Ionic stable emulsion sauce

Abstract

A stable, acidified emulsion containing extremely high solids and high salt content is disclosed. This can be used in a complementary combination liquid/paste sauce composition with a dry, particulate seasoning composition. The sauce has a selected amount of water and thus could be subject to microbiological attack, which in turn requires pH control. The sauce has selected emulsifiers to result in good initial emulsification and good dilution characteristics. The components of the sauce, including solids, salt and preservatives, have been selected for stability and to achieve a centrifuge stability of at least about 25%.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Generally the invention deals with a shelf stable liquid or paste sauce (oil in water) emulsion consisting of high salt and solids in conjunction with acidulants. Traditionally salt, solids and acid content were limiting factors for producing emulsion stable systems. The sauce can be used by itself or in conjunction with a two component cooking system for skillet or oven use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many products have been developed to assist in cooking meat or other protein, including liquid sauces.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,300 teaches a method and natural flavoring composition to impart deep-fried flavor without adding fat. The composition is used to coat a product to be cooked.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,376 teaches a sauce for coating foods to give them a brown color and crisp texture when used with a microwave oven.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,124 teaches a dry mix which can be applied to moistened meat pieces. The mix then liquefies to produce a thickened gravy or sauce on cooking.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,088 discloses a specially prepared combined starch-natural gum composition. This composition is used as a thickening agent.

The art has not successfully addressed the problem of a stable, extremely high solids emulsified sauce mix containing high levels of salt. A further constraint is that the emulsion must be shelf stable, freeze thaw stable, vibration stable and must be capable of dilution without complete separation or breaking.

It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a high solids, high salt, acidified, emulsified sauce which substantially reduces the problems of the art. This has been accomplished with the result that this sauce, as used in a functionally related combination, is very easy to use and produces excellent results and fresh taste on cook up of the end product.

Certain sauces must be liquid or fluid because of the delicacy of the flavors involved. Drying the flavor and seasoning components of the sauce significantly alters their flavor profile and reduces the perception of freshness. In addition, certain, sometimes irreversible, physical changes take place on drying.

Further, the sauce should contain a highly concentrated emulsion which must be easy to dilute on use. The emulsion, which can be a liquid or a paste, must be stable enough for dilution without breaking and further, the diluted emulsion itself must be stable enough to be heated after dilution. In addition, the emulsion must be sufficiently vibration, freeze-thaw and heat stable to allow shipment and storing in normal commercial channels.

The emulsion must also be microbiologically stable, which in turn requires a pH of 4.5 or less since the emulsion, to be fluid, will have a water activity of about 0.7 to 0.85. The pH adjustment for microbiological stability in turn could easily render many versions of the sauce too acidic for most tastes, especially dairy based sauces. Stability of the emulsion is also important in the stored product because if the emulsion breaks, localized pockets of high water activity may result, which in turn could result in microbiological instability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that a high solids, high salt emulsion can be prepared to be used in a functionally interrelated combination with a dry, particulate, seasoning mix preferably containing a buffer. The emulsified sauce mix can be prepared and used with the advantage of having good stability to dilution as well as to necessary freeze/thaw-heat cycles and centrifugation. To remedy the acid taste, a buffer is usually and preferably added to the seasoning mix to counteract the acidity of the sauce/diluted sauce emulsion. Further, the sauce mix is very microbiologically stable. It actually causes a 5 log decrease in organisms during a normal challenge test and thus pasteurization is not necessary.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-18 show data for challenge studies utilizing E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytoqenes as pathogens.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment of the cooking process using the sauce combined with the seasoning mix, there will be a series of cooking steps. Preferably, the dry seasoning mix is commingled with a protein source, such as chicken, to at least partially coat it and then the protein seasoning item is cooked. Chicken, or various other protein containing materials, may be cooked/roasted in the skillet or an oven dish after admixing with the dry mix, then a liquid is added, which could be water, milk, wine or other liquid. Usually the sauce is added last after the liquid. Alternatively, the sauce can be diluted with the liquid and the whole then added to the cooked materials. Further cooking is then done to complete the dish. Carbohydrates, such as pasta or rice and vegetables, may then be added during the final cooking steps or afterwards if desired.

The liquid sauce in order to be fluid has a certain amount of water employed and thus must be acidic to prevent bacteriological growth. In order to counteract this, a buffer is employed in the dry mix to improve the palatability of the total mixture on cooking, especially when the sauces are dairy based.

Several dry seasoning mixes are disclosed herein as well as several combinations of shelf stable sauces for use with dry seasoning mix and protein combinations.

