The present disclosure relates to control of a distributed energy resource device at a premises. The present disclosure relates in particular to the control of islanding operations using distributed energy resources and multi-port meters.
In a resource distribution system, such as an electric grid that delivers electric power, a meter is used to measure and control consumption at a customer premises. The meter may include metrology components for measuring consumption and monitoring power characteristics and communications components for communicating with other devices on a network, as well as a central system, such as a head-end system. The meter may also include other modules and components.
When a distributed energy resource (DER) device, such as a solar panel array, wind turbine, water turbine, battery, an electric vehicle (EV) charger, EV, an energy storage device, or generator is located at a customer premises, the power generated or stored by the DER device may be metered by a multi-port meter and used at the premises or output to the electric grid. Additionally, the EV charger, EV, and energy storage device may also receive power from the electric grid for storage and use at a later time. In some systems, an inverter is coupled to the DER devices to convert DC power to AC grid power. A conventional inverter may be configured to operate in anti-islanding mode. In anti-islanding mode the inverter stops generation of power by the DER devices or stops outputting power when a grid power outage is detected at a premises. This may prevent voltage from being applied back to the grid from the DER devices during the power outage to protect workers working to restore grid power. Anti-islanding may prevent the premises from using DER power generated or stored at the premises during the outage. For example, even though a DER device may be capable of generating power usable at the premises, the inverter may not allow provision of the power to the premises when configured in an anti-islanding mode. Thus, there is a need for an improved system for controlling islanding operations of DER devices at a premises.
The present disclosure includes a multi-port meter that may be connected to an electric grid, one or more distributed energy resource (DER) devices, and at least one load. The electric grid may be connected to a grid port of the meter and the DER device may be connected to the meter through an inverter, which is connected to an auxiliary port of the meter. The meter includes a grid switch connected to the grid port and an auxiliary switch connected to the auxiliary port. It controls the states of the switches to support grid-tied operations or islanding operations.
In one aspect, the multi-port meter controls the switches based on its determination to transition between grid-tied mode and islanding mode. For example, the meter measures voltage characteristics of the electric grid, and when there is an outage on the electric grid, the multi-port meter may determine to transition to islanding mode. It opens the grid switch, disconnecting the multi-port meter from the electric grid and it closes the auxiliary switch or allows the auxiliary switch to remain closed so that the inverter may provide power the load. When the meter determines that power is restored on the grid, the meter may control the grid and auxiliary switches to initiate a transition back to grid-tied mode.
In other aspects of the invention the determination to transition between modes may be made by a system or device other than the meter. The decision may be made by the inverter and communicated to the meter or the decision may be made by a user and communicated to the meter. The decision also may be made by a remote system, such as a utility head-end system. The remote system may send commands to the meter or to the inverter instructing the device to transition between modes.
These examples are mentioned not to limit or define the limits of the present subject matter, but to provide an example to aid understanding thereof. Illustrative examples are discussed in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there. Advantages offered by various examples may be further understood by examining this specification and/or by practicing one or more examples of the claimed subject matter.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure are better understood when the following Detailed Description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a system for controlling islanding operations of distributed energy resource (DER) devices at a premises. Islanding refers to a DER device providing power to a premises when the premises is disconnected from the power grid or there is an outage on the power grid. In some implementations, the connections between the DER device, a multi-port meter, and the premises are referred to as a micro-grid. A micro-grid may operate without receiving power from the power grid.
DER devices may be commonly operably connected to an inverter, so that the inverter can regulate the power generated by the DER device so that the phase, amplitude, and frequency of the power generated complies with the required electrical ratings of devices within the micro-grid or the power grid. A DER device includes, but is not limited to, a solar panel array, wind turbine, water turbine, battery, an electric vehicle (EV) charger, EV, an energy storage device, or generator.
Some inverters may be configured to support islanding by providing a synchronous output and an isochronous output. When the inverter provides a synchronous output, its output voltage amplitude, frequency, and phase track the voltage amplitude, frequency, and phase of the grid. When the inverter provides an isochronous output, it determines its output voltage amplitude, frequency, and phase without tracking the grid. Many existing inverters are configured to only provide a synchronous output and operate in anti-islanding mode. In anti-islanding mode, the inverter stops providing power, typically by shutting down, when there is a power outage on the grid. Some inverters may be configurable so that they support both islanding mode and anti-islanding mode. For example, a parameter or a configuration bit in an inverter may be set upon manufacture or installation to a value that supports islanding mode or to a different value that supports anti-islanding mode. These types of inverters are generally connected to a switch that is separate from the meter so controlling the inverters is generally complex and expensive. One benefit of the present system is the integration of the auxiliary switch in the multi-port meter so that the output of the inverter can be controlled to support both grid-tied mode and islanding mode.
