This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 102017206151.0, filed Apr. 11, 2017. The entire contents of the above-referenced application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
The present description relates generally to methods and systems for cylinder valves of an internal combustion engine.
In four-stroke internal combustion engines, in order to control the charge change, poppet valves may be used. The poppet valves are movable along their longitudinal axis between a valve closing position and a valve opening position. During operation of an internal combustion engine, the poppet valves execute an oscillating stroke motion in order to open or close inlet and outlet openings of cylinders of the engine.
An actuating device of a poppet valve is often referred to as a valve train. The valve train may oscillate the poppet valve to open and close the corresponding inlet or outlet opening of the cylinder to which the poppet valve is coupled. A valve spring may be provided in order to preload the poppet valve in a direction of the valve closing position, and the valve-actuating device or valve train is provided in order to open the valve, opposite to a preload force of the valve spring. Often, the valve train comprises a camshaft with a cam, with at least one cam follower element disposed between the cam and the poppet valve.
Attempts to address coupling the poppet valve to the valve spring and valve train include providing fasteners to join the components to each other. One example approach is shown in European Patent 1 741 881 B1. Therein, a valve spring retainer is formed integrally with intermediate elements of a valve train.
However, the inventors herein have recognized potential issues with such systems. As one example, fasteners or valve spring retainers such as those disclosed by the '881 patent may increase a weight of the valve spring, poppet valve, and/or valve train, which may result in a decreased responsiveness of the poppet valve. Further, such fasteners or valve spring retainers may increase a cost and/or assembly time of the engine.
In one example, the issues described above may be addressed by an internal combustion engine, comprising: at least one cylinder head comprising at least one cylinder, where each cylinder has at least one outlet opening for discharging exhaust gases via an exhaust gas discharge system and at least one inlet opening for supplying fresh air via an intake system, where, for each outlet and inlet opening, a poppet valve of a valve train and a valve-actuating device included with a camshaft is provided for actuating the poppet valve, and where each poppet valve has a valve stem on a cylinder-side end, facing the at least one cylinder where a valve retainer corresponding to the at least one outlet opening or at least one inlet opening is arranged, and where each poppet valve has an end on a valve train side which faces the valve-actuating device, with each poppet valve mounted so as to be translationally movable in a corresponding sleeve-like valve stem guide so that on actuation and with the camshaft rotating, each poppet valve executes an oscillating stroke movement in a direction of its longitudinal axis between a valve closing position and a valve opening position in order to open and block the corresponding outlet or inlet opening, wherein each poppet valve includes a coil spring as a valve spring which pretensions the poppet valve in a direction of the valve closing position; and wherein each coil spring comprises several windings and rests on a cylinder side on the at least one cylinder head and on the valve train side on the valve stem, wherein a groove is provided running around the valve stem, wherein the last winding of the coil spring on the valve train side engages the groove, so that a form-fit connection is created between the valve stem and the last winding. In this way, a number of fasteners or other separate components used to operate the poppet valve may be reduced, which may reduce a weight and/or cost of the poppet valve and/or increase engine performance.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.
The following description relates to systems and methods for cylinder valves of an internal combustion engine. An engine, such as the engine shown by
Before turning to the figures, as described herein, an internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder head comprises at least one cylinder, in which: each cylinder has at least one outlet opening for discharging exhaust gases via an exhaust gas discharge system, and at least one inlet opening for supplying fresh air via an intake system, for each opening, a valve train is provided comprising a poppet valve and a valve-actuating device with a camshaft for actuating the poppet valve, and each poppet valve has a valve stem, on the cylinder-side end of which facing the cylinder a valve retainer corresponding to the opening is arranged, and the other end of which on the valve train side faces the valve-actuating device, and which is mounted so as to be translationally movable in a sleeve-like valve stem guide, so that on actuation and with the camshaft rotating, the valve executes an oscillating stroke movement in the direction of its longitudinal axis between a valve closing position and a valve opening position in order to open and block the opening, wherein each poppet valve is equipped with a coil spring as a valve spring which pretensions the valve in the direction of the valve closing position. A method for mounting the valve spring of the valve train of the internal combustion engine is also provided.
