Patent Application
20250197242
The present application claims priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 202311726059.4 filed on Dec. 14, 2023 before CNIPA. All the above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present disclosure relates to the preparation field of lithium iron manganese phosphate material and, particularly, to an iron manganese phosphate precursor, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof.
Lithium iron manganese phosphate (LFMP) material, providing a higher discharging platform, may offer a higher energy density than that of lithium iron phosphate and provide the same safety performance as that of lithium iron phosphate, so as to become an upgraded substitute for lithium iron phosphate. However, lithium iron manganese phosphate material also has relatively obvious disadvantages, on the one hand, namely its low electronic conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, and on the other hand, as well as its unsatisfactory cycling performance. Due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the material during the charge-discharge process, the collapse of the structure causes the capacity decay during the charge-discharge process. Currently, morphology control, ion dopant, and surface coating are effective ways to optimize the conductivity and cycling performance of LMFP materials. The particle size, morphology and crystal orientation of the synthesized materials are effectively controlled by optimizing the synthesis method of the cathode materials, which is closely related to the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction and significantly affects the electrochemical performance of the LMFP materials.
In addition, it has been shown by studies that the Mn/Fe ratio determines the energy density and electrochemical performance of LMFP materials to a certain extent, and the cycling stability of the material is better when Mn/Fe=6:4, at which time the average voltage thereof is around 3.65V and it provides a high energy density. Therefore, the synthesis of LMFP materials with precise Mn/Fe ratios is also critical to improving the electrical properties of the materials.
The solid-phase method is commonly used to synthesize LMFP materials, and the method is popular in industry because of its simple synthesis process and low cost. However, it is not easy to disperse the raw materials evenly during the mixing process. LMFP materials contain two kinds of transition metal ions, which are likely to form metal ion clustering during the synthesis process, resulting in inhomogeneous growth of grains. Therefore, the ratio of manganese to iron is difficult to synthesize accurately, and the content of doping element compounds is not precisely regulated, rendering the discharge capacity difficult to be utilized.
In order to solve the technical problem mentioned above, the objective of the present disclosure is to provide an iron manganese phosphate precursor, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof. The preparation method employs starch-based gel as a liquid-phase medium to obtain iron manganese phosphate precursors with more accurate Mn/Fe ratios and content of doping element compounds, as well as more homogeneous distribution of the elements. The lithium iron manganese phosphate material prepared using the iron manganese phosphate precursor as a raw material offers good electrochemical performance.
As a first aspect, provided in the present disclosure is a preparation method of an iron manganese phosphate precursor, including following steps:
As a second aspect, provided in the present disclosure is an iron manganese phosphate precursor, including the iron manganese phosphate precursor prepared by the preparation method mentioned above.
As a third aspect, provided in the present disclosure is an application of iron manganese phosphate precursor in preparing lithium iron manganese phosphate material.
Since starch sol is employed as a medium in the present disclosure, the branched molecules of gelatinized starch are able to bind Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions, so that Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions may be evenly dispersed in the sol, which reduces the segregation of Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions, and is conducive to a more accurate Mn/Fe ratio as well as improved uniformity in the distribution of Mn and Fe elements. The dopant elements may also be dispersed uniformly in the sol, which reduces the segregation of dopant elements and is conducive to the precise regulation of the content of dopant elements, as well as to the improvement of the uniformity of dopant element distribution. Moreover, the manganese source and the iron source of the present disclosure are organic manganese source and organic iron source, respectively, and are formed into a mixed solution in an organic solvent, which is capable of dissolving the organic manganese source and the organic iron source. Also, the organic solvent is capable of dissolving the doping element compounds, and the distribution of the dopant elements is more homogeneous, which is more conducive to the subsequent accurate and homogeneous mixing of the dopant elements into the iron manganese phosphate precursor. In the present disclosure, the mixed system after mixing the metal salt solution and the sol in step 3 is alkaline. Under alkaline conditions, the stability of the sol is increased, and the homogeneity of Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions and the dopant elements in the mixed system is further improved, so as to reduce the segregation of the metal elements. Further, the lithium iron manganese phosphate is prepared from the iron manganese phosphate precursor as a raw material obtained by the preparation method of the present disclosure, and the lithium iron manganese phosphate prepared is likely to form crystals of uniform size, which is more conducive to the complete performance of the capacity. The steps in the preparation method of the present disclosure function synergistically to achieve higher energy density and better electrochemical performance of the lithium iron manganese phosphate material obtained from the iron manganese phosphate precursor as a raw material.