The liquid/paste sauce mix is bacteriologically stable and indeed actually contributes to a five log bacteria kill in certain standard challenge tests. This stability is believed to be related to several individual parameters or hurdles as follows: a preservative or mixture of preservatives; a low water content or low water activity; a very high solids/salt content and an acidulant. This hurdle technology is to prevent mold, yeast and other bacterial growth, the preservative system, the low water content, the high solids and salt content and the acidulant all contribute to stability so there is no requirement to overload the food material with any single component. Since the sauce is highly concentrated, very high levels of salts can be employed because it is meant to be diluted in use and so the high levels do not cause off-flavors. Additionally, because of the very high solids level care must be taken to develop an appropriate emulsion. The acidulant provides the acid, which improves the microbial stability and helps to achieve a microbial kill in the concentrated liquid sauce. This acidity, however, must be controlled on cook-up to achieve a palatable taste in the final product.

One embodiment of the “hurdle” approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,576 hereby incorporated by reference. The current inventive steps are similar in nature to the patent and include using a pH of about 3.0 to 4.5; using high solids and high levels of salt with the pH adjustments; limiting the amount of water; using selected well known preservatives such as nisin, natamycin, sorbic acid and sorbates and benzoic acid and benzoates. Together these steps contribute to the antimicrobial effect and thus individually each is incrementally antimicrobially effective.

Each of these steps produces at least incremental and frequently synergistic antimicrobial effects. None of them, however, substantially add or detract from the overall delicate flavor of the product. Rather, all of the steps are taken to improve microbiological stability without negatively affecting the flavor. Thus, the incrementally antimicrobially effective amounts must take into account the flavor profile of the product.

The buffering action of the spice, or herb, dry seasoning mix helps to control the acidity of the final product to improve palatability.

The dry spice seasoning mix may include herbs, spices and other salts and several formulations have been disclosed below. These contain essentially dry components, but may also include some small amount of fat components as well as the buffer. The buffer can be any standard buffer, but is preferably sodium bicarbonate.

These other buffers that may be used include, for example, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium hexametaphosphate, potassium citrate, potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hexametaphosphate, sodium malate, potassium malate, glucono-delta lactone, as well as buffering salts of any food acids and in some cases including calcium or magnesium salts where appropriate.

The amount of buffer will be about 5 to 25% of the spice mix, depending on the pH desired. Usually the pH desired in the final cooked up product will be about 4 to 7 so that the final food does not have a sour taste unless a sour taste, such as for Teriyaki versions, is desired.

In addition to the spice seasoning mix used to cook with the protein source, in the method of the invention a liquid is employed, which may be water or milk or wine or other liquid, depending on the type of end dish desired. The amount of liquid varies depending on the liquidity desired by the consumer in the final dish.

The concentrate sauce, or stir sauce, can be fluid or paste and is a stabilized emulsion which contains about 20 to 40% water, about 15 to 40% oil, and about 25 to 65% solids, and preferably 50% to 65% solids, which solids may be powders or other particulate solids. This includes about 2 to 18% sodium chloride, preferably 8 to 12% sodium chloride. An emulsifier, which may be egg (as commonly used and also as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,034,124), or other emulsifiers, at a level of about 1 to 2% and Avicel 1340 at a level of 0.5 to 5%. Avicel contains carboxy methyl cellulose and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) in ratios of about 70/30. The Avicel combination is preferably used at about 0.5 to 1.0%. The sodium stearoyl lactylate may used at a level of 0.25 to 2%. Carboxy methyl cellulose may also be used at a level of 0.5 to 5%.

In addition xanthan gum is employed which protects the carboxy methyl cellulose from coalescing or precipitation and helps to stabilize the emulsion. This gum also contributes to viscosity so only small amounts are preferred. The xanthan may be used at a level of 0.1 to about 0.25%.

A lipophilic starch may also be used such as an N-CREAMER 46 or Purity gum 1773. These are used in amounts of 1 to 5%, preferably 1.5 to 2.5%, and provide dynamic vibration sensitive stabilization, eg. As shown by centrifugation. Further emulsifiers could be TWEEN 60, polysorbate 60 or any food grade emulsifier at a level of about 1 to 2% with an HLB of about 14 to 25. The emulsification incorporates the oil droplets into the water. The stabilizer then keeps the emulsified droplets from coalescing or precipitating. In addition to the xanthan gum, other conventional gums may be used at similar levels such as propylene glycol alginate, pectin, guar, carageenan, gum arabic, gum tragacanth or indeed any salt resistant gum.

Puritygum 1773 is a modified food starch derived from waxy maize, having a unique emulsion stabilizing property. It is highly functional in emulsions of liquid foods containing fats and oils. This starch is used in the non dairy systems. It is cold water soluble and has high lipophilic properties resulting in excellent emulsion stability, as measured through centrifuge testing. In addition, Purity 1773 promotes Freeze-Thaw stability. In the system of the invention, this starch does not function as a bulking agent and does not add substantial viscosity to the concentrated sauce. This product is described in Technical Service Bulletin CGB093 from National Starch and Chemical Company. Other modified corn starches may also be used in the same amounts.