Internal combustion engine 10, as described herein, may be used for example as a drive for motor vehicle 5. The expression “internal combustion engine” may encompass diesel engines, Otto-cycle engines, and also hybrid internal combustion engines (e.g., internal combustion engines which utilize a hybrid combustion process). Specifically, engine 10 may be a diesel engine, Otto-cycle engine, or hybrid electric engine. An internal combustion engine such as engine 10 may have an electric machine which can be connected to the engine to drive the internal combustion engine, and the electric machine may receive power from the internal combustion engine and/or additionally output power to drive the vehicle including the engine. Thus, engine 10 is one example of an engine that may include the poppet valves, valve springs, and valve trains described herein.
Engine 10 includes a cylinder block and at least one cylinder head (e.g., cylinder head 103) which are connected together to form the cylinders (which may be referred to herein as combustion chambers), such as cylinder 14. Bores for the cylinders are provided in the cylinder head and in the cylinder block. The cylinder block provides an upper crankcase half and serves for mounting the crankshaft and for receiving the piston (e.g., piston 138) or cylinder tube of each cylinder. The cylinder head may accommodate valve trains for charge change (e.g., flowing intake air into the cylinders and flowing combustion gases out of the cylinders). During the charge change, combustion gases are discharged via the exhaust gas discharge system through the at least one outlet opening (e.g., an exhaust port sealed by exhaust valve 156), and fresh air is supplied via the intake system through the at least one inlet opening of the cylinder (e.g., an intake port sealed by the intake valve 150). At least parts of the intake system and exhaust gas discharge system are integrated in the cylinder head.
Cylinder 14 can receive intake air via a series of intake air passages 142, 144, and 146. Intake air passage 146 can communicate with other cylinders of engine 10 in addition to cylinder 14. In some examples, one or more of the intake passages may include a boosting device such as a turbocharger or a supercharger. For example,
Exhaust passage 148 can receive exhaust gases from other cylinders of engine 10 in addition to cylinder 14. Exhaust gas sensor 128 is shown coupled to exhaust passage 148 upstream of emission control device 178. Sensor 128 may be selected from among various suitable sensors for providing an indication of exhaust gas air/fuel ratio such as a linear oxygen sensor or UEGO (universal or wide-range exhaust gas oxygen), a two-state oxygen sensor or EGO (as depicted), a HEGO (heated EGO), a NOx, HC, or CO sensor, for example. Emission control device 178 may be a three way catalyst (TWC), NOx trap, various other emission control devices, or combinations thereof.
Each cylinder of engine 10 includes one or more intake valves and one or more exhaust valves. For example, cylinder 14 is shown including at least one intake poppet valve 150 and at least one exhaust poppet valve 156 located at an upper region of cylinder 14. In some examples, each cylinder of engine 10, including cylinder 14, may include at least two intake poppet valves and at least two exhaust poppet valves located at an upper region of the cylinder.
In order to control the charge change, poppet valves (e.g., intake valve 150 and exhaust valve 156) are used which are movable along their longitudinal axis between a valve closing position and a valve opening position. During operation of the internal combustion engine, the poppet valves execute an oscillating stroke motion in order to open or close the inlet and outlet openings (e.g., intake valve 150 opens or closes the respective intake port of cylinder 14, and exhaust valve 156 opens or closes the respective exhaust port of cylinder 14).
The actuating mechanism of each poppet valve may be referred to herein as a valve train. The valve trains may open and/or close the inlet and outlet openings of the cylinders of engine 10. A rapid opening with higher flow cross-section may be desired in order to reduce choke losses of inflowing and outflowing gases, and to provide increased filling of the cylinders with intake air and/or increased expulsion of combustion gases.
Intake valve 150 may be controlled by controller 12 via actuator 152. Similarly, exhaust valve 156 may be controlled by controller 12 via actuator 154. During some conditions, controller 12 may vary the signals provided to actuators 152 and 154 to control the opening and closing of the respective intake and exhaust valves. The position of intake valve 150 and exhaust valve 156 may be determined by respective valve position sensors (not shown). The valve actuators may be of the electric valve actuation type or cam actuation type, or a combination thereof. The intake and exhaust valve timing may be controlled concurrently or any of a possibility of variable intake cam timing, variable exhaust cam timing, dual independent variable cam timing or fixed cam timing may be used. Each cam actuation system may include one or more cams and may utilize one or more of cam profile switching (CPS), variable cam timing (VCT), variable valve timing (VVT) and/or variable valve lift (VVL) systems that may be operated by controller 12 to vary valve operation. For example, cylinder 14 may alternatively include an intake valve controlled via electric valve actuation and an exhaust valve controlled via cam actuation including CPS and/or VCT. In other examples, the intake and exhaust valves may be controlled by a common valve actuator or actuation system, or a variable valve timing actuator or actuation system.
