Patent Application
20210101955
The presently disclosed subject matter relates to the area of diagnostics and therapeutics. In particular, it relates to immunotherapies and diagnostics in the context of proliferative diseases such as but not limited to cancer.
The mammalian immune system has evolved a variety of mechanisms to protect the host from cancerous cells. An important component of this response is mediated by cells referred to as T cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are specialized T cells that primarily function by recognizing and killing cancerous cells or infected cells, but they can also function by secreting soluble molecules referred to as cytokines that can mediate a variety of effects on the immune system. T helper cells primarily function by recognizing antigen on specialized antigen presenting cells, and in turn secreting cytokines that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages. A variety of evidence suggests that immunotherapy designed to stimulate a tumor-specific CTL response would be effective in controlling cancer. For example, it has been shown that human CTL recognize sarcomas (Slovin et al., 1986), renal cell carcinomas (Schendel et al., 1993), colorectal carcinomas (Jacob et al., 1997), ovarian carcinomas (Peoples et al., 1993), pancreatic carcinomas (Peiper et al., 1997), squamous tumors of the head and neck (Yasumura et al., 1993), and squamous carcinomas of the lung (Slingluff et al., 1994; Yoshino et al., 1994). The largest number of reports of human tumor-reactive CTLs, however, has concerned melanomas (Boon et al., 1994). The ability of tumor-specific CTL to mediate tumor regression, in both human (Parmiani et al., 2002; Weber, 2002) and animal models, suggests that methods directed at increasing CTL activity would likely have a beneficial effect with respect to tumor treatment.
Clinical trials using adoptive cellular therapy and active vaccination have demonstrated the importance of CD8 T-cells in controlling cancer (Morgan et al., 2006; Rosenberg, 2008; Hiugano et al., 2009; Schwartzentruber et al., 2011). A large number of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) recognized by CD8 T-cells have been identified in the last 20 years, and clinical tumor regressions have been associated with immunotherapies based on some of them (Slingluff et al., 2004; Rosenberg, 2008). However, cancer vaccines targeting a range of TAA have induced disappointing clinical response rates of 3-6% (Rosenberg et al., 2004). The repertoire of TAA include: i) neoantigens formed by mutations in cellular proteins; ii) antigens induced by oncogenic viruses; iii) cancer-testis antigens normally expressed only in germ-line cells; and iv) tissue-specific differentiation antigens (Williamson et al., 2006). Only a small number of TAA source proteins have been linked to either initial cellular transformation processes or later tumorigenic processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis (Hogan et al., 1998; Simpson et al., 2005). Targeting TAA derived from proteins that are vital for a cancer cell's survival and metastatic potential is attractive, since down-regulation and/or mutation of genes encoding these proteins as a means of immune evasion could compromise cellular malignancy (Dunn et al., 2004; Hirohashi et al., 2009).
As such, TCRs can be employed for various purposes for which how antibody molecules have been utilized. One challenge with respect to TCRs as opposed to antibodies, however, is that the former are not secreted from the cells in which they are made. This can limit the utility of TCRs as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents. These challenges have been met to varying degrees of success by the production of soluble TCRs.
Several methods for producing soluble TCRs and TCR-like molecules have recent been reported. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0015139 of Lichterfeld et al. describes the production and use of soluble TCRs for the detection and treatment of viral infections. PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2013/057586 of Walseng et al. describes various additional methods for producing soluble TCRs, such as isolation of α and β chains from bacterial inclusion bodies (see also Richman & Kranz, 2007) and STAR™ technology (Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Fla., United States of America), in which hybrid soluble TcR-Ig molecules are connected via a flexible linker (see also Mosquera et al., 2005).
Thus, soluble TCRs are useful as diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. They can be employed to detect cells that express TAAs such as, but not limited to peptides derived from TAAs complexed with MHC molecules. Additionally, soluble TCRs can be used to deliver a therapeutic agent, including but not limited to a cytotoxic compound or an immunostimulating compound, to cells presenting a particular TAA-derived peptide.
The interaction of a TCR with HLA-bound antigens including, but not limited to a peptide derived from a TAA, results in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) killing cells that express the antigen (e.g., a cancer cell) and/or secreting cytokines in response to a cancer cell. This process involves the interaction of the T cell receptor, located on the surface of the CTL, with what is generically referred to as an MHC-peptide complex which is located on the surface of the cancerous cell. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules have been subdivided into two types, and are referred to as class I and class II MHC-encoded molecules. In the human immune system, MHC molecules are referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Within the MHC complex, located on chromosome six, are three different loci that encode for class I MHC molecules. MHC molecules encoded at these loci are referred to as HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. The genes that can be encoded at each of these loci are extremely polymorphic, and thus, different individuals within the population express different class I MHC molecules on the surface of their cells. HLA-A1, HLA-A2, HLA-A3, HLA-B7, HLA-B14, HLA-B27, and HLA-B44 are examples of different class I MHC molecules that can be expressed from these loci.
The peptides which associate with the MHC molecules can either be derived from proteins made within the cell, in which case they typically associate with class I MHC molecules (Rock & Goldberg, 1999); or they can be derived from proteins which are acquired from outside of the cell, in which case they typically associate with class II MHC molecules (Watts, 1997). The peptides that evoke a cancer-specific CTL response most typically associate with class I MHC molecules. The peptides themselves are typically nine amino acids in length, but can vary from a minimum length of eight amino acids to a maximum of fourteen amino acids in length. Tumor antigens may also bind to class II MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and provoke a T helper cell response. The peptides that bind to class II MHC molecules are generally twelve to nineteen amino acids in length, but can be as short as ten amino acids and as long as thirty amino acids.
The process by which intact proteins are degraded into peptides is referred to as antigen processing. Two major pathways of antigen processing occur within cells (Rock & Goldberg, 1999). One pathway, which is largely restricted to professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, degrades proteins that are typically phagocytosed or endocytosed into the cell. Peptides derived from this pathway can be presented on either class I or to class II MHC molecules. A second pathway of antigen processing is present in essentially all cells of the body. This second pathway primarily degrades proteins that are made within the cells, and the peptides derived from this pathway primarily bind to class I MHC molecules. Antigen processing by this latter pathway involves polypeptide synthesis and proteolysis in the cytoplasm, followed by transport of peptides to the plasma membrane for presentation. These peptides, initially being transported into the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell, become associated with newly synthesized class I MHC molecules and the resulting complexes are then transported to the cell surface. Peptides derived from membrane and secreted proteins have also been identified. In some cases these peptides correspond to the signal sequence of the proteins which is cleaved from the protein by the signal peptidase. In other cases, it is thought that some fraction of the membrane and secreted proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm where processing subsequently occurs. Once bound to the class I MHC molecule, the peptides are recognized by antigen-specific receptors on CTL. Several methods have been developed to identify the peptides recognized by CTL, each method of which relies on the ability of a CTL to recognize and kill only those cells expressing the appropriate class I MHC molecule with the peptide bound to it. Mere expression of the class I MHC molecule is insufficient to trigger the CTL to kill the target cell if the antigenic peptide is not bound to the class I MHC molecule. Such peptides can be derived from a non-self source, such as a pathogen (for example, following the infection of a cell by a bacterium or a virus) or from a self-derived protein within a cell, such as a cancerous cell. The tumor antigens from which the peptides are derived can broadly be categorized as differentiation antigens, cancer/testis antigens, mutated gene products, widely expressed proteins, viral antigens and most recently, phosphopeptides derived from dysregulated signal transduction pathways. (Zarling et al., 2006).
Immunization with cancer-derived, class I or class II MHC-encoded molecule associated peptides, or with a precursor polypeptide or protein that contains the peptide, or with a gene that encodes a polypeptide or protein containing the peptide, are forms of immunotherapy that can be employed in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Identification of the immunogens is a necessary first step in the formulation of the appropriate immunotherapeutic agent or agents. Although a large number of tumor-associated peptide antigens recognized by tumor reactive CTL have been identified, there are few examples of antigens that are derived from proteins that are selectively expressed on a broad array of tumors, as well as associated with cellular proliferation and/or transformation.
Attractive candidates for this type of antigen are peptides derived from proteins that are differentially phosphorylated on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and/or tyrosine (Tyr; Zarling et al., 2000). Due to the increased and dysregulated phosphorylation of cellular proteins in transformed cells as compared to normal cells, tumors are likely to present a unique subset of phosphorylated peptides on the cell surface that are available for recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Presently, there is no way to predict which protein phosphorylation sites in a cell will be unique to tumors, survive the antigen processing pathway, and be presented to the immune system in the context of 8-14 residue phosphopeptides bound to class I MHC molecules. However, thirty-six phosphopeptides were disclosed as presented in association with HLA-A*0201 on cancer cells (see Table 1 of Zarling et al., 2006).
This Summary lists several embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, and in many cases lists variations and permutations of these embodiments. This Summary is merely exemplary of the numerous and varied embodiments. Mention of one or more representative features of a given embodiment is likewise exemplary. Such an embodiment can typically exist with or without the feature(s) mentioned; likewise, those features can be applied to other embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, whether listed in this Summary or not. To avoid excessive repetition, this Summary does not list or suggest all possible combinations of such features.
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides isolated T cell receptors (TCRs), TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof that bind to phosphopeptide/MHC complexes (optionally, phosphopeptide/HLA-A2 complexes). In some embodiments, the phosphopeptide is RVApSPTSGV (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVSEGADRLT (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 4) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSLLDSSYEQY (amino acids 112-123 of SEQ ID NO: 6), and in some embodiments the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVSAGSGGKLT (amino acids 111-122 of SEQ ID NO: 8) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSDRDNYAEQF (amino acids 110-122 of SEQ ID NO: 10). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a TRAV9D-4*04 V region, a TRAJ45*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and a beta chain comprising a TRBV14*01 V region, a TRBJ2-7*01 J region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a TRAV9D-4*04 V region, a TRAJ44*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and the beta chain comprises a TRBV13-3*01 V region, a TRBJ2-1*01 J region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; or an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 4) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 4), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHDT (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 6) and/or a CDR2 region comprising FRDEAV (amino acids 68-73 of SEQ ID NO: 6). In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 8) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 8), and the beta chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 10) and/or a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 10). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprising an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 4), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 4), and a CDR3 region comprising AVSEGADRLT (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 4); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHDT (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 6), a CDR2 region comprising FRDEAV (amino acids 68-73 of SEQ ID NO: 6), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSLLDSSYEQY (amino acids 112-123 of SEQ ID NO: 6). In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 8), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 8), and a CDR3 region comprising AVSAGSGGKLT (amino acids 111-122 of SEQ ID NO: 8); and the beta chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 10), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 10), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSDRDNYAEQF (amino acids 110-122 of SEQ ID NO: 10).
In some embodiments, the phosphopeptide is GLLGpSPVRA (SEQ ID NO: 12). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVKPGGYKVV (amino acids 112-121 of SEQ ID NO: 14) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASGGDTQY (amino acids 121-129 of SEQ ID NO: 16). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a TRAV3-3*02 V region, a TRAJ12*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and a beta chain comprising a TRBV13-2*01 V region, a TRBJ2-5*01 J region, a TRBD2*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising DPNSYY (amino acids 48-53 of SEQ ID NO: 14) and/or a CDR2 region comprising VFSSTEI (amino acids 71-77 of SEQ ID NO: 14), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHNN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 16) and/or a CDR2 region comprising SYGAGS (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 16). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprising an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising DPNSYY (amino acids 48-53 of SEQ ID NO: 14), a CDR2 region comprising VFSSTEI (amino acids 71-77 of SEQ ID NO: 14), and a CDR3 region comprising AVKPGGYKVV (amino acids 112-121 of SEQ ID NO: 14); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHNN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 16), a CDR2 region comprising SYGAGS (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 16), and a CDR3 region comprising ASGGDTQY (amino acids 121-129 of SEQ ID NO: 16).
In some embodiments, the phosphopeptide is RTFpSPTYGL (SEQ ID NO: 19). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising VLSYSNNRIF (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 21) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSLGGGEVF (amino acids 121-130 of SEQ ID NO: 23), and in some embodiments the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising VLRYGGNNKLT (amino acids 111-121 of SEQ ID NO: 25) and beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASRYRDTQY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 27). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a TRAV9D-4*02 V region, a TRAJ31*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and a beta chain comprising a TRBV12-1*01 V region, a TRBJ1-1*01/J1-1*02 J region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBC1*01 constant region. In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a TRAV9D-4*02 V region, a TRAJ56*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and the beta chain comprises a TRBV13-3*01 V region, a TRBJ2-5*01 J region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23; or an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 21) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 21), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHSN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 23) and/or a CDR2 region comprising HYEKVE (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 23). In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 25) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 25), and the beta chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 27) and/or a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 27). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprising alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 21), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 21), and a CDR3 region comprising VLSYSNNRIF (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 21); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHSN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 23), a CDR2 region comprising HYEKVE (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 23), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSLGGGEVF (amino acids 121-130 of SEQ ID NO: 23). In some embodiments, the alpha chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 25), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 25), and a CDR3 region comprising VLRYGGNNKLT (amino acids 111-121 of SEQ ID NO: 25); and the beta chain comprises a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 27), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 27), and a CDR3 region comprising ASRYRDTQY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 27).