Microcrystalline, cellulose, sometimes called Cellulose Gel, is a naturally occurring cellulose that has been purified. The microcrystalline cellulose portion is coprocessed with an emulsifying agent called sodium stearoyl lactylate. When combined together, Avicel 1340 has an excellent stabilizing capacity for thermal exposure throughout product life. The emulsion surpassed Hot Box testing at 110° F. (1 month), and at 95° F. (3 months). In addition, Avicel 1340 promotes Freeze-Thaw stability. Avicel 1340 imparts minimal viscosity to the finished product.

Purity gum CSC is a high viscosity modified food starch, derived from waxy maize, that can be used in many high pH food systems. It is a heat swelling and shear resistant starch, providing viscosity/thickness upon heat preparation. It is used in the invention in amounts of about 1 to 12%, preferably 2 to 7%. The starch remains inactive in the emulsified/concentrated sauce, but on heating increases in viscosity. It has a smooth short texture and will not set upon cooling. This product is described in Technical Service Bulletin 32087-311 from National Starch and Chemical Company.

N Creamer 46 is a modified food starch having an excellent emulsion stabilizing property. It is derived from waxy maize. This starch is used in the dairy systems of the invention only and provides a dairy flavor to the product. It is cold water soluble and has high lipophilic properties resulting in excellent emulsion stability, as measured through centrifuge testing. In addition, N Creamer 46 promotes Freeze-Thaw stability. In the system of the invention, this starch does not function as a bulking agent and does not add substantial viscosity to the concentrated sauce. This material is described in Technical Service Bulletin BHB041 from National Starch and Chemical Company.

S.D. Egg Yolk is a primary emulsifying agent containing naturally occurring lecithins, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The spray dried egg is used in the non-dairy systems of the invention and it is not enzyme modified.

Salted Liquid Egg containing lecithin and having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties is used. This liquid egg yolk has been modified with the enzyme lecithase. The use of liquid modified egg yolks in the dairy mixes of the invention results in sauce with greater heat stability and provides a smoother and creamier finished product as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,034,124.

Xanthan Gum provides protection properties for Avicel 1340. A discussion of the physical and chemical properties may be found in Industrial Gums, R. L. Whistler, Ed., academic Press, N.Y. (1973).

The water activity is preferably 0.7 to 0.85 and may be as low as 0.5. The low end of the water activity (e.g. 0.5) has a high solids content and will make processing difficult and at the high end of water activity, it is difficult to get a microbial kill.

The sauce is preferably prepared using a two step process. Initially, the Avicel is added to water, followed by mixing in a high shear vessel. Xanthan and starch can be added using an oil slurry to protect the cellulose gel structure. The following are then incorporated into the mixing vessel: preservatives, egg, yolk, salt, flavors, onion, garlic, oil, spices, acids, cheese powders/pastes, and the like (as appropriate depending on the sauce system). After each ingredient is added, the appropriate mix time is given to incorporate and hydrate the ingredients into a homogeneous mixture. The resultant mixture is a pre-emulsion of the final sauce.

The pre-emulsion is then passed through a vacuum system, processed through a high shear device, for example a high pressure homogenizer, a rotor-stator mixer, or a colloid mill. Once homogenized, excess heat is removed through a heat exchanger to assure that the emulsion remains stable. It is then held in a mixing vessel under light agitation where particulates may be added to the final sauce. Once quality parameters are checked, it is ready to be packaged.

It has been found that the emulsion does have microbial kill and thus pasteurization is optional and the elimination of a heating requirement improves the flavored freshness of the product. The preservatives employed are preferably sodium benzoate and/or sodium sorbate but nisin, natamycin and other microbiological preservatives may also be used, from about 3000 to about 5000 ppm in the emulsion and this is diluted down to about 50 ppm to 1200 ppm in use. The pH employed is 4.2 or lower or even 3.5 or 3.0 depending on taste. It must be below about 4.6 which is the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations limit for low acid food. Depending on the pH and flavor desired in the sauce, the buffer in the seasoning mix must be adjusted to control the pH for selected taste.

A typical cook up method for the combined seasoning mix and sauce mix is to add oil to a small pan, heat the pan and add the protein, for example chicken pieces. The dry seasoning mix may then be sprinkled on the cooking protein and the mix then seared preferably for four to five minutes on high heat. After the protein is cooked, liquid is added to the protein in the pan, usually three cups, which may be water, milk, wine and the like depending on taste. The sauce is then preferably added to the pan and the whole mixture heated. Optionally, pasta or rice or other carbohydrates and vegetables, either frozen or fresh, are also added. The entire mixture may then be boiled to cook the optional carbohydrate or vegetable if used. The liquid and sauce could be pre-mixed before adding to the protein if desired.

