Patent Grant
8284898
The invention relates to systems and methods for interleaving operation of a standing wave linear accelerator for use in generating x-rays of at least two different energy ranges.
Linear accelerators (LINACs) are useful tools for medical applications, such as radiation therapy and imaging, and industrial applications, such as radiography, cargo inspection and food sterilization. In some of these applications, beams of electrons accelerated by the LINAC are directed at the sample or object of interest for performing a procedure or for analysis. However, in many of these applications, it can be preferable to use x-rays to perform the procedure or analysis. These x-rays are generated by directing the electron beams from the LINAC at an x-ray emitting target.
Since a standing wave LINAC can be made smaller than a traveling wave LINAC, a standing wave LINAC can be preferable for medical applications due to space available for medical instruments and some mobile industrial applications. In some medical applications, x-rays of more than one energy band may be desirable for analysis or to perform a procedure, such as radiation therapy in which the ionizing x-ray radiation is used to control malignant cells as part of cancer treatment. A LINAC can be operated to generate alternating outputs of electrons of different energy ranges, which can be used to generate x-rays of different energy bands. However, the accelerating structure of a standing wave LINAC is generally configured to support only a limited number of allowed modes when the accelerator is operating efficiently, only one of which can accelerate a beam efficiently. It has been difficult to develop an instrument that can operate stably to output electrons at different energies at a sufficiently high dose rate of electrons for the desired applications.
Systems and methods are disclosed herein for a multi-energy operation of a standing wave LINAC.
Provided herein are methods and standing wave linear accelerators capable of interleaving multi-energy x-ray operation.
Under one aspect, a method for generating a high dose rate of electrons of different energies using a standing wave linear accelerator includes: (a) coupling a first electromagnetic wave into said accelerator; (b) applying a first electron beam current and a first voltage to an electron gun to eject a first set of electrons from said electron gun into a longitudinal passageway of said accelerator, wherein said first set of electrons is emitted at a first energy; and (c) applying a second electron beam current and a second voltage to said electron gun to eject a second set of electrons from said electron gun into said longitudinal passageway, wherein said second set of electrons is emitted at a second energy. Said second energy is different from said first energy. For example, the second energy can be higher than the first energy, or can be lower than the first energy.
In some embodiments, the method further includes, after step (b) and prior to step (c), coupling a second electromagnetic wave into said accelerator, wherein a power of said second electromagnetic wave is different than a power of said first electromagnetic wave. For example, the power of the second electromagnetic wave can be higher than that of the first electromagnetic wave, or can be lower than that of the first electromagnetic wave.
In some embodiments, a magnitude of said second electron beam current is different than a magnitude of the first electron beam current. For example, the magnitude of the second electron beam current can be higher than that of the first electron beam current, or can be lower than that of the first electron beam current.
In some embodiments, a magnitude of said second voltage is different than a magnitude of said first voltage. For example, the second voltage can be higher than the first voltage, or lower than the first voltage. In some embodiments, the accelerator includes one or more main cavities positioned along a longitudinal axis of said accelerator, and said electromagnetic wave includes a plurality of crests.
In some embodiments, one of said first energy and said second energy is approximately equal to a maximum attainable energy of said accelerator. In some embodiments, at least one of said first energy and said second energy is below a maximum attainable energy of said accelerator.
Some embodiments further include at least one of tuning the first voltage such that said first set of electrons is accelerated at or near multiple crests of said plurality of crests, and tuning the second voltage such that said second set of electrons is accelerated at or near multiple crests of said plurality of crests.
Under another aspect, a method is provided for generating a beam of x-rays at a two different ranges of x-ray energies from a target positioned near a first end of a standing wave linear accelerator, wherein said accelerator includes an electron gun positioned at a second end of said accelerator opposite to said first end. The method includes: coupling an electromagnetic wave into said accelerator; applying a first electron beam current and a first voltage to an electron gun to eject a first set of electrons from said electron gun into a longitudinal passageway of said accelerator, wherein said first set of electrons is emitted at a first energy; contacting said target with said first set of electrons, thereby generating a first beam of x-rays having energies in a first range of x-ray energies from said target; applying a second electron beam current and a second voltage to said electron gun to eject a second set of electrons from said electron gun into said longitudinal passageway, wherein said second set of electrons is emitted at a second energy, wherein said second energy is greater than said first energy; and contacting said target with said second set of electrons, thereby generating a second beam of x-rays having energies in a second range of x-ray energies from said target.
Under another aspect, a method for generating electrons at multiple energies using a standing wave linear accelerator includes: coupling an electromagnetic wave into an accelerator, wherein said accelerator includes a plurality of main cavities and a plurality of side cavities, wherein each said side cavity communicates with two neighboring main cavities of said plurality of main cavities, and wherein at least one side cavity of said plurality of side cavities includes an activatable window positioned in said at least one side cavity; and injecting a first set of electrons into a longitudinal passageway positioned along a longitudinal axis of said accelerator, wherein said longitudinal passageway communicates with said plurality of main cavities, wherein said first set of electrons is accelerated by said electromagnetic wave in a region of said longitudinal passageway in communication with at least one of said main cavities, and wherein said first set of electrons is emitted from said accelerator at a first energy when said activatable window is not activated. The method further includes activating said at least one activatable window; and injecting a second set of electrons into said longitudinal passageway; wherein said second set of electrons is emitted from said accelerator at a second energy when said activatable window is activated.
In some embodiments, said activatable window includes a doped silicon wafer window or a plasma switch. In some embodiments, said activatable window is activated by injecting charge carriers into said activatable window or by applying a current to said activatable window.
In some embodiments, said at least one side cavity includes a longitudinal axis, and wherein said at least one side cavity is positioned such that said longitudinal axis of said least one side cavity is perpendicular to said longitudinal axis of said accelerator. Said at least one side cavity including said activatable window may in some embodiments have a substantially cylindrical cross-section.
In some embodiments, said at least one side cavity including said activatable window includes a resonant TE01 waveguide. Said resonant TE01 waveguide has a length approximately equal to a guided wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. Alternatively, said resonant TE01 waveguide has a length approximately equal to a half of a guided wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. Other lengths are possible.
Said activatable window is, in some embodiments, positioned near an end of said at least one side cavity. A thermal conductor is, in some embodiments, positioned between said activatable window and said end of said one side cavity.
In some embodiments, when said activatable window is not activated, said activatable window transmits more than 50% of a component of said electromagnetic wave which is fed into said at least one side cavity including said activatable window, and wherein said activating said at least one activatable window causes said activatable window to transmit less than 50% of a component of said electromagnetic wave.