In one implementation, in step 1, taking an amount of substance of element phosphorus in the phosphorus source as a, an amount of substance of element iron in the organic iron source as b, and an amount of substance of element manganese in the organic manganese source as c, a/(b+c)=0.95%-1.02%, in which the value of a/(b+c) may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 0.95%, 0.98%, 1%, and 1.02%, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, in step 1,
In the present implementation, the organic iron source includes ferric acetate, which is more soluble in organic solvents for a more even distribution; and/or the organic manganese source includes at least one of manganese acetate and manganese oxalate, which is more soluble in organic solvents for a more even distribution; and/or the organic solvent includes at least one of ethanol, propanol, and methanol. Using an organic alcohol solvent allows better dissolution of organic iron and organic manganese sources, leading to a uniform distribution, and the subsequent dopant elements are also fully compatible with the organic alcohol solvent. Compared with water, starch gelatinized into sol is more easily soluble in organic alcohol solvent, leading to the sol being more homogeneous.
In one implementation, in step 2, a dopant element in the doping element compounds includes at least one of Zr, Mg, Gr, V, and Ti.
In one implementation, in step 2, the starch is at least one of sweet potato starch, corn starch, and modified starch.
In one implementation, in step 2, a mass of the starch is 1.0 wt %-5 wt % of a mass of the water, which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 1.0 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 3.0 wt %, 4.0 wt %, and 5.0 wt %, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In the present solution, a mass of the starch is 1.0 wt %-5 wt % of a mass of the water. Within the range, after heating, the starch is gelatinized (hydrogen bonds are broken) and the structural stability of the sols obtained from the preparation is better. A stable sol environment is provided as a medium in which the metal ions are bound to the carbon chains, in which the metal ions are distributed more homogeneously, allowing for an improvement in metal ion segregation. Also, the viscosity of the mixed system obtained by mixing the sol and the mixed solution is moderate, which further facilitates the reaction to obtain the iron manganese phosphate precursor with accurate manganese-iron ratio and dopant element content.
In one implementation, in step 2, the heating is heating to 70° C.-90° C., which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 70° C., 75° C., 80° C., 85° C., and 90° C., and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, in step 3, pH of the alkaline mixed system is 9-11, which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 9, 10, and 11, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, in step 4, the drying is specified as: drying at a rate of 2-5° C./min to increase the temperature to 100° C.-200° C. (i.e., a drying temperature of 100° C.-200° C.). The temperature increasing rate may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 2° C./min, 3° C./min, 4° C./min, and 5° C./min, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable. The drying temperature may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 100° C., 120° C., 140° C., 160° C., 180° C., and 200° C., and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In the present solution, the specific conditions of drying are as follows: drying at a rate of 2-5° C./min to increase the temperature to 100° C.-200° C. Under such drying conditions, drying the organic solvent at a low temperature is conducive to the next step of calcination to obtain iron manganese phosphate precursor with a nanoscale size particle diameter.
In one implementation, in step 4, the calcining includes a first stage and a second stage, calcination temperature of the first stage is 350-450° C., and calcination temperature of the second stage is 500-700° C. The calcination temperature of the first stage may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 350° C., 380° C., 400° C., 420° C., and 450° C., and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable. The calcination temperature of the second stage may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 500° C., 550° C., 600° C., 650° C., and 700° C., and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
The specific conditions for calcination in the present solution are: There are a first stage and a second stage. The calcination temperature of the first stage is 350-450° C., and the calcination temperature of the second stage is 500-700° C. Under such calcination conditions, elementally doped iron manganese phosphate precursors are synthesized by a treatment of medium temperature burnout of organic substances and high temperature phase formation. The precursor has a nanometer-sized particle diameter, and the lithium iron manganese phosphate material synthesized from the precursor has a porous structure, which is conducive to the improvement of the transport rate of lithium-ions in the lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode material and the improvement of the kinetic reaction.
In one implementation, in step 4, the drying time is 12-20 h, which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 12 h, 13 h, 14 h, 15 h, 16 h, 17 h, 18 h, 19 h, and 20 h, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, in step 4, the calcination time in the first stage is 6-10 h, which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, and 10 h, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, in step 4, the calcination time in the second stage is 10-18 h, which may be, but is not limited to the values listed below, such as 10 h, 11 h, 12 h, 13 h, 14 h, 15 h, 16 h, 17 h, and 18 h, and other values in the range but not listed are also applicable.