As used herein, the word “comprising” is intended to mean including but not necessarily “consisting essentially of”, “consisting of” or “composed of”. In other words, “comprising” the listed steps or options need not be exhaustive.

Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” All amounts are by weight of the composition, unless otherwise specified.

Centrifuge Test

This test is used to establish emulsion stability. A 100 gram sample is placed in a centrifuge bottle and spun for twenty minutes at about 4,000 times gravity. Any oil separation is weighed. This test is then repeated on the same sample four times for the same amount of time for each repeat run. The oil separating out after each run is collected and weighed. If the total amount of oil separating out after five runs is 25% or less of the total oil in the sample, the emulsion is stable. The inventive emulsion thus has a centrifuge stability of about 25% or better. The less oil that separates out establishes a better and more stable emulsion.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.

I. Savory Herb Combination

A. Sauce

A. Sauce
			Typical Grams
		Percent	Per Pouch	Total %
Ingredient Name	Wt.	Intermix	89.6000	Per Pouch
Water	40.00	29.423	26.3626	29.42%
Liquid Soybean Oil	15.20	11.181	10.0178	11.18%
Salt Fine	9.00	6.620	5.9316	6.62%
HVP innova	8.34	6.135	5.4966	6.13%
Garlic	1.20	0.883	0.7909	0.88%
Sucrose	7.00	5.149	4.6135	5.15%
Starch-Purity 100-BG	11.00	8.091	7.2497	8.09%
(C) Nat
(C) Chicken Powder	5.00	3.678	3.2953	3.68%
Disodium Salts	0.20	0.147	0.1318	0.15%
Garlic Powder			0.0000	0.00%
Phosphoric Acid	0.61	0.449	0.4020	0.45%
Chix Mirapoix HR	6.00	4.413	3.9544	4.41%
(C)Chicken Flavor	13.00	9.562	8.5679	9.56%
Chicken fat 0.50050/	15.20	11.181	10.0178	11.18%
Bx.
Black Pepper	0.66	0.485	0.4350	0.49%
Mushroom Extract			0.0000	0.00%
Lactic acid	0.68	0.500	0.4482	0.50%
Egg yolk	1.10	0.809	0.7250	0.81%
(C) Xanthan Gum 100	0.26	0.191	0.1714	0.19%
Dr.
Dehydrated Onions	1.50	1.103	0.9886	1.10%
B. Dry Seasoning Mix
			Typical
			Grams
	Enter Wt.	Percent	Per Pouch	Total %
Ingredient Name	Here	Intermix	26.32	Per Pouch
Salt	0.5600	2.128	0.5600	2.13%
Sucrose	0.4320	1.641	0.4320	1.64%
Garlic Granulated	1.0000	3.799	1.0000	3.80%
Gran On-Spatini 250-Dr.	0.7200	2.736	0.7200	2.74%
(C)
Pepper Black Table	0.2400	0.912	0.2400	0.91%
McCormick Herbs de	0.8000	3.040	0.8000	3.04%
Provance
Premix 20600 Lawry	0.3200	1.216	0.3200	1.22%
Seasoning Salt
Chicken Fat	0.4000	1.520	0.4000	1.52%
Encap Oleo Turmeric	0.0480	0.182	0.0480	0.18%
Parsley Leaves	0.1600	0.608	0.1600	0.61%
Red Bell Pepper	0.6400	2.432	0.6400	2.43%
Granulated
Sodium Bicarbonate	1.0000	3.799	1.0000	3.80%
Phase Oil 6% Sterine	20.0000	78.988	20.0000	75.99%
			Total
		Total	Gram	Total %
	Amount	Percent	Per Pouch	Intermix
	26.3200	100.0000	26.3200	1.0000

II. Spanish Version

A. Sauce

	Ingredient	% Weight	LBS
	Water	31.7115%	129.38
	Soybean Oil	21.9664%	89.62
	Salt	9.2141%	37.59
	HVP Innovation	8.5894%	35.04
	Purity CSC Starch	4.9360%	20.14
	Sucrose	4.9029%	20.00
	Chicken Flavor (White Meat)	3.4376%	14.03
	Onion Granules	3.1241%	12.75
	Garlic Granules	2.8345%	11.56
	SD Egg Yolk	1.5000%	6.12
	Purity 1773 Gum	1.5000%	6.12
	IDF Chicken Stock	1.1691%	4.77
	Coriander	1.0431%	4.26
	Avicel 1340	0.8000%	3.26
	Lactic Acid	0.6100%	2.49
	Ground Cumin	0.5645%	2.30
	Phosphoric Acid	0.5407%	2.21
	Annato Color	0.4913%	2.00
	Disodium Salt	0.2461%	1.00
	Oleo Turmeric	0.2461%	1.00
	Sorbic Acid	0.2000%	0.82
	Jalapeno Pepper	0.1406%	0.57
	Xanthan Gum	0.1250%	0.51
	Sodium Benzoate	0.1000%	0.41
	EDTA	0.0070%	0.03
	TOTAL:	100.0000%	408.00