To actuate a poppet valve, firstly a valve spring is provided in order to preload the valve in the direction of the valve closing position, and secondly a valve-actuating device (e.g., actuator 152 or actuator 154) is provided in order to open the valve counter to the preload force of said valve spring.
In the example shown by
The valve-actuating device of a valve (e.g., poppet valve) may comprise a camshaft with a cam, at least one cam follower element which is arranged in the force flow between the camshaft and the associated valve (e.g., between the cam of the camshaft and the associated valve).
Intermediate elements of the valve-actuating device (e.g., the valve train components lying or arranged in the force flow between the cam and the valve) may be described herein as cam follower elements.
For the inlet valves and the outlet valves (e.g., intake poppet valves and exhaust poppet valves), there is provided in each case one camshaft which is set in rotation by the crankshaft for example via a traction mechanism drive, such that the camshaft, and the cams together therewith, may rotate at half the rotational speed of the crankshaft. Here, a distinction is basically made between an underlying camshaft and an overhead camshaft, wherein the reference point for these designations is the parting plane between the cylinder block and the cylinder head. In one example, each of the intake poppet valves may be driven by a first camshaft, and each of the exhaust poppet valves may be driven by a second camshaft.
The valve train or a valve stem guide of each valve train is supplied with oil for lubrication in the contact surface between the valve stem guide and the valve stem (for example, from the sides of the valve-actuating device).
In some examples, the valve springs described herein may be coil springs. The valve springs may be formed from a round wire in some examples, whereby several windings are formed by coiling. The valve spring is configured to preload the valve in the direction of the valve closing position to keep the valve closed. Further, the valve spring is configured to transfer or return the opened valve to the valve closing position during the charge change.
On the cylinder side (e.g., a side of the valve spring facing the cylinder during conditions in which the valve spring and corresponding poppet valve are coupled to the cylinder head), the valve spring rests on the cylinder head. On the valve train side of the valve spring (e.g., a side of the valve spring facing the valve train, opposite to the cylinder side), the valve spring couples to the poppet valve via a groove within a valve stem of the poppet valve, as described in the examples below.
With regard to conventional systems of valve springs, poppet valves, and valve trains, a valve spring retainer often serves as a support or counter-bearing and is provided on and attached to the valve stem. The valve spring retainer receives a last winding of the valve spring (e.g., coil spring) on the valve train side, so the spring end on the valve train side is usually shaped and/or sized for this purpose.
The valve spring retainer is often a separate component which has a bore in the center and is pushed onto the valve stem and attached during installation of the valve train. The valve stem is inserted into the bore of the mounted valve spring retainer. To maintain the valve spring retainer on the stem, wedges or conical rings, in some cases formed from multiple pieces, may be used as intermediate elements. During installation, a force-fit connection between the valve stem and the valve spring retainer may be formed using at least one intermediate element. To receive the at least one intermediate element, a recess or ring groove may be provided in the valve stem.
However, with regard to the present disclosure, the number of components may be reduced and/or installation of the poppet valve and/or valve spring may be simplified. Specifically, the valve train described herein with regard to the present disclosure has no conventional valve spring retainer as a support on the valve train side. Along with the valve spring retainer, the intermediate elements are also omitted with respect to the conventional systems described above.
The omission of the valve spring retainer on the valve train side and intermediate elements or fixing with respect to the conventional systems described above also reduces a mass and weight of moved parts in the valve train. In particular, a less stiff spring may be used to reduce lifting between the cam and the associated cam follower element. Further, friction produced by components of the valve train may be reduced, and installation may be simplified. For example, on the valve train side, the valve spring rests on (e.g., is coupled to) the valve stem. To couple the valve spring to the valve stem, a groove is provided running around the valve stem, in which the last winding of the coil spring on the valve train side engages. Using the engagement of the groove and the last winding, a form-fit connection is created between the valve stem and the coil spring.