Under another aspect, a standing wave linear accelerator includes: a plurality of main cavities and a plurality of side cavities, wherein each said side cavity communicates with two neighboring main cavities of said plurality of main cavities, and wherein at least one side cavity of said plurality of side cavities includes an activatable window positioned in said at least one side cavity, thereby providing at least one detunable side cavity; and wherein said at least one detunable side cavity is configured such that a standing wave is disrupted in main cavities of said plurality of main cavities located downstream of said at least one detunable side cavity when said activatable window is activated.
In some embodiments, said activatable window includes a doped silicon wafer window or a plasma switch. In some embodiments, said activatable window is activated by injecting charge carriers into said activatable window.
In some embodiments, said at least one side cavity including said activatable window has a cylindrical cross-section.
In some embodiments, said at least one side cavity including said activatable window includes a resonant TE01 waveguide. Said resonant TE01 waveguide has a length approximately equal to a guided wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. Alternatively, said resonant TE01 waveguide has a length approximately equal to a half of a guided wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
In some embodiments, said activatable window is positioned near an end of said at least one side cavity. In some embodiments, a thermal conductor is positioned between said activatable window and said end of said one side cavity.
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for multi-energy interleaving operation of a standing wave LINAC.
Standing wave LINACs operate by generating electrons having particular average energies. In operation, electrons that are injected into a standing wave LINAC by an electron gun (described in Section 5.2.1.1), are accelerated and focused along a longitudinal axis of an accelerating structure of the standing wave LINAC using the electric and magnetic field components of an electromagnetic wave that is coupled into the accelerating structure (discussed in Section 5.1 below). The electromagnetic waves are coupled into the accelerating structure from an external source of microwaves, such as a klystron or a magnetron (discussed in Sections 5.1 and 5.4.2). The accelerating structure is configured so that it supports a standing wave mode of the electromagnetic wave. As the electrons traverse the accelerating structure, they are focused and accelerated in a series of main cavities of the accelerating structure of the LINAC by forces exerted on the electrons by the electric and magnetic field components of the electromagnetic wave to produce a high-energy electron beam.
Provided herein are methods and systems for operating a standing wave LINAC to generate electron beams at two or more different energies, i.e., an interleaving operation. As discussed in Section 5.2.1, an interleaving operation of the standing wave LINAC can be accomplished by varying the energy of the electrons that are injected into an accelerating structure of a LINAC, for example, by varying the electron beam current and the voltage applied to an electron gun. As discussed in Section 5.2.2, the interleaving operation can be accomplished by varying the energy of the electron beam output from the standing wave LINAC using a detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window.
5.1 Standing Wave Linear Accelerator
Provided herein are standing wave LINACs and methods of their operation. A cross-section of an exemplary side-coupled standing wave LINAC structure is shown in
The standing wave LINAC also can comprise an automatic frequency controller (AFC). An AFC can be configured to maintain the tuning of the electromagnetic wave to a desired mode (e.g., a frequency of the electromagnetic wave) during an interleaving operation.
In operation, an electromagnetic wave at around the π/2 mode resonant frequency of the accelerating structure 1 is coupled into the standing wave LINAC. Generally, the accelerating structure can be resonant at microwave frequencies, typically between 0.3 GHz and 300 GHz. Typically, the microwave can be coupled into one of the main cavities at a point along the longitudinal passageway through an iris or taper junction (not shown) leading from a microwave source. Sources of electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies, such as a magnetron or a klystron, are discussed in Section 5.4.2. In certain embodiments, the electromagnetic wave can be coupled into one of the main cavities through an opening in the upper or lower portion of the accelerating structure, or into two main cavities through a taper or junction that replaces one of the side cavities. In the latter case, the adjacent main cavities are it out of phase so the coupling to the adjacent main cavities can be done with two apertures on opposite sides of the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide where the magnetic field is in opposite directions.
Small LINACs can have a single integral accelerating structure that bunches a pulsed electron beam from an electron gun, accelerates the beam through a tapered phase velocity section, and accelerates the electron beam (i.e., increases the energy of the electrons) through a velocity of light accelerating section. In an example, the electron beam can have no microwave structure when it enters the accelerator. The amplitude and phase velocity of the electromagnetic wave can affect the acceleration of these electrons.
The frequency of the microwave can be such that a standing wave of the input electromagnetic wave is excited in the accelerating structure 1 at an allowed mode of the accelerating structure. The accelerating structure can be configured such that an allowed mode of the accelerating structure is a standing-wave resonance with π/2 radians phase shift between each side cavity and the adjacent downstream main cavity, or between a main cavity and a downstream side cavity. Thus, in certain embodiments, there can be a shift of π radians between adjacent main cavities 12, 14, 16, 18. This standing wave mode can provide the greatest separation of resonant frequency from adjacent modes that might be accidentally excited. That is, the π/2 mode can provide desirable shunt impedance, wide mode separation, and loose tolerances for phase velocities between about half the velocity of light and the velocity of light, that can be useful for a small LINAC. However, the skilled artisan can appreciate that other phase shifts can be used in accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein. For example, the systems and methods disclosed herein are also applicable to triperiodic LINAC structures, which comprise three cavities per period, a 2π/3 phase advance per cavity, and a node in every third cavity that are positioned off-axis or are greatly shrunken in length if positioned on-axis. In another example, the systems and methods disclosed herein are also applicable to biperiodic standing wave structures in the π/2 mode that comprise on-axis coupling cavities that perform a function similar to the side cavities discussed herein.
A beam of electrons 2 can be injected by an electron gun (not shown in
After being accelerated, electron beam 2 is emitted from the standing wave LINAC structure from exit cavity 52. In embodiments that use x-ray radiation, the emitted electron beam 2 can be directed at an x-ray target (not shown). The generation of x-rays and examples of targets are discussed in Section 5.3 below. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, a vacuum window comprising a thin metal film can be placed at exit cavity 52 to transmit the electron beam 2 for particle irradiation of a subject. The vacuum window makes it possible to easily move the thin film x-ray target, thus permitting use of either output electrons or x-ray irradiation in a procedure.
In a single section LINAC, if the amplitude of the electromagnetic field is lowered to lower the output energy of the electron beam, the fields decrease by an equal amount in the bunching cavities and accelerating cavities, causing the bunches to fall behind the crest of the electromagnetic wave, which can produce a broad spectrum and poor stability.