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

                              Enter Percent
Ingredient Name               Intermix
Onion pieces dehydrated       21.167
Red bell pepper granules      17.574
Dehydrated onion powder white 15.875
Garlic powder                 9.744
Yeast Ext.                    5.861
Ground Cumin                  5.292
Ground Paprika                2.556
Parsley leaves                1.628
Encapsulate oleo turmeric     3.256
Chicken fat                   0.936
Coriander                     6.675
Lime Flavor                   0.928
Sodium Bicarbonate            1.476
                              7.030
TOTAL PERCENT:                100.00

III. Alfredo Sauce

A. Sauce

Alfredo Stir-In-Sauce is a single phase (non-separating) viscous product. The sauce is white colored and has a cheesy-salty flavor which is the flavor characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.20±0.2; Aw 0.810±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Water                            29.5289
Oil Soybean                      28.3046
Cheese Powder                    7.0838
Sodium Chloride Salt Granular    6.4767
Cheese Paste                     8.1970
Sweet Cream Powder               5.0599
Parmesan Cheese Flavor           4.0479
Corn Starch Modified Purity CSC  3.0359
Modified Liquid Egg Yolk 10% Salted 1.8216
Starch Modified Food N-Creamer 46 1.8216
Butter Flavor                    1.5180
Avicel SD 1340                   0.8905
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.6477
Phosphoric Acid 75% Food Grade   0.5869
Cheese Ingredient Blue Type      0.4048
Sodium Benzoate                  0.3036
Sorbic Acid                      0.1619
Xanthan Gum                      0.1012
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0075
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Sodium Chloride                  15.9432
Sodium Bicarbonate               15.9432
Garlic Granulated                15.9432
Vegetable Pieces                 18.6057
Onion                            8.5137
Garlic Flavor                    5.3211
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean Partially Hydrogenated 4.7832
Spices                           5.5801
Sucrose                          3.9858
Herbs                            5.3808
                                 100.000000

IV. Savory Herb

A. Sauce

Savory Herb Stir-In-Sauce is a single phase (non separating) viscous product. The sauce is a pale yellow mustard colored and has a salty-chicken and herb flavor which is characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.00±0.2; Aw 0.800±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Water                            31.7826
Oil Soybean                      23.2771
Sodium Chloride Salt Granular    8.0460
Starch Corn Modified Purity CSC  6.7050
Corn Protein Hydrolyzed, Vegamine 83D 5.7471
Flavor                           9.5403
Chicken Broth Frozen             4.7893
Onion Granulated                 1.7816
Egg Yolk Spray Dried             1.6284
Starch Purity Gum 1773           1.5326
Garlic Powder                    1.1494
Onion Powder                     0.9579
Cellulose Gel Avicel Plus DS 1340 0.8429
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.5651
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 75% Food Grade 0.5077
Butter Flavor Sauteed            0.2874
Spice                            0.4119
Sorbic Acid                      0.2107
Xanthan Gum                      0.1149
Sodium Benzoate                  0.1149
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0072
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Sodium Chloride Salt Multi Purpose 21.2464
Vegetable Pieces                 18.7779
Onion White Minced               15.6482
Onion Powder                     11.8340
Sodium Bicarbonate               10.3982
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean Partially Hydrogenated 4.9764
Spice                            7.4485
Poultry Seasoning Flavor         1.6939
Parsley Leaves Natural           1.7604
Paprika Ground                   1.6352
Color Caramel                    1.6352
Color                            2.9457
                                 100.000000

V. Spanish

A. Sauce

Spanish Stir-in-Sauce is a single phase (non separating) viscous product. The sauce is pumpkin color and has a salty-cumin flavor which is the flavor characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.00±0.2; Aw 0.740±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Water                            31.0882
Oil Soybean                      22.1477
Sodium Chloride                  9.2741
Corn Protein Hydrolyzed, Vegamine 83D 8.6945
Starch Corn Modified Purity CSC  4.8303
Sucrose                          4.8303
Flavor Chicken White Meat Type   3.8642
Onion Granulated                 3.1880
Garlic Granulated                2.8982
Starch Purity Gum 1773           1.5940
Egg Yolk Spray Dried             1.5070
Chicken Broth                    0.9661
Spices                           1.6809
Cellulose Gel Avicel Plus SD 1340 0.8501
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.6183
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 75% Food Grade 0.5506
Color                            0.7149
Flavor                           0.2512
Acid Sorbic                      0.2125
Xanthan Gum                      0.1159
Sodium Benzoate Dense Powder     0.1159
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0071
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Onion White Minced               21.5057
Dehydrated Vegetable Pieces      17.8571
Onion Granulated                 16.0674
Onion Granulated                 16.0674
Garlic Powder                    10.1461
Sodium Bicarbonate               7.1023
Spices                           11.2825
Sodium Chloride Salt             5.4627
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean Partially Hydrogenated 5.0811
Parsley Leaves Natural           3.0438
Flavor Lime                      1.5016
Color                            .9497
                                 100.000000