During installation of the valve train, the valve spring is pressed onto the valve stem and pushed along the longitudinal axis of the valve in the direction of the valve spring retainer until the last winding of the coil spring engages or catches, at least in portions, in the groove provided in the valve stem. For this, on installation, the last winding is spread starting from a first winding diameter or spacing of the unloaded spring, initially under the effect of force, to a larger, second spacing in order to ensure that the form fit between the groove and the engaging spring winding is maintained. For example, after installation of the valve spring on the valve stem, the valve spring may be only be separated from the valve stem under renewed force action. On engagement or catching of the last winding in the groove, the spacing reduces to a smaller, third spacing, with the third spacing being less than the second spacing. Further, the third spacing is greater than the first spacing. In addition to the form fit due to engagement, the valve spring and valve stem are force fit together due to the spring spreading force.
Each valve train of engine 10 may be configured as described above (e.g., with each valve spring having an end coupled to a corresponding groove of a corresponding valve stem). Further examples are described below with reference to
Cylinder 14 can have a compression ratio, which is the ratio of volumes when piston 138 is at bottom center to top center. In one example, the compression ratio is in the range of 9:1 to 10:1. However, in some examples where different fuels are used, the compression ratio may be increased. This may happen, for example, when higher octane fuels or fuels with higher latent enthalpy of vaporization are used. The compression ratio may also be increased if direct injection is used due to its effect on engine knock.
In some examples, each cylinder of engine 10 may include a spark plug 192 for initiating combustion. Ignition system 190 can provide an ignition spark to combustion chamber 14 via spark plug 192 in response to spark advance signal SA from controller 12, under select operating modes. However, in some embodiments, spark plug 192 may be omitted, such as where engine 10 may initiate combustion by auto-ignition or by injection of fuel as may be the case with some diesel engines.
In some examples, each cylinder of engine 10 may be configured with one or more fuel injectors for providing fuel thereto. As a non-limiting example, cylinder 14 is shown including two fuel injectors 166 and 170. Fuel injectors 166 and 170 may be configured to deliver fuel received from fuel system 8. As elaborated with reference to
Fuel injector 170 is shown arranged in intake passage 146, rather than in cylinder 14, in a configuration that provides what is known as port injection of fuel (hereafter referred to as “PFI”) into the intake port upstream of cylinder 14. Fuel injector 170 may inject fuel, received from fuel system 8, in proportion to the pulse width of signal FPW-2 received from controller 12 via electronic driver 171. Note that a single driver 168 or 171 may be used for both fuel injection systems, or multiple drivers, for example driver 168 for fuel injector 166 and driver 171 for fuel injector 170, may be used, as depicted.
In an alternate example, each of fuel injectors 166 and 170 may be configured as direct fuel injectors for injecting fuel directly into cylinder 14. In still another example, each of fuel injectors 166 and 170 may be configured as port fuel injectors for injecting fuel upstream of intake valve 150. In yet other examples, cylinder 14 may include only a single fuel injector that is configured to receive different fuels from the fuel systems in varying relative amounts as a fuel mixture, and is further configured to inject this fuel mixture either directly into the cylinder as a direct fuel injector or upstream of the intake valves as a port fuel injector. As such, it should be appreciated that the fuel systems described herein should not be limited by the particular fuel injector configurations described herein by way of example.
Fuel may be delivered by both injectors to the cylinder during a single cycle of the cylinder. For example, each injector may deliver a portion of a total fuel injection that is combusted in cylinder 14. Further, the distribution and/or relative amount of fuel delivered from each injector may vary with operating conditions, such as engine load, knock, and exhaust temperature, such as described herein below. The port injected fuel may be delivered during an open intake valve event, closed intake valve event (e.g., substantially before the intake stroke), as well as during both open and closed intake valve operation. Similarly, directly injected fuel may be delivered during an intake stroke, as well as partly during a previous exhaust stroke, during the intake stroke, and partly during the compression stroke, for example. As such, even for a single combustion event, injected fuel may be injected at different timings from the port and direct injector. Furthermore, for a single combustion event, multiple injections of the delivered fuel may be performed per cycle. The multiple injections may be performed during the compression stroke, intake stroke, or any appropriate combination thereof.
