Patent Grant
11803668
This application claims the benefit of India Provisional Application No. 202111034492 titled “ISOLATING A REGION OF A SYSTEM ON A CHIP FOR SAFETY CRITICAL OPERATIONS,” filed Jul. 30, 2021, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
At least one embodiment pertains to isolating a region of a circuit operating at a higher risk level from other regions of the circuit operating at a lower risk level. For example, at least one embodiment pertains to a System on a Chip that implement various novel techniques described herein. By way of another example, at least one embodiment pertains to an autonomous vehicle including such a System on a Chip.
Automotive Safety Integrity Level (“ASIL”) is a risk classification system for the functional safety of road vehicles defined by International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 26262 Functional Safety Standard. There are four risk classification levels in this risk classification system identified as ASIL-A, ASIL-B, ASIL-C, and ASIL-D, with ASIL-D being the highest risk classification level. Thus, components specified as ASIL-D have higher safety requirements than components specified with a lower risk classification level (such as ASIL-B) and may be more expensive. Within many automotive platforms, at least some safety services are performed by an external control unit when particular faults are detected in an automotive System on a Chip (“SoC”) that controls various driving functions of an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle. Generally speaking, the external control unit may operate at a higher risk level (e.g., ASIL-D) than the automotive SoC (e.g., ASIL-B). Unfortunately, such external control units introduce latency and can be expensive because they require separate components that are also present in the automotive SoC, such as DRAM, non-volatile memory, etc., and that each occupy space within the automotive platform (e.g., on a circuit board).
The present systems and methods for isolating a region of a System on a Chip are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:
Systems and methods are disclosed related to isolating a region of a circuit operating at a higher risk level (e.g., ASIL-D) from other regions of the circuit operating at a lower risk level (e.g., ASIL-B). For example, a region or “island” dedicated to functional safety may be isolated (e.g., communicatively) from other components on a System on a Chip (“SoC”), such as an automotive SoC.
The automotive processing system 102 includes at least one automotive SoC 104. The automotive SoC 104 performs at least some functions but may offload one or more safety functions to an optional external control unit 106 (e.g., including an external ASIL-D microcontroller unit). The optional external control unit 106 may operate under, and be compliant with, a higher risk classification level (e.g., ASIL-D) than the automotive SoC 104. In embodiments that include the optional external control unit 106, when a fault occurs in the automotive SoC 104, that fault is communicated to the optional external control unit 106, which may take one or more actions to return the automotive platform 100 to a safe state. Thus, at least a portion of the safety functions may be performed by the optional external control unit 106. However, the optional external control unit 106 may introduce latency and can be expensive because it may require separate components, such as DRAM, non-volatile memory, etc., that each occupy space within the automotive platform 100 (e.g., on a circuit board).
To avoid at least some of the latency and expense introduced by the optional external control unit 106, the automotive platform 100 of
In addition to the automotive SoC 104 and the optional external control unit 106 (when present), the automotive processing system 102 may include a first (SoC) clock 112 for the automotive SoC 104, a second (SI) clock 114 for the SI 110, and a power management integrated circuit (“IC”) 116. Each of the components of the automotive processing system 102 is at least partially implemented in hardware. Logic components of the automotive processing system 102 (e.g., the automotive SoC 104 and the optional external control unit 106) are each typically implemented in hardware logic circuits within one or more integrated circuit chips. The logic may be hard-wired or programmable, or a combination of hard-wired and programmable elements. Additionally or alternatively, certain functions of the automotive processing system 102 may be implemented in software or firmware executed by an embedded microprocessor or microcontroller.
The first and second clocks 112 and 114 provide two separate clock signals to the automotive SoC 104. Specifically, a first clock signal generated by the first (SoC) clock 112 is provided to components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 other than the SI 110, and a second clock signal generated by the second (SI) clock 114 is provided to the SI 110. Thus, the SI 110 and the other components 160 may be characterized as operating within separate clock domains. The clock domain of the SI 110 will be referred to as a SI clock domain and the clock domain of the other components 160 will be referred to as a SoC clock domain. The first and second clocks 112 and 114 may each be implemented at least in part as crystal oscillators. The first (SoC) clock 112 may be connected to each of at least some of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 via a first clock connection (not shown), such as a wire, a signal trace, and the like. Thus, the first (SoC) clock 112 may provide the first clock signal to the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 via the first clock connection (not shown). The second (SI) clock 114 may be connected to each of at least some of the components of the SI 110 via a second clock connection (not shown), such as a wire, a signal trace, and the like. Thus, the second (SI) clock 114 may provide the second clock signal to the SI 110 via the second clock connection (not shown).
The power management IC 116 supplies power to other components of the automotive processing system 102. For example, power rails or connections 118A-118C connect the power management IC 116 to the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, the SI 110, and the optional external control unit 106, respectively. The power connections 118A-118C help electrically isolate the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, the SI 110, and the optional external control unit 106 (when present), respectively, from one another. Thus, the SI 110 may operate within a separate voltage domain from the other components 160 and the optional external control unit 106 (when present). The voltage domain of the SI 110 will be referred to as a SI voltage domain and the voltage domain of the other components 160 will be referred to as a SoC voltage domain. The power management IC 116 may be implemented as one or more integrated circuits that supply adequate power to components of the automotive processing system 102. The power connections 118A-118C may each be implemented as a conductive element, such as an electrical transmission line, a wire, a power trace, and the like.
As mentioned above, the SI 110 operates in the SI clock domain and the SI voltage domain. Together, the SI clock domain and the SI voltage domain will be referred to as a SI domain. Similarly, the other components 160 operate in the SoC clock domain and the SoC voltage domain. Together, the SoC clock domain and the SoC voltage domain will be referred to as a SoC domain
The other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 may include a main central processing unit (“CPU”) complex 120, an auxiliary safety unit 122, circuitry 124 for performing automotive SoC functions, volatile data storage or memory 126 (e.g., dynamic random-access memory (“DRAM”)), and non-volatile data storage or memory 128. The main CPU complex 120 may be implemented as one or more processor operating at ASIL-B. In such embodiments, the automotive SoC 104 may operate at multiple or mixed ASILs because the SI 110 may operate at a higher level ASIL (e.g., ASIL-D). By way of non-limiting examples, the circuitry 124 may include hardware implementing one or more displays, one or more automotive input/output (“I/O”) controllers, one or more memory controller, one or more interconnect, etc. In the embodiment illustrated, the circuitry 124 is depicted as including or implementing a plurality of logic blocks LB(1)-LB(N), which are often each referred to as an Intellectual Property “IP.” The logic blocks LB(1)-LB(N) may implement various functions within the autonomous vehicle (e.g., the autonomous vehicle 1200 illustrated in
The optional external control unit 106 may include a controller 130, a fault aggregator 132, volatile data storage or memory 136 (e.g., DRAM), and non-volatile data storage or memory 138. The optional external control unit 106 may also include one or more logic blocks (not shown) that implement those safety functions performed by the optional external control unit 106. The controller 130 may be implemented as one or more processors (e.g., microcontroller(s)) operating at ASIL-D. The controller 130 executes instructions, such as instructions compliant with one or more Automotive Open System Architecture (“AUTOSAR”) software standards, stored in the non-volatile memory 138. The instructions may instruct the controller 130 to take appropriate actions when the fault aggregator 132 receives a fault from the automotive SoC 104.
In one or more embodiments, the SI 110 includes a processor 140, an interrupt controller 141, a SI fault aggregator 142, volatile data storage or memory 146 (e.g., static random-access memory (“SRAM”)), and one or more logic blocks 148. The processor 140 may be implemented as a cluster of processors, such as highly rated ASIL-D safety processors. The processor 140 executes instructions 149, such as instructions compliant with the AUTOSAR software standard(s), obtained from the non-volatile memory 128 at boot-up and stored in the volatile memory 146. The instructions 149 may instruct the processor 140 to take appropriate actions when the SI fault aggregator 142 receives a fault from the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. The logic block(s) 148 may help implement those safety functions performed by the SI 110.
The auxiliary safety unit 122 may be implemented as a real-time safety auxiliary processing unit and/or may be rated ASIL-B or higher. In other words, the auxiliary safety unit 122 may operate at the same risk classification level as or at a higher risk classification level than other components within the SoC domain. The auxiliary safety unit 122 includes a processor 150, one or more SoC fault aggregators 152, an interrupt controller 154, and one or more logic blocks, that will be referred to as mailbox(es) 156. The SI fault aggregator 142 and the fault aggregator 132 (when present) may each receive faults from the SoC fault aggregator(s) 152. Thus, the SoC fault aggregator(s) 152 may be connected to the fault aggregator 132 via one or more fault interfaces 170, and is connected to the SI fault aggregator 142 via one or more fault interfaces 172. Each of the fault interfaces 170 and 172 includes a connection, such as a wire, a signal trace, and the like, that physically connects each of the SoC fault aggregator(s) 152 to a respective one of the fault aggregator 132 or the SI fault aggregator 142.