In some embodiments, the phosphopeptide is YLDpSGIHSGV (SEQ ID NO: 29). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AIPPGTGSKLS (amino acids 108-118 of SEQ ID NO: 32) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGQKGY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 34). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a TRAV13*02 V region, a TRAJ58*01 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and a beta chain comprising a TRBV5*01 V region, a TRBJ2-7*01 J region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 32 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising STATR (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 32) and/or a CDR2 region comprising NPSGT (amino acids 69-73 of SEQ ID NO: 32), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHNA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 34) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 34). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprising an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising STATR (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 32), a CDR2 region comprising NPSGT (amino acids 69-73 of SEQ ID NO: 32), and a CDR3 region comprising AIPPGTGSKLS (amino acids 108-118 of SEQ ID NO: 32); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHNA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 34), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 34),and a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGQKGY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 34).
In some embodiments, the phosphopeptide is YLDpSGIHSGA (SEQ ID NO: 30). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ATGPNTNKVV (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 36) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGGAEQF (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 38). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a TRAV8D-2*02 V region, a TRAJ34*02 J region, and a TRAC*01 constant region, and a beta chain comprising a TRBV5*01 V region, a TRBJ2-1*01 J region, a TRBD2*01 D region, and a TRBC2*03 constant region. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 36 and a beta chain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising TYTTV (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 36) and/or a CDR2 region comprising IRSNERE (amino acids 69-75 of SEQ ID NO: 36), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHKA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 38) and/or a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 38). In some embodiments, the isolated TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprising an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising TYTTV (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 36), a CDR2 region comprising IRSNERE (amino acids 69-75 of SEQ ID NO: 36), and a CDR3 region comprising ATGPNTNKVV (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 36); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHKA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 38), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 38), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGGAEQF (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 38).
In some embodiments, the isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is conjugated to an active agent. In some embodiments, the active agent is selected from the group consisting of a detectable label, an immunostimulatory molecule, and a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the detectable label is selected from the group consisting of biotin, streptavidin, an enzyme or catalytically active fragment thereof, a radionuclide, a nanoparticle, a paramagnetic metal ion, or a fluorescent, phosphorescent, or chemiluminescent molecule. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory molecule is a CD3 agonist, optionally an anti-CD3 antibody. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, a natural product having pharmacological activity, a mitotic inhibitor, an antibiotic, a cytotoxic agent, and a chemotherapeutic agent.
In some embodiments, the isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is humanized, comprises a human constant domain, or both.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding the isolated and/or soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids are present in vectors, optionally expression vectors. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids are present in expression vectors under transcriptional and optionally translational control of regulatory sequences sufficient to express the nucleic acids in cells, optionally prokaryotic cells and optionally eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells, and in some embodiments the mammalian cells are human cells. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid of the presently disclosed subject matter is a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 27, 32, 34, 36, or 38, or an extracellular portion thereof, optionally comprises any of the CDR1/CDR2/CDR3 combinations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, when a cDNA of the presently disclosed subject matter encodes both an alpha chain and a beta chain, the cDNA includes an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) such that translation of the cDNA in a host cell produces both the alpha chain and the beta chain encoded thereby.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides host cells. In some embodiments, a host cell of the presently disclosed subject matter comprises an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein, an isolated nucleic acid as disclosed herein, or both.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides isolated T cells comprising one or more isolated and/or soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and/or portions thereof disclosed herein, one or more isolated nucleic acids disclosed herein, or any combination thereof.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the presently disclosed subject matter comprises an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein; an isolated nucleic acid as disclosed herein; an isolated T cell as disclosed herein; or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to a patient who has a tumor and/or a cancer is capable of increasing the 5-year survival rate of the patient by at least 20 percent relative to average 5-year survival rates that could have been expected without treatment with the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to a patient who has a tumor and/or a cancer is capable of increasing the survival rate of the patient by at least 20 percent relative to a survival rate that could have been expected without treatment with the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to a patient who has a tumor and/or a cancer is capable of increasing the treatment response rate of the patient to the tumor and/or the cancer by at least 20 percent relative to a treatment rate that could have been expected without treatment with the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein to a patient who has a tumor and/or a cancer is capable of increasing the overall median survival of the patient by at least two months relative to an overall median survival that could have been expected without treatment with the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one peptide derived from MelanA (MART-I), gp100 (Pmel 17), tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, p15(58), CEA, RAGE, NY-ESO (LAGE), SCP-1, Hom/Mel-40, PRAME, p53, H-Ras, HER-2/neu, BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR, Epstein Barr virus antigens, EBNA, human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7, TSP-180, MAGE-4, MAGE-5, MAGE-6, p185erbB2, p180erbB-3, c-met, nm-23H1, PSA, TAG-72-4, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CAM 17.1, NuMa, K-ras, β-Catenin, CDK4, Mum-1, p16, TAGE, PSMA, PSCA, CT7, telomerase, 43-9F, 5T4, 791Tgp72, α-fetoprotein, β-HCG, BCA225, BTAA, CA 125, CA 15-3 (CA 27.29\BCAA), CA 195, CA 242, CA-50, CAM43, CD68\KP1, CO-029, FGF-5, G250, Ga733 (EpCAM), HTgp-175, M344, MA-50, MG7-Ag, MOV18, NB/70K, NY-CO-1, RCAS1, SDCCAG16, TA-90 (Mac-2 binding protein\cyclophilin C-associated protein), TAAL6, TAG72, TLP and TPS. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of montanide ISA-51 (Seppic, Inc.)., QS-21 (Aquila Pharmaceuticals, Inc)., tetanus helper peptides, GM-CSF, cyclophosamide, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), corynbacterium parvum, levamisole, azimezone, isoprinisone, dinitrochlorobenezene (DNCB), keyhole limpet hemocyanins (KLH), Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete), mineral gels, aluminum hydroxide (Alum), lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, dinitrophenol, diphtheria toxin (DT).
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for adoptive T cell therapy. In some embodiments, the methods comprise administering to a subject in need thereof an isolated T cell as disclosed herein and/or a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods further comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of CD4+ T helper cells before, after, or concomitantly with the isolated T cell and/or the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods further comprise exposing the subject to a treatment that creates a lymphopenic environment in the subject, thereby enhancing engraftment and/or expansion of the isolated T cell. In some embodiments of the presently disclosed methods, the subject has a tumor and/or a cancer, optionally a tumor and/or a cancer selected from the group consisting of pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, and colorectal cancer, and the administered isolated T cell and/or a component of the administered pharmaceutical composition specifically binds to a tumor-associated antigen expressed by cells of the tumor and/or the cancer.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for treating tumors and/or cancers in patients, wherein said tumors and/or cancers bear one or more immunologically reactive tumor-specific antigens. In some embodiments, the methods comprise transforming peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from a patient, optionally T cells, further optionally cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, with an expression vector, wherein the expression vector comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein; and administering the transformed cells to the patient, the transformed cells being targeted to the tumor, thereby treating the tumor.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for directing the immune response of a patient toward a predefined target antigen. In some embodiments, the methods comprise transfecting a lymphocyte with a recombinant DNA encoding an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein; and administering the transfected lymphocyte to the patient. In some embodiments, the patient is given a pre-treatment that partially or completely destroys or otherwise inactivates the patient's T cell compartment. In some embodiments, the amount of transfected lymphocytes administered to the patient is sufficient to engraft in the patient and optionally partially or completely reconstitute the T cell compartment of the patient. In some embodiments, the patient has a tumor and/or a cancer, optionally a tumor and/or a cancer selected from the group consisting of pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, and colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the predefined target antigen comprises a phosphopeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of RVApSPTSGV (SEQ ID NO: 2), GLLGpSPVRA (SEQ ID NO: 12), RTFpSPTYGL (SEQ ID NO: 19), YLDpSGIHSGV (SEQ ID NO: 29), and YLDpSGIHSGA (SEQ ID NO: 30).
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for generating antigen-specific T cells. In some embodiments, the methods comprise providing a nucleic acid encoding an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein; introducing the nucleic acid into a T cell; and optionally selecting a T cell that expresses the TCR, the TCR-like molecule, or the portion thereof. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods further comprise identifying an antigen-specific T cell that recognizes a complex of an MHC molecule and a phosphopeptide, wherein the phosphopeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of RVApSPTSGV (SEQ ID NO: 2), GLLGpSPVRA (SEQ ID NO: 12), RTFpSPTYGL (SEQ ID NO: 19), YLDpSGIHSGV (SEQ ID NO: 29), and YLDpSGIHSGA (SEQ ID NO: 30).
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides in some embodiments in vitro populations of T cells transfected with a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, cDNA, or genomic DNA) encoding an isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for treating and/or preventing cancer, said methods comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a dose of a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides in some embodiments methods for treating and/or preventing cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof one or more doses of the isolated T cells disclosed herein, optionally isolated CD8+ T cells, wherein the administered T cells are administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides in some embodiments methods for making cancer vaccines. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods comprise combining a composition comprising a plurality of the isolated T cells of the presently disclosed subject matter with an adjuvant and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and placing the composition comprising the plurality of isolated T cells and the adjuvant and/or the pharmaceutical carrier into a syringe.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides in some embodiments kits. In some embodiments, the kits comprise a cytokine and/or an adjuvant; and at least one composition comprising an isolated and/or soluble T cell comprising a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof as disclosed herein, an isolated T cell as disclosed herein, a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a presently disclosed kit comprises a plurality of T cells that together comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more different isolated and/or soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-α and TGF-β; insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons such as IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ; colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF). In some embodiments, the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of nerve growth factors such as NGF-β; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-α and TGF-β; insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons such as IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ; colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF); interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, LIF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, EPO, kit-ligand or FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor, and LT. In some embodiments, the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of montanide ISA-51 (Seppic, Inc)., QS-21 (Aquila Pharmaceuticals, Inc)., tetanus helper peptides, GM-CSF, cyclophosamide, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), corynbacterium parvum, levamisole, azimezone, isoprinisone, dinitrochlorobenezene (DNCB), keyhole limpet hemocyanins (KLH), Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete), mineral gels, aluminum hydroxide (Alum), lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, dinitrophenol, diphtheria toxin (DT). In some embodiments, the presently disclosed kit further comprises at least one peptide derived from MelanA (MART-I), gp100 (Pmel 17), tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, p15(58), CEA, RAGE, NY-ESO (LAGE), SCP-1, Hom/Mel-40, PRAME, p53, H-Ras, HER-2/neu, BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR, Epstein Barr virus antigens, EBNA, human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7, TSP-180, MAGE-4, MAGE-5, MAGE-6, p185erbB2, p180erbB-3, c-met, nm-23H1, PSA, TAG-72-4, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CAM 17.1, NuMa, K-ras, β-Catenin, CDK4, Mum-1, p16, TAGE, PSMA, PSCA, CT7, telomerase, 43-9F, 5T4, 791Tgp72, α-fetoprotein, β-HCG, BCA225, BTAA, CA 125, CA 15-3 (CA 27.29\BCAA), CA 195, CA 242, CA-50, CAM43, CD68\KP1, CO-029, FGF-5, G250, Ga733 (EpCAM), HTgp-175, M344, MA-50, MG7-Ag, MOV18, NB/70K, NY-CO-1, RCAS1, SDCCAG16, TA-90 (Mac-2 binding protein\cyclophilin C-associated protein), TAAL6, TAG72, TLP and TPS. In some embodiments, the at least one target peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 19, 29, and 30, or an antigenic portion thereof.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides in vitro populations of CD8+ T cells capable of being activated upon being brought into contact with a population of dendritic cells. In some embodiments, the in vitro population of CD8+ T cells comprise one or more TCRs that bind to a complex of an HLA molecule and a phosphopeptide selected from the group consisting of RVApSPTSGV (SEQ ID NO: 2), GLLGpSPVRA (SEQ ID NO: 12), RTFpSPTYGL (SEQ ID NO: 19), YLDpSGIHSGV (SEQ ID NO: 29), and YLDpSGIHSGA (SEQ ID NO: 30).
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for detecting the presence of a phosphopeptide in a biological sample suspected of containing the phosphopeptide. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the biological sample with a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter (optionally a detectably labeled TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof); and detecting the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof either directly or indirectly. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVSEGADRLT (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 4) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSLLDSSYEQY (amino acids 112-123 of SEQ ID NO: 6); an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVSAGSGGKLT (amino acids 111-122 of SEQ ID NO: 8); and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSDRDNYAEQF (amino acids 110-122 of SEQ ID NO: 10); an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AVKPGGYKVV (amino acids 112-121 of SEQ ID NO: 14) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASGGDTQY (amino acids 121-129 of SEQ ID NO: 16); an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising VLSYSNNRIF (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 21) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSLGGGEVF (amino acids 121-130 of SEQ ID NO: 23); an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising VLRYGGNNKLT (amino acids 111-121 of SEQ ID NO: 25) and beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASRYRDTQY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 27); an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising AIPPGTGSKLS (amino acids 108-118 of SEQ ID NO: 32) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGQKGY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 34); or an alpha chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ATGPNTNKVV (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 36) and a beta chain comprising a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGGAEQF (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 38). In some embodiments, the biological sample is a patient biopsy and the detecting step is diagnostic of the presence of tumor cells and/or cancer cells in the patient biopsy.
