Patent Application
20170057206
1. Field of the Invention
An aspect of this disclosure relates to laminated glass.
2. Description of the Related Art
Laminated glass is less likely to break into pieces even if it is damaged by an external impact and is excellent in safety. For this reason, laminated glass is widely used for, for example, automobiles and buildings.
Laminated glass generally includes a first glass substrate, a second glass substrate, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second glass substrates. The interlayer is normally made of a thermoplastic resin.
WO 2011/024787 proposes an interlayer made of a thermoplastic resin to which heat-insulating particles such as indium tin oxide (ITO) particles and a phthalocyanine compound are added. It has been reported that the heat-insulating property and the visible-light transmittance of laminated glass can be improved by using such an interlayer.
However, according to the experience of the inventors, when the interlayer of WO 2011/024787 is used for laminated glass for a vehicle such as an automobile, the operability of sensors provided in the vehicle is often reduced. Also, when the interlayer of WO 2011/024787 is used for laminated glass for a vehicle, an uncomfortable scorching sensation (scorching heat) is often felt on the skin.
For the above reasons, particularly in the field of laminated glass for vehicles, it is expected that the demand increases for laminated glass that enables sensors to properly operate and can prevent a passenger from feeling a scorching sensation on the skin.
In an aspect of this disclosure, there is provided an interlayer for a laminated glass. The interlayer includes a thermoplastic resin, ITO particles, and a phthalocyanine-based compound including at least one of a phthalocyanine compound and a naphthalocyanine compound. When A indicates an amount (parts by mass) of the ITO particles in 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin, and B indicates an amount (parts by mass) of the phthalocyanine-based compound in 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin,
the amount A satisfies
0.15 (parts by mass)≦A≦0.3 (parts by mass) formula (1),
and
the amount B satisfies
−0.025A+0.012 (parts by mass)≦B≦−0.027A+0.032 (parts by mass) formula (2).
An aspect of this disclosure makes it possible to provide laminated glass that can significantly improve sensor operability and reduce a scorching sensation on the skin while having a high visible-light transmittance and a high heat-insulating property. Another aspect of this disclosure makes it possible to provide an interlayer for such laminated glass.
Embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
First, laminated glass according to an embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to
As illustrated by
The first glass substrate 110 (and the second glass substrate 130, the same applies to the following descriptions) may be made of any type of glass. For example, the first glass substrate 110 may be made of clear glass, heat-absorbing plate glass, heat-reflecting plate glass, polished plate glass, figured glass, wired glass, lined glass, or green glass.
The thickness of the first glass substrate 110 is, for example, between 1 mm and 5 mm, and is preferably less than or equal to 3 mm.
The interlayer 150 includes a thermoplastic resin 155 that includes a phthalocyanine-based compound. The interlayer 150 also includes ITO particles 160 dispersed in the thermoplastic resin 155.
In the present application, “phthalocyanine-based compound” indicates a compound that includes at least one of a phthalocyanine compound and a naphthalocyanine compound.
In the interlayer 150 of the laminated glass 100, an amount A (parts by mass) of ITO particles 160 in 100 parts by mass of thermoplastic resin is set to satisfy formula (1) below.
0.15 (parts by mass)≦A≦0.3 (parts by mass) Formula (1)
An amount B (parts by mass) of the phthalocyanine-based compound in 100 parts by mass of thermoplastic resin is set to satisfy formula (2) below.
−0.025A+0.012 (parts by mass)≦B≦−0.027A+0.032 (parts by mass) Formula (2)
As described above, when the laminated glass of WO 2011/024787 is used, for example, for the front windshield and the rear windshield of a vehicle, the operability of sensors provided in the vehicle is often reduced. Also, when the laminated glass of WO 2011/024787 is used for a vehicle, an uncomfortable scorching sensation is often felt on the skin of a passenger.
To solve the above problems of existing laminated glass, the inventors of the present invention have conducted research on the influence of ITO particles and a phthalocyanine-based compound included in an interlayer on the characteristics of the interlayer and laminated glass. As a result, the inventors have found out that all of the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the scorching sensation, and the sensor operability of laminated glass are related to the amount of ITO particles and the amount of a phthalocyanine-based compound included in the interlayer.
This indicates that the characteristics of laminated glass including the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the scorching sensation, and the sensor operability can be improved by controlling the amount of ITO particles and the amount of a phthalocyanine-based compound included in the interlayer within appropriate ranges.