The mailbox(es) 156 may include a first mailbox to which the processor 150 writes and from which the processor 140 reads and a second mailbox to which the processor 140 writes and from which the processor 150 reads. The mailbox(es) 156 may be used by the processor 150 (e.g., a central processing unit (“CPU”) rated ASIL-B or higher) to report mailbox interrupts to the interrupt controller 141 and receive interrupts from the interrupt controller 141. Thus, the fault interface(s) 172 includes at least one signal conductor that connects the mailbox(es) 156 to the interrupt controller 141. Each mailbox interrupt includes a severity identifier indicating a severity of the error. By way of a non-limiting example, the severity identifier may be a numerical value ranging from a minimum value (e.g., zero) to a maximum value (e.g., seven). By way of another non-limiting example, the interrupt may have an interrupt number that is a-priori encoded to indicate the severity. The processor 140 and/or the processor 150 may write fault information to the mailbox(es) 156. The fault information includes information about the error(s) that generated the fault, such as logic block name(s) where the error(s) arose, logic block diagnostic identifier(s), nature of the fault, the severity identifier, and the like.
Integrating the SI 110 into the automotive SoC 104 may allow a number of separate components (e.g., the volatile memory 136 and the non-volatile memory 138) to be omitted from the automotive processing system 102 if the optional external control unit 106 is also omitted. Nevertheless, it is necessary to isolate the SI 110 from the other components 160 (e.g., the main CPU complex 120, the auxiliary safety unit 122, the circuitry 124, the volatile memory 126 and the non-volatile memory 128) of the automotive SoC 104 so that potential issues arising in one or more of the other components 160 will not negatively affect the SI 110. Such isolation, for example, may help prevent the SI 110 from being affected by an outage occurring in one or more of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. Non-limiting examples of the types of outages that might occur in one or more of the other components 160 include random faults, clock issues, power issues, and/or voltage issues. Due to spatial proximity and one or more interfaces 200 (see
The first (SoC) clock 112 is separate from the second (SI) clock 114 (e.g., includes a separate reference crystal) which helps to isolate the SI 110 from the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. Likewise, the first power connection 118A is separate from the second power connection 118B, which helps to isolate the SI 110 from the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. As mentioned above, the SI 110 may operate in the separate SI voltage domain from the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. But, even with the separate second (SI) clock 114 and separate second power connection 118B, the SI 110 communicates with the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 via the interface(s) 200 (see
The logic block(s) 148 include(s) clock and reset circuitry 230 (see
The volatile memory interface 200A is an interface between the processor 140 and the volatile memory 126 of the automotive SoC 104. The volatile memory interface 200A allows the processor 140 to write information in the volatile memory 126 and read information from the volatile memory 126. The volatile memory interface 200A includes one or more connections with the volatile memory 126, such as a wire, a signal trace, and the like. The volatile memory interface 200A may include the logical isolation control 220, an access timer 222, and domain synchronization circuitry 224. The logical isolation control 220 includes a gate or lock mechanism that may be selectively locked and unlocked by the processor 140. The access timer 222 allows an access attempt initiated by the processor 140 to timeout.
The domain synchronization circuitry 224 includes phase synchronization circuitry and voltage level shifter(s). The phase synchronization circuitry helps to synchronize the phases of signals communicated across the SI and SoC domains, which were generated using the separate first and second clocks 112 and 114 (see
When the volatile memory interface 200A is unlocked, the processor 140 may access the volatile memory 126, which starts the access timer 222. When the access timer 222 indicates more than a first predetermined amount of time has elapsed and a response from the volatile memory 126 has not been received, the processor 140 indicates a safety fault, uses the logical isolation control 220 to lock the volatile memory interface 200A, optionally locks any of the interface(s) 200 that are unlocked, and optionally takes one or more actions configured to return the automotive platform 100 (see
The first and second control backbone interfaces 200B and 200C are interfaces between the processor 140 and a control backbone 210. The control backbone 210 may be implemented as bus and the like. The first control backbone interface 200B is for communications from the processor 140 to the control backbone 210, and the second control backbone interface 200C is for communications from the control backbone 210 to the processor 140. By way of a non-limiting example, the processor 140 may access at least some of the other components 160 (e.g., the circuitry 124, the mailbox(es) 156, and the non-volatile memory 128) of the automotive SoC 104 via the control backbone 210.
The first control backbone interface 200B allows the processor 140 to send instructions and/or information to the control backbone 210. The first control backbone interface 200B may include the logical isolation control 220, the access timer 222, the domain synchronization circuitry 224, and a firewall 226. The logical isolation control 220 of the first control backbone interface 200B is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the logical isolation control 220 of the volatile memory interface 200A. Thus, the logical isolation control 220 of the first control backbone interface 200B allows the processor 140 to lock and unlock the first control backbone interface 200B. The access timer 222 of the first control backbone interface 200B allows an access attempt initiated by the processor 140 to timeout. The domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the first control backbone interface 200B is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the volatile memory interface 200A. The firewall 226 of the first control backbone interface 200B implements one or more security rules and either permits or blocks each communication based on the security rule(s).
The second control backbone interface 200C allows the processor 140 to receive instructions and/or information from the control backbone 210. The second control backbone interface 200C may include the logical isolation control 220, the domain synchronization circuitry 224, and the firewall 226. The logical isolation control 220 of the second control backbone interface 200C is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the logical isolation control 220 of the volatile memory interface 200A. Thus, the logical isolation control 220 of the second control backbone interface 200C allows the processor 140 to lock and unlock the second control backbone interface 200C. The domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the second control backbone interface 200C is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the volatile memory interface 200A. The firewall 226 of the second control backbone interface 200C implements one or more security rules and either permits or blocks each communication based on the security rule(s).
The secure content interface 200D is an interface between the processor 140 and secure content circuitry 212. The secure content interface 200D allows the processor 140 to receive instructions and/or information (e.g., secure and/or sensitive content) from the secure content circuitry 212. The secure content interface 200D may include the logical isolation control 220 and the domain synchronization circuitry 224. The logical isolation control 220 of the secure content interface 200D is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the logical isolation control 220 of the volatile memory interface 200A. Thus, the logical isolation control 220 of the secure content interface 200D allows the processor 140 to lock and unlock the secure content interface 200D. The domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the secure content interface 200D is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the volatile memory interface 200A.
The debug interface 200E is an interface between the processor 140 and debug circuitry 214. The debug interface 200E allows the processor 140 to receive instructions and/or information from the debug circuitry 214. The debug interface 200E may include the logical isolation control 220 and the domain synchronization circuitry 224. The logical isolation control 220 of the debug interface 200E is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the logical isolation control 220 of the volatile memory interface 200A. Thus, the logical isolation control 220 of the debug interface 200E allows the processor 140 to lock and unlock the debug interface 200E. The domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the debug interface 200E is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the volatile memory interface 200A. As mentioned above, the SI 110 and the other components 160 operate in separate clock domains. In one or more embodiments, no signals from an external clock of one or more of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, such as the debug circuitry 214, feed into the SI 110. Debug functions performed by the automotive SoC 104 receive the debug clock signal via the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the debug interface 200E, which switches or converts the debug functions performed by the automotive SoC 104 to using the debug clock signal generated by the SI 110 and/or the second (SI) clock 114. Because the debug logic is not used while the SI 110 is in the mission mode (e.g., when the vehicle is driving), the SI 110 includes a first clock gate on the debug clock to prevent any interference that could potentially be caused by the debug clock signal. By way of a non-limiting example, the first clock gate may be a component of the clock and reset circuitry 230. The first clock gate may be controlled (e.g., selectively switched on and off) using a first configuration bit set by the processor 140.
The test interface 200F is an interface between the processor 140 and test circuitry 216. The test interface 200F allows the processor 140 to receive instructions and/or information from the test circuitry 216. The test interface 200F may include the logical isolation control 220 and the domain synchronization circuitry 224. The logical isolation control 220 of the test interface 200F is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the logical isolation control 220 of the volatile memory interface 200A. Thus, the logical isolation control 220 of the test interface 200F allows the processor 140 to lock and unlock the test interface 200F. The domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the test interface 200F is substantially identical to and functions substantially identically to the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the volatile memory interface 200A. As mentioned above, external signals from one or more of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, such as the test circuitry 216, are prevented from being fed into the SI 110 through this configuration. Test functions performed by the automotive SoC 104 receive the test clock signal via the domain synchronization circuitry 224 of the debug interface 200E, which switches or converts the test functions performed by the automotive SoC 104 to using the test clock signal generated by the SI 110 and/or the second (SI) clock 114. Because the test logic is not used while the SI 110 is in the mission mode (e.g., when the vehicle is driving), the SI 110 includes a second clock gate on the test clock to prevent any interference that could potentially be caused by the test clock signal. By way of a non-limiting example, the second clock gate may be a component of the clock and reset circuitry 230. The second clock gate may be controlled (e.g., selectively switched on and off) using a second configuration bit set by the processor 140.
The SI 110 may have at least two modes of operation, an isolated or cocoon mode and a non-isolated mode. When the SI 110 is operating in the cocoon mode, the only information from the automotive SoC 104 that is permitted to enter the SI 110 is fault information, which enters the SI 110 via the fault interface(s) 172. In this manner, the SI fault aggregator 142 maintains a cumulative health state of the automotive SoC 104 and the SI 110. On the other hand, when the SI 110 is operating in the non-isolated mode, information may enter the SI 110 via one or more of the interface(s) 200. Whether the SI 110 is operating in the cocoon mode or the non-isolated mode is determined at least in part by instructions 149 executed by the processor 140 and at least in part by the interface(s) 200.