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter also provides methods for diagnosing a tumor and/or a cancer in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting a biological sample isolated from the subject with a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter, optionally a detectably labeled TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof, and detecting the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof bound to the biological sample directly or indirectly, wherein detecting the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof bound to the biological sample is indicative of a tumor and/or a cancer in the subject. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 4), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 4), a CDR3 region comprising AVSEGADRLT (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 4), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHDT (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 6), a CDR2 region comprising FRDEAV (amino acids 68-73 of SEQ ID NO: 6), a CDR3 region comprising ASSLLDSSYEQY (amino acids 112-123 of SEQ ID NO: 6), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 8), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 8), a CDR3 region comprising AVSAGSGGKLT (amino acids 111-122 of SEQ ID NO: 8), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 10), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 10), a CDR3 region comprising ASSDRDNYAEQF (amino acids 110-122 of SEQ ID NO: 10), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising DPNSYY (amino acids 48-53 of SEQ ID NO: 14), a CDR2 region comprising VFSSTEI (amino acids 71-77 of SEQ ID NO: 14), a CDR3 region comprising AVKPGGYKVV (amino acids 112-121 of SEQ ID NO: 14), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHNN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 16), a CDR2 region comprising SYGAGS (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 16), a CDR3 region comprising ASGGDTQY (amino acids 121-129 of SEQ ID NO: 16), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 21), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 21), a CDR3 region comprising VLSYSNNRIF (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 21), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHSN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 23), a CDR2 region comprising HYEKVE (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 23), a CDR3 region comprising ASSLGGGEVF (amino acids 121-130 of SEQ ID NO: 23), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 25), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 25), a CDR3 region comprising VLRYGGNNKLT (amino acids 111-121 of SEQ ID NO: 25), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 27), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 27), a CDR3 region comprising ASRYRDTQY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 27), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising STATR (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 32), a CDR2 region comprising NPSGT (amino acids 69-73 of SEQ ID NO: 32), a CDR3 region comprising AIPPGTGSKLS (amino acids 108-118 of SEQ ID NO: 32), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHNA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 34), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 34), a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGQKGY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 34), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof comprises an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising TYTTV (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 36), a CDR2 region comprising IRSNERE (amino acids 69-75 of SEQ ID NO: 36), a CDR3 region comprising ATGPNTNKVV (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 36), or any combination thereof; and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHKA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 38), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 38), a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGGAEQF (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 38), or any combination thereof.
A more complete understanding of the presently disclosed subject matter can be obtained by reference to the accompanying Figures, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent Detailed Description. The embodiments illustrated in the Figures are intended to be exemplary only, and should not be construed as limiting the presently disclosed subject matter to the illustrated embodiments.
9 hour time point;
: 24 hour time point;
48 hour time point;
72 hour time point;
: 72 hour time point, no RNA.
: FMO control;
: 5 days post-electroporation;
: 3 days post-electroporation.
While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.
All technical and scientific terms used herein, unless otherwise defined below, are intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Mention of techniques employed herein are intended to refer to the techniques as commonly understood in the art, including variations on those techniques or substitutions of equivalent techniques that would be apparent to one of skill in the art. While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.
Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, including the claims. Thus, in some embodiments the phrase “a peptide” refers to one or more peptides.
The term “about”, as used herein to refer to a measurable value such as an amount of weight, time, dose (e.g., therapeutic dose), etc., is meant to encompass in some embodiments variations of ±20%, in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in some embodiments ±0.1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.01% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
As used herein, the term “and/or” when used in the context of a list of entities, refers to the entities being present singly or in any possible combination or subcombination. Thus, for example, the phrase “A, B, C, and/or D” includes A, B, C, and D individually, but also includes any and all combinations and subcombinations of A, B, C, and D.
Throughout the instant disclosure and including in the Figures, phosphorylated amino acids are depicted in lowercase “s”, “t”, or “y” for phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, or phosphotyrosine, respectively. Alternatively, “pS’ refers to phosphoserine, “pT” refers to phosphothreonine, and “pY” refers to phosphotyrosine throughout the instant disclosure and in the Figures.
As used herein, the term “treating” and grammatical variants thereof including but not limited to “treatment” and “treat” are used herein to refer to administration of a composition of the presently disclosed subject matter in order to mitigate a condition in a patient and/or by reducing, inhibiting, and/or eliminating a particular characteristic or event associated with an undesirable condition including but not limited to a tumor or a cancer. Thus, the term “treatment” includes preventing a condition from occurring in a patient, particularly when the patient is predisposed to acquiring the condition; reducing and/or inhibiting the condition and/or its development and/or progression; and/or ameliorating and/or reversing the condition. Insofar as some embodiments of the methods of the presently disclosed subject matter are directed to preventing conditions, it is understood that the term “prevent” does not require that the condition be completely thwarted. Rather, as used herein, the term “preventing” refers to the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to identify a population that is susceptible to condition, such that administration of the compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter might occur prior to onset of the condition. The term does not imply that the condition must be completely avoided.
As used herein, the phrase “effective amount” refers to an amount of a composition of the presently disclosed subject matter that is sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeutic effect. The effect is detected by, for example, an improvement in clinical condition, and/or a prevention, reduction, or amelioration of at least one symptom thereof and/or at least one complication thereof. The precise effective amount for a patient can depend in some embodiments upon the patient's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., a clinician).
The term “phosphopeptides” includes MHC class I- and MHC class II-specific phosphopeptides. Exemplary MHC class I phosphopeptides are the pIRS21097-1105 phosphopeptide (SEQ ID NO: 2), the pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide (SEQ ID NO: 12), the pDesmuslin426-435 phosphopeptide (SEQ ID NO: 19), and the pβ-catenin30-39 phosphopeptides (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30). SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to amino acids 1097-1105 of a human insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) gene product presented as Accession No. NP_003740.2 in the GENBANK® biosequence database. SEQ ID NO: 12 corresponds to amino acids 38-46 of a human M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 isoform 3/CDC25B gene product presented as Accession No. NP_068658.1 in the GENBANK® biosequence database. SEQ ID NO: 19 corresponds to amino acids 426-435 of a human desmuslin/synemin isoform A gene product presented as Accession No. NP_663780.2 in the GENBANK® biosequence database, and also corresponds to amino acids 426-435 of a human desmuslin/synemin isoform B gene product presented as Accession No. NP_056101.5 in the GENBANK® biosequence database. SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30 correspond to amino acids 30-39 of a human β-catenin gene product presented as Accession No. NP_001895.1 in the GENBANK® biosequence database, wherein in SEQ ID NO: 29, the alanine at position 39 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_001895.1 is replaced by a valine.
Thus, in some embodiments, the phosphopeptides contain the sequences of at least one of the MHC class I binding peptides listed in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 19, 29, and 30. Moreover, in some embodiments one or more of the serine residues within the recited sequences is phosphorylated. The phosphorylation can be with a natural phosphorylation (—CH2—O—PO3H) or with an enzyme non-degradable, modified phosphorylation, such as but not limited to —CH2—CF2—PO3H or —CH2—CH2—PO3H. Some phosphopeptides can contain more than one of the peptides listed in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 19, 29, and 30, for example, if they are overlapping, adjacent, or nearby within the native protein from which they are derived.
As used herein, the phrases “proliferative disorder” and “proliferative disease” refers to a disease, disorder, or condition associated with abnormal and/or undesirable cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a proliferative disease is a cancer, including but not limited to breast cancer, colorectal cancer, squamous carcinoma of the lung, sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic carcinomas, squamous tumors of the head and neck, leukemia, brain cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed compositions and methods are used to treat colorectal cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lyphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), breast cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and/or ovarian cancer.
As used herein, the phrase “specific binding” refers to binding between a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof and an antigen and/or an epitope thereof (including but not limited to a peptide, optionally in complex with an MHC molecule) that is indicative of the presence of the antigen and/or the epitope thereof. As such, a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is said to “specifically” bind an antigen and/or an epitope thereof when the dissociation constant (Kd) is in some embodiments less than about 1 μM, in some embodiments less that about 100 nM, and in some embodiments less than about 10 nM. Interactions between antibodies and antibody-like molecules and an epitope can also be characterized by an affinity constant (Ka). In some embodiments, a Ka of less than about 107/M is considered “high affinity”.
As used herein, the phrase “T cell receptor” and the term “TCR” refer to a surface protein of a T cell that allows the T cell to recognize an antigen and/or an epitope thereof, typically bound to one or more major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. A TCR functions to recognize an antigenic determinant and to initiate an immune response. Typically, TCRs are heterodimers comprising two different protein chains. In the vast majority of T cells, the TCR comprises an alpha (α) chain and a beta (β) chain. Approximately 5% of T cells have TCRs made up of gamma and delta (γ/δ) chains.
TCRs are membrane-anchored heterodimers that are found as part of a complex with a CD3 chain molecule. Each chain comprises two extracellular domains: a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region, the latter of which is membrane-proximal. The variable domains of α-chains and of β-chains consist of three hypervariable regions that are also referred to as the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The CDRs, in particular CDR3, are primarily responsible for contacting antigens and thus define the specificity of the TCR, although CDR1 of the α-chain can interact with the N-terminal part of the antigen. CDR1 of the β-chain interacts with the C-terminal part of the peptide. TCRs are also characterized by a series of highly conserved disulfide bonds that link the two chains.
As used herein, the phrase “TCR-like polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide that behaves similarly to a T cell receptor (TCR) in that it specifically binds to an MHC-bound peptide, optionally an MHC-bound phosphopeptide as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a “TCR-like antibody” refers to an antibody, optionally a monoclonal antibody, which specifically recognizes an MHC-bound phosphopeptide of the presently disclosed subject matter. In some embodiments, such polypeptides are members of the Ig Superfamily. In some embodiments, a TCR-like polypeptide is a single chain TCR (see e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0252742; PCT International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 1996/013593, WO 1999/018129, and WO 2004/056845; U.S. Pat. No. 7,569,664).
As used herein, a “portion” of a TCR or TCR-like polypeptide is a subsequence of a TCR or TCR-like polypeptide that retains a desired function of the TCR or TCR-like polypeptide. In some embodiments, a portion of a TCR or TCR-like polypeptide comprises the domain of the TCR or TCR-like polypeptide that binds to a phosphopeptide/MHC complex (optionally, a phosphopeptide/HLA-A2 complex). Thus, in some embodiments the phrase “TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof” refers to TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof that bind to phosphopeptide/MHC complexes, including but not limited to phosphopeptide/HLA-A2 complexes.
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides isolated and/or cloned TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof that bind to post-translationally modified immunogenic therapeutic target peptides (e.g., phosphopeptides). In some embodiments, a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter has antigen specificity for an antigen that is characteristic of a disease or disorder. The disease or disorder can be any disease or disorder involving an antigen, such as but not limited to an infectious disease, an autoimmune disease, or a tumor and/or a cancer.
In some embodiments, the phosphopeptides are fragments of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs; also referred to herein as “cancer antigens”) and/or are TAAs themselves. The phrases “tumor-associated antigen” and “cancer antigen” as used herein refer to any molecule (e.g., protein, peptide, lipid, carbohydrate, etc.) solely or predominantly expressed or over-expressed by a tumor cell and/or a cancer cell, such that the antigen is associated with the tumor and/or the cancer. The TAA/cancer antigen additionally can be expressed by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancerous cells. However, in such a situation, the expression of the TAA/cancer antigen by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancerous cells is in some embodiments not as robust as the expression of the TAA/cancer antigen by tumor and/or cancer cells. Thus, in some embodiments the tumor and/or cancer cells overexpress the TAA and/or express the TAA at a significantly higher level as compared to the expression of the TAA by normal, non-tumor, and/or non-cancerous cells.
The TAA can be an antigen expressed by any cell of any cancer or tumor, including the cancers and tumors described herein. The TAA can be a TAA of only one type of cancer or tumor, such that the TAA is associated with or characteristic of only one type of cancer or tumor. Alternatively, the TAA can be characteristic of more than one type of cancer or tumor. For example, the TAA can be expressed by both breast and prostate cancer cells and not expressed at all by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancer cells.
II.A. Phosphopeptides Based on IRS-2 Gene Products
In some embodiments, a phosphopeptide target is a fragment of an IRS-2 gene product. As used herein, “IRS-2” refers to the insulin receptor substrate-2 locus and its corresponding gene products. Exemplary IRS-2 gene products include the human IRS-2 gene products present in the GENBANK® biosequence database under accession numbers NM_003749.2 (cDNA nucleotide sequence) and NP_003740.2 (amino acid sequence encoded thereby; SEQ ID NO: 1).
IRS proteins are adapter proteins that link signaling from ligand-bound growth factor and cytokine receptors, including the insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor and IL-4 receptor, to multiple downstream SH2-containing signaling proteins to modulate cellular growth, metabolism, survival and differentiation (Dearth et al., 2007). IRS-2 is overexpressed at the gene or protein level in pancreatic cancer (Kornmann et al., 1998), hepatocellular carcinoma (Boissan et al., 2005), neuroblastoma (Kim et al., 2004), breast cancer (Jackson et al., 2001), glioblastoma (Knobbe & Reifenberger, 2003), and colorectal cancer (Parsons et al., 2005). IRS-2 overexpression under a mouse mammary tumor virus promoter causes mammary hyperplasia, tumorigenesis, and metastasis (Jackson et al., 2001; Nagle et al., 2004; Dearth et al., 2006; Chan & Lee, 2008).