Fuel injectors 166 and 170 may have different characteristics. These include differences in size, for example, one injector may have a larger injection hole than the other. Other differences include, but are not limited to, different spray angles, different operating temperatures, different targeting, different injection timing, different spray characteristics, different locations etc. Moreover, depending on the distribution ratio of injected fuel among injectors 170 and 166, different effects may be achieved.
Fuel tanks in fuel system 8 may hold fuels of different fuel types, such as fuels with different fuel qualities and different fuel compositions. The differences may include different alcohol content, different water content, different octane, different heats of vaporization, different fuel blends, and/or combinations thereof etc. One example of fuels with different heats of vaporization could include gasoline as a first fuel type with a lower heat of vaporization and ethanol as a second fuel type with a greater heat of vaporization. In another example, the engine may use gasoline as a first fuel type and an alcohol containing fuel blend such as E85 (which is approximately 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or M85 (which is approximately 85% methanol and 15% gasoline) as a second fuel type. Other feasible substances include water, methanol, a mixture of alcohol and water, a mixture of water and methanol, a mixture of alcohols, etc.
In still another example, both fuels may be alcohol blends with varying alcohol composition wherein the first fuel type may be a gasoline alcohol blend with a lower concentration of alcohol, such as Eli) (which is approximately 10% ethanol), while the second fuel type may be a gasoline alcohol blend with a greater concentration of alcohol, such as E85 (which is approximately 85% ethanol). Additionally, the first and second fuels may also differ in other fuel qualities such as a difference in temperature, viscosity, octane number, etc. Moreover, fuel characteristics of one or both fuel tanks may vary frequently, for example, due to day to day variations in tank refilling.
Controller 12 is shown in
As described above,
In some examples, as described above, vehicle 5 may be a hybrid vehicle with multiple sources of torque available to one or more vehicle wheels 55. In other examples, vehicle 5 is a conventional vehicle with only an engine, or an electric vehicle with only electric machine(s). In the example shown, vehicle 5 includes engine 10 and an electric machine 52. Electric machine 52 may be a motor or a motor/generator. Crankshaft 140 of engine 10 and electric machine 52 are connected via a transmission 54 to vehicle wheels 55 when one or more clutches 56 are engaged. In the depicted example, a first clutch 56 is provided between crankshaft 140 and electric machine 52, and a second clutch 56 is provided between electric machine 52 and transmission 54. Controller 12 may send a signal to an actuator of each clutch 56 to engage or disengage the clutch, so as to connect or disconnect crankshaft 140 from electric machine 52 and the components connected thereto, and/or connect or disconnect electric machine 52 from transmission 54 and the components connected thereto. Transmission 54 may be a gearbox, a planetary gear system, or another type of transmission. The powertrain may be configured in various manners including as a parallel, a series, or a series-parallel hybrid vehicle.
Electric machine 52 receives electrical power from a traction battery 58 to provide torque to vehicle wheels 55. Electric machine 52 may also be operated as a generator to provide electrical power to charge battery 58, for example during a braking operation.
Turning now to
The coil spring 200 may be made from a round wire and comprises several windings 202, wherein a last winding 206 (which may be referred to herein as an end coil) positioned at the end 204 of the spring 200 on valve train side 407 (e.g., the last winding 206 of the coil spring 200 on the valve train side 407, shown by
The valve stem 302 tapers at its end 304 on the valve train side 407, starting from the groove 306, in the direction of the longitudinal axis 308 of the valve 300. In the example shown by
In mounted state, the last winding 206 of the coil spring 200 on the valve train side 407 engages in the groove 306 running around the valve stem 302 (e.g., the annular groove formed by the valve stem 302), on both sides of the stem 302, in the manner of a clip or pincer. Specifically, the valve stem 302 is positioned between legs of the last winding 206, as described further below, with each of the legs engaged with the annular groove 306 (e.g., in face-sharing contact with the annular groove 306, with no other components positioned therebetween).