In one implementation, a volume ratio of the organic solvent used in step 1 to the water used in step 2 is 1:0.5-1.5, which may be, for example, 1:0.5, 1:0.8, or 1:1.
In one implementation, a content of the phosphorus source in the organic solvent is 1-1.5 mol·L-1, which may be, for example, 1 mol·L−1, 1.2 mol·L−1, 1.27 mol·L−1, or 1.5 mol·L−1.
In one implementation, a mole ratio of the organic iron source to a dopant element in the doping element compounds is 150-250:1, which may be, for example, 200:1, 150:1, or 250:1.
In one implementation, a mole ratio of the organic manganese source to the organic iron source is 4-8:4, which may be, for example, 4:4, 6:4, or 8:4.
In one implementation, the lithium iron manganese phosphate material is coated by carbon.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Mg element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 152.4 mmol of iron acetate, and 228.6 mmol of manganese acetate are added to 300 mL of ethanol and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese acetate and iron acetate is 6:4, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1.
Step 2: 0.76 mmol of Mg(NO3)2 is dissolved in 300 mL of deionized water, and 9 g of corn starch is added, which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 90° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol.
Step 3: The mixed solution obtained from step 1 is added to the sol obtained from step 2 and stirred to mix well at 90° C., and a mixed system is obtained.
Step 4: The pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 9 and stirring in the reactor is carried out at 90° C. for 3 h to obtain a gel.
Step 5: The stirred gel is placed in a blast drying oven, heated to 150° C. at a rate of 2° C./min, dried for 12 h, and the solvent is dried out to obtain powder.
Step 6: The dried powder is ground and placed in a chamber muffle furnace, heated at a rate of 2° C./min and calcined at a constant temperature of 350° C. for 6 h to burn out the organic substances. Then, the temperature continues to increase at a rate of 2° C./min, the powder is calcined at a constant temperature of 600° C. for 10 h, cooled to room temperature, washed well with deionized water, and finally dried to obtain the manganese iron phosphate precursor material doped with Mg element.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with V element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 152.4 mmol of iron acetate, and 228.6 mmol of manganese acetate are added to 300 mL of methanol and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese acetate and iron acetate is 6:4, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1.
Step 2: 0.76 mmol of NH4VO3 is dissolved in 300 mL of deionized water, and 3 g of sweet potato starch is added, which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 70° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol.
Step 3: The mixed solution obtained from step 1 is added to the sol obtained from step 2 and stirred to mix well at 70° C., and a mixed system is obtained.
Step 4: The pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 10 and stirring in the reactor is carried out at 70° C. for 4 h to obtain a gel.
Step 5: The stirred gel is placed in a blast drying oven, heated to 100° C. at a rate of 2° C./min, dried for 20 h, and the solvent is dried out to obtain powder.
Step 6: The dried powder is ground and placed in a chamber muffle furnace, heated at a rate of 5° C./min and calcined at a constant temperature of 400° C. for 6 h to burn out the organic substances. Then, the temperature continues to increase at a rate of 5° C./min, the powder is calcined at a constant temperature of 700° C. for 10 h, cooled to room temperature, washed well with deionized water, and finally dried to obtain the manganese iron phosphate precursor material doped with V element.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Zr element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 152.4 mmol of iron acetate, and 228.6 mmol of manganese acetate are added to 300 mL of propanol and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese acetate and iron acetate is 6:4, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1.
Step 2: 0.76 mmol of Zr(NO3)4 is dissolved in 300 mL of deionized water, and 15 g of modified starch (Carboxymethyl starch, bought from Changzhou Shuangcheng Chemical Co., Ltd.) is added, which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 80° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol.
Step 3: The mixed solution obtained from step 1 is added to the sol obtained from step 2 and stirred to mix well at 80° C., and a mixed system is obtained.
Step 4: The pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 11 and stirring in the reactor is carried out at 80° C. for 5 h to obtain a gel.
Step 5: The stirred gel is placed in a blast drying oven, heated to 200° C. at a rate of 5° C./min, dried for 10 h, and the solvent is dried out to obtain powder.