The IRS proteins are regulated by phosphorylation of Tyr, Ser, and Thr (Dearth et al., 2007). The breadth of expression of the phosphopeptide among different cancer cells has not been investigated. It is disclosed herein that phosphorylated IRS-2 is broadly displayed on multiple cancer types and the resulting phosphopeptide is endogenously processed and presented at levels that allow strong immune responses to be generated against it. Phosphopeptide-specific CD8+ T cells can be generated from HLA-A2 transgenic mice upon immunization with pIRS-2 phosphopeptides, and these T cells are capable of recognizing and killing human melanoma and breast tumors in vitro and controlling tumor growth in a xenograft tumor model system.
In a particular embodiment, a phosphopeptide target that is derived from the human IRS-2 protein comprises the amino acid sequence RVASPTSGV (SEQ ID NO: 2; see also amino acids 1097-1105 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_003740.2; SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the serine at position 4 of this sequence is phosphorylated (referred to herein as “the RVApSPTSGV phosphopeptide” and the “IRS-2 phosphopeptide”).
Two TCRs that bind to the IRS-2 phosphopeptide, referred to herein as “IRS-2A” and “IRS-2B”, were isolated as described herein. The nucleotide sequences of the α and β chains and the amino acid sequences encoded thereby for these two IRS-2 phosphopeptide-specific TCRs were determined.
For IRS-2A, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the resources available through the website of THE INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOGENETICS INFORMATION SYSTEM® (www<<dot>>imgt<<dot>>org; hereinafter referred to as “IMGT”) showed that IRS-2A had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-131 of SEQ ID NO: 4, which corresponds to a TRAV9D-4*04 V region and a TRAJ45*01 J region. IRS-2A has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-133 of SEQ ID NO: 6, which corresponds to a TRBV14*01 V region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-7*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that IRS-2A is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 4), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 4), and a CDR3 region comprising AVSEGADRLT (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 4); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHDT (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 6), a CDR2 region comprising FRDEAV (amino acids 68-73 of SEQ ID NO: 6), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSLLDSSYEQY (amino acids 112-123 of SEQ ID NO: 6).
For IRS-2B, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that IRS-2B had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-132 of SEQ ID NO: 7, which corresponds to a TRAV9D-4*04 V region and a TRAJ44*01 J region. IRS-2B has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 19-131 of SEQ ID NO: 10, which corresponds to a TRBV13-3*01 V region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-1*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that IRS-2A is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-50 of SEQ ID NO: 8), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 8), and a CDR3 region comprising AVSAGSGGKLT (amino acids 111-122 of SEQ ID NO: 8); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 10), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 10), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSDRDNYAEQF (amino acids 110-122 of SEQ ID NO: 10).
It is understood that the IRS-2A and IRS-2B TCRs disclosed herein are exemplary only, and that other TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof based on the sequence and subsequences of the IRS-2A and IRS-2B TCRs are also encompassed by the presently disclosed subject matter
II.B. Phosphopeptides Based on CDC25b Gene Products
In some embodiments, a phosphopeptide target is a fragment of a CDC25b gene product. As used herein, “CDC25b” refers to the cell division cycle 25B locus and its corresponding gene products. The family of CDC25 dual-specificity phosphatases regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases by dephosphorylation of Tyr and Thr residues in their active sites (Kiyokawa & Ray, 2008). CDC25b over-expression in multiple malignancies is correlated with poor prognosis (Kiyokawa & Ray, 2008). However, as with IRS-2, the immunological display of the HLA-A2 restricted pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide on different cancer cells has not been evaluated. Exemplary CDC25b gene products include the human IRS-2 gene products present in the GENBANK® biosequence database under accession numbers NM_021873.3 (cDNA nucleotide sequence) and NP_068659.1 (amino acid sequence encoded thereby; SEQ ID NO: 11). CDC25b is a phosphatase that is required for entry into mitosis. It has been reported to have oncogenic properties, although the precise role it plays in tumorigenesis and/or carcinogenesis is unknown.
In a particular embodiment, a phosphopeptide target that is derived from the human CDC25b protein comprises the amino acid sequence GLLGSPVRA (SEQ ID NO: 11; see also amino acids 38-46 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_068659.1; SEQ ID NO: 11), wherein the serine at position 5 of this sequence is phosphorylated (referred to herein as “the GLLGpSPVRA phosphopeptide” or the “CDC25b phosphopeptide”).
A TCR that binds to the CDC25b phosphopeptide, referred to herein as “the CDC25b TCR”, was isolated as described herein. The nucleotide sequence of the α and β chains and the amino acid sequences encoded thereby for the CDC25b TCR were determined. The α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14, respectively, β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively.
Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that the CDC25b TCR had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 22-132 of SEQ ID NO: 14, which corresponds to a TRAV3-3*02 V region and a TRAJ12*01 J region. The CDC25b TCR has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 30-138 of SEQ ID NO: 16, which corresponds to a TRBV13-2*01 V region, a TRBD2*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-5*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that the CDC25b TCR is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising DPNSYY (amino acids 48-53 of SEQ ID NO: 14), a CDR2 region comprising VFSSTEI (amino acids 71-77 of SEQ ID NO: 14), and a CDR3 region comprising AVKPGGYKVV (amino acids 112-121 of SEQ ID NO: 14); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHNN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 16), a CDR2 region comprising SYGAGS (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 16), and a CDR3 region comprising ASGGDTQY (amino acids 121-129 of SEQ ID NO: 16). It is understood that the CDC25b TCR disclosed herein is exemplary only, and that other TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof based on the sequence and subsequences of the CDC25b TCR are also encompassed by the presently disclosed subject matter.
II.C. Phosphopeptides Based on Desmuslin Gene Products
In some embodiments, a phosphopeptide target is a fragment of a desmuslin gene product. As used herein, “desmuslin” refers to the desmuslin locus and its corresponding gene products. Desmuslin is also referred to “synemin”, of which there are multiple isoforms in humans. Exemplary desmuslin gene products include the human gene products present in the GENBANK® biosequence database under accession numbers NM_145728.2 (synemin isoform A cDNA nucleotide sequence) and NP_663780.2 (amino acid sequence encoded thereby; SEQ ID NO: 17) and NM_015286.5 (synemin isoform B cDNA nucleotide sequence) and NP_056101.5 (amino acid sequence encoded thereby; SEQ ID NO: 18).
Desmuslin/synemin proteins are cytoskeletal intermediate filament (IF) proteins that are involved in providing mechanical stress resistance.
In a particular embodiment, a phosphopeptide target that is derived from the human desmuslin/synemin protein comprises the amino acid sequence RTFSPTYGL (SEQ ID NO: 19; see also, for example, amino acids 426-434 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_663780.2; SEQ ID NO: 17), wherein the serine at position 4 of this sequence is phosphorylated (referred to herein as “the desmuslin phosphopeptide”).
Two TCRs that bind to the desmuslin phosphopeptide, referred to herein as “DESA” and “DESB”, were isolated as described herein. The nucleotide sequences of the α and β chains and the amino acid sequences encoded thereby for these two desmuslin phosphopeptide-specific TCRs were determined.
For DESA, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 21, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 23, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that DESA had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-131 of SEQ ID NO: 21, which corresponds to a TRAV9D-4*02 V region and a TRAJ31*01 J region. DESA has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 30-140 of SEQ ID NO: 23, which corresponds to a TRBV12-1*01 V region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBJ1-1*01/J1-1*02 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC1*01 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that DESA is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID NO: 21), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 21), and a CDR3 region comprising VLSYSNNRIF (amino acids 111-120 of SEQ ID NO: 21); and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising SGHSN (amino acids 56-60 of SEQ ID NO: 23), a CDR2 region comprising HYEKVE (amino acids 78-83 of SEQ ID NO: 23), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSLGGGEVF (amino acids 121-130 of SEQ ID NO: 23).
For DESB, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 25, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 27, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that DESB had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-132 of SEQ ID NO: 25, which corresponds to a TRAV9D-4*02 V region and a TRAJ56*01 J region. DESB has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 19-128 of SEQ ID NO: 27, which corresponds to a TRBV13-3*01 V region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-5*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that DESB is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising YSGTPY (amino acids 46-51 of SEQ ID
NO: 25), a CDR2 region comprising YYSGDPVV (amino acids 69-76 of SEQ ID NO: 25), and a CDR3 region comprising VLRYGGNNKLT (amino acids 111-121 of SEQ ID NO: 25), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising NNHDY (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 27), a CDR2 region comprising SYVADS (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 27), and a CDR3 region comprising ASRYRDTQY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 27).
It is understood that the DESA and DESB TCRs disclosed herein are exemplary only, and that other TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof based on the sequence and subsequences of the DESA and DESB TCRs are also encompassed by the presently disclosed subject matter.
II.D. Phosphopeptides Based on β-Catenin Gene Products
In some embodiments, a phosphopeptide target is a fragment of a β-catenin gene product. As used herein, “β-catenin” refers to the CTNNB1 locus and its corresponding gene products. Exemplary β-catenin gene products include the human gene products present in the GENBANK® biosequence database under accession numbers NM_001904.3 (cDNA nucleotide sequence) and NP_001895.1 (amino acid sequence encoded thereby; SEQ ID NO: 28).
β-catenin proteins are dual function proteins that are involved in regulating the coordination of cell-cell adhesion and gene transcription. Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung cancer, malignant breast tumors, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer (Morin, 1999). β-catenin is regulated by the β-catenin destruction complex, and in particular by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, encoded by the tumor-suppressing APC gene. Genetic mutation of the APC gene is also strongly linked to cancers, and in particular colorectal cancer resulting from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
In particular embodiments, phosphopeptide targets that are derived from the human β-catenin protein comprise the amino acid sequences YLDSGIHSGV (SEQ ID NO: 29; see also, for example, amino acids 30-39 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_001895.1 (SEQ ID NO: 28), wherein the alanine at position 39 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_001895.1 is replaced by a valine), wherein the serine at position 4 of this sequence is phosphorylated (referred to herein as “the β-catenin phosphopeptide A”); and YLDSGIHSGA (SEQ ID NO: 30; see also, for example, amino acids 30-39 of GENBANK® Accession No. NP_001895.1; SEQ ID NO: 28), wherein the serine at position 4 of this sequence is phosphorylated (referred to herein as “the β-catenin phosphopeptide B”).
TCRs that bind to the β-catenin phosphopeptides A and B, referred to herein as “βCATA” and “βCATB”, respectively, were isolated as described herein. The nucleotide sequences of the α and β chains and the amino acid sequences encoded thereby for these two β-catenin phosphopeptide-specific TCRs were determined.
For βCATA, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that βCATA had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 21-129 of SEQ ID NO: 32, which corresponds to a TRAV13*02 V region and a TRAJ58*01 J region. βCATA has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-128 of SEQ ID NO: 34, which corresponds to a TRBV5*01 V region, a TRBD1*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-7*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that βCATA is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising STATR (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 32), a CDR2 region comprising NPSGT (amino acids 69-73 of SEQ ID NO: 32), and a CDR3 region comprising AIPPGTGSKLS (amino acids 108-118 of SEQ ID NO: 32), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHNA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 34), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 34), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGQKGY (amino acids 110-118 of SEQ ID NO: 34).
For βCATB, the α chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, respectively, and the β chain nucleotide and amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 38, respectively. Analyzing these sequences using the IMGT resources showed that βCATB had an alpha chain comprising a V-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 21-130 of SEQ ID NO: 36, which corresponds to a TRAV8D-2*02 V region and a TRAJ34*02 J region. OCATB has a TRAC*01 constant region. The beta chain comprises a V-D-J region having an amino acid sequence that corresponds to amino acids 20-129 of SEQ ID NO: 38, which corresponds to a TRBV5*01 V region, a TRBD2*01 D region, and a TRBJ2-1*01 J region. The beta chain has a TRBC2*03 constant region. Further analysis demonstrated that βCATB is characterized by an alpha chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising TYTTV (amino acids 47-51 of SEQ ID NO: 36), a CDR2 region comprising IRSNERE (amino acids 69-75 of SEQ ID NO: 36), and a CDR3 region comprising ATGPNTNKVV (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 36), and a beta chain comprising a CDR1 region comprising LGHKA (amino acids 45-49 of SEQ ID NO: 38), a CDR2 region comprising YNLKQL (amino acids 67-72 of SEQ ID NO: 38), and a CDR3 region comprising ASSQGGAEQF (amino acids 110-119 of SEQ ID NO: 38).
It is understood that the βCATA and βCATB TCRs disclosed herein are exemplary only, and that other TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof based on the sequence and subsequences of the βCATA and βCATB TCRs are also encompassed by the presently disclosed subject matter.
II.E. Modifications to TCR Sequences to Generate Soluble TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter are modified to generate soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof. Exemplary methods for generating soluble TCRs are disclosed, for example, in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 1998/39482; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0214284, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0070191.
By way of example and not limitation, a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter can be modified to generate a soluble derivative thereof by deleting or otherwise mutating some or all of the amino acids of the transmembrane region and/or the cytoplasmic tail. In some embodiments, at least one of and in some embodiments in both of the α and β chain sequences are mutated and/or deleted. For the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter referred to herein above in Sections II.A.-II.D., a soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or a portion thereof comprises in some embodiments CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, or any combination thereof of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 27, 32, 34, 36, or 38. In some embodiments, CDRs are as set forth in Table 1 below.
