLE patient with no IFN serum activity. FIG. 77b shows a comparison of the gene signature of an SLE patient with high levels of serum IFNα activity (red bars) relative to the baseline gene signature (blue bars). All transcripts were elevated at least 2-fold in the blood of the patient with high IFN serum activity, with maximal inductions of nearly 80-fold for IFI27.

The data obtained from the QUANTIGENEPLEX assay was next evaluated for its comparability to data obtained from a FLUIDIGM Real-Time PCR assay. QUANTIGENEPLEX and FLUIDIGM methods were each used to analyze and compare transcript levels in PAXgene-preserved whole blood samples from 16 SLE patients participating in a Phase I clinical trial (of a monoclonal antibody against IFNα) relative to a composite median gene score from 10 healthy donors. FLUIDIGM analyses were carried out using a mixture of TAQMAN Gene Expression assays, including 4 reference control genes prepared using the TAQMAN PreAmp Master Mix Kit (Applied Biosystems). Dynamic arrays were loaded using a NanoFlex 4-IFC Controller (FLUIDIGM Corp) and real-time reactions were performed using a BIOMARK Real-Time PCR System. Results were analyzed using BIOMARK Real-Time PCR Analysis software. Delta-delta Cts (DDCt) were calculated using the mean of 4 reference genes (GAPDH, TFRC, b2M, and 18S) and a calibrator sample. The results obtained using whole blood samples from SLE patients demonstrated a high degree of correlation between QUANTIGENEPLEX and Real-Time PCR approaches to detect disease-related gene expression profiles. FIG. 78 shows the (a) composite median and (b) mean-fold changes of all genes in the panels that were calculated and compared by Pearson's correlation analysis. Significant correlation was observed between QUANTIGENEPLEX and FLUIDIGM when median (p=0.0002) and mean (p<0.0001) fold changes were compared for the panel of genes.

Data obtained from the QUANTIGENEPLEX and FLUIDIGM Real-Time PCR assays were further compared in their ability to detect changes in transcript levels in SLE patient samples over the course of treatment in a clinical trial. For this comparison, SLE patient samples were collected directly into PAXgene tubes on Day 0 (pre-dose) and multiple subsequent time points following administration of a single dose of an anti-IFNα monoclonal antibody or placebo. For each sample, an aggregate median fold-change was calculated from the panel of 22 genes and compared to the pre-dose sample for that patient. FIG. 79a shows the changes in gene signature for placebo- or antibody-treated SLE patients using FLUIDIGM technology. FIG. 79b shows the changes in gene signature of the placebo- or antibody-treated SLE patients using QUANTIGENEPLEX technology. For each non-placebo subject, a decrease in IFN gene signature is observed within 24 hours following drug administration and is consistent between FLUIDIGM and QUANTIGENEPLEX. Subsequent changes in transcript levels post-administration were also highly similar between QUANTIGENEPLEX and FLUIDIGM technologies.

Claims

1-225. (canceled)

226. A method for treating lupus, comprising: administering MEDI-546 to a subject identified as having an increase in mRNA of interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44),interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6),radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2),interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) andinterferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27)genes in a biological sample, thereby treating the lupus.

227. The method of claim 226, wherein the increase in the mRNA of the genes is an average increase in the mRNA of the genes.

228. The method of claim 227, wherein the average increase is a mean increase or median increase.

229. The method of claim 226, wherein the increase in the mRNA that has been detected for the sample is of genes consisting of IFI44, IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44L and IFI27.

230. The method of claim 226, wherein the sample is whole blood or blood serum.

231. The method of claim 226, wherein the subject is need of treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

232. The method of claim 226, which comprises detecting the mRNA levels of the genes in the sample from the subject.

233. The method of claim 232, comprising: (i) isolating RNA from the sample;(ii) synthesizing cDNA from the RNA;(iii) hybridizing the cDNA with oligonucleotides that hybridize to the polynucleotides, and(iv) amplifying the cDNA and detecting the amplified products.

234. A method for treating psoriasis, comprising: administering MEDI-546 to a subject identified as having an increase in mRNA of interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44),interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6),radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2),interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) andinterferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27)genes in a biological sample, thereby treating the psoriasis.

235. The method of claim 234, wherein the increase in the mRNA of the genes is an average increase in the mRNA of the genes.

236. The method of claim 235, wherein the average increase is a mean increase or median increase.

237. The method of claim 234, wherein the increase in the mRNA that has been detected for the sample is of genes consisting of IFI44, IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44L and IFI27.

238. The method of claim 234, wherein the sample is whole blood or blood serum.

239. The method of claim 234, wherein the subject is in need of treatment of lesional skin.

240. The method of claim 234, which comprises detecting the mRNA levels of the genes in the sample from the subject.

241. The method of claim 240, comprising: (i) isolating RNA from the sample;(ii) synthesizing cDNA from the RNA;(iii) hybridizing the cDNA with oligonucleotides that hybridize to the polynucleotides, and(iv) amplifying the cDNA and detecting the amplified products.