Below, relationships found out by the inventors between the amounts of ITO particles and a phthalocyanine-based compound and the characteristics of laminated glass are described with reference to
In
The line L1 indicates a hypothetical boundary of the scorching sensation on the skin. That is, in
The line L2 indicates a hypothetical boundary of the sensor operability. That is, almost no influence on the sensor operability is observed in the area to the left of the line L2, but the sensor operability is reduced or sensors become inoperable in the area to the right of the line L2.
The line L3 indicates a hypothetical boundary of the visible-light transmittance. That is, the visible-light transmittance of laminated glass is high in the area below the line L3, but the visible-light transmittance is reduced and the laminated glass becomes not suitable for a vehicle in the area above the line L3.
The line L4 indicates a hypothetical boundary of the heat-insulating property. That is, the heat-insulating property of laminated glass is high in the area above the line L4, but the heat-insulating property is reduced and the laminated glass becomes unable to sufficiently shield infrared radiation in the area below the line L4.
The above findings indicate that there is an area where the four characteristics of laminated glass including the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the scorching sensation, and the sensor operability are all satisfactory. That is, in
Based on the above consideration, to determine the area S of
As a result, the inventors have found out that the four characteristics become satisfactory when the amount A of ITO particles and the amount B of phthalocyanine-based compound are set to satisfy the formulas (1) and (2) described above. That is, it has been determined that an area satisfying the formulas (1) and (2) corresponds to the area S in
Thus, all of the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the scorching sensation, and the sensor operability of the interlayer 150 of the laminated glass 100 can be made satisfactory by setting the amount A of the ITO particles 160 and the amount B of the phthalocyanine-based compound in the interlayer 150 to satisfy the formulas (1) and (2).
Also, by using the interlayer 150 with such a composition, it is possible to reduce the scorching sensation and improve the sensor operability while maintaining the visible-light transmittance and the heat-insulating property of the laminated glass 100 at satisfactory levels.
Next, the configuration of an interlayer according to an embodiment of the present invention is described in more detail.
As described above, the interlayer includes a thermoplastic resin, a phthalocyanine-based compound, and ITO particles. The interlayer may also include a plasticizer.
A known commercial thermoplastic resin may be used. Also, either one type of thermoplastic resin or a combination of two or more types of thermoplastic resins may be used.
Examples of thermoplastic resins include polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-acrylic copolymer resin, polyurethane resin, and polyvinyl alcohol resin. However, other types of thermoplastic resins may also be used.
The thermoplastic resin is preferably a polyvinyl acetal resin such as polyvinyl butyral. Using a polyvinyl acetal resin in combination with a plasticizer makes it possible to increase the adhesion of the interlayer to the glass substrates.
A polyvinyl acetal resin can be produced by, for example, acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol with aldehyde. Polyvinyl alcohol can be obtained by, for example, saponifying polyvinyl acetate. The degree of saponification of polyvinyl alcohol is generally within a range between 80 and 99.8 mol %.
The interlayer may include a plasticizer.
Any known plasticizer may be used. Also, either one type of plasticizer or a combination of two or more types of plasticizers may be used.
Examples of plasticizers include organic ester plasticizers such as monobasic organic acid ester and polybasic organic acid ester, and phosphoric acid plasticizers such as an organic phosphoric acid plasticizer and an organic phosphorous acid plasticizer. Among them, organic ester plasticizers are particularly preferable. The plasticizer is preferably a liquid plasticizer.
The average particle diameter of the ITO particles is, for example, greater than or equal to 10 nm, and is preferably greater than or equal to 20 nm. Also, the average particle diameter of the ITO particles is, for example, less than or equal to 80 nm, and is preferably greater than or equal to 50 nm. Setting the average particle diameter of the ITO particles at a value less than or equal to 80 nm makes it possible to improve the dispersibility of the ITO particles.
Here, “average particle diameter” indicates a volume average particle diameter. The average particle diameter can be measured by using, for example, a grain-size distribution measuring device.
As described above, the amount A (parts by mass) of ITO particles in 100 parts by mass of thermoplastic resin is set to satisfy formula (1) below.
0.15 (parts by mass)≦A≦0.3 (parts by mass) Formula (1)
Setting the amount A to satisfy “0.15 (parts by mass)≦A” makes it possible to reduce the scorching sensation on the skin that is caused by light entering via laminated glass. Also, setting the amount A to satisfy “A≦0.3 (parts by mass)” makes it possible to improve the operability of sensors disposed in laminated glass.
A known phthalocyanine compound may be used. For example, phthalocyanine and a phthalocyanine derivative may be used as the phthalocyanine compound. Also, a combination of two or more types of phthalocyanine compounds may be used.
Also, a known naphthalocyanine compound may be used. For example, naphthalocyanine and a naphthalocyanine derivative may be used as the naphthalocyanine compound. Also, a combination of two or more types of naphthalocyanine compounds may be used.