VI. Teriyaki

A. Sauce

Teriyaki Stir-in-Sauce is a single phase (non-separating) viscous product. The sauce is chocolate colored and has a salty, sesame and soy sauce flavor which is the flavor characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.20±0.2; Aw 0.720±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Soy Sauce                        19.5141
Soybean Oil                      17.3565
Water                            16.6628
Sucrose                          16.3527
Sodium Chloride Salt             8.7214
Flavor                           6.0324
Corn Starch Modified Purity CSC  2.7254
Vinegar Rice Wine                2.3075
Monosodium Glutamate Monohydrate 2.1804
Starch Purity Gum 1773           1.9987
Egg Yolk Spray Dried             1.8170
Color                            1.3627
Garlic Flavor                    0.9993
Cellulose Gel Avicel Plus SD 1340 0.7995
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.3543
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 75% Food Grade 0.3180
Acid Sorbic                      0.1999
Gum Xanthan                      0.1817
Sodium Benzoate                  0.1090
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0067
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Onion Granulated                 22.2816
Vegetable Pieces                 17.0503
Sucrose                          15.5003
Sodium Chloride                  12.4002
Orange Peel Granulated           11.6407
Ginger Flavor                    5.1732
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean Partially Hydrogenated 5.1307
Herbs                            4.0688
Seasoned Salt Premix             3.8479
Garlic Flavor                    2.9063
                                 100.000000

VII. Lemon Garlic

A. Sauce

Lemon Garlic Stir-In-Sauce is a single phase (non-separating) viscous product. The sauce is tan gravy-like color and has salty, chicken, garlic flavor which is characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.00±0.2; Aw 0.720±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Water                            30.0618
Oil Soybean                      17.8301
Sucrose                          8.1950
Sodium Chloride Salt             7.7130
Flavor Chicken White Meat Type   6.7488
Chicken Broth                    4.8206
Starch Corn Modified Purity CSC  4.8206
Corn Protein Hydrolyzed          4.3385
Flavor                           2.8924
Garlic Powder                    1.9282
Soy Protein Hydrolyzed           1.9282
Egg Yolk Spray Dried             1.5426
Starch Purity Gum 1773           1.5426
Onion Granulated                 1.3498
Onion White Powder               0.9641
Cellulose Gel Avicel Plus SD 1340 0.8484
Garlic Flavor                    0.6942
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.5206
Phosphoric Acid H3PO475% Food Grade 0.4628
Yeast Extract                    0.3471
Acid Sorbic                      0.2121
Xanthan Gum                      0.1157
Sodium Benzoate                  0.1157
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0071
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Vegetable Pieces                 26.5252
Sodium Chloride                  17.6835
Maltodextrin 9 to 15 Detrose Equivalent 11.0522
Garlic Granulated                7.1132
Sodium Bicarbonate               7.1043
Spice                            8.2935
Sucrose                          3.4615
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean partially Hydrogenated 3.4529
Herbs                            3.3156
Flavor Lemon Juice               3.2714
Lemon Peel                       2.8470
Color                            2.8470
Flavors                          2.3077
Turmeric Oleoresin Spray Dried   .7250
                                 100.000000

VIII. Cheddar

A. Sauce

Cheddar Stir-In-Sauce is a single phase (non-separating) viscous product. The sauce is bright orange in color and has a salty-cheese flavor which is the main flavor characteristic for this sauce; pH 4.20±0.2; Aw 0.800±0.02

Component                        % Weight
Water                            32.0570
Oil Soybean                      23.0556
Cheese Powder                    16.7610
Cheese Flavors                   7.0001
Sodium Chloride                  5.5213
Cheese Paste                     3.9438
Modified Liquid Egg Yolk 10% Salted 2.9578
Starch Modified Food N-Creamer 46 2.3663
Starch Corn Modified Purity CSC  1.9719
Onion Granulated                 1.0451
Avicel SD 1340                   0.8676
Lactic Acid Food Grade 88%       0.7296
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 75% Food Grade 0.6507
Mustard Flour                    0.4930
Sodium Benzoate                  0.3155
Acid Sorbic                      0.1578
Xanthan Gum                      0.0986
Calcium Disodium EDTA            0.0073
                                 100.000000