For the systems and methods herein, a set of electrons can be accelerated at a crest if it arrives at the center of a cavity (such as a main cavity or a buncher cavity) at a time that the electromagnetic standing wave attains substantially a maximum amplitude at that cavity. A set of electrons can be accelerated near a crest if it arrives at the center of a main cavity (or buncher cavity) at a time that the electromagnetic standing wave has not yet attained a maximum amplitude at that cavity or is slightly past the maximum. For example, a set of electrons can be accelerated near a crest if it arrives at the center of a main cavity at a time that the electromagnetic standing wave is around 5° of RF phase or less away from the maximum, up to around 10° of RF phase, or up to around 15° of RF phase away from the maximum.
5.2 Systems and Methods for Interleaving Operation of a Standing Wave LINAC
Provided herein are methods and systems that can be used in an interleaving operation of a LINAC by (i) varying the electron gun voltage to vary the energy of the electrons injected from the electron gun into the accelerating structure of the LINAC (discussed in Section 5.2.1), or (ii) using a detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window (discussed in Section 5.2.2). A system operated using any combination of method (i) and method (ii) also is provided herein.
5.2.1 Electron Output Energy Control Using Electron Gun Voltage
In one aspect, provided herein are methods for interleaving operation of a standing wave LINAC, where a LINAC can be operated to successively emit electron beams at a first output energy and at a second output energy that is different from the first output energy. The method comprises applying a first electron beam current and a first voltage to an electron gun to cause it to inject a first set of electrons into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC, and operating the LINAC to accelerate the first set of electrons to a first output energy by the electric field of the electromagnetic standing wave. The first set of electrons output from the LINAC can be directed at a target to generate a first beam of x-rays having energies in a first range of x-ray energies. The method can further comprise applying a second current and a second voltage to the electron gun to cause it to inject a second set of electrons into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC, and operating the LINAC to accelerate the second set of electrons to a second output energy. The output second set of electrons can be directed at a target to generate a second beam of x-rays having energies in a second range of x-ray energies. In one embodiment, the first beam current and the second beam current can be alternated to result in output electrons having different or interleaved energies, and that can be used to produce x-rays of different x-ray energies.
5.2.1.1 Electron Gun
In the methods and systems provided herein, the electron gun can be any electron gun deemed suitable by one of skill. For example, the L3 electron gun assembly, model number M592 (L3 Communications Corporation, San Carlos, Calif.) can be used.
An electron gun emits a set of electrons (or an electron beam) at a specified kinetic energy. Typically, the electron gun comprises a thermionic cathode and an anode disposed across from the cathode along a common longitudinal axis. The thermionic cathode emits a stream of electrons. The electron gun also can comprise a focusing component to focus the stream of electrons. For example, a focus electrode can be used to shape the electric fields to focus the electron beam into a convergent beam with a minimal diameter appearing beyond the anode. In some electron guns, the focusing component can be a grid positioned between the anode and the thermionic cathode, which applies fields for controlling the diameter of the electron stream. Such a grid can have an aperture located concentric with the common longitudinal axis of the anode and cathode. In some electron guns, the grid can include an intercepting screen capable of turning the beam on and off and of controlling the beam current, depending on the voltage applied to the grid. The anode can also have an aperture concentric with the longitudinal axis. The diameter of the aperture of the anode can be smaller than the diameter of the cathode. A voltage applied to the grid and the anode relative to the cathode can produce a convergent axial electric field between the grid and the anode, that can cause a quasi-laminar flow of electrons having a constant current density that can increase from the cathode towards the anode. The accelerated electrons are emitted through the aperture of the anode.
An example of an electron gun is illustrated in
In operation, the electron beam current and the voltage applied in the electron gun can be changed over a wide range. According to the systems and methods disclosed herein, the electron beam current and the voltage applied in the electron gun can be modified such that the electron gun emits a set of electrons (an electron beam) at the specified kinetic energy. In certain embodiments, the beam current can be decreased and the voltage applied to the electron gun can be reduced for the higher energy operation of the LINAC, i.e., to obtain an output of electrons at a higher energy. Reducing the electron beam current can reduce the dose rate (amount per unit time) of electrons ejected from the electron gun. In certain embodiments, an output of electrons at a higher energy can be obtained by decreasing both the electron beam current and the electron gun voltage.
5.2.1.2 Electron Gun Voltage Tuning
The systems and methods disclosed herein can be used to operate a standing wave LINAC to obtain a high dose rate of electrons at different energies in a multi-energy operation. The energy of the output electron beam can be changed by changing the amplitude of the electromagnetic standing wave in the LINAC, so as to exert greater or lesser acceleration on the set of electrons injected into the LINAC. The amplitude of the standing wave in the LINAC can be reduced by (i) reducing the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC, (ii) increasing the beam current from the electron gun (through the beam loading effect), or (iii) some combination of both (i) and (ii).
Conventionally, the injection gun current can be varied to change the energy of the electron beam from the electron gun through the beam loading effect. In the beam loading effect, the electron beam bunched at the resonant frequency of the LINAC can induce a standing wave in the LINAC that has a phase that opposes the acceleration applied by the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC. That is, beam loading can induce fields that act to decelerate the electron beam. The amplitude of these induced fields vary linearly with the beam current. A higher electron beam current can induce electric fields of higher amplitude that oppose the acceleration applied by the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC, and result in the electron beam experiencing less acceleration. The effect of beam loading is to decrease the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave. A desirable result of increasing the electron gun current (and hence the effect of beam loading) to lower the energy of the output electrons can be that the x-ray yield can be increased (for example, from the increased dose rate of electrons) in x-ray applications.
The change in amplitude of the electromagnetic standing wave occurs in both the buncher cavities and the accelerating cavities of the LINAC. When the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is changed in the buncher cavities, the transit time of the electrons through the buncher region is also changed. This can cause the set of electrons to move off the crest of the electromagnetic wave, which can broaden the energy spectrum of the output electrons and can decrease energy stability. Thus, reducing the amplitude of the standing wave in the LINAC, such as by increasing the beam current (to exploit the beam loading effect) or by reducing the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC, can have a greater effect on electrons in the buncher cavities, and hence a greater effect on the energy spectrum and stability of the output electron beam. That is, since reducing the amplitude of the standing wave in the LINAC can cause the set of electrons to move off the crest of the electromagnetic wave, the electrons may not be optimally accelerated in the LINAC, resulting in broadening of the energy spectrum of the output electrons and a decrease in energy stability.