To help prevent a potential safety critical issue originating in the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104 from reaching the SI 110 via one or more of the interface(s) 200, each of the interface(s) 200 includes the separate logical isolation control 220 that is selectively locked and unlocked by the processor 140. When the lock mechanism of the logical isolation control 220 is locked by the processor 140, the lock mechanism prevents all communication between the automotive SoC 104 and the SI 110 via the locked interface. On the other hand, the interface may be unlocked by the processor 140 to allow such communication via the unlocked interface. Thus, the processor 140 may selectively place the SI 110 in the cocoon mode or the non-isolated mode. Whenever all of the interface(s) 200 is/are locked, the processor 140 cannot access either the volatile memory 126 or the non-volatile memory 128 and executes the instructions 149 stored in the volatile memory 146 (e.g., SRAM) resident within the SI 110.
Now referring to
Whenever the processor 140 needs to communicate with a particular one of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, the processor 140 makes a determination that communicating with the particular component is safe before attempting to do so. To make this determination, in block 304, the processor 140 may check the contents of the SI fault aggregator 142, which receives fault information, via the fault interface(s) 172 (see
In decision block 306, the processor 140 determines whether any faults have been detected in the SI fault aggregator 142. The decision in decision block 306 is “YES,” when at least one fault is detected meaning that a fault identified for one or more of the other components 160 has been reported to the SI fault aggregator 142 by the SoC fault aggregator(s) 152. The processor 140 may detect the fault using the status bits 242 within the SI fault aggregator 142. The status bits 242 may be characterized as tracking the health of the automotive SoC 104. Alternatively, the SI fault aggregator 142 may notify the processor 140 of the fault by sending an interrupt to the processor 140. Otherwise, the decision in decision block 306 is “NO” when no faults are detected.
When the decision in decision block 306 is “YES,” in block 308, the processor 140 may take one or more corrective actions. The corrective action(s) may help bring the vehicle to a safe state. By way of non-limiting examples, such corrective actions may include applying the vehicle's brakes, reducing the vehicle's speed, routing the vehicle to the shoulder of the road, and the like. Then, the processor 140 may return to block 304.
When the decision in decision block 306 is “NO,” in block 310, the processor 140 unlocks the lock mechanism of the logical isolation control 220 of a particular one of the interface(s) 200 connected to the particular component if the lock mechanism of the particular interface was locked. In other words, the processor 140 may determine that it is safe to access the particular component of the automotive SoC 104 via the particular interface, when the SI fault aggregator 142 is not storing any faults. Thus, the processor 140 unlocks the particular interface in block 310.
Then, in block 312, the processor 140 may send communications to or receive communications from the particular component via the unlocked particular interface, which automatically starts the access timer 222 of the particular interface. When the particular interface is unlocked, the processor 140 may initiate one or more strongly ordered accesses (one at a time) into the automotive SoC 104. The access timer 222 starts automatically on a per access basis. Thus, the access timer 222 may start counting down as soon as a particular access is initiated by the processor 140.
In decision block 314, the processor 140 determines whether a timeout has occurred. The decision in decision block 314 is “YES,” when the access timer 222 indicates more than the first predetermined amount of time has elapsed and a response from the particular component has not been received. Otherwise, the decision in decision block 314 is “NO,” when a response is received from the particular component before the access timer 222 indicates that more than the first predetermined amount of time has elapsed.
When the decision in decision block 314 is “YES,” in block 316, the processor 140 indicates a safety fault has occurred. Then, in block 318, the processor 140 locks the lock mechanism of the logical isolation control 220 of the particular interface, optionally locks the lock mechanism of the logical isolation control 220 of any of the other interface(s) that is/are unlocked, and optionally takes one or more actions configured to return the automotive platform 100 to a safe state.
On the other hand, when the decision in decision block 314 is “NO,” in block 320, the processor 140 completes the communication. The access timer 222 automatically resets. Then, in block 318, the processor 140 locks the lock mechanism of the particular interface. Thus, the method 300 ensures that the interface(s) 200 remain(s) locked whenever the processor 140 is not accessing one of the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104. Then, the method 300 terminates.
The SI 110 may avoid accessing the shared non-volatile memory 128 by copying the instructions 149 (e.g., critical instructions that bring the system to a safe state) from the shared non-volatile memory 128 into its internal volatile memory 146 when the automotive SoC 104 is booted. The processor 140 may authenticate and validate the instructions 149 before the SI 110 enters a mission mode, which enables the vehicle drive cycle. The SI 110 may operate in the mission mode and either the cocoon mode or the non-isolated mode at the same time. The instructions 149 remain in the volatile memory 146, which allows the processor 140 to avoid accessing the shared non-volatile memory 128. Non-critical data, for example, application code, fusion data, and the like, may be obtained from the shared volatile memory 126 using an internal direct memory access (“DMA”) engine 402 (see
Referring to
Instead, referring to
The mailbox(es) 156 may be connected to the interrupt controller 141 of the SI 110 by a mailbox interrupt signal conductor 416. The signal conductors 410-416 may each be implemented as a wire, signal trace, and the like.
For ease of illustration, the method 500 will be described as being performed by a particular one of the SoC fault aggregator(s) 152 (see
In block 506, the particular SoC fault aggregator aggregates those of the first aggregated fault signals identifying a fault caused by an error that has been corrected into a corrected error signal. Then, in block 508, the particular SoC fault aggregator transmits the corrected error signal to the SI 110 (see
In block 512, the particular SoC fault aggregator starts a corrected error timer 420C (see
In decision block 514, the particular SoC fault aggregator determines whether the first corrected error has been cleared from the particular SoC fault aggregator. The decision in decision block 514 is “YES” when the first corrected error has been cleared before the corrected error timer 420C (see
In decision block 516, the processor 150 determines whether the corrected error timer 420C (see
In block 520, the particular SoC fault aggregator aggregates those of the first aggregated fault signals received in block 502 that identify a fault caused by an error that has not been corrected into an uncorrected error signal. Then, in block 522, the particular SoC fault aggregator transmits the uncorrected error signal to the SI 110 (see
In block 526, the particular SoC fault aggregator starts an uncorrected error timer 420U (see
In decision block 528, the particular SoC fault aggregator determines whether the first uncorrected error has been cleared from the particular SoC fault aggregator. The decision in decision block 528 is “YES” when the first uncorrected error has been cleared before the uncorrected error timer 420U (see
In decision block 530, the processor 150 determines whether the uncorrected error timer 420U indicates that more than the third predetermined amount of time has elapsed, meaning the uncorrected error timer 420U (see
For ease of illustration, the method 540 will be described as being performed by the processor 150 (see
If a problem occurs while the processor 150 is triaging the error(s) and/or taking the corrective action(s), the processor 150 may be unable to continue processing the particular interrupt. When this occurs, the decision at decision block 543 is “YES,” and at block 544, the processor 150 takes no further action with respect to the particular interrupt. On the other hand, if the processor 150 is able to triage the particular interrupt and optionally take the corrective action(s), the decision at decision block 543 is “NO.” When the decision in decision block 543 is “NO,” in block 545, the processor 150 writes information related to the particular interrupt to the mailbox(es) 156 that may be read by the processor 140. Next, in block 546, the processor 150 sends a mailbox interrupt to the interrupt controller 141 via the mailbox interrupt signal conductor 416. The mailbox interrupt indicates a severity of the error identified in the interrupt received in block 541.
Then, at decision block 547, the processor 150 determines whether the processor 150 should clear the fault for which the particular interrupt was generated from the particular SoC fault aggregator. The decision in decision block 547 is “YES” when the processor 150 decides to clear the fault. Otherwise, the decision in decision block 547 is “NO.” The decision in decision block 547 may be “YES” when the corrective action(s) taken by the processor 150 was/were able to address the error or the fault was generated by a corrected error (e.g., an error corrected by one of the logic blocks LB(1)-LB(N)). By way of another non-limiting example, the decision in decision block 547 may be “YES” when the processor 150 receives a mailbox interrupt from the processor 140 indicating that the processor 140 cleared the error. When the decision in decision block 547 is “NO,” in block 548, the processor 150 takes no further action with respect to the particular interrupt. On the other hand, when the decision in decision block 547 is “YES,” in block 549, the processor 150 clears the fault from the particular SoC fault aggregator. The processor 150 may notify the processor 140 that the fault has been cleared from the particular SoC fault aggregator. Then, the method 540 terminates.
For ease of illustration, the method 550 will be described as being performed by the SI fault aggregator 142 (see
In decision block 556, the processor 140 (see
In decision block 560, the processor 140 (see
When the SI fault aggregator 142 receives the uncorrected error signal on the uncorrected error signal conductor 412, in block 566, the SI fault aggregator 142 sends an interrupt to the interrupt controller 141 (see
In decision block 568, the processor 140 (see
In decision block 570, the processor 140 (see
In decision block 573, the processor 140 decides whether to take one or more corrective actions. When the decision in decision block 573 is “YES,” in block 574, the processor 140 takes the corrective action(s), such as applying the vehicle's brakes. Then, the processor 140 advances to decision block 575.
When the decision in decision block 573 is “NO,” the processor 140 advances to decision block 575. In decision block 575, the processor 140 decides whether to notify the external system 404. When the decision in decision block 575 is “YES,” in block 576, the processor 140 notifies the external system 404 and advances to block 578. When the decision in decision block 575 is “NO,” the processor 140 advances to block 578.