In some embodiments, single-chain (“sc”) constructs such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/813,781 and 08/943,086 can be employed. Briefly, a single-chain (“sc”) TCR molecule includes V-α and V-β chains that are covalently linked through a suitable linker sequence. For example, the V-α chain can be covalently linked to the V-β chain through a linker sequence (optionally a peptide linker sequence) fused to the C-terminus of the V-α chain and the N-terminus of the V-β chain. The V-α and V-β chains of the sc-TCR fusion protein are in some embodiments about 200 to 400 amino acids in length, in some embodiments about 300 to 350 amino acids in length, and in some embodiments can be at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the V-α and V-β chains of the presently disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof.
As disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/943,086 application, the V-α chain of a sc-TCR molecule can in some embodiments further include a C-β chain or fragment thereof fused to the C-terminus of the V-β chain. Further, the V-α chain can in some embodiments include a C-α chain or fragment thereof fused to the C-terminus of the V-α chain and the N-terminus of the linker sequence.
As further disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/943,086, additional sc-TCR proteins of the presently disclosed subject matter include for example two peptide linker sequences, where the first peptide linker sequence is fused between the C-terminus of the V-α chain and the N-terminus of the V-β chain. The C-terminus of the V-β chain can be fused to the N-terminus of a C-β chain fragment. The second peptide linker is then fused to the C-terminus of the V-β chain or C-β chain fragment. In some embodiments, sc-TCR proteins can be made by fusing the V-β chain to the V-α chain through a suitable peptide linker in which the C-terminus of the V-β chain or C-β chain fragment thereof and the N-terminus of the V-α chain are covalently linked.
Thus, in some embodiments the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter are soluble TCR cytoplasmic domains, TCR-like cycloplasmic domains, and portions thereof that are stable at low concentrations and which can recognize MHC-peptide complexes. See e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0119149, which is incorporated by reference.
II.F. Conjugates of TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter (optionally wherein the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof are soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof) can be conjugated to one or more active agents. As used herein, the phrase “active agent” refers to any molecule that imparts to a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof an activity of interest (including but not limited to a biological activity) that the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof would not have absent the active agent. Exemplary active agents include immunostimulatory peptides and/or proteins, detectable labels, other TCRs, other TCR-like molecules, and/or portions thereof etc.
II.F.1. Immunostimulatory Peptides and Proteins
In some embodiments, the active agents comprise immunostimulatory peptides and/or proteins, and/or moieties such as but not limited to CD3 agonists (e.g., anti-CD3 antibodies). The CD3 antigen is present on mature human T cells, thymocytes, and a subset of natural killer cells. It is associated with the TCR and is involved in signal transduction of the TCR. Antibodies specific for the human CD3 antigen are well known. One such antibody is the murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 which was the first monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA. OKT3 is reported to be a potent T cell mitogen (Van Wauwe, 1980; U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,539) and a potent T cell killer (Wong et al., 1990). Other antibodies specific for the CD3 antigen have also been reported (see PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2004/106380; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0202657; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,750,325; 6,706,265; Great Britain Patent Publication GB 2249310A; Clark et al., 1989; U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,509; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0117102) Immune mobilising mTCR Against Cancer (ImmTAC; Immunocore Limited, Milton Park, Abington, Oxon, United Kingdom) are bifunctional proteins that combine affinity monoclonal T cell receptor (mTCR) targeting with a therapeutic mechanism of action (i.e., an anti-CD3 scFv).
II.F.2. Detectable Labels
Other suitable tags for detectably-labeling the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and/or portions thereof include biotin, streptavidin, a cell toxin of, e.g., plant or bacterial origin such as, e.g., diphtheria toxin (DT), shiga toxin, abrin, cholera toxin, ricin, saporin, pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), pokeweed antiviral protein, or gelonin. Biologically active fragments of such toxins are well known in the art and include, e.g., DT A chain and ricin A chain. Additionally, the toxin can be an agent active at the cell surface such as, e.g., phospholipase enzymes (e.g., phospholipase C). See e.g., Moskaug et al., 1989; Pastan et al., 1986; Pastan et al., 1992; Olsnes & Pihl, 1981; PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 1994/29350; PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 1994/04689; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,939 for disclosure relating to making and using proteins comprising effectors or tags. An example of a tag that performs a biotin acceptor function is a BirA tag, as described in Beckett et al., 1999. As further described in Examples below, a BirA tag sequence can be included in a TCR, TCR-like molecule, and/or a portion thereof to promote biotinylation of the protein. Further, a tag can be a chemotherapeutic drug such as, e.g., vindesine, vincristine, vinblastin, methotrexate, adriamycin, bleomycin, or cisplatin.
Additionally, a tag can be a radionuclide or chelate, suitable for diagnostic or imaging studies such as iodine-131, yttrium-90, rhenium-188, iodine-123, indium-111, technetium-99m, gallium-67, thallium-201, or bismuth-212. Among the radionuclides used, gamma-emitters, positron-emitters, x-ray emitters and fluorescence-emitters are suitable for localization, while beta-emitters and alpha-emitters may also be used. Other suitable radioisotopes for the methods of the present invention include but are not limited to, cadmiun-109, actinium-225, actinium-227, astatine-211, iodine-125, iodine-126, iodine-133, dysprosium-165, dysprosium-166, bismuth-212, bismuth-213, bromine-77, indium-113m, gallium-67, gallium-68, ruthenium-95, ruthenium-97, ruthenium-101, ruthenium-103, ruthenium-105, mercury-107, mercury-203, rhenium-186, rhenium-188, tellurium-99m, tellurium-121m, tellurium-122m, tellurium-125m, thulium-165, thulium-167, thulium-168, fluorine-18, silver-11, platinum-197, palladium-109, copper-67, phosphorus-32, phosphorus-33, yttrium-90, scandium-47, samarium-153, lutetium-177, rhodium-105, praseodymium-142, praseodymium-143, promethium-149, terbium-161, holmium-166, gold-198, gold-199, cobalt-57, cobalt-58, chromium-51, iron-59, selenium-75, and ytterbium-169. Preferably the radioisotope will emit in the 10-5,000 kev range, more preferably 50-1,500 kev, most preferably 50-500 kev.
Suitable positron emitters and other useful radionuclides include, but are not limited to, 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 51Mn, 52Fe, 55Co, 60Cu, 61Cu, 62Cu, 64Cu, 62Zn, 63Zn, 70As, 71As, 72As, 76Br, 82Rb, 86Y, 89Zr, 94mTc, 110In, 120I, 124I, 122Xe, 128Ba, 131Ba, 7Be, 204Bi, 205Bi, 206Bi, 14C, 36Cl, 48Cr, 51Cr, 155Eu, 153Gd, 66Ga, 72Ga, 3H, 115mIn, 189Ir, 191mIr, 192Ir, 194Ir, 55Fe, 119mOs, 42K, 226Ra, 186Re, 188Re, 82mRb, 46Sc, 47Sc, 72Se, 105Ag, 22Na, 24Na, 89Sr, 35S, 38S, 177Ta, 96Tc, 201Tl, 202Tl, 113Sn, 117mSn, 121Sn, 166Yb, 174Yb, 88Y, 90Y, 62Zn, and 65Zn.
Suitable chelates include, but are not limited to, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1-substituted 1,4,7-tricarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10 teraazacyclododecane triacetic acid (DO3A), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA). Additional chelating ligands are ethylenebis-(2-hydroxy-phenylglycine) (EHPG), and derivatives thereof, including 5-Cl-EHPG, 5Br-EHPG, 5-Me-EHPG, 5t-Bu-EHPG, and 5sec-Bu-EHPG; benzodiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (benzo-DTPA) and derivatives thereof, including dibenzo-DTPA, phenyl-DTPA, diphenyl-DTPA, benzyl-DTPA, and dibenzyl DTPA; bis-2 (hydroxybenzyl)-ethylenediaminediacetic acid (HBED) and derivatives thereof; the class of macrocyclic compounds which contain at least 3 carbon atoms, more preferably at least 6, and at least two heteroatoms (O and/or N), which macrocyclic compounds can consist of one ring, or two or three rings joined together at the hetero ring elements, e.g., benzo-DOTA, dibenzo-DOTA, and benzo-NOTA, where NOTA is 1,4,7-triazacyclononane N,N′,N″-triacetic acid, benzo-TETA, benzo-DOTMA, where DOTMA is 1,4,7,10tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,7,10-tetra(methyl tetraacetic acid), and benzo-TETMA, where TETMA is 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-(methyl tetraacetic acid); derivatives of 1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (PDTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA); derivatives of 1,5,10-N,N′,N″-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-tricatecholate (LICAM) and 1,3,5-N,N′,N″-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)aminomethylbenzene (MECAM).
Other suitable tags include polyhistidine, fluorescent label, chemiluminescent label, nuclear magnetic resonance active label, chromophore label, positron emitting isotope detectable by a positron emission tomography (“PET”) scanner, enzymatic markers such as beta-galactosidase and peroxidase including horse radish peroxidase, a nanoparticle, a paramagnetic metal ion, a contrast agent or an antigenic tag.
A suitable fluorescent label could include, but is not limited to, a 152Eu label, a fluorescein label, an isothiocyanate label, a rhodamine label, a phycoerythrin label, a phycocyanin label, an allophycocyanin label, an o-phthaldehyde label, a Texas Red label, a fluorescamine label, a lanthanide phosphor label, a fluorescent protein label, for example a green fluorescent protein (GFP) label, or a quantum dot label. Examples of chemiluminescent labels include a luminal label, an isoluminal label, an aromatic acridinium ester label, an imidazole label, an acridinium salt label, an oxalate ester label, a luciferin label, a luciferase label, an aequorin label, etc.
Suitable paramagnetic metal ions include, but are not limited to, Mn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Gd3+, Eu3+, Dy3+, Pr3+, Cr3+, Co3+, Fe3+, Ti3+, Tb3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Pa4+, and Eu2+.
Enzyme markers that may be used include any readily detectable enzyme activity or enzyme substrate. Such enzymes include malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase, acetylcholine esterase, luciferase, and DNA polymerase.
II.F.3. Conjugates with Other TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof: Multivalent and Multimeric TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
The soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter include monomeric and multimeric TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof. Multimeric TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof include those in which the TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof is fused to polypeptide domains or tags that facilitate multimerization. Such domains include immunoglobulin, leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix, and barrel-barrel motifs that facilitate protein dimerization. Such tags include antibody-binding epitopes, streptavidin-binding peptides, 6× His motif, biotin ligase target motif, and the like. Multimeric TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof also include those generated through chemically crosslinking reactive amino acids or polysaccharides. Such amino acids (or polysaccharides) can be inherent in the structure of the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof, or can be added through genetic modification. Multimeric TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof also include those generated through attachment to another molecule (or molecules) that may or may not include a detectable label as described herein. Such attachment molecules include streptavidin, biotin, antibodies, protein A or scaffolds that include protein-, lipid- and polysaccharide-coated or uncoated beads, nanoparticles, solid-phase surfaces, arrays, matrices, as described. For example, in various embodiments in which the detectable label is biotin, the method further comprises combining the TCR, TCR-like molecule, and/or portion thereof with streptavidin to multimerize the TCR, TCR-like molecule, and/or portion thereof.
It will be appreciated that any one of the tags disclosed herein can be used to detectably label the TCRs of the presently disclosed subject matter, particularly to detect cells and/or tissues such as, but not limited to tumor and/or cancer cells and tissues, expressing a phosphopeptide target of interest.
II.G. Substantially Identical TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter comprises a nucleotide or amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38.
The term “substantially identical”, as used herein to describe a degree of similarity between nucleotide or amino acid sequences, refers to two or more sequences that have in some embodiments at least about least 60%, in some embodiments at least about 70%, in some embodiments at least about 80%, in some embodiments at least about 90%, in some embodiments at least about 95%, in some embodiments at least about 96%, in some embodiments at least about 97%, in some embodiments at least about 98%, and in some embodiments at least about 99% nucleotide or amino acid identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm as set forth herein below or by visual inspection. The substantial identity exists in nucleotide or amino acid sequences of in some embodiments at least about 25 residues, in some embodiments at least about 50 residues, in some embodiments at least about 100 residues, in some embodiments at least about 150 residues, in some embodiments at least about 200 residues, in some embodiments at least about 500 residues, in some embodiments at least about 1000 residues, and in some embodiments in nucleotide or amino acid sequences comprising a full length of any of SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38. The term “full length”, as used herein refers to the complete nucleotide or amino acid sequence of any of these particular SEQ ID NOs.
Thus, the terms “identical” or percent “identity” in the context of two or more nucleotide or amino acid sequences refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the sequence comparison algorithms disclosed herein or by visual inspection.
For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer program, subsequence coordinates are designated if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are selected. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the designated test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the selected program parameters.
Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith & Waterman, 1981, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, 1970, by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, 1988, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection. See generally, Ausubel et al., 1995.
A preferred algorithm for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described by Altschul et al., 1990. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (www<<dot>>ncbi<<dot>>nlm<<dot>>nih<<dot>>gov). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold. These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength W=11, an expectation E=10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix. See Henikoff & Henikoff, 1992.
In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences. See e.g., Karlin & Altschul, 1993. One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid sequence to the reference nucleic acid sequence is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
III.A. Nucleic Acids Encoding the Presently Disclosed TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides nucleic acids that encode the presently disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof. Exemplary nucleic acids that encode the disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof thereof include SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38 as well as subsequences thereof.