In the systems and methods disclosed herein, the electron gun voltage can be varied to move the set of electrons back to or nearer to the crest of the electromagnetic wave in order to improve the energy spectrum and the stability of the output electrons. Varying the electron gun voltage can vary the energy of the injected from the electron gun into the accelerating structure of the LINAC, which can compensate for the effect of reduced amplitude in the buncher cavities.
The injection gun voltage can be varied along with the electron gun beam current to optimize the energy spectrum and electron dose rate at different output energies. In the example of
5.2.1.3 Method for Generating a High Dose Rate of Electrons Using Electron Gun Voltage Tuning
The flow chart of
Step 300. An electromagnetic wave is coupled into the LINAC to form a standing wave. The LINAC can be configured so that one or more of the crests of the electromagnetic wave accelerates electrons present in the region of the main cavities along the longitudinal axis of the LINAC. As illustrated in
Step 302. In step 302, a first set of electrons is ejected from an electron gun into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC.
The gun current can be adjusted so as to control the accelerated beam current, and to control the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave in the LINAC via the beam-loading effect. The gun voltage can be adjusted so as to control the transit time of the electrons through the first cavity (e.g., buncher) of LINAC, and thus to control the phase of the bunch relative to the electromagnetic wave in the rest of the LINAC.
In step 300, the power of the electromagnetic wave fed into the LINAC also can be changed so as to obtain the desired output energy of electrons from the LINAC when the electrons are at or near the crest of the standing wave. Specifically, change in the power of the electromagnetic wave changes the amplitude of the extrema of the electromagnetic standing wave (i.e., the maximum or minimum amplitude of the standing wave) that occurs at the main cavities. When the power of the electromagnetic wave is reduced, the amplitude of the extrema of the electromagnetic standing wave also is reduced, which can result in the first set of electrons experiencing a lower magnitude of acceleration at a given main cavity, thus reducing the electron energy at the output of the LINAC. The average current of the output electrons can also be controlled by adjusting the duty factor of the LINAC (pulse length times pulse repetition rate).
The time interval between steps 300 and 302 can be selected so that the first set of electrons is emitted at the desired dose rate at the first energy. In an example, step 300 is performed substantially simultaneously with step 302. Such simultaneous performance may be suitable, for example, in circumstances where the amplitude of the beam-induced fields are at least 80% of the amplitude of the unloaded steady state fields, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or nearly 100% of the amplitude of the unloaded steady state fields. Alternatively, in other circumstances, step 302 may be performed at a suitable time following step 300. The injection of the set of electrons during step 302 can be timed during the rise time of the unloaded fields generated during step 300, to compensate for the beam loading and optimize the spectrum. For example, where the field strength is within about 1/e of the unloaded steady state field (e.g., where the amplitude of the beam-induced fields are about 30% of the amplitude of the unloaded steady state fields), step 302 may be delayed from step 300 by a time period sufficient to fill the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC with electrons. The electrons typically can travel the length of the LINAC within a few nanoseconds. However, it can take hundreds of nanoseconds or a few microseconds for the pulse of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC to rise to full amplitude and the fields in the LINAC to approach a steady state beam loaded value. An optimal output electron energy spectrum can be achieved if the electron beam is turned on when the electromagnetic fields in the LINAC have reached the steady state beam loaded value.
In step 304, the LINAC is operated to emit the first set of electrons from the LINAC at a first energy. As a non-limiting example, operating the standing wave LINAC can include operating the AFC. In an example, the output electrons at the first energy can be used in a procedure, such as but not limited to, a medical procedure. In another example, the first set of electrons output from the LINAC can be contacted with a target to generate a beam of x-rays having an energy in a first range of x-ray energies for use in a procedure, such as but not limited to, a medical procedure.
Step 306. In step 306, a second set of electrons is ejected from the electron gun into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC. The magnitude of the beam current can be selected to change the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave through the beam loading effect, and the magnitude of the gun voltage can be selected to move the second set of electrons back to or nearer to the crest of the electromagnetic wave (discussed in Section 5.2.1.2). For example, as discussed above, the magnitude of the gun voltage can be selected so that the second set of electrons is accelerated by substantially all of the crests of the plurality of crests of the standing wave. Or, for example, as discussed above, the gun current can be selected so that the second set of electrons has a desired current at the output of the LINAC, and so as to control the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave in the LINAC via the beam-loading effect. The magnitudes of the beam current and/or the gun voltage to provide the second set of electrons can be different from the magnitudes of the beam current and/or gun voltage to provide the first set of electrons.
In certain embodiments, the first energy of the first set of electrons output from the LINAC has a central value that can be different from the central value of the second energy of the second set of electrons output from the LINAC. The central value of the energy of a set of electrons can be a median value or an average value of a range of output energies of the set of electrons. In one example, the median value of the range of output energies of a first set of electrons can be compared to the median value of the range of output energies of a second set of electrons. In another example, the average value of the range of output energies of the first set of electrons can be compared to the average value of the range of output energies of the second set of electrons. While the central value of the first energy can be different from the central value of the second energy, the range of energies of the first set of electrons can overlap the range of energies of the second set of electrons.
A second electromagnetic wave can be coupled into the LINAC after step 304 and prior to step 306. The power of this electromagnetic wave fed can be different from the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC in step 300, resulting in different respective output energies for the first and second sets of electrons output from the LINAC. In an example, the magnitude of the voltage applied to the electron gun can be selected so that the second set of electrons is accelerated by substantially all of the crests of the plurality of crests of the standing wave, the current applied to the electron gun can be selected so that the second set of electrons has a desired current at the output of the LINAC, and the power of the electromagnetic field can be selected so that the second set of electrons has a desired energy at the output of the LINAC.
In an example, the second set of electrons output from the LINAC can be contacted with a target, which generates a beam of x-rays from the target having x-ray energies in a second range of x-ray energies. The maximum value of x-ray energy of the range of first x-ray energies generated in step 302 can be different from maximum value of x-ray energy of the range of second x-ray energies generated in step 306.
In step 308, the LINAC is operated to emit the second set of electrons from the LINAC at a second energy that is different from the first energy. As a non-limiting example, operating the standing wave LINAC can include operating the AFC. In an example, the output electrons at the second energy can be used in a procedure, such as but not limited to, a medical procedure. In another example, the second set of electrons output from the LINAC can be contacted with a target to generate a beam of x-rays having an energy in a second range of x-ray energies for use in a procedure, such as but not limited to, a medical procedure.