In block 578, the processor 140 sends a mailbox interrupt to the mailbox(es) 156 and/or clears the uncorrected error, for example, by unsetting the status bit “BT2.” Optionally, the processor 140 may write fault information to the mailbox(es) 156. The processor 140 may wait for notification from the processor 150 that the fault corresponding to the uncorrected error has been cleared from the particular SoC fault aggregator before the processor 140 clears the uncorrected error from the SI fault aggregator 142. Then, the method 550 terminates. The mailbox interrupt is received by the processor 150 and may be used in decision block 547 (see
For ease of illustration, the method 580 will be described as being performed by the SI fault aggregator 142 (see
As shown by an arrow with a dashed line in
After the SoC fault timer 424 has been started, in decision block 588, the SoC error handling circuitry 422 determines whether the SoC fault timer 424 indicates more than a fourth predetermined amount of time has elapsed. The decision in decision block 588 is “YES” when the SoC fault timer 424 indicates more than the fourth predetermined amount of time has elapsed and the SoC fault aggregator error has not been cleared. On the other hand, the decision in decision block 588 is “NO,” when the SoC fault aggregator error has been cleared before the SoC fault timer 424 indicates that more than the fourth predetermined amount of time has elapsed.
When the decision in decision block 588 is “NO,” in block 590, the SoC error handling circuitry 422 waits for the SoC fault timer 424 to indicate that more than the fourth predetermined amount of time has elapsed. On the other hand, when the decision in decision block 588 is “YES,” in block 584, the SoC error handling circuitry 422 transmits the SoC error signal including the SoC error over the connection 406 (see
After the SI fault aggregator 142 (see
Then, in block 598, the processor 140 sends a mailbox interrupt to the mailbox(es) 156 and/or clears the SoC fault aggregator error, for example, by unsetting the status bit “BT3,” and the uncorrected error(s) by unsetting the status bit “BT2.” Clearing the SoC fault aggregator error stops the SoC fault timer 424. The mailbox interrupt sent to the mailbox(es) 156 may indicate that the uncorrected error has been cleared and/or the processor 140 has taken the corrective action(s) in block 597. Optionally, the processor 140 may write fault information to the mailbox(es) 156. The processor 140 may wait for notification from the processor 150 that the fault(s) corresponding to the uncorrected error(s) has/have been cleared from the particular SoC fault aggregator before the processor 140 clears the SoC fault aggregator error and the uncorrected error(s) from the SI fault aggregator 142. Then, the method 580 terminates. The mailbox interrupt is received by the processor 150, which may clear the fault corresponding to the uncorrected error. The processor 150 may optionally read the fault information written to the mailbox(es) 156 by the processor 140 before clearing the fault.
In
The line 612A represents the uncorrected error signal conducted by the uncorrected error signal conductor 412 (see
Then, in
On the other hand, if the contents of the mailbox(es) 156 do not indicate that the processor 150 has cleared the particular fault, the processor 140 may decide to take one or more corrective actions (e.g., decision in decision block 573 of
When the corrective action(s) are successful, the processor 140 may send a mailbox interrupt to the mailbox(es) 156 indicating the processor 140 has cleared the particular fault (e.g., block 578 of
The line 616A represents the SoC fault aggregation signal and illustrates that the SoC fault aggregation error was not asserted. Thus, the uncorrected fault(s) were cleared before the uncorrected error timer 420U expired.
The line 618A represents a SoC error signal that may be sent to the external system 404 (e.g., the optional external control unit 106, one or more external microcontrollers, one or more external agents, and the like) over the connection 406. Because the uncorrected error(s) has/have been handled and the SoC fault aggregation error was not asserted, the line 618A indicates that the SI 110 does not notify the external system 404 of the uncorrected error(s) (e.g., the decision in decision block 575 is “NO”).
The line 612B represents the uncorrected error signal conducted by the uncorrected error signal conductor 412 (see
Then, in
However, the processor 140 decides to notify the external system 404 (see
The line 612C represents the uncorrected error signal conducted by the uncorrected error signal conductor 412 (see
In
A line 628C represents the third predetermined amount of time and shows the uncorrected error timer 420U expired. Because neither the processor 140 nor the processor 150 was able to clear the first uncorrected error, the uncorrected error timer 420U is allowed to expire (e.g., decision in decision block 530 of
After receiving the SI fault aggregator signal (e.g., block 582 of
Referring to
To allow the SI 110 to share the volatile memory 126 with the other components 160 of the automotive SoC 104, a separate dedicated memory region (referred to as a “carve-out” 250) is created in the volatile memory 126 for exclusive use by the SI 110. The carve-out 250 may not be visible to memory management software (e.g., Rich-OS memory management Rich-OS memory management software) executed by the main CPU complex 120 (see
The SI 110 includes an error detection block 272, which includes hardware positioned between other components of the SI 110 and the carve-out 250. Thus, the error detection block 272 may be implemented as a component of the volatile memory interface 200A. Alternatively, the error detection block 272 may be positioned between the processor 140 and the volatile memory interface 200A. In such embodiments, one or more signal conductors (e.g., a wire, a signal trace, and the like) may connect the error detection block 272 to each of the processor 140 and the volatile memory interface 200A.
The hardware of the error detection block 272 may include a code generation sub-block 273 (see
crc_outByte x=CRC(Byte Address,Byte Data) Equation 1
In Equation 1 above, a variable “crc_outByte x” represents the error detection code calculated based on the byte, represented by a variable “Byte Data,” and the data address, represented by a variable “Byte Address.” In Equation 1, a function “CRC” uses the values of the variables “Byte Data” and “Byte Address” as an inputs and outputs the value of the variable “crc_outByte x.” The output of the function “CRC” may be calculated at least in part by the code generation sub-block 273 (see
After the error detection code is determined, the error detection block 272 determines (e.g., using an offset) a code address for the error detection code. For example, Equation 2 below may be used to determine the error detection code for a particular byte of the data to be written to the carve-out 250.
crc_out_address=write_address+fixed_offset Equation 2
In Equation 2 above, a variable “crc_out_address” represents the code address calculated based on the data address, represented by a variable “write_address,” of the byte and an offset, represented by a variable “fixed_offset.” As mentioned above, the carve-out 250 may be divided into subsections with the first subsection 252 (see
The error detection block 272 introduces a delay (e.g., a few clock cycles) between the storage of the data in the data address(es) and the storage of the error detection code in the code address(es). This delay reduces the likelihood that an event (e.g., a transient event) that negatively impacts the data will also negatively impact the error detection code. In other words, the delay helps provide immunity from common cause failures and transient failures, which helps provide protection from issues like clock glitches. The error detection block 272 may buffer two or more bytes of data and their corresponding error detection codes before storing them in the carve-out 250. Then, the error detection block 272 may store the bytes of data (e.g., 16 bytes) in the first subsection 252 followed by the delay. Next, the error detection block 272 may store the corresponding error detection codes (e.g., 16 bytes) in the second subsection 254.
Now referring to
Referring to
Then, in block 706, the error detection block 272 determines an error detection code for the portion of the data selected in block 704 (e.g., using Equation 1 above). Next, in block 708, the error detection block 272 forwards the first write instruction including the portion of the data selected in block 704 and the corresponding data address to the first subsection 252 (see
In next block 710, the error detection block 272 (see
Then, in decision block 716, the error detection block 272 (see
As mentioned above, the error detection block 272 may buffer two or more bytes of data and their corresponding error detection codes before storing them in the carve-out 250. For example, blocks 706-714 may each be performed for multiple blocks of data (e.g., selected in block 704). By way of a non-limiting example, the error detection block 272 may perform block 706 for two or more bytes of data before sending the first write instruction to the carve-out 250 in block 708 along with the bytes of data and their corresponding data address(es). For example, the error detection block 272 may send the bytes of data along with a first data address to the first subsection 252. The first subsection 252 may write the bytes of data in consecutive memory addresses starting with the first data address. Then, in block 710, the error detection block 272 may determine code addresses for the two or more error detection codes determined in block 706. In block 712, the error detection block 272 introduces a delay between writing the bytes of data and writing the error detection codes to the carve-out 250. Then, in block 714, the error detection block 272 forwards the second write instruction including the error detection codes and the code addresses to the second subsection 254. The second subsection 254 writes the error detection codes in the code addresses. Depending upon the implementation details, the second write instruction may include only a first code address and the second subsection 254 may write the error detection codes in consecutive memory addresses starting with the first code address.
The safety island interconnect 808 delivers the first write instruction 804 to the error detection block 272 (e.g., block 702 of
Next, the code generation sub-block 273 determines an error detection code for each byte of the data (e.g., block 706 of
The error detection block 272 sends the data and the first data address (e.g., in the signals 812-0 to 812-15) to the first subsection 252 of the carve-out 250 via the volatile memory interface 200A (see
The first subsection 252 writes the data to memory by storing the first byte (represented in
The first (data) buffer 820 reorders “data write completion responses” received in the response signal 828 from the carve-out 250. For example, the error detection block 272 may send a pair of write instructions A and B (e.g., in the first write instruction sent in block 708 of
The first (data) buffer 820 forwards the response signal 828 to the safety island interconnect 808, which forwards the response signal 828 to the initiator 802. At this point, in this example, the data (e.g., 16 bytes) have been written to the first subsection 252 in a first single write operation.
The error detection block 272 also determines a first code address based on the first data address (e.g., block 710 of
The error detection block 272 waits (e.g., block 712 of
The second subsection 254 writes the error detection codes to memory by storing the first error detection code (represented in
The second (code) buffer 822 may drop the response signal 838. Alternatively, the second (code) buffer 822 may forward the response signal 838 to the safety island interconnect 808, which may forward the response signal 838 to the initiator 802. At this point, in this example, the error detection codes (e.g., 16 bytes) have been written to the second subsection 254 in a second single write operation.