The last winding 206 of the coil spring 200 on the valve train side is formed U-shaped and has two opposing legs 500 and 502 (e.g., first leg 500 and opposing, second leg 502) spaced apart from each other, which engage in the groove 306 running around the valve stem 302 shown in
The two opposing legs 500 and 502 are each curved in the region with which the legs 500 and 502 engage in the groove. The legs 500 and 502 are here formed concavely on the groove side and thus follow the casing surface of the stem 302 or the groove contour.
The two legs 500 and 502 are movable relative to each other and in particular can be spread apart, enlarging their spacing (e.g., the spacing between the legs 500 and 502).
In unloaded state, the two opposing legs 500 and 502 of the last winding 206 have a first spacing 504. During mounting, when the spring 200 is pushed in the direction of the longitudinal axis 308, the two legs 500 and 502 are spread apart starting from first spacing 504 to a greater, second spacing 508, with the second spacing 508>first spacing 504 (e.g., the second spacing 508 is greater than the first spacing 504). When the legs 500 and 502 engage in the groove 306, the spacing reduces again, in the present case to a smaller, third spacing 506, with the third spacing 506>first spacing 504 (e.g., the third spacing 506 is greater than the first spacing 504).
The end 304 of the stem 302 on the valve train side 407 tapers in the direction of the longitudinal axis 308, starting from a groove 306 running around the valve stem 302 and provided on the valve stem 302. The groove 306 has a radius of curvature 600 at the groove base 602 (which may be referred to herein as an innermost point, lowest point, and/or innermost surface). In other words, the curvature of the groove 306 is shaped as a portion (e.g., arc) of a circumference of circle 601 illustrated by dotted lines for clarification purposes.
The groove 306 includes lowest point 602. The lowest point 602 is a portion of the groove 306 that is positioned closest to the longitudinal axis 308 of the valve stem 302, as indicated by length 620 in a radial direction of the longitudinal axis 308. The length 620 extends between the longitudinal axis 308 and axis 604, with the axis 604 being positioned tangentially relative to the lowest point 602 and parallel to the longitudinal axis 308. In this configuration, the groove 306 forms a depression or recess of the valve stem 302 relative to outer surfaces (e.g., exterior surfaces) of the valve stem 302 (e.g., exterior surface 610). The annular groove 306 is positioned at the end 304 of the valve stem 302 and extends along a perimeter of the exterior surface 610 of the valve stem 302.
The last winding 206 of the coil spring 200 on the valve train side 407 (e.g., the winding including the two legs 500 and 502) in the cross-sectional view shown by
In mounted state of the valve spring 200, the form-fit connection between the groove 306 and the last winding 206 therefore has a play at the groove base 602. An air gap is formed at the lowest point 602 of the groove 306. The two legs 500 and 502 each have contact (e.g., face-sharing contact) with the stem 302 at a plurality of points (e.g., locations). For example, first leg 500 contacts the valve stem 302 at points 700 and 702 (e.g., first point 700 and second point 702), and second leg 502 contacts the valve stem 302 at points 704 and 706 (e.g., third point 704 and fourth point 706). The contact between the legs and the valve stem 302 may be localized in some examples (e.g., only at the points 700, 702, 704, and 706). Specifically, first point 700, second point 702, third point 704, and fourth point 706 may each positioned further from the central axis 308 of the valve stem 302 than the innermost surface 602 of the annular groove 306, and the legs 500 and 502 may couple to the annular groove 306 at only the first point 700, second point 702, third point 704, and fourth point 706. In other examples, the valve stem 302 may contact the legs along one or more lengths of the valve stem 302 (e.g., annular surfaces of the valve stem 302 extending along a perimeter of the valve stem 302, around longitudinal axis 308 of the valve stem 302). The points at which the legs 500 and 502 contact with the stem 302 are spaced apart from other along the stem 302, reducing a likelihood of degradation of the spring 200. Further, because the radius of curvature 701 of the last winding 206 is greater than the radius of curvature 600 of the groove 306, the legs 500 and 502 may not come into contact (e.g., face-sharing contact) with the lowest point 602 of the groove 306.
The end 304 of the stem 302 on the valve train side 407 may taper in the direction of the longitudinal axis 308, such that a diameter of the stem 302 at the valve train side 407 (with the valve train side 407 shown by
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the valve stem tapered at its end on the valve train side.