In certain embodiments, the second energy can be higher than the first energy. In embodiments that include a diode gun or a non-intercepting grid, to emit the second set of electrons at the second energy, the beam voltage applied in step 306 can be reduced from the value applied in step 302, which can result in increased amplitude of the electronic wave because beam loading is less. The voltage in step 306 then can be reduced from the value applied in step 302, which can cause the second set of electrons to be accelerated at or nearer to the crest of the electromagnetic wave (see Section 5.2.1.2).
In a specific embodiment, to emit the second set of electrons at a second energy which is higher than the first energy, a second electromagnetic wave can be coupled into the LINAC after step 304 and prior to step 306 and, in addition to applying a reduced beam current and reduced gun voltage, the power of the second electromagnetic wave can be higher than the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC in step 300.
In certain embodiments, the second energy can be lower than the first energy. To emit the second set of electrons at the second energy, the gun current applied in step 306 can be increased from the value applied in step 302, which can result in reduced amplitude of the electronic wave because the beam loading effect is greater, resulting in a lower second energy. The voltage in step 306 also can be increased from the value applied in step 302, which can cause the second set of electrons to be accelerated at or nearer to the crest of the electromagnetic wave (see Section 5.2.1.2).
In a specific embodiment, to emit the second set of electrons at a second energy which is lower than the first energy, a second electromagnetic wave can be coupled into the LINAC after step 304 and prior to step 306. In addition to applying an increased beam current and increased gun voltage, as described immediately above, the power of the second electromagnetic wave can be selected to be lower than the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC in step 300, resulting in a lower second energy.
In an example, the first energy can be at or near the maximum attainable output energy of the LINAC and the second energy can be a lower energy than the first. In another example, the second energy can be at or near the maximum attainable output energy of the LINAC and the first energy can be a lower energy than the second.
The performance of steps 300 and 302 can be controlled by one or more control units. For example, one or more control units can be used to issue commands that set the magnitude of the current and the magnitude of the voltage applied to the electron gun. In examples in which the power of the electromagnetic wave can be varied, one or more control units can be used to issue commands that cause the change of the power of the electromagnetic wave. One or more controls can be used to issue commands to control the time interval between the performance of steps 300-308. For example, the control unit can in some embodiments instruct the electron gun to eject the first set of electrons (step 302) before the electromagnetic wave (step 300) has reached steady state in the LINAC. The one or more control units can receive instructions from a computer system (such as commands stored in computer memory), from a computer readable medium, or from a user through a user input device. The same control unit that issues commands for controlling the beam current and voltage of the electron gun also can issue commands for operating the other elements of the standing wave LINAC (such as, but not limited to, the timing of injection of the electrons from the electron gun, the coupling of the electromagnetic wave into the LINAC, and selection of the power of the electromagnetic wave). In another example, the control unit that issues commands for controlling the electron gun can be separate from the control unit that issues commands for operation of the LINAC. The control units can be in communication and synchronized in order to execute the steps of the method.
5.2.2 Electron Output Energy Control Using a Detunable Side Cavity Comprising an Active Side Window
In another aspect, systems and methods disclosed herein can be used to operate a standing wave LINAC to obtain a high dose rate of electrons at different energies in a multi-energy operation. In this aspect, one or more detunable side cavities of the LINAC can be detuned to control the output energy of sets of electrons such that the LINAC can be operated to emit electron beams that alternate between a first output energy and a second output energy. The method comprises injecting a first set of electrons into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC, accelerating the first set of electrons to a first output energy by the electric field of the electromagnetic standing wave, activating the one or more detunable side cavities to an activation state, injecting a second set of electrons into the longitudinal passageway, and accelerating the second set of electrons to a second output energy by the electric field of the electromagnetic standing wave. The power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC also can be changed to accelerate the second set of electrons.
When the LINAC is operated to accelerate the first set of electrons to a first energy, the activatable window of the one or more detunable side cavities can be activated to a first activation state. When the LINAC is operated to accelerate the second set of electrons to a second energy, the activatable window of the one or more detunable side cavities can be activated to a second activation state that is different from the first activation state. In one embodiment, the activatable window can be set to a deactivated state for the first activation state and activated for the second activation state. In another embodiment, the activatable window can be set to a deactivated state for the second activation state and activated for the first activation state. The first set of electrons can be accelerated to a first energy. The second set of electrons can be accelerated to a second energy that is different from the first energy. The first energy and the second energy can differ in their central value, such as the median value or average value as described above.
5.2.2.1 Electron Output Energy Control Using an Activatable Window
Provided herein are standing wave LINACs comprising at least one detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window, and methods for their operation.
If all of the main cavities 12, 14, 16, 18 are similar and approximately axially-symmetrical about the longitudinal passageway 10, and all of the side cavities are similar to side cavity 34 or side cavity 36, the electric field in each main cavity will be substantially the same as the field in the other main cavities. As a result, the electron beam 2 can experience a maximum of the electric field amplitude (and thus a maximum forward acceleration) in all of the main cavities.
If an output electron beam at a lower energy is desired, the standing wave at a downstream portion of the standing wave LINAC can be disrupted so that less acceleration acts on the electron beam. To accomplish this, an energy switch positioned in a side cavity, for example, a mechanical switch (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,938), or an electronic switch (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,112,924), can be used to disrupt the resonant coupling between two neighboring main cavities. That is, activating the energy switch can result in significantly reduced magnitude of the accelerating electric field in the main cavity downstream of the side cavity, while leaving the accelerating electric field in the upstream main cavity essentially unchanged. In certain embodiments, the power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC also can be reduced to a level appropriate for the number of accelerating cavities that still support the standing wave after activation of the switch, and to maintain the electromagnetic fields in the buncher cavities at a favorable level. The buncher cavities work favorably over a fairly limited range of electromagnetic fields, and the bunching cavities may not function to accelerate the bunch of electrons appropriately (so that the electron bunch (set of electrons) rides at or near the crest of the electromagnetic wave in the accelerating main cavities of the LINAC) if the power of the electromagnetic field is not modified. If the bunch does not ride at or near the crest of the electromagnetic wave, the energy spectrum of the output electrons can become broadened and the energy stability can deteriorate.