The volatile memory interface 200A may include two parallel and optionally dedicated interfaces that connect the error detection block 272 with the volatile memory 126. The data may be sent to the first data address over the first interface and the error detection code(s) may be sent to the first code address over the second interface. In such embodiments, the error detection block 272 may send the first write instruction including the data and the first data address (e.g., in the signal 824) over the first interface to the first subsection 252 at the same time that the error detection block 272 sends the second write instruction including the error detection code(s) and the first code address (e.g., in the signal 834) over the second interface to the second subsection 254. Further, the (data) response signal 828 and the (code) response signal 838 may be transmitted to the first and second buffers 820 and 822, respectively, at the same time over the first and second interfaces, respectively.
When the initiator 802 (e.g., the processor 140) of the SI 110 wishes to read the data from the carve-out 250, the SI 110 receives both the data and the error detection code(s) from the carve-out 250. The SI 110 introduces a delay between when the data is read from the data address(es) and when the error detection code(s) is/are read from the code address(es). This delay reduces the likelihood that an event that negatively impacts the data will also negatively impact the error detection code. The SI 110 passes the read data through the error detection block 272, which determines a check code for the read data and compares the error detection code with the check code. This comparison may be represented by an Equation 3 below:
CRC_gen(Requested address,Fetched Data)==crc_inByte x(CRC_address) Equation 3
In Equation 3, an operator “==” indicates whether an expression to the left of the operator “==” is equal to an expression to the right of the operator “==.” A variable “Fetched Data” represents at least a portion (e.g., Byte x) of the data obtained in block 906, a variable “Requested address” represents the data address of that portion of the data, and a variable “CRC_address” represents the code address determined based on the data address of the portion (e.g., Byte x) of the data. A function “CRC_gen” uses the values of variables “Fetched Data” and “Requested address” as an inputs and the function “CRC_gen” outputs the check code for the portion (e.g., Byte x). The function “CRC_gen” may be identical to the function “CRC” of the Equation 1 above. The output of the function “CRC_gen” may be calculated at least in part by the code generation sub-block 273 (see
Now referring to
Then, in block 908, the error detection block 272 determines the code address(es) for the error detection code(s) corresponding to the data (e.g., using the Equation 2 above). By way of a non-limiting example, the code address(es) may be determined based at least in part on the data address(es). For example, in accordance with Equation 2 above, each of the code address(es) may be calculated by adding the offset (the value of the variable “fixed_offset”) to a corresponding one of the data address(es) (the value of the variable “write_address”). Depending upon the implementation details, the error detection block 272 may identify only a first code address based on the first data address. Then, in block 910, the error detection block 272 waits (e.g., a few clock cycles) to request the error detection code(s) stored at the code address(es) determined in block 908. Thus, in block 910, the error detection block 272 introduces a delay between reading the data and reading the error detection code(s) from the code address(es). The error detection block 272 may include a read delay timer (not shown) that is used to determine how long the error detection block 272 waits at block 910. Thus, the error detection block 272 may wait a sixth predetermined amount of time before requesting the error detection code(s) from the second subsection 254.
After waiting, in next block 912, the error detection block 272 sends a second read instruction to the second subsection 254 including the code address(es) determined in block 908 and requesting the error detection code(s) stored at those code address(es). Thus, to read the data, the error detection block 272 accesses the carve-out 250 twice, once each in blocks 904 and 912. If the second read instruction included only the first code address, the second subsection 254 may read a predetermined number of error detection codes (e.g., 16 bytes) from consecutive memory addresses starting at the first code address. In block 914, the error detection block 272 receives the error detection code(s) stored at the code address(es) from the second subsection 254. In block 916, the error detection block 272 determines a check code for each of the error detection code(s) obtained in block 914 (e.g., using the Equation 1 above).
At decision block 918, for each of the error detection code(s), the error detection block 272 determines whether the error detection code matches the check code that corresponds to the error detection code (e.g., using Equation 3 above). The decision in decision block 918 is “YES,” when the error detection code matches its corresponding check code. Otherwise, the decision in decision block 918 is “NO.” When the decision in decision block 918 is “YES,” in block 920, the error detection block 272 forwards the data corresponding to the error detection code to the initiator 802 (see
The error detection block 272 may read two or more bytes of data and their corresponding error detection codes from the carve-out 250 at a time. For example, blocks 904-914 may each be performed for multiple blocks of data. By way of a non-limiting example, in block 904, the error detection block 272 may send the first read instruction to the first subsection 252 requesting two or more bytes of data from a first data address. The first subsection 252 may read the bytes of data from consecutive memory addresses starting with the first data address and send the bytes of data to the error detection block 272, which the error detection block 272 receives in block 906. Then, in block 908, the error detection block 272 may determine code address(es) based on the data address(es). Depending upon the implementation details, the error detection block 272 may identify only a first code address based on the first data address. Then, in block 910, the error detection block 272 introduces a delay between reading the bytes of data and reading the error detection codes from the carve-out 250. Next, the error detection block 272 may request the error detection codes stored in the carve-out 250 for the bytes of data obtained in block 906. For example, the error detection block 272 may send the first code address to the second subsection 254. The second subsection 254 may read the error detection codes from consecutive memory addresses starting with the first code address and send the error detection codes to the error detection block 272, which the error detection block 272 receives in block 914. Then, the method 900 continues with block 916.
The error detection block 272 sends the first data address to the first subsection 252 of the carve-out 250 via the volatile memory interface 200A (see
The first subsection 252 reads the data from memory starting at the first byte (“byte 0”) at the first data address and reading the subsequent bytes from subsequent data addresses after the first data address. The SI 110 may read data having a predetermined size (e.g., 16 bytes) from the carve-out 250. Then, the first subsection 252 sends a response signal 1012 to the initiator 802 including the data that has been read. The response signal 1012 is sent by the first subsection 252 to the data backbone and memory subsystem 826, which forwards the response signal 1012 to the volatile memory interface 200A (see
Then, the error detection block 272 determines a first code address (“Address_1”) based on the first data address (e.g., block 908 of
Next, the error detection block 272 waits (e.g., block 910 of
The second subsection 254 reads the error detection codes from memory by reading the first error detection code (for “byte 0”) at the first code address and reading the subsequent error detection codes from subsequent codes addresses after the first code address. In the example of
When the error detection block 272 waits (e.g., block 910 of
As mentioned above, because the bytes may be out of order in the response signal 1012, the first (data) buffer 820 may reorder the bytes. Similarly, the second (code) buffer 822 may reorder the error detection codes when the error detection codes are out of order in the response signal 1016. The first (data) buffer 820 outputs signals 1022-0 to 1022-15 each carrying one of the bytes of data and the second (code) buffer 822 outputs signals 1024-0 to 1024-15 each carrying one of the error detection codes. The signals 1022-0 to 1022-15 correspond to the signals 1024-0 to 1024-15, respectively. The first and second buffers 820 and 822 may route or reorder the signals 1022-0 to 1022-15 and 1024-0 to 1024-15 to position each byte of data in a known location with respect to the error detection code created for the byte. In the embodiment illustrated in
Then, the code generation sub-block 273 determines (e.g., using the Equation 1 above) a check code for each of the bytes of the data (e.g., block 916 of
For each of the error detection code(s), the error detection block 272 determines whether the error detection code matches the check code that corresponds to the error detection code (e.g., decision block 918 of
As mentioned above, the volatile memory interface 200A may include the two parallel and optionally dedicated interfaces that connect the error detection block 272 with the volatile memory 126. In such embodiments, the error detection block 272 may send the first read instruction including the first data address (e.g., in the signal 1010) over the first interface to the first subsection 252 at the same time that the error detection block 272 sends the second read instruction including the first code address (e.g., in the signal 1014) over the second interface to the second subsection 254. Further, the data read from the first subsection 252 (e.g., and transmitted in the response signal 1012) and the error detection code(s) read from the second subsection 254 (e.g., and transmitted in the response signal 1016) may be transmitted to the first and second buffers 820 and 822, respectively, at the same time over the first and second interfaces, respectively.
Referring to
During a write operation, the ingress timer 276 may start when the initiator 802 passes data to the error detection block 272 to write into the carve-out 250 (e.g., at block 702 of
During a read operation, the ingress timer 276 may start when the error detection block 272 receives the read request from the initiator 802 (e.g., at block 902 of
As mentioned above, the ingress timer 276 may start when the initiator 802 passes data to the error detection block 272 to write into the carve-out 250 (e.g., at block 702 of
Block 1124 indicates the code generation sub-block 273 (see
The error logger 1108 may function as a fault aggregator that aggregates the errors 1106, 1116, and 1126 into an error notification 1130 that the error logger 1108 sends to the SI fault aggregator 142.
When the automotive SoC 104 first boots up, the processor 140 of the SI 110 may attempt to pre-fetch data from the carve-out 250. A pre-fetch may be characterized as being a type of non-deliberate read of data from the carve-out 250. Because the shared volatile memory 126 is volatile, at that point, the carve-out 250 may be storing uninitialized data that lacks error detection code(s) or is associated with mismatching error detection code(s). To prevent the error detection block 272 from generating mismatch errors, the SI 110 (e.g., the processor 140, the DMA engine 402, and/or the like) may write one or more error detection codes into the carve-out 250 for the data that the processor 140 will or might pre-fetch. By way of a non-limiting example, the SI 110 may write initial data to the carve-out 250, which causes the hardware of the error detection block 272 to determine one or more error detection codes for the initial data, each associated with a code address. Then, the SI 110 may cause the carve-out 250 to store each error detection code in its associated code address. Thus, during a pre-fetch operation, the error detection codes stored by the second subsection 254 will correspond to the data stored in the first subsection 252 and the error detection block 272 will not generate mismatch errors.