Step 6: The dried powder is ground and placed in a chamber muffle furnace, heated at a rate of 10° C./min and calcined at a constant temperature of 450° C. for 6 h to burn out the organic substances. Then, the temperature continues to increase at a rate of 10° C./min, the powder is calcined at a constant temperature of 500° C. for 18 h, cooled to room temperature, washed well with deionized water, and finally dried to obtain the manganese iron phosphate precursor material doped with Zr element.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Mg element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
In step 4 of the present example, the pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 8. Others are the same as in Example 1.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Mg element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
In step 4 of the present example, the pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 12. Others are the same as in Example 1.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Mg element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
In step 2 of the present example, 2.5 g of corn starch is added. Others are the same as in Example 1.
The present example provides an iron manganese phosphate precursor doped with Mg element with Mn/Fe mole ratio=6:4, the detailed preparation method thereof including:
In step 2 of the present example, 17 g of corn starch is added. Others are the same as in Example 1.
Provided in the present contrast example is an iron manganese phosphate precursor, whose detailed preparation method includes:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 152.4 mmol of iron acetate, and 228.6 mmol of manganese acetate are added to 300 mL of ethanol and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese acetate and iron acetate is 6:4, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1.
Step 2: The doped metal salt solution is obtained by dissolving 0.76 mmol of Mg(NO3)2 in 300 mL of deionized water.
Step 3: The mixed solution obtained from step 1 is added to the doped metal salt solution obtained from step 2 and stirred and mixed homogeneously at 90° C., and a mixed system is obtained.
Step 4: The pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 9 and stirring in the reactor is carried out at 90° C. for 3 h to obtain a gel.
Step 5: The stirred gel is placed in a blast drying oven, heated to 150° C. at a rate of 2° C./min, dried for 12 h, and the solvent is dried out to obtain powder.
Step 6: The dried powder is ground and placed in a chamber muffle furnace, heated at a rate of 2° C./min and calcined at a constant temperature of 350° C. for 6 h to burn out the organic substances. Then, the temperature continues to increase at a rate of 2° C./min, the powder is calcined at a constant temperature of 600° C. for 10 h, cooled to room temperature, washed well with deionized water, and finally dried to obtain the manganese iron phosphate precursor material doped with Mg element.
Provided in the present contrast example is an iron manganese phosphate precursor, whose detailed preparation method includes:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 76.2 mmol of iron sulfate, and 228.6 mmol of manganese sulfate are added to 300 mL of deionized water and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese sulfate and iron sulfate is 6:2, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1. Others are the same as in Example 1.
Provided in the present contrast example is an iron manganese phosphate precursor, whose detailed preparation method includes:
Step 2: 9 g of corn starch is added into 300 mL of deionized water (without adding doping element compounds), which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 90° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol. Others are the same as in Example 1.
Step 2: 9 g of corn starch is added into 300 mL of deionized water (without adding doping element compounds), which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 90° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol. Others are the same as in Contrast Example 2.
Carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode materials are prepared directly (without prior preparation to obtain manganese-doped iron phosphate precursor materials) as follows:
Step 1: 381 mmol of phosphoric acid, 152.4 mmol of iron acetate, 228.6 mmol of manganese acetate, and 194.3 mmol of lithium carbonate are added to 300 mL of ethanol and stirred well to form a mixed solution, in which the mole ratio of manganese acetate and iron acetate is 6:4, and the ratio of the total amount of substance of manganese and iron to the amount of substance of phosphoric acid ion is 1:1.
Step 2: 0.76 mmol of Mg(NO3)2 is dissolved in 300 mL of deionized water, and 9 g of corn starch is added, which is stirred in a stirred reactor at a constant speed until a homogeneous suspension is formed, and heated to 90° C. The suspension is dissolved and gelatinized to form a sol.
Step 3: The mixed solution obtained from step 1 is added to the sol obtained from step 2 and stirred to mix well at 90° C., and a mixed system is obtained.
Step 4: The pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to 9 and stirring in the reactor is carried out at 90° C. for 3 h to obtain a gel.
Step 5: The stirred gel is placed in a blast drying oven, heated to 150° C. at a rate of 2° C./min, dried for 12 h, and the solvent is dried out to obtain powder.
Step 6: The dried powder is ground and placed in a chamber muffle furnace, heated at a rate of 2° C./min and calcined at a constant temperature of 350° C. for 6 h to burn out the organic substances to obtain the lithium iron manganese phosphate precursor. The lithium iron manganese phosphate precursor is mixed with 41970 mg of glucose and placed in a nitrogen atmosphere furnace. Then, the temperature continues to increase at a rate of 2° C./min, the powder is calcined at a constant temperature of 600° C. for 10 h, cooled to room temperature, washed well with deionized water, and finally dried to obtain the carbon-coated manganese iron phosphate precursor material doped with Mg element.