A tapering valve stem end facilitates installation of the valve train, both on pressing of the valve spring onto the valve stem and on spreading of the last winding on the valve train side when the valve spring is pushed in the direction of the valve spring retainer until the last winding of the coil spring engages in a groove provided.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the valve stem also tapered at its end on the valve train side starting from the groove. For example, the tapering stem end may directly adjoin the groove. In other words, the last winding on the valve train side may be spread increasingly when pushed along the longitudinal axis of the valve until it engages in the groove.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the valve stem formed conically at its end of the valve train side. Then the last winding on the valve train side is spread continuously (e.g., steplessly increasing) when pushed along the longitudinal axis of the valve.
Since the stem preferably has a basically cylindrical form, the conical form of the end on the valve train side and the groove running around the valve stem can be formed easily, in some cases in one working step, for example by means of turning. In particular, valves already on the market can be equipped with a tapering stem end on the valve train side by further machining, and hence made suitable for use for an internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the coil spring made from a round wire. The round wire may be a circular round wire but also an oval wire.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include winding of the coil spring on the valve train side, at least on the groove side, such that the coil spring has in cross-section a radius of curvature 701 (shown by
In mounted state of the valve spring, the form-fit connection between the groove and the last winding has a play at least at the groove base (e.g., a small air gap is formed at the lowest point). Usually the last winding then has contact with the stem at two places, spaced from each other along the stem, on both sides of the stem. This gives security against twisting, e.g., against kinking of the spring or spring end transversely to the stem.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the last winding of the coil spring on the valve train side formed with a U-shape. For example, the last winding of the coil spring may have a U-shaped basic form. The last winding may here have any possible clip-like or pincer-like shape, as long as the winding has two opposing legs or arms are spaced apart from each other and movable relative to each other, and which can be spread apart, in particular by enlarging their spacing, and in mounted state of the valve spring engage in the grooves running around the valve stem.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the U-shaped last winding of the coil spring with two opposing legs spaced apart which engage in the groove running around the valve stem.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs of the last winding of the coil spring in unmounted and unloaded state have a spacing 504. The spacing 504 defines the spacing of the legs of detached, unloaded coil springs in the region of future engagement in the groove (e.g., the spacing of the unloaded legs).
The two opposing legs of the last winding, when the coil spring is mounted and the legs are engaged in the groove, may again have the spacing 504 or a larger spacing 506, wherein 506>504. If the spacing 506 of the legs when the coil spring is mounted is greater than the spacing 504 of the unloaded spring or legs, in addition to the form fit by engagement, a force fit is achieved because of a spring spread force.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs of the last winding of the mounted coil spring configured such that, when the legs are engaged in the groove, the legs have a spacing 506, wherein: 506>504, so that a force-fit connection is formed between the valve stem and the last winding.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs of the last winding configured such that, during mounting of the coil spring, for part of the time the legs have a spacing 508, wherein: 508>504.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs of the last winding, during mounting of the coil spring, for part of the time have a spacing 508, wherein: 508>506.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs of the last winding curved at least in the region of the groove, wherein the legs are formed concavely on the groove side. The two legs to a certain degree follow the stem contour (e.g., the casing surface of the stem).
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include the two opposing legs formed in the manner of a clip, wherein the legs each have at least one recess. The legs then engage in the groove in the region of the recess. The legs or arms may also be formed undulating.
Some embodiments of the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure may include at least one cam follower element provided for each valve, wherein each cam follower element is arranged in the force flow between the camshaft and the associated valve.
The at least one cam follower element may be a tappet, a rocker arm or a swing arm. The use of arms ensures that sufficient installation space is made available for the arrangement of the valve train in the cylinder head.
The present disclosure additionally includes a method for mounting a valve spring of a valve train of an internal combustion engine, in which the valve stem is formed conically at its end on the valve train side, and the U-shaped last winding of the coil spring has two opposing legs spaced apart from each other, is achieved by a method which is distinguished in that, for the purpose of installation, the coil spring is pressed onto the valve stem, and the last winding of the coil spring is pushed along the longitudinal axis of the valve in the direction of the valve retainer until the two legs engage in the groove provided on the valve stem, wherein the two opposing legs of the last winding, during pushing, are initially spread starting from a spacing A to a greater spacing B>A, which is reduced again to a smaller spacing when the legs engage in the groove.