Referring to
It should be understood that this and other arrangements described herein are set forth only as examples. Other arrangements and elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, functions, orders, groupings of functions, etc.) may be used in addition to or instead of those shown, and some elements may be omitted altogether. Further, many of the elements described herein are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination and location. Various functions described herein as being performed by entities may be carried out by hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory.
The vehicle 1200 may include components such as a chassis, a vehicle body, wheels (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 18, etc.), tires, axles, and other components of a vehicle. The vehicle 1200 may include a propulsion system 1250, such as an internal combustion engine, hybrid electric power plant, an all-electric engine, and/or another propulsion system type. The propulsion system 1250 may be connected to a drive train of the vehicle 1200, which may include a transmission, to enable the propulsion of the vehicle 1200. The propulsion system 1250 may be controlled in response to receiving signals from the throttle/accelerator 1252.
A steering system 1254, which may include a steering wheel, may be used to steer the vehicle 1200 (e.g., along a desired path or route) when the propulsion system 1250 is operating (e.g., when the vehicle is in motion). The steering system 1254 may receive signals from a steering actuator 1256. The steering wheel may be optional for full automation (Level 5) functionality.
The brake sensor system 1246 may be used to operate the vehicle brakes in response to receiving signals from the brake actuators 1248 and/or brake sensors.
Controller(s) 1236, which may include one or more CPU(s), system on chips (SoCs) 1204 (
The controller(s) 1236 may provide the signals for controlling one or more components and/or systems of the vehicle 1200 in response to sensor data received from one or more sensors (e.g., sensor inputs). The sensor data may be received from, for example and without limitation, global navigation satellite systems sensor(s) 1258 (e.g., Global Positioning System sensor(s)), RADAR sensor(s) 1260, ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262, LIDAR sensor(s) 1264, inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor(s) 1266 (e.g., accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), magnetic compass(es), magnetometer(s), etc.), microphone(s) 1296, stereo camera(s) 1268, wide-view camera(s) 1270 (e.g., fisheye cameras), infrared camera(s) 1272, surround camera(s) 1274 (e.g., 360 degree cameras), long-range and/or mid-range camera(s) 1298, speed sensor(s) 1244 (e.g., for measuring the speed of the vehicle 1200), vibration sensor(s) 1242, steering sensor(s) 1240, brake sensor(s) 1246 (e.g., as part of the brake sensor system 1246), and/or other sensor types.
One or more of the controller(s) 1236 may receive inputs (e.g., represented by input data) from an instrument cluster 1232 of the vehicle 1200 and provide outputs (e.g., represented by output data, display data, etc.) via a human-machine interface (HMI) display 1234, an audible annunciator, a loudspeaker, and/or via other components of the vehicle 1200. The outputs may include information such as vehicle velocity, speed, time, map data (e.g., the HD map 1222 of
The vehicle 1200 further includes a network interface 1224, which may use one or more wireless antenna(s) 1226 and/or modem(s) to communicate over one or more networks. For example, the network interface 1224 may be capable of communication over LTE, WCDMA, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, etc. The wireless antenna(s) 1226 may also enable communication between objects in the environment (e.g., vehicles, mobile devices, etc.), using local area network(s), such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Z-Wave, ZigBee, etc., and/or low power wide-area network(s) (LPWANs), such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, etc.
As mentioned above, in at least some embodiments, the automotive platform 100 (see
The camera types for the cameras may include, but are not limited to, digital cameras that may be adapted for use with the components and/or systems of the vehicle 1200. The camera(s) may operate at automotive safety integrity level (ASIL) B and/or at another ASIL. The camera types may be capable of any image capture rate, such as 60 frames per second (fps), 120 fps, 240 fps, etc., depending on the embodiment. The cameras may be capable of using rolling shutters, global shutters, another type of shutter, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the color filter array may include a red clear clear clear (RCCC) color filter array, a red clear clear blue (RCCB) color filter array, a red blue green clear (RBGC) color filter array, a Foveon X3 color filter array, a Bayer sensors (RGGB) color filter array, a monochrome sensor color filter array, and/or another type of color filter array. In some embodiments, clear pixel cameras, such as cameras with an RCCC, an RCCB, and/or an RBGC color filter array, may be used in an effort to increase light sensitivity.
In some examples, one or more of the camera(s) may be used to perform advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) functions (e.g., as part of a redundant or fail-safe design). For example, a Multi-Function Mono Camera may be installed to provide functions including lane departure warning, traffic sign assist and intelligent headlamp control. One or more of the camera(s) (e.g., all of the cameras) may record and provide image data (e.g., video) simultaneously.
One or more of the cameras may be mounted in a mounting assembly, such as a custom-designed (3-D printed) assembly, in order to cut out stray light and reflections from within the car (e.g., reflections from the dashboard reflected in the windshield mirrors) which may interfere with the camera's image data capture abilities. With reference to wing-mirror mounting assemblies, the wing-mirror assemblies may be custom 3-D printed so that the camera mounting plate matches the shape of the wing-mirror. In some examples, the camera(s) may be integrated into the wing-mirror. For side-view cameras, the camera(s) may also be integrated within the four pillars at each corner of the cabin.
Cameras with a field of view that includes portions of the environment in front of the vehicle 1200 (e.g., front-facing cameras) may be used for surround view, to help identify forward-facing paths and obstacles, as well aid in, with the help of one or more controllers 1236 and/or control SoCs, providing information critical to generating an occupancy grid and/or determining the preferred vehicle paths. Front-facing cameras may be used to perform many of the same ADAS functions as LIDAR, including emergency braking, pedestrian detection, and collision avoidance. Front-facing cameras may also be used for ADAS functions and systems including Lane Departure Warnings (LDW), Autonomous Cruise Control (ACC), and/or other functions such as traffic sign recognition.
A variety of cameras may be used in a front-facing configuration, including, for example, a monocular camera platform that includes a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) color imager. Another example may be a wide-view camera(s) 1270 that may be used to perceive objects coming into view from the periphery (e.g., pedestrians, crossing traffic, or bicycles). Although only one wide-view camera is illustrated in
One or more stereo cameras 1268 may also be included in a front-facing configuration. The stereo camera(s) 1268 may include an integrated control unit including a scalable processing unit, which may provide a programmable logic (e.g., FPGA) and a multi-core microprocessor with an integrated CAN or Ethernet interface on a single chip. Such a unit may be used to generate a 3-D map of the vehicle's environment, including a distance estimate for all the points in the image. An alternative stereo camera(s) 1268 may include a compact stereo vision sensor(s) that may include two camera lenses (one each on the left and right) and an image processing chip that may measure the distance from the vehicle to the target object and use the generated information (e.g., metadata) to activate the autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning functions. Other types of stereo camera(s) 1268 may be used in addition to, or alternatively from, those described herein.
Cameras with a field of view that includes portions of the environment to the side of the vehicle 1200 (e.g., side-view cameras) may be used for surround view, providing information used to create and update the occupancy grid, as well as to generate side impact collision warnings. For example, surround camera(s) 1274 (e.g., four surround cameras 1274 as illustrated in
Cameras with a field of view that include portions of the environment to the rear of the vehicle 1200 (e.g., rear-view cameras) may be used for park assistance, surround view, rear collision warnings, and creating and updating the occupancy grid. A wide variety of cameras may be used including, but not limited to, cameras that are also suitable as a front-facing camera(s) (e.g., long-range and/or mid-range camera(s) 1298, stereo camera(s) 1268), infrared camera(s) 1272, etc.), as described herein.
Each of the components, features, and systems of the vehicle 1200 in
Although the bus 1202 is described herein as being a CAN bus, this is not intended to be limiting. For example, in addition to, or alternatively from, the CAN bus, FlexRay and/or Ethernet may be used. Additionally, although a single line is used to represent the bus 1202, this is not intended to be limiting. For example, there may be any number of busses 1202, which may include one or more CAN busses, one or more FlexRay busses, one or more Ethernet busses, and/or one or more other types of busses using a different protocol. In some examples, two or more busses 1202 may be used to perform different functions, and/or may be used for redundancy. For example, a first bus 1202 may be used for collision avoidance functionality and a second bus 1202 may be used for actuation control. In any example, each bus 1202 may communicate with any of the components of the vehicle 1200, and two or more busses 1202 may communicate with the same components. In some examples, each SoC 1204, each controller 1236, and/or each computer within the vehicle may have access to the same input data (e.g., inputs from sensors of the vehicle 1200), and may be connected to a common bus, such the CAN bus.