As used herein, the phrases “nucleic acid”, “polynucleotide”, “oligonucleotide”, and “nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of DNA and/or RNA, which can be single-stranded, double-stranded, or multi-stranded, synthesized or obtained (e.g., isolated and/or purified) from natural sources, which can contain natural, non-natural, and/or altered nucleotides, and which can contain natural, non-natural, and/or altered internucleotide linkages including, but not limited to phosphoroamidate linkages and/or phosphorothioate linkages instead of the phosphodiester found between the nucleotides of an unmodified oligonucleotide.
In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of the presently disclosed subject matter comprise a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38 as well as subsequences thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence does not comprise any insertions, deletions, inversions, and/or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38, although contiguous subsequences of any of these SEQ ID NOs. is encompassed within the presently disclosed subject matter. In some embodiments, however, a nucleotide sequence can comprise one or more insertions, deletions, inversions, and/or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 3-10, 13-16, 20-27, and 31-38.
In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of the presently disclosed subject matter are recombinant. As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to (i) molecules that are constructed outside living cells by joining natural or synthetic nucleic acid segments to nucleic acid molecules that can replicate in a living cell; or (ii) molecules that result from the replication of those described in (i) above. For purposes herein, the replication can be in vitro replication or in vivo replication.
The nucleic acids can be constructed based on chemical synthesis and/or enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art (see e.g., Sambrook & and Russell, 2001; and Ausubel et al., 1989). For example, a nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides and/or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules and/or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed upon hybridization (e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides). Examples of modified nucleotides that can be used to generate the nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-substituted adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, β-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl)uracil, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively or in addition, one or more of the nucleic acids of the presently disclosed subject matter can be purchased from a commercial source such as, but not limited to Macromolecular Resources of Fort Collins, Colo. and Synthegen of Houston, Tex.
The nucleic acid can comprise any nucleotide sequence that encodes any of the modified TCRs, TCR-like molecules, portions thereof, polypeptides, proteins, or functional portions or functional variants thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter. For example, in some embodiments the nucleic acid can comprise a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 20, 22, 24, 26, 31, 33, 35, or 37, and/or can encode a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 27, 32, 34, 36, or 38, or a portion thereof. The nucleotide sequence can in some embodiments comprise a nucleotide sequence which is degenerate to any of these sequences or a combination of degenerate sequences.
The presently disclosed subject matter also provides an isolated or purified nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein or a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions hybridizes under high stringency conditions. As used herein, the phrase “high stringency conditions” refers to a set of hybridization condition wherein a nucleotide sequence specifically hybridizes to a target sequence (e.g., a nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein) in an amount that is detectably stronger than non-specific hybridization. High stringency conditions include conditions that would distinguish a polynucleotide with an exact complementary sequence, or one containing only a few scattered mismatches, from a random sequence that happened to have a few small regions (e.g., 3-10 bases) that matched the nucleotide sequence. Such small regions of complementarity are more easily melted than a full-length complement of 14-17 or more bases, and high stringency hybridization makes them easily distinguishable. Relatively high stringency conditions would include, for example, low salt and/or high temperature conditions, such as provided by about 0.02-0.1 M NaCl or the equivalent, at temperatures of about 50-70° C. Such high stringency conditions tolerate little, if any, mismatch between a nucleotide sequence and a target, and are particularly suitable for detecting expression of any of the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof described herein. It is generally appreciated that conditions can be rendered more stringent by the addition of increasing amounts of formamide. An exemplary high stringency hybridization condition employs 0.015 M sodium chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 50° C. (0.1×SSC/0.1% SDS). Denaturing agents, such as formamide, can also be employed. Exemplary high stringency hybridization conditions employing formamide include 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0 1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C.; 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5× Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50-100 μg/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC (sodium chloride/sodium citrate) and 50% formamide at 55° C. followed by a high-stringency wash consisting of 0.1×SSC containing EDTA at 55° C.
III.B. Vectors for Recombinant Expression of the Presently Disclosed TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
The nucleic acids of the presently disclosed subject matter can in some embodiments be incorporated into a vector, optionally an expression vector, further optionally a recombinant expression vector. The presently disclosed subject matter thus provides in some embodiments recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acids disclosed herein. As sued herein, the phrases “expression vector” and “recombinant expression vector” refer to genetically-modified oligonucleotide and/or polynucleotide constructs that permit the expression of an mRNA, protein, polypeptide, and/or peptide by a host cell, when the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the mRNA, protein, polypeptide, and/or peptide, and the vector is contacted with the cell under conditions sufficient to have the mRNA, protein, polypeptide, and/or peptide expressed within the cell. The vectors of the presently disclosed subject matter are in some embodiments not naturally-occurring as a whole. However, parts of the vectors can be naturally-occurring. Expression vectors can comprise any type of nucleotides, including, but not limited to DNA and RNA, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, synthesized or obtained in part from natural sources, and which can contain natural, non-natural, and/or altered nucleotides. The expression vectors can comprise naturally-occurring and/or non-naturally-occurring internucleotide linkages. In some embodiments, non-naturally occurring or altered nucleotides or internucleotide linkages do not hinder the transcription or replication of the vector.
The expression vectors of the presently disclosed subject matter can be any suitable expression vector, and can be used to transform or transfect any suitable host. Suitable vectors include those designed for propagation and expansion or for expression or both, such as plasmids and viruses. In some embodiments, the vector can be selected from the group consisting of the pUC series (Fermentas Life Sciences), the pBluescript series (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.), the pET series (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), the pGEX series (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden), and the pEX series (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Bacteriophage vectors, such as λG10, λGT11, λZapII (Stratagene), λEMBL4, and λNM1149, also can be used. Examples of plant expression vectors include pBI01, pBI101.2, pBI101.3, pBI121, and pBIN19 (Clontech). Examples of animal expression vectors include pEUK-Cl, pMAM, and pMAMneo (Clontech).
In some embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector, including but not limited both integrating and non-integrating viral vectors. Exemplary viral vectors include, but are not limited to adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, episomal vectors, and non-episomal vectors. Exemplary viral vectors are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,119,772 and 8,552,150, both to Yang et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,277,633 and 6,521,457, both to Olsen; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0135034 of Dropulic and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0254008 of Dropulic et al. (both assigned to Lentigen Corporation of Gaithersburg, Md., United States of America). Lentiviral vector systems are also commercially available from Cell Biolabs, Inc. of San Diego, Calif., United States of America and OriGene Technologies, Inc. of Rockville, Md., United States of America. In some embodiments, a vector is a viral episomal vector, optionally based on adenovirus and/or adeno-associated virus (AAV). An exemplary minimal adenovirus-based episomal vector is described in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2002/085287 of Balague et al. A non-viral episomal vector is disclosed in WO 1998/007876 of Antoniou et al.
The expression vectors of the presently disclosed subject matter can be prepared using standard recombinant DNA techniques described in, for example, Sambrook & Russell, 2001; Ausubel et al., 1989. Constructs of expression vectors, which can be circular or linear, can be prepared to contain a replication system functional in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. Replication systems can be derived, e.g., from Co1E1, 2μ plasmid, λ, SV40, bovine papilloma virus, and the like.
In some embodiments, an expression vector comprises regulatory sequences, including but not limited to transcription, translation, initiation, and termination codons, which are specific to the type of host (e.g., bacterium, fungus, plant, or animal) into which the vector is to be introduced, as appropriate and taking into consideration whether the vector is DNA- or RNA-based.
An expression vector of the presently disclosed subject matter can also include one or more marker genes, which allow for selection of transformed or transfected hosts. Marker genes can include biocide resistance, e.g., resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, etc., complementation in an auxotrophic host to provide prototrophy, and the like. Suitable marker genes for an expression vectors can include, for example, neomycin/G418 resistance genes, hygromycin resistance genes, histidinol resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and ampicillin resistance genes.
An expression vector can comprise a native or non-native promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified TCR, TCR-like molecule, portion thereof, polypeptide, or protein (including functional portions and functional variants thereof), or to the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to or that hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified TCR, TCR-like molecule, portion thereof, polypeptide, or protein disclosed herein. The selection of promoters, in some embodiments strong, weak, inducible, tissue-specific, and/or developmental-specific, is within the ordinary skill of the artisan. Similarly, the combining of a nucleotide sequence with a promoter is also within the skill of the artisan. The promoter can be in some embodiments a non-viral promoter or a viral promoter including, but not limited to a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, an SV40 promoter, an RSV promoter, a promoter found in the long-terminal repeat of a retrovirus, etc.
An expression vector can in some embodiments be designed for transient expression, stable expression, or both transient and stable expression. Also, an expression vector can be made for constitutive expression or for inducible expression.
Further, expression vectors can in some embodiments be made to include a suicide gene. As used herein, the phrase “suicide gene” refers to a nucleotide sequence that causes a cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to die. A suicide gene can in some embodiments be a nucleotide sequence that confers sensitivity upon a cell expressing the nucleotide sequence as a transcription product and/or as a translation product to an agent (such as but not limited to a drug) such that when the cell is contacted with and/or exposed to the agent, the agent directly or indirectly causes the cell to die. Suicide genes are known in the art and include, for example, the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene, cytosine daminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and nitroreductase (see e.g., Springer, 2004).
IV. Host Cells for Production and/or Expression of TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter also provides host comprising the disclosed isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof, and/or an isolated nucleic acid disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the host cells are employed for the product and/or expression of a disclosed isolated and/or soluble TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof.
In some embodiments, the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and the portions thereof are soluble. As used herein, the term “soluble” refers to the fact that a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or a portion thereof is not anchored to a cell membrane via a transmembrane region as is typical for full length TCRs. Methods for producing and isolating soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof are exemplified in Molloy et al., 2005; Fremont et al., 1996; Pecorari et al., 1999; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0214284 of Price-Schiavi et al.
In some embodiments, soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof are produced by screening a phage library. An exemplary method for screening a phage library for soluble TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof is presented in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/062908.
In some embodiments, the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, portions thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter, and T cells comprising the same, can be employed for use in adoptive T cell therapy. Generally, adoptive T cell therapy relies on the in vitro expansion of endogenous, cancer-reactive T cells. These T cells can be harvested from cancer patients, manipulated, and then reintroduced into the same or a different patient as a mechanism for generating productive tumor immunity Adoptive T cell therapy has had promising early clinical results and has been associated with clinical responses.
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the primary effector cells in adoptive T cell therapy. However, CD4+ T cells might also play an important role in maintaining CD8+ cytotoxic function and transplantation of tumor reactive CD4+ T cells has been associated with some efficacy in metastatic melanoma. T cells used in adoptive therapy can be harvested from a variety of sites, including peripheral blood, malignant effusions, resected lymph nodes, and tumor biopsies. Although T cells harvested from the peripheral blood are easier to obtain technically, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) obtained from biopsies might contain a higher frequency of tumor-reactive cells.
Once harvested, T cells can be expanded either through polyclonal stimulation with activating antibodies or through exposure to specific tumor antigens. This second approach requires the identification of relevant targets, however. Given the frequency of antigen loss variants in current clinical trials, the selection of appropriate targets could be challenging, potentially making polyclonal stimulation a more attractive approach. In some embodiments, a relevant target comprises an antigenic fragment of an IRS2 polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 2), a CDC25b polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 11), a desmuslingsynemin polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18), and/or a β-catenin polypeptide (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 28). In some embodiments, the antigenic fragment comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 19, 29, or 30.
Several strategies, including the enforced expression of costimulatory proteins and telomerase, have been used to extend the life span of cultured T cells. IL-15 has also been considered as a possible additive to cultures in order to enhance the production of cytotoxic cells. Engraftment of adoptively transferred T cells appears to be enhanced in lymphodepleted hosts, and strategies to combine pretreatment with lymphodepleting chemotherapy and adoptive T cell transplantation appear to increase treatment efficacy significantly.
Two alternative approaches attempt to circumvent low levels of endogenous antitumor reactivity in the peripheral blood by directly supplying T cells with the ability to recognize tumors. T cells harvested from the peripheral blood can be engineered to express TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and/or portions thereof that have been selected for tumor recognition. This approach has been tested in metastatic melanoma. However, because TCR recognition of an antigen is MHC restricted, each engineered TCR can typically only be used in patients with the required MHC allele. MHC restriction can be bypassed by engineering T cells to express novel chimeric fusion proteins that link the antigen-binding domain of the B cell receptor with the signaling component of the TCR complex. These “T-bodies” can directly bind tumor antigens, leading to T cell activation, but can be used to target only cell surface overexpressed proteins while in some embodiments TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof recognize peptides derived from proteins in all cell compartments. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter employs a T cell that has been modified to express a TCR, a TCR-like molecule, and/or a portion thereof as defined herein.