An exemplary detunable side cavity 40 (illustrated in
5.2.2.2 Detunable Side Cavities Comprising an Activatable Window
In this aspect, a detunable side cavity can comprise an activatable window that can be activated to tune or detune the resonant frequency of the detunable side cavity when the LINAC is being operated. In one mode of operation, the set of electrons can be accelerated by substantially the maximum attainable amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave in substantially all of the accelerating main cavities. In this mode, the activatable window is activated to an activation state that does not cause significant reduction of the electric field component of the electromagnetic wave in main cavities located downstream of the detunable side cavity comprising the activated switch. In another mode of operation, the set of electrons can be accelerated by substantially the maximum attainable amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave in fewer than all of the main cavities. In this mode, the activatable window can be activated to an activation state that causes significant reduction of the electric field component of the electromagnetic wave in main cavities located downstream of the detunable side cavity comprising the activated switch.
In this aspect, a detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window can be configured so that the detunable side cavity is tuned to sustain the resonant frequency of the standing wave LINAC when the activatable window is activated to a first activation state, while the detunable side cavity is tuned to disrupt the resonant frequency of the standing wave LINAC downstream of that side cavity when the activatable window is activated to a second activation state. That is, the detunable side cavity operates essentially as a node of the standing wave LINAC when the activatable window is in the first activation state, and is off-resonance when the activatable window is at a second activation state.
In another example, the activatable window can have a larger diameter than the detunable side cavity. In this example, electrical connections for activating the activatable window can be conducting traces on the surface of the activatable window. The TE01 mode (discussed below) is usually not disrupted by narrow slots in the wall of the detunable side cavity, since the currents in the wall of the detunable side cavity are azimuthal for the TE01 mode.
The walls of the detunable side cavity can comprise the same material as the other side cavities of the LINAC. For example, the walls of the detunable side cavity can include copper.
The detunable side cavity includes electrical connections (not shown) through which a current or a voltage can be applied to the activatable window in order to activate the activatable window. In one example, for the first activation state, the activatable window can be activated to become substantially transparent (i.e., substantially transmissive) to the electromagnetic wave supported by the detunable side cavity. A first current or first voltage can be applied to the activatable window to cause the activatable window to become substantially transparent (i.e., substantially transmissive). In the second activation state, the activatable window can be made substantially reflecting of, or opaque to, the electromagnetic wave supported by the detunable side cavity. A second current or second voltage can be applied to the activatable window to cause the activatable window to become substantially reflecting or opaque. The first current can be different from the second current; the first voltage can be different from the second voltage. In one example, the first energy can be the maximum attainable energy of the LINAC, and the second energy can be less than the maximum attainable energy of the LINAC. In another example, the second energy can be the maximum attainable energy of the LINAC, and the first energy can be less than the maximum attainable energy of the LINAC. In the foregoing embodiments, the activatable window can be activated by injecting charge carriers (such as electrons, holes, or ions) into a region of the activatable window.
In an example, the activatable window transmits more than 50% of a component of the electromagnetic wave guided mode coupled into the detunable side cavity when the activatable window is made transparent and transmits less than 50% of a component of the electromagnetic wave guided mode when the activatable window is made substantially reflecting of, or opaque to, the electromagnetic wave.
In one example, the length/of the detunable side cavity can be substantially a half-integer multiple of the guided wavelength λg for the circular TE01 (transverse electric) mode of the electromagnetic wave that can be supported in the detunable side cavity due to its circular cross-section. That is, l can be around λg/2, λg, 3λg/2, etc. The length l can differ from the half-integer multiple of the guided wavelength λg by up to a few percentages of the value of λg, such as up to about 5% of 4 up to about 10% of λg. In this example, the detunable side cavity can be configured such that the detunable side cavity sustains the resonant frequency of the standing wave LINAC when the activatable window is at a first activation state that is substantially transparent to the circular TE01 mode of the electromagnetic wave. The set of electrons can be accelerated by an electric field distribution as shown in
In an example where the activatable window has a larger diameter than the detunable side cavity, the TE01 mode may not be disrupted by narrow slots in the wall of the detunable side cavity, since the currents in the wall of the detunable side cavity are azimuthal for the TE01 mode.
In another example, the length l of the detunable side cavity can be longer than a half-integer multiple of the guided wavelength λg for the circular TE01 mode of the electromagnetic wave. The activatable window can positioned at a distance a from an end of the detunable side cavity such that the length l−a is longer than a half-integer multiple of the guided wavelength λg for the circular TE01 mode. That is, l−a can be λg/2, λg, 3λg/2, etc. In this example, the detunable side cavity can be configured such that the detunable side cavity sustains the resonant frequency of the standing wave LINAC when the activatable window is at a first activation state that is substantially reflecting of, or opaque to, the circular TE01 mode of the electromagnetic wave. The set of electrons can be accelerated by an electric field distribution as shown in
As illustrated in
The activatable window can be any activatable window deemed suitable to those of skill. In an example, the activatable window can be a doped silicon wafer window, such as but not limited to an activatable window comprising a number of PIN diodes on a silicon wafer. The activatable window can be activated by injection of charge carriers, such as electrons, holes, or ions, into a region of the activatable window.
In an example where the activatable window is doped silicon wafer, such as but not limited to a silicon wafer comprising PIN diodes, the detunable side cavity can comprise a resonant TE01 substantially cylindrical waveguide of length λg/2 or a guided wavelength (λg). A round “active” doped silicon wafer window can be placed near one end. When the activatable window is activated to the “on” state by applying a current, the window has 1.6% loss and a 97% transmission coefficient. When the window is turned on by injecting charge carriers through a large number of PIN diodes arranged around the periphery of the window, the transmission drops to less than 1% (i.e., the activatable window becomes essentially opaque or reflecting) and the power loss rises to about 10%. To achieve this, about 70 pC of carriers can be injected, for example, by applying 10 s of amps of current over a period of several μsec before LINAC is operated to accelerate a set of electrons. Because the currents in the TE01 mode in the detunable side cavity are all azimuthal, the guide can be mounted with its axis transverse (perpendicular) to the LINAC, nestled between two of the LINAC accelerating cavities. The coupling slots between the LINAC cavities and the detunable side cavity are longitudinal in the TE01 mode and azimuthal in the LINAC cavities. When the silicon wafer window is switched from “off” (not activated) to “on” (activated), the detunable side cavity is detuned, because the detunable side window is effectively shortened by the reflection from the window.
While the detunable side cavity comprising the activatable window is illustrated as having a cylindrical cross-section, the detonable side cavity can have other morphologies. For example, the detunable side cavity can have a substantially rectangular, square, triangular, oval, or polygonal cross-section. For each of these different morphologies, the detunable side cavity can be positioned relative to the LINAC such that the detunable side cavity operates like a “node” of the LINAC for a first activation state of the activatable window, and disrupts the standing wave in the LINAC downstream of the detunable side cavity for a second activation state of the activatable window. Furthermore, the type of guided modes that can be sustained in the different detunable side cavity morphologies would be apparent to one skilled in the art. For example, for a TE10 mode or a TM11 (transverse magnetic) mode, a number of small holes in a transverse plane could be provided to bring in current carrying support pins to the activatable window.