The iron manganese phosphate precursors obtained by the preparation of Examples 1-7 and the Contrast Examples 1-4 are ball-milled and mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose in terms of mole ratio as follows (iron manganese phosphate precursor:lithium carbonate:glucose=1:0.5:0.6), dried, under the protection of nitrogen atmosphere, sintered at 350° C. for 6 h. After sintering, it is ball-milled again and sintered at 600° C. in N2 atmosphere for 10 h to obtain the carbon coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode materials.
The carbon coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode materials obtained by the preparation of Examples 1-7 and Contrast Examples 1-5 are prepared as a cathode by slurrying the carbon-coated LiFeMnPO4:PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride):conductive carbon black=9:0.5:0.5 (in terms of mass ratio), with the anode using lithium metal, to be assembled into a lithium-ion button cell.
The degree of elemental segregation is measured using ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer).
ICP Test Method: Ten samples (0.2 g each) of the carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate prepared in Examples 1-7 and Contrast Examples 1-5 are taken respectively. Each carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate sample is digested with 15 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 37 wt % (210° C. for 40 min). It is taken out and slightly cooled and then filtered, and the filtrate is transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask, diluted to the scale with ultrapure water and shaken well to obtain a solution to be measured.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry is then applied to measure the content of the primary element in the solution to be measured. The average Mn:Fe mole ratio (x=n/10, n denotes the sum of the Mn:Fe mole ratios of the 10 samples, x denotes the average mole ratio) and variance D1 thereof (D1=((x1−x)2+(x2−x)2+(x3−x)2+ . . . +(x10−x)2)/10, in which x1, x2, x3 . . . x10 denote the Mn:Fe molar ratio of each of the 10 samples, respectively), and the content of dopant transition element (y=m/10, m denotes the sum of mass fractions of dopant elements in 10 samples and y denotes the average mass fraction) and variance D2 thereof (D2−((y1−y)2+(y2−y)2+(y3−y)2+ . . . +(y10−y)2)/10, in which y1, y2, y3 . . . y10 denote the mass fraction of dopant elements of each of the 10 samples, respectively), are calculated for the carbon-covered lithium iron manganese phosphate of Example 1 and Contrast Examples 1-5, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
As shown in Table 1, the ICP test results indicate that the mole ratios of Mn and Fe elements in Examples 1-3, and the content of dopant elements are closer to the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of elemental distribution is high, indicating that metal ions are not clustered during the synthesis process, the growth of grains is uniform, the ratio of manganese to iron is precisely synthesized, and the content of dopant elements is also precisely regulated, as well as the elemental uniformity is improved. Compared to Example 1, in step 4 of Example 4 and Example 5, the pH of the mixed system in the reactor is adjusted to be 8 and 12, respectively, with a relatively smaller and larger pH, so that the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe, and the content of the dopant elements are slightly deviated from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is slightly lower than that of Example 1, which indicates that the metal ions is slightly clustered in the synthesizing process. Compared to Example 1, in step 2 of Example 6 and Example 7, the amount of added corn starch is 2.5 g and 17 g, respectively, i.e., the mass of starch is 0.83% and 5.67% of the mass of water, respectively, with a relatively less and greater amount of starch, so that the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe, and the amount of the dopant elements are slightly deviated from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is slightly lower than that of Example 1, which indicates that less starch content hardly improves the metal ion clustering, and more starch content leads to sticky mixed system obtained by mixing sol and mixed solution, which also hardly improves the metal ion clustering. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 1, no starch is added to form a sol, so that the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe deviate significantly from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is also significantly lower than that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, in step 1 of Contrast Example 2, An inorganic iron source, an inorganic manganese source, and an inorganic solvent water are used, i.e., an inorganic system is used in Contrast Example 2. Compared to the organic system of Example 1, the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe, and the content of the dopant elements in the inorganic system in Contrast Example 2 deviate from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is worse than that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, no Mg element is doped in Contrast Example 3; compared to Contrast Example 2, no Mg element is doped in Contrast Example 4. The mole ratios of elements Mn and Fe and the uniformity of the elemental distributions of Contrast Example 3 and Contrast Example 4 are basically the same, which indicates that the effect is the same when preparing iron manganese phosphate precursor without dopant elements, both in the organic system and inorganic system. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 5, carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode materials are prepared directly without prior preparation to obtain the corresponding iron manganese phosphate precursor. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 5, the mole ratios of elements Mn and Fe, the content of the dopant elements deviate from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is worse than that of Example 1.