The vehicle 1200 may include one or more controller(s) 1236, such as those described herein with respect to
The vehicle 1200 may include a system(s) on a chip (SoC) 1204. The SoC 1204 may include CPU(s) 1206, GPU(s) 1208, processor(s) 1210, cache(s) 1212, accelerator(s) 1214, data store(s) 1216, and/or other components and features not illustrated. The SoC(s) 1204 may be used to control the vehicle 1200 in a variety of platforms and systems. For example, the SoC(s) 1204 may be combined in a system (e.g., the system of the vehicle 1200) with an HD map 1222 which may obtain map refreshes and/or updates via a network interface 1224 from one or more servers (e.g., server(s) 1278 of
The CPU(s) 1206 may include a CPU cluster or CPU complex (alternatively referred to herein as a “CCPLEX”). The CPU(s) 1206 may include multiple cores and/or L2 caches. For example, in some embodiments, the CPU(s) 1206 may include eight cores in a coherent multi-processor configuration. In some embodiments, the CPU(s) 1206 may include four dual-core clusters where each cluster has a dedicated L2 cache (e.g., a 2 MB L2 cache). The CPU(s) 1206 (e.g., the CCPLEX) may be configured to support simultaneous cluster operation enabling any combination of the clusters of the CPU(s) 1206 to be active at any given time.
The CPU(s) 1206 may implement power management capabilities that include one or more of the following features: individual hardware blocks may be clock-gated automatically when idle to save dynamic power; each core clock may be gated when the core is not actively executing instructions due to execution of WFI/WFE instructions; each core may be independently power-gated; each core cluster may be independently clock-gated when all cores are clock-gated or power-gated; and/or each core cluster may be independently power-gated when all cores are power-gated. The CPU(s) 1206 may further implement an enhanced algorithm for managing power states, where allowed power states and expected wakeup times are specified, and the hardware/microcode determines the best power state to enter for the core, cluster, and CCPLEX. The processing cores may support simplified power state entry sequences in software with the work offloaded to microcode.
The GPU(s) 1208 may include an integrated GPU (alternatively referred to herein as an “iGPU”). The GPU(s) 1208 may be programmable and may be efficient for parallel workloads. The GPU(s) 1208, in some examples, may use an enhanced tensor instruction set. The GPU(s) 1208 may include one or more streaming microprocessors, where each streaming microprocessor may include an L1 cache (e.g., an L1 cache with at least 96 KB storage capacity), and two or more of the streaming microprocessors may share an L2 cache (e.g., an L2 cache with a 512 KB storage capacity). In some embodiments, the GPU(s) 1208 may include at least eight streaming microprocessors. The GPU(s) 1208 may use computer-based application programming interface(s) (API(s)). In addition, the GPU(s) 1208 may use one or more parallel computing platforms and/or programming models (e.g., NVIDIA's CUDA).
The GPU(s) 1208 may be power-optimized for best performance in automotive and embedded use cases. For example, the GPU(s) 1208 may be fabricated on a Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET). However, this is not intended to be limiting, and the GPU(s) 1208 may be fabricated using other semiconductor manufacturing processes. Each streaming microprocessor may incorporate a number of mixed-precision processing cores partitioned into multiple blocks. For example, and without limitation, 64 PF32 cores and 32 PF64 cores may be partitioned into four processing blocks. In such an example, each processing block may be allocated 16 FP32 cores, 8 FP64 cores, 16 INT32 cores, two mixed-precision NVIDIA TENSOR COREs for deep learning matrix arithmetic, an L0 instruction cache, a warp scheduler, a dispatch unit, and/or a 64 KB register file. In addition, the streaming microprocessors may include independent parallel integer and floating-point data paths to provide for efficient execution of workloads with a mix of computation and addressing calculations. The streaming microprocessors may include independent thread-scheduling capability to enable finer-grain synchronization and cooperation between parallel threads. The streaming microprocessors may include a combined L1 data cache and shared memory unit in order to improve performance while simplifying programming.
The GPU(s) 1208 may include a high bandwidth memory (HBM) and/or a 16 GB HBM2 memory subsystem to provide, in some examples, about 900 GB/second peak memory bandwidth. In some examples, in addition to, or alternatively from, the HBM memory, a synchronous graphics random-access memory (SGRAM) may be used, such as a graphics double data rate type five synchronous random-access memory (GDDR5).
The GPU(s) 1208 may include unified memory technology including access counters to allow for more accurate migration of memory pages to the processor that accesses them most frequently, thereby improving efficiency for memory ranges shared between processors. In some examples, address translation services (ATS) support may be used to allow the GPU(s) 1208 to access the CPU(s) 1206 page tables directly. In such examples, when the GPU(s) 1208 memory management unit (MMU) experiences a miss, an address translation request may be transmitted to the CPU(s) 1206. In response, the CPU(s) 1206 may look in its page tables for the virtual-to-physical mapping for the address and transmits the translation back to the GPU(s) 1208. As such, unified memory technology may allow a single unified virtual address space for memory of both the CPU(s) 1206 and the GPU(s) 1208, thereby simplifying the GPU(s) 1208 programming and porting of applications to the GPU(s) 1208.
In addition, the GPU(s) 1208 may include an access counter that may keep track of the frequency of access of the GPU(s) 1208 to memory of other processors. The access counter may help ensure that memory pages are moved to the physical memory of the processor that is accessing the pages most frequently.
The SoC(s) 1204 may include any number of cache(s) 1212, including those described herein. For example, the cache(s) 1212 may include an L3 cache that is available to both the CPU(s) 1206 and the GPU(s) 1208 (e.g., that is connected to both the CPU(s) 1206 and the GPU(s) 1208). The cache(s) 1212 may include a write-back cache that may keep track of states of lines, such as by using a cache coherence protocol (e.g., MEI, MESI, MSI, etc.). The L3 cache may include 4 MB or more, depending on the embodiment, although smaller cache sizes may be used.
The SoC(s) 1204 may include an arithmetic logic unit(s) (ALU(s)) which may be leveraged in performing processing with respect to any of the variety of tasks or operations of the vehicle 1200—such as processing DNNs. In addition, the SoC(s) 1204 may include a floating point unit(s) (FPU(s))—or other math coprocessor or numeric coprocessor types—for performing mathematical operations within the system. For example, the SoC(s) 104 may include one or more FPUs integrated as execution units within a CPU(s) 1206 and/or GPU(s) 1208.
The SoC(s) 1204 may include one or more accelerators 1214 (e.g., hardware accelerators, software accelerators, or a combination thereof). For example, the SoC(s) 1204 may include a hardware acceleration cluster that may include optimized hardware accelerators and/or large on-chip memory. The large on-chip memory (e.g., 4 MB of SRAM), may enable the hardware acceleration cluster to accelerate neural networks and other calculations. The hardware acceleration cluster may be used to complement the GPU(s) 1208 and to off-load some of the tasks of the GPU(s) 1208 (e.g., to free up more cycles of the GPU(s) 1208 for performing other tasks). As an example, the accelerator(s) 1214 may be used for targeted workloads (e.g., perception, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), etc.) that are stable enough to be amenable to acceleration. The term “CNN,” as used herein, may include all types of CNNs, including region-based or regional convolutional neural networks (RCNNs) and Fast RCNNs (e.g., as used for object detection).
The accelerator(s) 1214 (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a deep learning accelerator(s) (DLA). The DLA(s) may include one or more Tensor processing units (TPUs) that may be configured to provide an additional ten trillion operations per second for deep learning applications and inferencing. The TPUs may be accelerators configured to, and optimized for, performing image processing functions (e.g., for CNNs, RCNNs, etc.). The DLA(s) may further be optimized for a specific set of neural network types and floating point operations, as well as inferencing. The design of the DLA(s) may provide more performance per millimeter than a general-purpose GPU, and vastly exceeds the performance of a CPU. The TPU(s) may perform several functions, including a single-instance convolution function, supporting, for example, INT8, INT16, and FP16 data types for both features and weights, as well as post-processor functions.
The DLA(s) may quickly and efficiently execute neural networks, especially CNNs, on processed or unprocessed data for any of a variety of functions, including, for example and without limitation: a CNN for object identification and detection using data from camera sensors; a CNN for distance estimation using data from camera sensors; a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification and detection using data from microphones; a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification using data from camera sensors; and/or a CNN for security and/or safety related events.
The DLA(s) may perform any function of the GPU(s) 1208, and by using an inference accelerator, for example, a designer may target either the DLA(s) or the GPU(s) 1208 for any function. For example, the designer may focus processing of CNNs and floating point operations on the DLA(s) and leave other functions to the GPU(s) 1208 and/or other accelerator(s) 1214.
The accelerator(s) 1214 (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a programmable vision accelerator(s) (PVA), which may alternatively be referred to herein as a computer vision accelerator. The PVA(s) may be designed and configured to accelerate computer vision algorithms for the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), autonomous driving, and/or augmented reality (AR) and/or virtual reality (VR) applications. The PVA(s) may provide a balance between performance and flexibility. For example, each PVA(s) may include, for example and without limitation, any number of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) cores, direct memory access (DMA), and/or any number of vector processors.
The RISC cores may interact with image sensors (e.g., the image sensors of any of the cameras described herein), image signal processor(s), and/or the like. Each of the RISC cores may include any amount of memory. The RISC cores may use any of a number of protocols, depending on the embodiment. In some examples, the RISC cores may execute a real-time operating system (RTOS). The RISC cores may be implemented using one or more integrated circuit devices, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or memory devices. For example, the RISC cores may include an instruction cache and/or a tightly coupled RAM.
The DMA may enable components of the PVA(s) to access the system memory independently of the CPU(s) 1206. The DMA may support any number of features used to provide optimization to the PVA including, but not limited to, supporting multi-dimensional addressing and/or circular addressing. In some examples, the DMA may support up to six or more dimensions of addressing, which may include block width, block height, block depth, horizontal block stepping, vertical block stepping, and/or depth stepping.