In another example, the detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window can be positioned and configured as illustrated in
In operation of a LINAC in which a switch of a side cavity is implemented, the switch (such as the activatable window of the detunable side cavity) can be activated prior to a pulse, the electromagnetic wave can then be fed into the LINAC from a source, and then a set of electrons can be injected by an electron gun into the longitudinal passageway of the LINAC. In certain embodiments, the injection of the set of electrons can be timed during the risetime of the unloaded fields to compensate for beam loading and optimize the spectrum. After the end of the pulse, the switch can be returned to a standby state (such as deactivating the activatable window). In certain embodiments where the pulse of the set of electrons from the electron gun is shorter than the pulse of the electromagnetic wave, it can be advantageous to deactivate the switch (such as deactivating the activatable window) after the gun pulse ends.
In a specific embodiment, both the first set of electrons and the second set of electrons can be emitted from the LINAC in a single pulse of the electromagnetic wave. A command can be issued to inject the first set of electrons into the LINAC (step 900) during the filling time of the electromagnetic wave into the LINAC to achieve, almost immediately, the beam loaded steady state. Prior to step 900, the activatable window of the detunable side cavity can be activated to a first activation state that detunes the detunable side cavity. The first set of electrons is emitted from the LINAC at a first energy. In step 904, the activatable window of the detunable side cavity can then be activated to a second activation which does not detune the detunable side cavity, which can raise the electromagnetic fields in the main cavities downstream of the detunable side cavities. A command can be issued to inject the second set of electrons into the LINAC (step 906) while the electromagnetic fields in the downstream region of the LINAC are still rising, so that the beam energy can achieve, almost immediately, the beam loaded steady state. The second set of electrons is emitted from the LINAC at a second energy which is higher than the first energy.
A system according to this aspect also can comprise more than one detunable side cavity. In operation of this LINAC, to emit the second set of electrons at a second energy, the activatable windows of the two or more detunable side cavities can be activated substantially simultaneously to achieve advantageously low heating of the detunable side cavity. Two or more activatable windows can be activated substantially simultaneously if they are all activated within a time interval on the order of microseconds. For example, the activatable windows can be activated within a few hundred nanoseconds, a few microseconds, or tens or hundreds of microseconds of each other. In another example, the two or more activatable windows can be activated within about 10 microseconds or less of each other. In certain embodiments, the two or more activatable windows can all be activated within a time interval of less than about a microsecond of each other.
In certain embodiments, a standing wave LINAC can be operated in an interleaving operation to emit sets of electrons at two or more different output energies (i.e., different central values) using a combination of (i) varying the beam current and the gun voltage according to the methods discussed in Section 5.2.1, and (ii) using a detunable side cavity comprising an activatable window according to the methods discussed in Section 5.2.2.
5.3 X-Rays
X-rays are generated from the bombardment of a target material by the accelerated electron beam or electron bunches from a LINAC. The x-rays can be generated from a target through two different mechanisms. In the first mechanism, collision of the electrons from the LINAC an atom of a target can impart enough energy so that electrons from the atom's lower energy levels (inner shell) escape the atom, leaving vacancies in the lower energy levels. Electrons in the higher energy levels of the atom descend to the lower energy level to fill the vacancies, and emit their excess energy as x-ray photons. Since the energy difference between the higher energy level and the lower energy level is a discrete value, these x-ray photons appear in the x-ray spectrum as sharp lines (called characteristic lines). In the second mechanism, the electron beams or bunches from the LINAC are scattered by the strong electric field near the atoms of the target and give off bremsstrahlung radiation. Bremsstrahlung radiation produces x-rays photons in a continuous spectrum, where the intensity of the x-rays increases from zero at the energy of the incident electrons. That is, the highest energy x-ray that can be produced by the electrons from a LINAC is the highest energy of the electrons when they are emitted from the LINAC. The bremsstrahlung radiation can be of more interest than the characteristic lines for many applications.
Materials useful as targets for generating x-rays include tungsten, certain tungsten alloys (such as but not limited to tungsten carbide, or tungsten (95%)-rhenium (5%)), molybdenum, copper, platinum and cobalt.
5.4 Instrumentation
Certain instruments that can be used in operation of a standing wave LINAC include a modulator and an electromagnetic wave source.
5.4.1 Modulator
A modulator generates high-voltage pulses lasting a few microseconds. These high-voltage pulses can be supplied to the electromagnetic wave source (discussed in Section 5.4.3 below), to the electron gun (see Section 5.4.1), or to both simultaneously. A power supply provides DC voltage to the modulator, which converts this to the high-voltage pulses. For example, the Solid State Magnetron Modulator-M1 or -M2 (ScandiNova Systems AB, Uppsala, Sweden) can be used in connection with a magnetron. In another example, the Solid State Klystron Modulator-K1 or -K2 (ScandiNova Systems AB, Uppsala, Sweden) can be used in connection with a klystron.
5.4.2 Microwave Generators
The electromagnetic wave source can be any electromagnetic wave source deemed suitable by one of skill. The electromagnetic wave source (in the microwave of radio frequency (“RF”) range) for the LINAC typically is either a magnetron oscillator or a klystron amplifier. In both types of instruments, the size of the RF source and the power output capability are roughly proportional to the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by changing its amplitude, frequency, or phase.