VII.A. Methods of Treatment Using Conjugates Comprising TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and/or Portions Thereof
In some embodiments, the conjugates of the TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof with active agents are used to treat a condition in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the
Exemplary soluble fusion proteins for use with the presently disclosed subject matter are in some embodiments fully functional and soluble. By the term “fully functional” or similar term is meant that the fusion protein specifically binds ligand. Assays for detecting such specific binding include, but are not limited to standard immunoblot techniques such as Western blotting. Functional fragments of such soluble TCRs and TCR-like molecules are able to bind antigen with in some embodiments at least 70% of the affinity of the corresponding full-length TCR or TCR-like molecule, in some embodiments at least about 80% of the affinity of the corresponding full-length TCR or TCR-like molecule, in some embodiments at least about 90% of the affinity of the corresponding full-length TCR or TCR-like molecule, in some embodiments at least about 95% of the affinity of the corresponding full-length TCR or TCR-like molecule, and in some embodiments greater than 95% of the affinity of the corresponding full-length TCR or TCR-like molecule as determined by Western blot or Surface Plasma Resonance analysis.
VII.B. Methods of Using the Disclosed TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof as Diagnostic Agents
In some embodiments, the presently disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof can be employed as diagnostic agents. By way of example and not limitation, the presently disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof can be employed in a detection and/or diagnostic assay such as but not limited to immunohistochemistry to localize their cognate phosphopeptides in samples from subjects. For example, a tumor biopsy could be contacted with a TCR, TCR-like molecule, and/or a portion thereof that has been conjugated with a detectable label under conditions sufficient for the presently disclosed TCRs, TCR-like molecules, and portions thereof to bind to its cognate phosphopeptide, and this binding can be detected using standard techniques. Such an approach can be used, for example, for assaying tumor biopsies to determine whether the cells present in the biopsy express a given phosphopeptide and, in some embodiments, to what extent the phosphopeptide is expressed in the tumor cells. For those phosphopeptides that are expressed specifically by tumor cells, such an approach can also be used to assess tumor margins by determining whether or not the cells at the periphery of a tumor biopsy express or do not express a given phosphopeptide.
VII.C. Methods of Modifying the Disclosed TCRs, TCR-Like Molecules, and Portions Thereof to Increase Binding Affinity
Methods of testing a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or a portion thereof of the presently disclosed subject matter for an ability to recognize a target and/or a cell and for antigen specificity are known in the art. For example, Clay et al., 1999, teaches methods of measuring the release of cytokines (e.g., interferon-γ (IFNγ), granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), or interleukin 2 (IL-2)). In addition, TCR function can be evaluated by measurement of cellular cytoxicity, as described, for example, in Zhao et al., 2005.
Additionally, once a TCR, TCR-like molecule, or portion thereof that binds to a peptide of interest has been identified, the amino acid sequence of the same (referred to herein as a “reference sequence”) can be modified to increase its binding affinity for the peptide of interest. In some embodiments, a phage library can be constructed that includes a plurality of modified TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof, wherein the modified TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof comprise amino acid sequences that include one or more substitutions, deletions, or insertions of the amino acids of the reference sequence. In some embodiments, amino acid sequence modifications are produced in the CDR regions, optionally just the CDR3 region, but in some embodiments also including one or both of the CDR1 and CDR2 regions. An exemplary method for screening a phage library of modified TCRs, TCR-like molecules, or portions thereof is presented in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/062908.
The following Examples provide further illustrative embodiments. In light of the present disclosure and the general level of skill in the art, those of skill will appreciate that the following EXAMPLES are intended to be exemplary only and that numerous changes, modifications, and alterations can be employed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter.
Cell line care. Breast cancer cell lines were maintained in D-MEM media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM 1-glutamine, 15 mM Hepes, and Pen/Strep (complete). Melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, and colorectal cancer lines were maintained in complete RPMI (CELLGRO®, Mediatech, Inc. A Corning Subsidiary, Manassas, Va., United States of America; see Zarling et al., 2006). Transfectants of the B lymphoblastoid cell line C1R expressing either HLA-A2 (C1R-A2) or a chimeric MHC class I molecule consisting of α1 and α2 domains of HLA-A2 and α3 domain of H-2Dd (C1R-AAD) were maintained in complete RPMI with 300 μg/ml Hygromycin B (CELLGRO®) or G418 (CELLGRO®), respectively (see Zarling et al., 2006).
Human CD8 T-cell culture and IFN-γ ELISpot. Magnetic bead-enriched (Miltenyi Biotec Inc., Auburn, Calif., United States of America; Catalogue No. 130-096-495) human CD8 T-cells were co-cultured with irradiated, peptide-pulsed matured DC for 7 days in individual 96-well microcultures at a 15:1 T-cell:DC ratio (see Tsai et al., 1998). For experiments evaluating memory responses, enriched CD8 T-cells were further magnetic bead-enriched for CD45RO+ cells (Miltenyi Biotec Inc., Auburn, Calif., United States of America; Catalogue No. 130-046-001). An indirect ELISpot was performed as described in Slingluff et al., 2009 using 25,000 cells/well with or without 75,000 peptide-pulsed (10 μg/ml) T2 targets. All human protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board for Health Sciences Research of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., United States of America.
Generation of murine phosphopeptide-specific T-cells. Murine CD8 T-cells specific for the pIRS-21097-1105 (RVApSPTSGV; SEQ ID NO: 2), pCDC25b38-46 (GLLGpSPVRA; SEQ ID NO: 12), desmuslin (RTFpSPTYGL; SEQ ID NO: 19), and pβ-catenin30-39 (YLDpSGIHSGV; SEQ ID NO: 29 and YLDpSGIHSGA; SEQ ID NO: 30) phosphopeptides were generated in AAD transgenic mice as described (see Zarling et al., 2000; Zarling et al., 2006). Yellow Fever NS4B214-222 (LLWNGPMAV; SEQ ID NO: 54), and M158-66 Flu (GILGFVFTL; SEQ ID NO: 55) peptides were used as controls. Peptides were synthesized by GenScript USA Inc. (Piscataway, N.J., United States of America) or Bio-Synthesis Inc. (Lewisville, Tex., United States of America). All protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., United States of America.
Cloning of phosphopeptide-specific murine TCR α and β chains. pIRS-21097-1105-specific, pCDC25b38-46-specific, pDesmuslin426-435-specific, and pβ-catenin30-39-specific murine CD8 T-cell lines were magnetically enriched for CD8a (Miltenyi Biotec Inc., Auburn, Calif., United States of America; Catalogue No. 130-049-401) and total RNA isolated using PURELINK™ MICRO-TO-MIDI™ Total RNA isolation kit (INVITROGEN™ Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif., United States of America). cDNA was synthesized from total RNA (3 μg) using the GENERACER™ Kit (INVITROGEN™ Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif., United States of America) as described (see Santomasso et al., 2007). 5′-RACE PCR was performed using the GENERACER™ 5′ primer and one of three 3′ gene-specific primers:
TCR-CαRev (5′-ACTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTCAT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 39);
TCR-Cβ1Rev (5′-TGAATTCTTTCTTTTGACCATAGCCAT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 40); or
TCR-Cβ2Rev (5′-GGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCCAT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 41).
RACE PCR products of correct size (˜900 bp) were cloned into the pCR® 4-TOPO® vector (INVITROGEN™ Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif., United States of America). TCR sequences were confirmed in both directions and matched to the IMGT database available on the World Wide Web at www<<dot>>imgt<<dot>>org.
Electroporation of IVT RNA encoding phosphopeptide-specific TCR chains. IVT RNA of the TCR αβ chains and transfection of OKT3-activated human CD8 T-cells were performed as described in Johnson et al., 2006 and Zhao et al., 2005. The 5′ primers included sequences for T7 RNA polymerase binding and transcription, followed by a Kozak sequence, a start codon and the next 16-17 bp of Vα or Vβ region for each TCR gene while the 3′ primers included 66 T residues (T66) and 16-25 bp of the relevant α or β constant region sequence.
A first pIRS-21097-1105-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 3) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACC ATGCTCCTGGCACTCCTCCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 42), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AA CTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A first pIRS-21097-1105-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 5) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-T AATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGGGCACCAGGCTTCTTGG-3′; SEQ ID NO: 44) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)A GGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 45). A second pIRS-21097-1105-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 7) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGCTCCTGGCACTC CTCCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 42), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AA CTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A second pIRS-21097-1105-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 9) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-T AATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGGGCTCCAGACTCTTCTTT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 48) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AGGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 45).
A pCDC25b38-46-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 13) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACC ATGAAGACAGTGACTGGACC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 46) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66) AACT GGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A pCDC25b38-46-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 15) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGTCT AACACTGCCTTCCCT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 47) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)A GGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCC SEQ ID NO: 45).
A first pDesmuslin426-435-specific TCR a chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 20) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAG CCACCATGCTCCTGGCACTCCTCCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 42), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AACTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A first pDesmuslin426-435-specific TCR p chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 22) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGT CTAACACTGTCCTCGCT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 49) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)CTA TGAATTCTTTCTTTTGACCATAGCCATCAC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 50). A second pDesmuslin426-435-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 24) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGCTCCTGG CACTCCTCCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 42), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66) AACTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A second pDesmuslin426-435-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 26) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGGGCTCC AGACTCTTCTTT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 48) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)A GGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 45).
A first pβcatenin30-39-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 31) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACC ATGAAGAGGCTGCTGTGTTCT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 51), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)A ACTGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A first pβcatenin30-39-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 33) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATA CGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCA TGAGCTGCAGGCTTCTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 52) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)A GGAATTTTTTTTCTTGACCATGGCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 45). A second pβcatenin30-39-specific TCR α chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 35) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGAACAGATTCCTGG GAATATC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 53), and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AAC TGGACCACAGCCTCAGCGTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 43). A second pβcatenin30-39-specific TCR β chain cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 37) was amplified using the 5′ primer (5′-TAATAC GACTCACTATAGGGAGAGCCACCATGAGCTGCAGGCTTCTC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 52) and the 3′ primer (5′-(T66)AGGAATTTTTTTT CTTGACCATGGCC-3′; SEQ ID NO: 45).
Prior to electroporation, donor T-cells were washed three times in serum-free OPTI-MEM® media (Life Technologies Corporation, Gaithersburg, Md., United States of America) and were suspended at 25×106/ml. Cells were mixed with 2 μg IVT RNA of each TCR α and β chain per 106 cells and transferred to pre-chilled BTX 2 mm gap cuvettes. Using the BTX T820 electroporation system (BTX Instrument Division, Harvard Apparatus, Inc. Holliston, Mass., United States of America) , cells were pulsed at 500V for 0.3 msec. Transfected cells were placed in AIM-V® brand serum-free medium (Life Technologies Corporation, Gaithersburg, Md., United States of America) with 5% AB+ serum (GEMCELL™; Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, Calif., United States of America) for 8-24 hours and evaluated for TCR expression and functionality.
Functional analysis of phosphopeptide-specific murine TCR-expressing human CD8 T-cells. 14-16 hours post-electroporation, phosphopeptide-specific murine TCR-transfected human CD8 T-cells were co-cultured in AIM-V (Life Technologies Corporation, Gaithersburg, Md., United States of America) supplemented with 5% human AB+ serum (GEMCELL™; Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, Calif., United States of America) with peptide-pulsed or unpulsed C1R-AAD, C1R-A2, or cancer cells endogenously expressing the pIRS-21097-1105 or the pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide. Cell surface expression of mouse TCRβ, human CD3, and human CD8 molecules on human CD8 T-cells were assessed using antibodies from either Becton Dickinson Bioscience (San Jose, Calif., United States of America) or eBioScience Inc. (San Diego, Calif., United States of America). During a 5 hour co-culture of stimulator cells with phosphopeptide-specific murine TCR-transfected human CD8-T cells at 37° C., anti-human CD107a-Alexa 647 antibody (eBioScience Inc., San Diego, Calif., United States of America) was added in the presence of 5 μg/ml Brefeldin A (SIGMA-ALDRICH® Co. LLC, St. Louis, Mo., United States of America), 5 μg/ml Monensin (eBioScience Inc., San Diego, Calif., United States of America) and 300 IU/ml human IL-2 (Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif., United States of America). Cells were then stained for surface molecule expression, fixed and permeabilized using CYTOFIX/CYTOPERM™ (Becton Dickinson Bioscience (San Jose, Calif., United States of America) and stained for intracellular cytokine (anti-IFN-γ and anti-TNF-α, eBioScience Inc., San Diego, Calif., United States of America). Immunofluoresence was analyzed using the Becton Dickinson FACSCANTO™ I or FACSCANTO™ II flow cytometer and analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Inc., Ashland, Oreg., United States of America).
In vitro Cytotoxicity assay. Phosphopeptide-specific murine TCR-expressing human CD8 T-cells were co-cultured for 5 hours with a 1:1 mix of C1R-A2 cells pulsed with 1 μM phosphopeptide and stained with 1 μM carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE; Life Technologies) and unpulsed C1R-A2 cells stained with 0.1 μM CFSE. Specific killing was assessed by evaluating percent loss of the peptide-pulsed population relative to the unpulsed population.
Western Analysis. Lysates were generated as described in Zarling et al., 2006 or using the THERMO SCIENTIFIC™ NE-PER™ protein extraction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, Mass., United States of America). Protein was loaded and separated on 8-16% gradient gel (ISC BioExpress, Kaysville, Utah, United States of America, or THERMO SCIENTIFIC™, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, Mass., United States of America) by SDS/PAGE. Lysate created in HEK293T cells (NBL1-08995; Novus Biologicals, LLC, Littleton, Colo., United States of America) was used as a positive control for CDC25b (loaded 1 μg of protein in order to not over-expose blot). Proteins were transferred to Immobilon FL PVDF (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass., United States of America) and membranes blocked and probed with pSer1100-IRS-specific Ab and GAPDH-specific Ab (Santa Cruz, SC-25778) as previously described (Zarling et al., 2006). The blots were then stripped with Restore Plus (Thermo Scientific) and reprobed with anti-IRS-2 specific antibodies (Santa Cruz, H-205). For CDC25b, total CDC25b protein was detected with CDC25b Antibody (C-20, Santa Cruz) after first blocking with 5% clarified milk with 0.1% Tween® 20 brand nonionic detergent. Pixel density for the staining of pSer1100-IRS-2 or total CDC25b was determined using ALPHAEASEFC™ software.