In the present solution, a determination to transition to islanding mode may now be made at the meter. Other examples of the present solution allow for the determination to enter islanding mode to be made at a remote system, such as at the utility head-end system, or at the inverter. The determination to transition to islanding mode by controlling the switches at the meter has the benefit of allowing islanding in response to or anticipation of a variety of conditions, including a change in the grid, a planned change in the grid, or other conditions that affect the availability of power.
A utility head-end system, or other remote system, may determine that scheduled maintenance requires that the inverter should be disconnected from the grid. By allowing control of islanding by the utility company through the meter, the utility may protect workers maintaining the grid from power being introduced into the grid by distributed energy resource devices. The control of the determination to island at the utility head-end system also allows the utility head-end system to transition a multi-port meter and inverter system to islanding mode during peak hours of distributed energy resource device power generation, such as a particular time of day for solar panels or on windy days for wind turbines.
Alternatively, the multi-port meter could receive information from a utility head-end system, and determine to transition to or from islanding mode based on information communicated from the utility head-end system. For example, prior to beginning scheduled grid maintenance, the utility head-end system may send a command to the multi-port meter to enter islanding mode. When the multi-port meter receives the information, the multi-port meter may determine that the system should transition to islanding mode, so that the user does not lose power at the premises during grid maintenance.
The remote system and multi-port meter are not limited to just the aforementioned examples for determining to transition the multi-port meter and inverter system to islanding mode. The remote system and multi-port meter may determine to transition the system to islanding mode for other reasons as well.
The processing unit may also use the metrology data of the inverter to provide generation data or other information. The processing unit may also compare the inverter output phase, amplitude, and frequency to the phase, amplitude, and frequency of the grid prior to connecting the inverter to the grid. The metrology data may also include a waveform stream, or portions of a waveform. The multi-port meter's processing unit 211 is used to control the multi-port meter's grid and auxiliary switches 208, 207.
Further, the multi-port meter may include memory within the processing unit or separate from the processing unit. The memory may include stored instructions that are executed by the processing unit to perform the functions described herein. The instructions may be provided at manufacture or installation or may be provided over a communication network after the multi-port meter is installed. The inverter may also include a processing unit and memory (not shown) for storing instructions that are executed by the processing unit to perform functions described herein.
Some examples of the multi-port meter include a communications module 210 that enables the meter to communicate on a network with other meters or devices, including a head-end system. The communications module may also allow the meter to communicate with the invertor either using the same network or a separate network. The inverter may also include a communications module (not shown) for communicating with the meter or with other devices.
In some examples of the multi-port meter's communications module, the communication module may be configured for wireless, wired, or power line communication. Wireless communication technologies may include but are not limited to WiFi, radio frequency (RF), ultrahigh frequency including Bluetooth, cellular, satellite, ZigBee, WiMax, and/or other wireless communication technologies. Wired communication may include Ethernet, or other wired communication technologies. Power line communication may include technologies following the P2030.5 standard or other alternative standards for power line communications. The communications module may also use one or more of the following communication protocols: Modbus, CIP, EtherCAT, DNP, IEEE 2030.5, or other communication protocols. Other protocols and derivatives of the previously mentioned communication protocols may also be used.
Additionally, communications between the meter and the inverter may use a variety of techniques including the inverter polling the meter for information, the meter broadcasting information to the inverter, or the inverter streaming information to the meter, or any combination thereof. The information or data communicated to and by the multi-port meter may include amplitude, phase, frequency of the grid or inverter, a waveform stream of the grid or inverter output, or a part of a waveform of the grid or inverter output. Additionally, the multi-port meter may send data on a periodic basis to a remote device, user, inverter, or other device.
Other implementations of the multi-port meter may include additional ports beyond those shown in
Although
The ones and zeros of
In one example of
In some examples, the determination to transition between states of the multi-port meter may be made by devices other than the multi-port meter. The inverter, utility head-end system, or other device may monitor the grid and send a command to the meter to initiate a transition between states of the multi-port meter.
While in state S1400b, if the meter receives a command to transition from islanding mode to grid-tied mode, the meter transitions 402b from S1 to S3 and then transitions 406b from S3 to S2. While in state S3, the auxiliary switch may be opened, as shown in
While in state S2, if the meter receives a command to transition from grid-tied mode to islanding mode, then the meter transitions 409b from S2 to S1. The transition may occur regardless of the state of the grid. For example, the meter may be instructed to operate in islanding mode due to reasons other than a power outage. Other commands received by the meter may include commands to transition 410b the grid switch and the auxiliary switch to states shown in
In the absence of receiving a command, the meter may transition between states S1 and S2 in a manner similar to that described above in connection with
Instead of the meter making the determination to transition between the states shown in
The meter communicates with the inverter to inform it of the transition and to provide information regarding phase, amplitude, and frequency of the grid 503. In response, the inverter transitions its output from isochronous to synchronous. The inverter uses the grid information to adjust the inverter's output to match the grid within a tolerance 504. The multi-port meter may provide the inverter with the actual grid voltage and frequency values or may provide the difference between the grid voltage and frequency and the inverter voltage and frequency. The multi-port meter may provide an indication of the relative phase between the grid and the inverter, as well. When the meter senses that the output of the inverter matches the grid within a tolerance 505, the meter closes the grid switch to transition the system from islanding mode to grid-tied mode. The tolerance may be based on a regulatory requirement or a user requirement. In grid-tied mode the meter is configured as shown in
In some alternative examples, the inverter senses the grid voltage, phase and frequency instead of the meter communicating this information to the inverter as in 503.