Further, a combination of the phthalocyanine compound and the naphthalocyanine compound may be used. Each of the phthalocyanine compound and the phthalocyanine derivative preferably has a phthalocyanine skeleton. Each of the naphthalocyanine compound and the naphthalocyanine derivative preferably has a naphthalocyanine skeleton.
To effectively improve the heat-insulating property and to maintain the visible-light transmittance at a higher level for a long period of time, the phthalocyanine compound and the naphthalocyanine compound preferably include vanadium atoms or copper atoms, more preferably include vanadium atoms, more preferably include copper atoms, and particularly preferably have a structure including copper atoms.
When A indicates the amount (parts by mass) of the ITO particles and B indicates the amount (parts by mass) of the phthalocyanine-based compound in 100 parts by mass of thermoplastic resin, the amount B is set to satisfy formula (2) below.
−0.025A+0.012 (parts by mass)≦B≦−0.027A+0.032 (parts by mass) Formula (2)
Setting the amount B to satisfy “−0.025A+0.012 (parts by mass)≦B” makes it possible to improve the heat-insulating property of laminated glass. Also, setting the amount B to satisfy “B≦−0.027A+0.032 (parts by mass)” makes it possible to suppress the decrease in the visible-light transmittance of laminated glass.
The interlayer of the embodiment of the present embodiment may include, as necessary, additives such as an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, a fire retardant, an antistatic agent, a pigment, a dye, an adhesion adjuster, an anti-moisture agent, a fluorescent bleach, and an infrared absorber. The interlayer preferably includes an antioxidant. Also, the interlayer preferably includes an ultraviolet absorber.
The laminated glass 100 of
The laminated glass 100 of
The interlayer 150 is placed between the first glass substrate 110 and the second glass substrate 130, and air remaining at the interfaces between the components is removed by, for example, causing the components to pass through pressing rollers or putting the components in a rubber bag and depressurizing the rubber bag.
Next, the components are pre-bonded at about 70 to 110° C. to obtain a laminated structure.
Then, the obtained laminated structure is placed in an autoclave and is pressure-bonded at a temperature of about 120 to 150° C. and a pressure of 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa.
Through the above process, the laminated glass 100 can be obtained.
Next, examples of the present invention are described. However, the present invention is not limited to those examples.
Laminated glass was produced according a method described below.
First, 40 parts by mass of triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate (3GO), 0.2 parts by mass of ITO particles (Mitsubishi Materials Corporation), and 0.012 parts by mass of a phthalocyanine compound (copper phthalocyanine compound, FUJIFILM Corporation “FF IRSORB203”) were mixed. A phosphoric acid ester compound used as a disperser was added to and mixed with the mixture by a horizontal microbead mill to obtain a mixture liquid.
Then, 0.1 parts by mass of acetylacetone was added to the mixture liquid while agitating the mixture liquid to prepare a dispersion liquid. The content of the phosphoric acid ester compound was adjusted to become one tenth of the content of heat-insulating particles.
The whole amount of the dispersion liquid obtained at (1) was added to 100 parts by mass of polyvinyl butyral resin (butyralization degree 68.5 mol %, hydroxyl amount 30.5 mol %), and the resulting mixture was melt-kneaded with a mixing roll and then extruded with an extruder to obtain an interlayer with a thickness of 0.76 mm.
Two clear glass plates with a length of 30 cm, a width of 30 cm, and a thickness of 2.0 mm were prepared. The interlayer obtained at (2) was placed between the clear glass plates to obtain a laminated structure.
Next, the laminated structure was placed in a rubber bag and degassed at a vacuum pressure of 2.6 kPa for 20 minutes, placed in an oven while being degassed, and vacuum-pressed at 90° C. for 30 minutes for preliminary pressure-bonding. The preliminarily pressure-bonded laminated structure was pressure-bonded for 20 minutes in an autoclave at a temperature of 135° C. and a pressure of 1.2 MPa to obtain laminated glass.
Laminated glass was produced according a method similar to the method of Example 1.
In Examples 2 through 4, however, the amount of the ITO particles and the amount of the phthalocyanine compound included in the dispersion liquid prepared at (1) were changed from those in Example 1.
Accordingly, the amounts of the ITO particles and the phthalocyanine compound in the interlayers prepared in Examples 2 through 4 are different from those in the interlayer prepared in Example 1.
Laminated glass was produced according a method similar to the method of Example 1.
In Comparative Examples 1 through 20, however, the amount of the ITO particles and the amount of the phthalocyanine compound included in the dispersion liquid prepared at (1) were changed from those in Example 1.