B. Dry Seasoning Mix

Component                        % Weight
Minced Onions                    21.0911
Vegetable Pieces                 17.6629
Onion Granulated                 10.9510
Sodium Citrate Dihydrate         10.0357
Sodium Chloride Salt             8.4340
Garlic Powder                    7.3020
Pepper Black Medium              5.8649
Oil Cottonseed/Soybean Partially Hydrogenated 5.0419
Sodium Bicarbonate               4.0143
Herbs                            3.6129
Spice                            4.4759
Color                            1.5134
                                 100.000000

Example IX

The liquid or paste sauces were formulated for ambient shelf stability (about 73° F.) to be packaged with or without atmosphere control, for example, nitrogen flush to remove oxygen. The product required a fresher taste unaffected by heat. Therefore, products were formulated to address microbiological shelf stability, as well as, pathogen reduction or survival. The objective was to formulate a product that would not support the growth of spoilage microorganisms and in the absence of pasteurization, would also deliver a 5-log reduction of key recognized food-borne pathogens that would have normally been targeted if heat or other process were applied.

The dynamics of bacterial death is typically logarithmic, with each 10% sub-population demonstrating increased levels of resistance. The 5-log reduction is a fairly conservative approach to ensure safety. It anticipates a relatively high contamination level and addresses the resistant sub-populations. Sauce formulation constituents were boosted to lower the pH to mildly acidify the sauces and lower Aw (Water Activity). Included were sorbic acid and sodium benzoate preservatives. Typically, these preservatives are used in foods to prevent spoilage or enhance shelf life. However, these have not been applied to achieve a 5-log reduction of key vegetative pathogens in place of other processing methods.

The pathogens used in the challenge studies were E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes.

The objective was to evaluate the survival of E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes in different flavor varieties of sauces. The sauces tested were very similar to the Examples herein: Three Cheese Alfredo Sauce (Example III), Teriyaki Sauce (Example VI), Savory Chicken Sauce (Example IV), Spanish Style Sauce (Example V), Cheddar Sauce (Example VIII), and Lemon Garlic Sauce (Example VII) for Chicken. The formulations tested were in some respects different from those listed under examples III to VII inclusive. Specifically, in that the pH was varied some and the water activity was also varied.

Methodology

The strain sources were from the following collection:

E. coli 0157:H7 (35150; 48895; 43889; 380-94 FSIS Salami; JIT Box #145). Salmonella spp. (4031; 8326; 4931; 14028 ; S. agona ; S. newport). Listeria monocytogenes (Lm 19111; Lm8; Lm10 Jalisco; CA-2; Lm 16 CA-1; Lm Scott A; Lm V7).

The bacteria were grown in BHI with 1% Glucose at 35° C. for 2 days. The tests included at least 4 different strains for each. The strains were pooled into three separate tubes to attain a target population of 10 8 -10 9 /ml for each of the three pathogens. Sauce was aseptically added to individual sterile Whirl Pak pouches and weighed to contain 11-12 grams of sauce each. These sauce packets were inoculated using 0.1 ml of the individual bacterial pools, and mixed well by massaging the pouch exterior. Only one genus type pathogen was added to individual packets to avoid interaction. Enough packets were prepared to allow for daily destructive sampling and testing for up to 10 days. Uninoculated controls were also tested at the beginning, middle, and end of the test period.

Inoculated sauce was maintained in a controlled temperature environment to simulate ambient at 23° C. Packets were analyzed destructively each day. Butterfield's Buffers (99 ml) were used to prepare 1:10 dilutions. About 10 ml of buffer was added to each pouch to dilute the sauce and facilitate complete removal of sauce out of the pouch and into the buffer dilution blank.

E. coli 0157:H7 was enumerated using both Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (CTSMAC) and E. coli 3MpetriFilm at 35° C. (2-3 days). L. monocytogenes was enumerated using both Listeria Selective Agar (MOX) with added colistin (10 mg/L) and moxalactam (15 mg/L), and APC 3Mpetrifilm at 30° C.(2-3 days). Salmonella spp. was enumerated on Hektoen Enteric Agar and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate Agar at 35° C.(2-3 days).

When sauce packets reached 4 days at 23° C. ambient, enrichment was performed in addition to direct enumeration. This enabled determination of survival (presence or absence) when counts were reduced below 10 cfu per gram. In place of Butterfield's Buffer, Tryptone Soy Broth (99 ml) supplemented with yeast extract was used to enrich sauces inoculated with E. coli 0157:H7 and sauces inoculated with Salmonella. Enrichment broths were incubated at 35° C. for 24 hours. E. coli TSBYE were spread plated onto SMAC (CTSMAC). Salmonella TSBYE were transferred (1.0 ml) to tubes of Tetrathionate Broth and Selenite Cystine Broth for 24 hours at 35° C. These were subsequently streaked onto HE and XLD using 3 mm loops and incubated for 24 hours at 35° C. For Listeria, enrichment was also performed in addition to direct enumeration. In place of Butterfield's Buffer, UVM Broth (99 ml) with added naladixic acid (20 mg/L) and acriflavine hydrochloride (25 mg/L) was used to enrich the sauce for 24 hours at 30° C. Secondary enrichment was performed using Fraser Broth for 24 hours and 48 hours at 30° C., with streaking onto MOX plates immediately at these times, and incubating at 30° C. for 2 days.