Other alternatives to the meter sending information about the grid to the inverter include having the meter store the grid information and the inverter request the stored information or having the meter periodically send the grid information to the inverter.
Instead of the meter communicating the transition to the inverter, in some implementations, the meter sends a command to the inverter to restart or opens the auxiliary switch to signal the inverter to transition to a synchronous output. For this type of implementation, the inverter is configured to restart when it senses that the auxiliary switch is open and to provide a synchronous output upon start up.
The multi-port meter may also wait a specified delay time after sensing that the inverter output matches the grid 505 and before connecting the inverter to the grid 506. The delay time ensures that an inverter's output is synchronized with the grid for a set period of time prior to reconnecting with the grid. The duration of the delay time may be configured within the meter. In some instances the duration may be based on a local regulatory requirement or a user requirement. When the inverter has demonstrated that the inverter output is tracking the grid within an allowable tolerance for the set period of time, the multi-port meter may connect the inverter to the grid, typically by closing the grid switch.
Alternatives to the meter determining to initiate the transition to grid-tied mode include having a head-end system or other remote device, a user, or the inverter making the determination. If a head-end system makes the determination, then the head-end system may send a command to the meter or inverter to initiate the transition to grid-tied mode. The command may indicate that the transition is to begin upon receipt of the command or at a future time specified in the command. A user may be able to use a portal or a local user interface to request a transition to grid-tied mode. In some implementations, the user's request may be sent to a head-end system and then the head-end system may instruct the meter. In other implementations, the user's request may be provided directly to the meter. The meter may be configurable to accept or reject a user-initiated command or to verify that the command is authorized. If the meter is configured to verify a user-initiated command and the user requests a transition to grid-tied mode, then the meter verifies the command prior to initiating a transition to grid-tied mode.
An example that includes additional steps to those illustrated in
The inverter then senses disconnection from the grid 603. The inverter then outputs power from the DER device isochronously, transitioning the system to islanding mode 604.
Other examples may include the multi-port meter communicating to the inverter a change in the state of the grid instead of or in addition to the inverter sensing the disconnection 603.
In other examples of 603, the multi-port meter may instead of or in addition to 603, communicate the change in the state of the grid to the inverter. The multi-port meter may control the inverter, issuing commands to the inverter to generate an isochronous output.
The multi-port meter may also decide in 602 to transition the multi-port meter using the transitional states of
Alternatives to the meter determining to initiate the transition to islanding mode include having a head-end system or other remote device, a user, or the inverter making the determination. If a head-end system makes the determination, then the head-end system may send a command to the meter or inverter to initiate the transition to islanding mode, similar to that described above in connection with
Other examples do not require a separate connection 706 for the inverter to sense a change in the state of the grid. The inverter may be configured to sense a change in impedance at the auxiliary port of the multi-port meter to detect a change in the state of the grid. The inverter may communicate a command to the multi-port meter to transition the multi-port meter between states. The inverter may adjust the inverter' s output with the transition of the multi-port meter between states to transition the system between modes.
An alternative multi-port meter configuration integrates the inverter into the meter.
Previous solutions for controlling DER devices include the use of expensive automatic transfer switches (ATS). An ATS requires additional installation into the micro-grid. Additionally, some ATS systems do not allow for generation of power while the electric power grid is inoperative, or during maintenance times. Although the present solution can be implemented without the need for an ATS, it may also be implemented in an existing system that includes an ATS without having to remove the ATS, saving on installation costs.
In this example, inverter output 907 is connected to an AC Grid connection of the ATS. When the grid switch 901 is closed, the inverter 904 is connected to the ATS by output 907, and the inverter is configured to output synchronously with the grid. When the grid switch 901 is open, the inverter output 908 is connected to a protected load connection of the ATS, and the inverter output 908 is provided to the load.
The multi-port meter may communicate with the ATS to coordinate the timing of opening and closing switches of the multi-port meter and with the timing of the ATS switching between the 907 and 908 connections. Other examples may include connecting a sensor to the grid from either the inverter or the ATS to enable ATS switching or synchronization of the inverter output with the phase, frequency, and/or amplitude of the grid.
While the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific aspects thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled, upon attaining an understand of the foregoing, may readily produce alternations to, variations of, and equivalents to such aspects. Accordingly , it should be understood that the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of example rather than limitation and does not preclude inclusion of such modifications, variations, and/or additions to the present subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63/148,910 filed Feb. 12, 2021, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63148910 | Feb 2021 | US |