Accordingly, the amounts of the ITO particles and the phthalocyanine compound in the interlayers prepared in Comparative Examples 1 through 20 are different from those in the interlayer prepared in Example 1.
Table 1 below includes the amounts (parts by mass) of the ITO particles and the amounts (parts by mass) of the phthalocyanine compound in the interlayers prepared in the respective examples.
The spectral characteristics of laminated glass produced in each of Examples 1 through 4 and Comparative Examples 1 through 20 were measured. Also, the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the sensor operability, and the scorching sensation of laminated glass were evaluated based on the measurements.
The spectral characteristics of laminated glass were measured by using a spectrophotometer (U-4100, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).
For comparison, the spectral characteristics of existing laminated glass (Cool verre, ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.) were also measured.
The visible-light transmittance of laminated glass was evaluated using an indicator Tv (total visible light transmittance). The indicator Tv was calculated as a weighted average of transmittances at wavelengths between 380 through 780 nm in conformity with JIS R3212 (1998) and JIS 28722.
The heat-insulating property of laminated glass was evaluated using a heat-insulating property indicator Tts. The indicator Tts was calculated in conformity with ISO13837:2008.
The sensor operability of laminated glass was evaluated using a sensor operability indicator T850. The indicator T850 was obtained based on the transmittance at a wavelength of 850 nm in the spectral characteristics.
The wavelength range around 850 nm corresponds to operating frequencies of many sensors. Accordingly, the sensor operability of laminated glass can be evaluated using the indicator T850.
The scorching sensation related to laminated glass was evaluated using a scorching sensation indicator T1550. The indicator T1550 was obtained based on the transmittance at a wavelength of 1550 nm in the spectral characteristics.
The wavelength range around 1550 nm corresponds to a wavelength at which heat is most prominently felt on the skin (at which absorption of light is high). Accordingly, the scorching sensation related to laminated glass can be evaluated using the indicator T1550.
As indicated by
Characteristics of laminated glass of the respective examples are collectively shown in Table 1. In the “evaluation” column of each characteristic, “◯” (good) and “×” (bad) are determined with reference to the measurement of the corresponding characteristic of the existing laminated glass.
Regarding the existing laminated glass, the visible-light transmittance indicator Tv is 88% (79%), the heat-insulating property indicator Tts is 74% (61%), the sensor operability indicator T850 is 75% (37%), and the scorching sensation indicator T1550 is 14% (9%). Values in parentheses are equivalent indicator values of green glass.
In a first evaluation method, when a characteristic of laminated glass is better than or equal to the corresponding characteristic of the existing laminated glass, the characteristic is evaluated as “◯”; and when a characteristic of laminated glass is worse than the corresponding characteristic of the existing laminated glass, the characteristic is evaluated as “×”. With this method, however, all the evaluation results of the existing laminated glass become “◯”, and the “total evaluation” result of the existing laminated glass also becomes “◯”. Also with this method, even when only one characteristic of laminated glass is slightly better than that of the existing laminated glass, the total evaluation result of the laminated glass becomes “◯”.
For the above reasons, in the present embodiment, while referring to the measurements of the characteristics of the existing laminated glass, more “severe” criteria are used to determine “◯” or “×”.
More specifically, each characteristic is evaluated as “◯” when the corresponding one of Tv≧80%, Tts≦70%, T850≧74%, and T1550≦14% is satisfied, and is otherwise evaluated as “×”. Also, the total evaluation result is determined as “◯” when the evaluation results of all the characteristics are “◯”.
As indicated by Table 1, the evaluation results of all of the four characteristics of the laminated glass of Examples 1 through 4 are good.
As indicated by
Thus, it has been confirmed that laminated glass having excellent characteristics in all of the visible-light transmittance, the heat-insulating property, the sensor operability, and the scorching sensation can be obtained by setting the amounts A and B to satisfy formulas (1) and (2) below.
0.15 (parts by mass)≦A≦0.3 (parts by mass) Formula (1)
−0.025A+0.012 (parts by mass)≦B≦−0.027A+0.032 (parts by mass) Formula (2)
The present invention may be applied to, for example, laminated glass for a vehicle or a building.
An interlayer for laminated glass and laminated glass according to the embodiment of the present invention are described above. However, the present invention is not limited to the specifically disclosed embodiment, and variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-101348 | May 2014 | JP | national |
The present application is a continuation application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111(a) claiming benefit under 35 U.S.C. 120 and 365(c) of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP2015/061624, filed on Apr. 15, 2015, which is based on and claims the benefit of priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-101348 filed on May 15, 2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2015/061624 | Apr 2015 | US |
| Child | 15348300 | US |