That which has already been stated with regard to the internal combustion engine according to the present disclosure also applies to the method according to the present disclosure, for which reason reference is generally made at this juncture to the statements made above with regard to the internal combustion engine. The different internal combustion engines may utilize, in part, different method variants.
Method variants include embodiments in which the two opposing legs of the last winding, during pushing, are initially spread starting from a spacing 504 to a greater spacing 508>504, which is reduced again to a smaller spacing 506 when the legs engage in the groove, wherein: 504<506<508.
If the spacing 506 of the legs when the coil spring is mounted is greater than the spacing 504 of the unloaded spring or legs, in addition to the form fit due to engagement, a force fit is achieved because of a spring spread force.
The poppet valve 300 and valve spring 200 may together be referred to herein as a valve assembly or cylinder valve assembly, in some examples.
In this way, the valve spring may couple to the valve stem without additional fasteners. Specifically, the legs of the valve spring engage with the groove of the valve stem in order to lock the valve spring to the valve stem without a retainer (e.g., valve spring retainer) on the valve train side. Further, the valve spring is locked to the valve stem via the legs engaged with the groove without fusing (e.g., welding, gluing, etc.) of the valve spring to the valve stem. As a result, a weight, cost, and/or assembly time of the valve assembly may be reduced. The reduced weight of the valve assembly may result in increased engine performance due to a reduced inertia of the valve assembly, enabling the poppet valve to be driven by the engine with a reduced amount of force and reducing a load of the engine.
The technical effect of coupling the legs of the valve spring with the annular groove of the valve stem is to lock the valve spring to the poppet valve without additional fasteners or fusing.
In one embodiment, a valve assembly for an engine cylinder comprises: a poppet valve including a valve stem having an annular groove, the annular groove encircling a central axis of the valve stem; a biasing member including a plurality of legs adapted to engage with the annular groove to lock the biasing member to the poppet valve; and wherein the biasing member is locked to the poppet valve only by the plurality of legs. In a first example of the valve assembly, the valve assembly further includes wherein the annular groove is positioned at an end of the valve stem, with the annular groove extending along a perimeter of an exterior surface of the valve stem, and wherein the plurality of legs includes a first leg and an opposing, second leg, with the annular groove of the valve stem adapted to couple with the plurality of legs between the first leg and the second leg. A second example of the valve assembly optionally includes the first example, and further includes wherein the first leg is adapted to couple with the annular groove at only both of a first point and a second point, and wherein the second leg is adapted to couple with the annular groove at only both of a third point and a fourth point, with the first, second, third, and fourth points each positioned further from the central axis of the valve stem than an innermost surface of the annular groove. A third example of the valve assembly optionally includes one or both of the first and second examples, and further includes wherein the biasing member is a coil spring and the plurality of legs includes only the first leg and the second leg, with the first and second legs formed by an end coil of the coil spring.
In another representation, a hybrid electric vehicle comprises: an engine; an electric machine coupled to a transmission of the vehicle and adapted to selectably provide a driving torque to the vehicle; and a valve assembly for cylinder of the engine, the valve assembly comprising: a poppet valve including a valve stem having an annular groove, the annular groove encircling a central axis of the valve stem; and a biasing member including a plurality of legs adapted to engage with the annular groove to lock the biasing member to the poppet valve.
Note that the example control and estimation routines included herein can be used with various engine and/or vehicle system configurations. The control methods and routines disclosed herein may be stored as executable instructions in non-transitory memory and may be carried out by the control system including the controller in combination with the various sensors, actuators, and other engine hardware. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various actions, operations, and/or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated actions, operations and/or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, the described actions, operations and/or functions may graphically represent code to be programmed into non-transitory memory of the computer readable storage medium in the engine control system, where the described actions are carried out by executing the instructions in a system including the various engine hardware components in combination with the electronic controller.
It will be appreciated that the configurations and routines disclosed herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. For example, the above technology can be applied to V-6, I-4, I-6, V-12, opposed 4, and other engine types. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and configurations, and other features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein.
The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub-combinations regarded as novel and non-obvious. These claims may refer to “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Other combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20180291774 A1 | Oct 2018 | US |