Immunohistochemistry. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell line pellets and tissue microarrays of metastatic melanoma samples (Biorepository and Tissue Research Facility of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., United States of America) were deparaffinized, rehydrated, counterstained with hematoxylin, incubated with anti-Ser1100-pIRS-2 for 3 hours at 4° C. after antigen retrieval, and specific antibody staining was detected using IMMPACT™ AEC (3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole; Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, Calif., United States of America). Antibodies were removed with ethanol and acidified potassium permanganate and then reprobed with anti-IRS-2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, Tex., United States of America). A comparison of mean specific staining densities/unit area was performed for each metastatic melanoma and the adjacent uninvolved tissue using the Aperio “Positive Pixel count” (PPC) algorithm on an Aperio Scanner. To calculate specific staining, the PPC of representative sections from peptide-blocked slides was subtracted from the PPC of corresponding representative sections stained with the anti-Ser1100-pIRS-2 antibody without blocking peptide.
Tumor Control. Seven to 8 week old male NOD/SCID/IL-ORγc−/− mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me., United States of America) were inoculated subcutaneously with 1.4×106 AAD+ SLM2 melanoma cells. 3×106 human CD8 T-cells expressing either pIRS-2- or pCDC25b-specific TCR, or 1.5×106 of both populations, were adoptively transferred 3 days later. An additional 1.5×106 T-cells were given 4 days later. All mice received 1500 CU of IL-2 (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., United States of America) imp. every other day for 10 days. Tumor size was measured every 2-3 days with a digital caliper, and calculated as L×W (mm2). Tumor free survival is equal to the measurement day when the tumor size was >30 mm2.
Statistical analysis. Log-rank (Mantel Cox Test) analysis, Cox proportional hazard modeling, and parametric modeling were performed to determine statistical significance where indicated. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
The pIRS-21097-1105 and pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptides were initially identified on two melanomas and an ovarian carcinoma (Zarling et al., 2006), but their abilities to induce T-cell responses in humans was not evaluated. Thus, T-cells from normal human donors were cultured in replicate microwells with autologous mature dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with either pIRS-21097-1105 or pCDC25b38-46. After 7 days, T-cells in these cultures produced IFN-□ when restimulated with phosphopeptide-pulsed HLA-A2+ targets (see
It has recently been established that immunity to some leukemia-associated phosphopeptides in normal individuals resides in the central memory compartment (Cobbold et al., 2013). Thus, CD45RO+ CD8 T-cells were isolated from four (4) different donors using magnetic beads and stimulated them with autologous DC pulsed with either pIRS-21097-1105 or pCDC25b38-46 for 7 days. Using a cutoff of >50 spots/25,000 cells, all four donors showed moderate to strong pre-existing memory responses to the pCDC25b38-46 peptide, and 2/4 donors responded to pIRS-21097-1105 (see
Recent reports have shown that adoptive transfer of human T-cells transfected with cloned high affinity tumor-reactive TCR can lead to positive clinical responses in cancer patients (Cohen et al., 2006; Morgan et al., 2006; Johnson et al., 2009; Park et al., 2011). These high avidity TCR also enable the expression of endogenously processed and presented TAA on cancers of multiple types to be determined.
In order to bypass potential limitations in self-tolerance and the generation of unintended cross-reactivities, HLA transgenic mice were employed to elicit phosphopeptide-specific murine T-cells from which TCR chains were cloned. AAD mice, expressing a class I MHC molecule that contains the α1 and α2 domains from HLA-A2, and the α3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains from H-2Dd, were immunized with autologous DC pulsed with either pIRS-21097-1105 or pCDC25b38-46. CD8 T-cell lines derived from these animals secreted IFN-γ when cultured with AAD targets pulsed with the phosphorylated forms of these epitopes but not their non-phosphorylated counterparts (see
cDNAs encoding the TCR α and β chains from pIRS-21097-1105-specific (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5 and 4 and 6, respectively) or pCDC25b38-46-specific (SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 15, respectively) T-cell lines were molecularly cloned and utilized as templates to produce in vitro transcribed (IVT) RNA (Zhao et al., 2006; Santomasso et al., 2007). Electroporation of IVT RNA into either TCR-deficient SupT1 cells or human CD8 and CD4 T-cells resulted in surface expression as detected by staining for mouse TCRβ (
Human CD8 T-cells electroporated with IVT RNA encoding either TCR produced IFN-γ and/or upregulated CD107a, a marker of cytotoxic activity, in a dose-dependent manner after co-culture with phosphopeptide-pulsed AAD targets (see
Whether these transfected human CD8 T-cells could recognize endogenously processed and presented pIRS-21097-1105 or pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide on HLA-A2+ cancer cell lines was investigated. To correlate pIRS-21097-1105-specific T-cell recognition with phosphopeptide expression, an antibody specific for the Ser1100-phosphorylated IRS-2 protein (pSer1100-IRS-2) as well as an antibody that recognizes total IRS-2 protein (Zarling et al., 2006) were employed. A substantial fraction of pIRS-21097-1105-specific T-cells upregulated CD107a, and a subset of these also produced IFN-γ upon co-culture with two HLA-A2+ melanoma cell lines, MelSwift and 1102Mel (
These T-cells were then employed to evaluate expression of pIRS-21097-1105 and pCDC25b38-46 on HLA-A2+ cancer cell lines of different histological origins. For the HLA-A2+ cancer cells, Western blots were loaded based on cell equivalents so it would be possible to correlate Ser1100-phosphorylated IRS-2 directly with T-cell recognition. Although the amount varied, Ser1100-phosphorylated IRS-2 was detected by Western blot in the majority of melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines evaluated, but was poorly expressed in prostate cancer cells (see
However, of the HLA-A2+ cell lines evaluated, pIRS-21097-1105 was presented by 10/10 melanomas evaluated, 3/4 ovarian carcinomas, 2/2 colorectal carcinomas, and 2/3 breast carcinomas (see
However, although pCDC25b-specific T-cells showed high avidity and high-level recognition of peptide-pulsed targets (see
Good pCDC25b38-46-specific T-cell recognition was associated with high level expression of the CDC25b source protein in some cells but low level expression in others, with no correlation between level of source protein and pCDC25b38-46-specific T-cell recognition (
The expression of pSer1100-IRS-2 in human melanoma explants and normal tissues was evaluated. Sections from cell blocks containing the positive pSer1100-IRS-2 SLM2 melanoma, the low to negative pSer1100-IRS-2 OV-90 ovarian carcinoma, and a melanoma metastasis to the lung, each of which had been stained in the presence or absence of blocking pIRS-21097-1105 phosphopeptide, were compared. The results are presented in
As shown therein, addition of the blocking peptide largely eliminated staining for all samples. Strong cytoplasmic staining for pSer1100-IRS-2 was evident in the SLM2 melanoma, with the highest staining in cells with condensed chromosomes and undergoing mitosis (
Tissue blocks of metastatic melanoma that included adjacent non-neoplastic tissue were also evaluated. The non-neoplastic tissues evaluated were heart (n=1), liver (n=1), lung (n=3), and colon (n=1). Addition of the blocking peptide almost completely inhibited staining for all of these samples. The melanoma metastases varied widely in their level of pSer1100-IRS-2 (see
It was also notable that rectal mucosa and stroma immediately adjacent to the rectal melanoma had focally high staining intensity. To explore whether high staining intensity in normal superficial mucosal epithelial cells in the colon might signal a more global high expression in surface epithelium generally, normal skin was also stained. There was low staining in the epidermis, much of which persisted despite peptide blocking, indicating that the staining of normal epidermis was largely non-specific (see
Overall, these data suggested that successful immune targeting of pSer1100-IRS-2: 1) might selectively target dividing malignant cells; and 2) also might target peritumoral stroma. Each of these could support tumor control. The data also raised the possibility that immune targeting of pSer1100-IRS-2 could carry some risk of adverse effects on colonic epithelium but not other normal tissues evaluated.
Whether these two phosphopeptides could serve as immunotherapeutic targets for treatment of cancer was also tested. NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγc−/− mice were inoculated subcutaneously with SLM2 melanoma cells, and 3 days later were injected with human CD8 T-cells expressing either the pIRS-2-specific or pCDC25b-specific TCR, or both populations, together with IL-2. A second infusion of transfected CD8 T-cells was given 4 days later. Outgrowth of tumor was evident past day 25 in all groups (see
However, animals that had received phosphopeptide-specific TCR-expressing cells remained tumor-free (tumor size less than 30 mm2) for significantly longer than control animals that only received IL-2 (see
Disclosed herein are the characterizations of two new phosphopeptide TAAs, pIRS-21097-1105 and pCDC25b38-46, which are endogenously processed and presented on multiple HLA-A2+ cancers. Both phosphopeptides were strongly immunogenic in vitro for human T-cells and in vivo for HLA-A2 transgenic mice, lending credence to their effectiveness as vaccines. Indeed, memory responses in four normal healthy donors to the pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide and 2/4 normal donors to the pIRS-21097-1105 phosphopeptide were observed. This suggested that these healthy individuals had been previously exposed to a stimulus that has established immunological memory to these two phosphorylated TAAs.
Immunological responses to cancer-testes antigens is usually only seen in cancer patients, not normal individuals, and is associated with poor prognosis (Scanlan et al., 2002). Tolerance is also believed to limit much of the immune response to the tissue-associated differentiation antigens (Colella et al., 2000; Touloukian et al., 2003). Memory responses to the pIRS-21097-1105 and pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide in normal individuals are evidence of previous encounters with nascent tumors that have disregulated phosphorylation cascades.
To explore the display of endogenously processed and presented phosphopeptide on cancer cells, the TCRS from murine CD8 T-cell lines specific for each phosphopeptide were isolated and transfected into human CD8 T-cells. A phosphosite-specific antibody was also employed to determine whether patient tumor samples and cancers of different histological origins expressed the phosphorylated IRS-2 source protein. pIRS-21097-1105-specific murine TCR-modified human CD8 T-cells recognized endogenously processed and presented phosphopeptide on multiple HLA-A2+ melanomas and breast, ovarian, and colorectal carcinomas, and this recognition correlated with the level of expression of Seri ioo-phosphorylated IRS-2 source protein. Mitotically active cells also had the strongest staining for Ser1100-phosphorylated IRS-2 protein, in both tumors and surrounding peritumoral areas.
pCDC25b38-46-specific TCR-modified human CD8 T-cells recognized endogenously processed and presented phosphopeptide on several HLA-A2+ melanoma, breast cancer, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Thus, disclosed herein are new reagents that can be utilized to evaluate and treat cancer patients: murine TCR chains specific for either pIRS-21097-1105- or pCDC25b38-46-peptides that can be utilized as immunotherapeutic agents to target patient's immune responses against these post-translationally modified epitopes. In addition, the pIRS-21097-1105-specific TCR therapy can be combined with Ser1100-IRS-2 phospho-specific antibody to determine whether patient tumor samples express pSer1100-IRS-2 protein.
One approach currently showing some promise for the treatment of cancer patients involves the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD8 T-cells, generated through vaccination and/or by genetic modification via expression of TCR chains specific for an appropriate TAA (Rosenberg, 2008). Most of the TCR chains currently cloned and studied in human clinical trials for melanoma have been specific for melanocyte differentiation proteins (Rosenberg et al., 2004; Rosenberg, 2008; Park et al., 2011). Although of importance for melanoma, extending this form of immunotherapy to antigens that are broadly expressed on other types of cancers, such as disclosed herein for the pIRS-21097-1105 and pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptides, can facilitate the broadening of adoptive cell therapy to multiple cancer patients.
In sum, pIRS-21097-1105 phosphopeptide was presented by a large number of cancers of different histological origin, and this display elicited strong effector responses from pIRS-2-specific TCR-expressing human CD8 T-cells. Similarly, while pCDC25b38-46 phosphopeptide was presented by melanoma, breast cancer, and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, its overall expression was more limited.
All references listed in the instant disclosure, including but not limited to all patents, patent applications and publications thereof, scientific journal articles, and database entries (including but not limited to GENBANK® database entries and including all annotations available therein) are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties to the extent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for, and/or teach methodology, techniques, and/or compositions employed herein. The discussion of the references is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by their authors. No admission is made that any reference (or a portion of any reference) is relevant prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of any cited reference.
It will be understood that various details of the presently disclosed subject matter may be changed without departing from the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation.
The presently disclosed subject matter claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/303,677 (pending), filed Oct. 12, 2016, which itself was a U.S. National Stage Application of PCT International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2015/025942, filed Apr. 15, 2015, which itself claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/979,854, filed Apr. 15, 2014, the disclosure of each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under grant numbers AI020963, CA134060, and CA044579 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61979854 | Apr 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15303677 | Oct 2016 | US |
| Child | 16876419 | US |