The data for these challenge studies have been graphed and included as FIGS. 1-18 inclusive. These graphs have been made on logarithmic scales, and demonstrate the log reductions taking population levels from 6 and 7 log levels down to less than 1, followed by complete die off, achieving a minimum 5 log reduction. Significant reduction was achieved within 48 hours at ambient (23° C.). Whereas, at refrigerated temperatures (10° C.) the effect was less. Due to potential inhibition of the sauce constituents (acids and salts) on bacterial growth within enumeration medium, counts may not be reliable on low dilution plates (10 −1 plates). Therefore, enrichments were performed to overcome the inhibition and identify presence or absence to determine survival and time of complete die off. The results show the minimum 5 log reduction was achieved with 2 days storage at ambient and greater than 5 logs within 5 days maximum. When sauce samples were chilled at 10° C. (50° F.), survival was extended (see Alfredo sauce results). Good enumeration was achieved on plates with dilutions >10 −1 . Particularly good counts (consistently higher) were attained with E. coli 3MPetriFilm versus SMAC, and with APC 3MPetriFilm versus MOX. However, on 10 −1 . Plates, these were very unreliable showing clear zones of inhibition, and much better data was attained using SMAC and MOX in place of PetriFilm.

Specific formulation constituents were boosted to achieve product stability and deliver a minimum 5-log reduction of known vegetative pathogens. These constituents include sorbic acid and sodium benzoate. Typically, these preservatives are used in foods to prevent spoilage or enhance shelf life. However, these have not been applied to achieve a 5 log reduction of key vegetative pathogens in place of other processing methods, such as: heat or thermal processing; filtration (reverse osmosis); high pressure processing; microwaves, UV, X-ray, and gamma irradiation, or combinations of the above. The effect on pathogen survival and 5-log reduction is promoted using other sauce parameters, such as, Aw and pH (such as, using salt and added acidulants, for example, lactic acid and phosphoric acid, and with the addition of calcium disodium EDTA).

FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria respectively with a formulation similar to Example III and 0.15% sorbic acid and 0.3% benzoate.

FIGS. 4 , 5 and 6 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria respectively with a formulation similar to Example IV and 0.2% sorbic acid and 0.1% benzoate.

FIGS. 7 , 8 and 9 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria respectively with a formulation similar to Example V and with a formulation of 0.22% sorbic acid and 0.1% benzoate.

FIGS. 10 , 11 and 12 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria in a formulation similar to Example VI with 0.2% sorbic acid and 0.1% benzoate.

FIGS. 13 , 14 and 15 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria in a formulation similar to Example VII with 0.2% sorbic acid and 0.1% benzoate.

FIGS. 16 , 17 and 18 represent Salmonella, E Coli and Listeria in a formulation similar to Example VII with 0.15% sorbic acid and 0.3% benzoate.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in the light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An ionic and, stable acidified emulsion comprising:about 20% to 40% water; about 15% to 40% oil; about 25% to 65% solids, said solids including about 2% to 18% sodium chloride; about 1% to 2% of an emulsifier; about 3000 ppm to about 5000 ppm of a preservative; about 1% to 5% of a lipophilic starch; about 0.5% to 5% of microcrystalline cellulose; about 0.25% to 2% of sodium stearoyl lactylate; a sufficient amount of an acidulant to result in a pH of 3.0 to 4.5 in said emulsion; about 0.1% to 0.25% of an edible gum; and about 1% to 12% of a heat swelling starch wherein the emulsion is combined with a dry spice seasoning mix comprising about 5 to about 25% buffer, and a liquid to obtain a final product with a pH from about 4 to about 7.

2. The emulsion as defined in claim 1 having a water activity of about 0.5 to 0.85.

3. The emulsion as defined in claim 2 having a water activity of about 0.75 to 0.85.

4. The emulsion as defined in claim 1 having a centrifuge stability of at least about 25%.

5. The emulsion as defined in claim 1 capable of dilution to an extent of at least 6 parts water to 1 part of emulsion without breaking/separating.

6. The emulsion as defined in claim 1 wherein the emulsion has microbial kill in the absence of pasteurization.

7. The emulsion as defined in claim 1 wherein the emulsion does not support the growth of spoilage microorganisms and delivers a reduction of recognized food-borne pathogens in the absence of pasteurization.