5.4.2.1 Magnetron
A magnetron functions as a high-power oscillator, to generate microwave pulses of several microseconds duration and with a repetition rate of several hundred pulses per second. The frequency of the microwaves within each pulse is typically about 3,000 MHz (S-band) or about 9,000 MHz (X-band). For very high peak beam currents or high average currents, 800 to 1500 MHz (L-band) pulses can be used. The magnetron can be any magnetron deemed suitable by one of skill. For example, the CTL Xband pulsed magnetron, model number PM-1100X (L3 Communications, Applied Technologies, Watsonville, Calif.) can be used. Typically, the magnetron has a cylindrical construction, having a centrally disposed cathode and an outer anode, comprising resonant cavities machined out of a solid piece of copper. The space between the cathode and the anode is evacuated. The cathode is heated by an inner filament, and the electrons are generated by thermionic emission. A static magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the cross-section of the cavities, and a pulsed DC electric field is applied between the cathode and the anode. The electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated toward the anode by the action of the pulsed DC electric field and under the influence of the magnetic field. Thus, the electrons move in a complex spiraling motion towards the resonant cavities, causing them to radiate electromagnetic radiation at a frequency in the microwave. The generated microwave pulses are fed to an accelerator structure via a transfer waveguide. Magnetrons typically operate at 1 or 2 MW peak power output to power low-energy LINACs (6 MV or less). Magnetrons can be relatively inexpensive and can be made compact, which is advantageous for many applications, but can have limited output power and limited lifetime, and can provide relatively limited control over the electromagnetic wave frequency and phase. Continuous-wave magnetron devices can have an output power as high as about 100 kW at 1 GHz with efficiencies of about 75-85 percent while pulsed devices can operate at about 60-77 percent efficiency. Magnetrons can be used in single-section low energy linear accelerators that may not be sensitive to phase. The magnetron is usually used with a feedback system to stabilize the microwave output.
5.4.2.2 Klystron
The klystron can be any klystron deemed suitable by one of skill. For example, the CPI S-band pulsed klystron, model number VKS-15 8262G (Communications and Power Industries (CPI), Palo Alto, Calif.) can be used. A klystron acts as an amplifier by converting the kinetic energy of a DC electron beam into microwave power. A beam of electrons produced by a thermionic cathode (a heated pellet of low work function material) is accelerated by high voltage electrodes (typically in the tens to hundreds of kilovolts). This beam of electrons is then passed through an input cavity. Microwave is fed into the input cavity of the klystron at, or near, the natural resonant frequency of the klystron cavity. The electric field of the microwave causes the previously continuous electron beam to form bunches at the input frequency. To reinforce the bunching, a klystron can contain additional buncher cavities. The microwave frequency current carried by the electron beam produces a microwave frequency magnetic field, which in turn excites a voltage across the gap of subsequent resonant cavities that can further bunch the beam. In the output cavity, the developed microwave power is coupled out of the klystron. The spent electron beam, having reduced energy, is captured in a collector. The klystron acts as an amplifier, because the output power of the microwave from a klystron can be much larger (typically 50 to 60 db) than the microwave input power, resulting in the amplified microwave power that can be phase stable with respect to the microwave input power. Since it is an amplifier, a klystron can be agile in changing the frequency and amplitude of the output microwave.
5.5 Exemplary Apparatus and Computer-Program Implementations
Aspects of the methods disclosed herein can be performed using a computer system, such as the computer system described in this section, according to the following programs and methods. For example, such a computer system can store and the issue commands to facilitate application of a current and/or a voltage to the electron gun to cause the electron gun to eject a set of electrons according to the methods disclosed herein. In another example, a computer system can store and issue commands to facilitate activation of an activatable window of a detunable side cavity according to the methods disclosed herein. The systems and methods may be implemented on various types of computer architectures, such as for example on a single general purpose computer, or a parallel processing computer system, or a workstation, or on a networked system (e.g., a client-server configuration such as shown in
An exemplary computer system suitable for implementing the methods disclosed herein is illustrated in
In addition to the exemplary program structures and computer systems described herein, other, alternative program structures and computer systems will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. Such alternative systems, which do not depart from the above described computer system and programs structures either in spirit or in scope, are therefore intended to be comprehended within the accompanying claims.
Certain results have been discussed previously. This section provides additional results or further discusses some of the results already discussed hereinabove.
6.1 Generation of a High Dose Rate of Electrons at Different Energies Using Electron Gun Voltage Tuning
The injection gun voltage of the electron gun is varied along with the gun current to optimize the energy spectrum and electron dose rate of the electrons that are output at the different output energies. Table I lists operating parameters of the measurement, including the gun current (I) and gun voltage (V) applied to the electron gun, power level of the electromagnetic wave fed into the LINAC, and the average energy of the set of electrons output from the LINAC.
In the first measurement in Table I, both the input power of the electromagnetic wave coupled into the LINAC and electron gun current were changed along with the gun voltage to obtain an output electron beam at an energy of 7.3 MeV.
Specifically, in
6.2 Simulation of Output of Electrons at Different Energies Using Electron Gun Voltage Tuning
The operation of a LINAC was modeled to investigate the energy spectrum and energy stability of output electron beams.
The top left panel of each of
The simulation results show that the electron bunch can be maintained fairly close to the crest of the wave for both electron energies by changing the gun voltage. In both cases, the set of electrons contained 10,000 particles at the start. About 30% of the gun current is captured at an electron output energy of 6 MeV and about half that at an electron output energy of 9 MeV. The bunching and spectrum are much better for the 6 MeV case than the 9 MeV results. The 9 MeV case has most of the beam in about a 5% spectrum, which is applicable for X-ray LINACs.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety herein for all purposes. Discussion or citation of a reference herein will not be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present invention.
Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2920228 | Ginzton | Jan 1960 | A |
| 2993141 | Post | Jul 1961 | A |
| 3820035 | Meddaugh | Jun 1974 | A |
| 4024426 | Vaguine | May 1977 | A |
| 4286192 | Tanabe et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4382208 | Meddaugh et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4629938 | Whitham | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4713581 | Haimson | Dec 1987 | A |
| 5381072 | Tanabe | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5796314 | Tantawi et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5801598 | Tantawi et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5949811 | Baba et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6366641 | Whitham | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6407505 | Bertsche | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6459761 | Grodzins et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6459762 | Wong et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6465957 | Whitham et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6493424 | Whitham | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6674254 | Hanna et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6864633 | Trail et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6977987 | Yamashita et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 7005809 | Whitham et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7112924 | Hanna | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7130371 | Elyan et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7202486 | Gentry et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7239095 | Ho et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7339320 | Meddaugh et al. | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7400093 | Salop et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7580505 | Kang et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7645994 | Tang et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7646851 | Liu et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7881424 | Zhang et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 20050057198 | Hanna | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20070035260 | Ho et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070215813 | Whittum et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070248214 | Smith | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20080037843 | Fu et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20100034355 | Langeveld et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100038563 | Chen et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100111388 | Seppi et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188027 | Treas et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100310045 | Brown et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110006708 | Ho et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2008-198522 | Aug 2008 | JP |
| 2008-218053 | Sep 2008 | JP |
| WO 2007134514 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| WO 2009080080 | Jul 2009 | WO |
| WO 2010019228 | Feb 2010 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110216886 A1 | Sep 2011 | US |