Li-ion button cell capacity test conditions: 25° C., charged to 4.25V using a current of 0.1C with a cutoff current of 0.05C, and then discharged to 2.0V using a current of 0.1C to record the first discharge capacity per gram.
Li-ion button cell cycle test conditions: 25° C., charged to 4.25V using a current of 0.5C with a cutoff current of 0.05C, and then discharged to 2.0V using a current of 0.5C. The cycles are carried out according to these steps to record the capacity retention rate.
The Reference 600 electrochemical workstation manufactured by GAMRY Instruments, Inc. in USA is employed to carry out the starting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, with lithium metal as the counter electrode and reference electrode, and the active material electrode sheet as the working electrode. Tests are performed in a 28° C. environment with a scanning frequency of 100 KHz to 0.01 Hz and a scanning amplitude of 5 mV. Charge transfer impedance and lithium-ion diffusion rate DLi in the electrochemical behavior of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials are studied by testing the electrochemical impedance spectra of the material. DLi is calculated using the following equation:
The real part of the electrochemical impedance is related to a by the equation:
RΩ is the ohmic impedance, Rct is the charge transfer impedance, and Rw is the Warburg impedance. The Warburg Coefficient σ is numerically equal to the slope of a line fitted by the real part of the electrochemical impedance (ZRe) and the inverse of the square root of the angular frequency (ω−1/2)
Carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate prepared from the iron manganese phosphate precursor of Examples 1-7 and Contrast Examples 1-4 and the carbon coated lithium iron manganese phosphate prepared from Contrast Example 5 are used to prepare the cathode and then assembled into a lithium-ion button cell, and the lithium-ion button cell is tested for the first discharge capacity per gram and the number of cycles when capacity is decayed to 80%, with the results as shown in Table 2 below, and the Li+ diffusion coefficients are also tested, with the results as shown in Table 2 below.
As shown in Table 2, lithium-ion button cell assembled from the carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate material prepared from the iron manganese phosphate precursor of Examples 1-3 has better first discharge capacity, better cycling performance, greater porosity, and higher lithium-ion diffusion rate. Compared to Example 1, the first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate of Example 4 and Example 5 are all slightly reduced compared to that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, the first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate of Example 6 and Example 7 are all slightly reduced compared to that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 1, no starch is added to form a sol, so that the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe deviate significantly from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is also significantly lower than that of Example 1 decreased. The first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate are all significantly reduced compared to that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, in step 1 of Contrast Example 2, An inorganic iron source, an inorganic manganese source, and an inorganic solvent water are used, i.e., an inorganic system is used in Contrast Example 2. Compared to the organic system of Example 1, the mole ratios of the elements Mn and Fe, and the content of the dopant elements in the inorganic system in Contrast Example 2 deviate from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is worse than that of Example 1. The first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate are all reduced compared to that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, no Mg element is doped in Contrast Example 3; compared to Contrast Example 2, no Mg element is doped in Contrast Example 4. The mole ratios of elements Mn and Fe and the uniformity of the elemental distributions of Contrast Example 3 and Contrast Example 4 are basically the same, which indicates that the effect is the same when preparing iron manganese phosphate precursor without dopant elements, both in the organic system and inorganic system. The first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate in Contrast Example 3 and Contrast Example 4 are substantially the same, and are all worse than that of Example 1. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 5, carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode materials are prepared directly without prior preparation to obtain the corresponding iron manganese phosphate precursor. Compared to Example 1, in Contrast Example 5, the mole ratios of elements Mn and Fe, the content of the dopant elements deviate from the raw material input ratios, and the uniformity of the distribution of the dopant elements is worse than that of Example 1. The first discharge capacity, the number of cycles, and the lithium-ion diffusion rate are all reduced compared to that of Example 1.
In summary, it is shown that the carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode material prepared from the iron manganese phosphate precursor of the embodiment of the present disclosure is more stable in structure due to a more uniform distribution of the element Mn, the element Fe, and the dopant element, which will not create other heterogeneous phases with non-stoichiometric ratios, and is of higher purity, and will not be affected by heterogeneous phases in the cycling process.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202311726059.4 | Dec 2023 | CN | national |