The vector processors may be programmable processors that may be designed to efficiently and flexibly execute programming for computer vision algorithms and provide signal processing capabilities. In some examples, the PVA may include a PVA core and two vector processing subsystem partitions. The PVA core may include a processor subsystem, DMA engine(s) (e.g., two DMA engines), and/or other peripherals. The vector processing subsystem may operate as the primary processing engine of the PVA, and may include a vector processing unit (VPU), an instruction cache, and/or vector memory (e.g., VMEM). A VPU core may include a digital signal processor such as, for example, a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD), very long instruction word (VLIW) digital signal processor. The combination of the SIMD and VLIW may enhance throughput and speed.
Each of the vector processors may include an instruction cache and may be coupled to dedicated memory. As a result, in some examples, each of the vector processors may be configured to execute independently of the other vector processors. In other examples, the vector processors that are included in a particular PVA may be configured to employ data parallelism. For example, in some embodiments, the plurality of vector processors included in a single PVA may execute the same computer vision algorithm, but on different regions of an image. In other examples, the vector processors included in a particular PVA may simultaneously execute different computer vision algorithms, on the same image, or even execute different algorithms on sequential images or portions of an image. Among other things, any number of PVAs may be included in the hardware acceleration cluster and any number of vector processors may be included in each of the PVAs. In addition, the PVA(s) may include additional error correcting code (ECC) memory, to enhance overall system safety.
The accelerator(s) 1214 (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a computer vision network on-chip and SRAM, for providing a high-bandwidth, low latency SRAM for the accelerator(s) 1214. In some examples, the on-chip memory may include at least 4 MB SRAM, consisting of, for example and without limitation, eight field-configurable memory blocks, that may be accessible by both the PVA and the DLA. Each pair of memory blocks may include an advanced peripheral bus (APB) interface, configuration circuitry, a controller, and a multiplexer. Any type of memory may be used. The PVA and DLA may access the memory via a backbone that provides the PVA and DLA with high-speed access to memory. The backbone may include a computer vision network on-chip that interconnects the PVA and the DLA to the memory (e.g., using the APB).
The computer vision network on-chip may include an interface that determines, before transmission of any control signal/address/data, that both the PVA and the DLA provide ready and valid signals. Such an interface may provide for separate phases and separate channels for transmitting control signals/addresses/data, as well as burst-type communications for continuous data transfer. This type of interface may comply with ISO 26262 or IEC 61508 standards, although other standards and protocols may be used.
In some examples, the SoC(s) 1204 may include a real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/101,232, filed on Aug. 10, 2018. The real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator may be used to quickly and efficiently determine the positions and extents of objects (e.g., within a world model), to generate real-time visualization simulations, for RADAR signal interpretation, for sound propagation synthesis and/or analysis, for simulation of SONAR systems, for general wave propagation simulation, for comparison to LIDAR data for purposes of localization and/or other functions, and/or for other uses. In some embodiments, one or more tree traversal units (TTUs) may be used for executing one or more ray-tracing related operations.
The accelerator(s) 1214 (e.g., the hardware accelerator cluster) have a wide array of uses for autonomous driving. The PVA may be a programmable vision accelerator that may be used for key processing stages in ADAS and autonomous vehicles. The PVA's capabilities are a good match for algorithmic domains needing predictable processing, at low power and low latency. In other words, the PVA performs well on semi-dense or dense regular computation, even on small data sets, which need predictable run-times with low latency and low power. Thus, in the context of platforms for autonomous vehicles, the PVAs are designed to run classic computer vision algorithms, as they are efficient at object detection and operating on integer math.
For example, according to one embodiment of the technology, the PVA is used to perform computer stereo vision. A semi-global matching-based algorithm may be used in some examples, although this is not intended to be limiting. Many applications for Level 3-5 autonomous driving require motion estimation/stereo matching on-the-fly (e.g., structure from motion, pedestrian recognition, lane detection, etc.). The PVA may perform computer stereo vision function on inputs from two monocular cameras.
In some examples, the PVA may be used to perform dense optical flow. For example, the PVA may be used to process raw RADAR data (e.g., using a 4D Fast Fourier Transform) to provide a processed RADAR signal before emitting the next RADAR pulse. In other examples, the PVA is used for time of flight depth processing, by processing raw time of flight data to provide processed time of flight data, for example.
The DLA may be used to run any type of network to enhance control and driving safety, including, for example, a neural network that outputs a measure of confidence for each object detection. Such a confidence value may be interpreted as a probability, or as providing a relative “weight” of each detection compared to other detections. This confidence value enables the system to make further decisions regarding which detections should be considered as true positive detections rather than false positive detections. For example, the system may set a threshold value for the confidence and consider only the detections exceeding the threshold value as true positive detections. In an automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, false positive detections would cause the vehicle to automatically perform emergency braking, which is obviously undesirable. Therefore, only the most confident detections should be considered as triggers for AEB. The DLA may run a neural network for regressing the confidence value. The neural network may take as its input at least some subset of parameters, such as bounding box dimensions, ground plane estimate obtained (e.g. from another subsystem), inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor 1266 output that correlates with the vehicle 1200 orientation, distance, 3D location estimates of the object obtained from the neural network and/or other sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 or RADAR sensor(s) 1260), among others.
The SoC(s) 1204 may include data store(s) 1216 (e.g., memory). The data store(s) 1216 may be on-chip memory of the SoC(s) 1204, which may store neural networks to be executed on the GPU and/or the DLA. In some examples, the data store(s) 1216 may be large enough in capacity to store multiple instances of neural networks for redundancy and safety. The data store(s) 1216 may include L2 or L3 cache(s) 1212. Reference to the data store(s) 1216 may include reference to the memory associated with the PVA, DLA, and/or other accelerator(s) 1214, as described herein.
The SoC(s) 1204 may include one or more processor(s) 1210 (e.g., embedded processors). The processor(s) 1210 may include a boot and power management processor that may be a dedicated processor and subsystem to handle boot power and management functions and related security enforcement. The boot and power management processor may be a part of the SoC(s) 1204 boot sequence and may provide runtime power management services. The boot power and management processor may provide clock and voltage programming, assistance in system low power state transitions, management of SoC(s) 1204 thermals and temperature sensors, and/or management of the SoC(s) 1204 power states. Each temperature sensor may be implemented as a ring-oscillator whose output frequency is proportional to temperature, and the SoC(s) 1204 may use the ring-oscillators to detect temperatures of the CPU(s) 1206, GPU(s) 1208, and/or accelerator(s) 1214. If temperatures are determined to exceed a threshold, the boot and power management processor may enter a temperature fault routine and put the SoC(s) 1204 into a lower power state and/or put the vehicle 1200 into a chauffeur to safe-stop mode (e.g., bring the vehicle 1200 to a safe stop).
The processor(s) 1210 may further include a set of embedded processors that may serve as an audio processing engine. The audio processing engine may be an audio subsystem that enables full hardware support for multi-channel audio over multiple interfaces, and a broad and flexible range of audio I/O interfaces. In some examples, the audio processing engine is a dedicated processor core with a digital signal processor with dedicated RAM.
The processor(s) 1210 may further include an always-on processor engine that may provide necessary hardware features to support low power sensor management and wake use cases. The always-on processor engine may include a processor core, a tightly coupled RAM, supporting peripherals (e.g., timers and interrupt controllers), various I/O controller peripherals, and routing logic.
The processor(s) 1210 may further include a safety cluster engine that includes a dedicated processor subsystem to handle safety management for automotive applications. The safety cluster engine may include two or more processor cores, a tightly coupled RAM, support peripherals (e.g., timers, an interrupt controller, etc.), and/or routing logic. In a safety mode, the two or more cores may operate in a lockstep mode and function as a single core with comparison logic to detect any differences between their operations.
The processor(s) 1210 may further include a real-time camera engine that may include a dedicated processor subsystem for handling real-time camera management.
The processor(s) 1210 may further include a high dynamic range signal processor that may include an image signal processor that is a hardware engine that is part of the camera processing pipeline.
The processor(s) 1210 may include a video image compositor that may be a processing block (e.g., implemented on a microprocessor) that implements video post-processing functions needed by a video playback application to produce the final image for the player window. The video image compositor may perform lens distortion correction on wide-view camera(s) 1270, surround camera(s) 1274, and/or on in-cabin monitoring camera sensors. An in-cabin monitoring camera sensor is preferably monitored by a neural network running on another instance of the advanced SoC, configured to identify in-cabin events and respond accordingly. An in-cabin system may perform lip reading to activate cellular service and place a phone call, dictate emails, change the vehicle's destination, activate or change the vehicle's infotainment system and settings, or provide voice-activated web surfing. Certain functions are available to the driver only when the vehicle is operating in an autonomous mode, and are disabled otherwise.
The video image compositor may include enhanced temporal noise reduction for both spatial and temporal noise reduction. For example, where motion occurs in a video, the noise reduction weights spatial information appropriately, decreasing the weight of information provided by adjacent frames. Where an image or portion of an image does not include motion, the temporal noise reduction performed by the video image compositor may use information from the previous image to reduce noise in the current image.
The video image compositor may also be configured to perform stereo rectification on input stereo lens frames. The video image compositor may further be used for user interface composition when the operating system desktop is in use, and the GPU(s) 1208 is not required to continuously render new surfaces. Even when the GPU(s) 1208 is powered on and actively performing 3D rendering, the video image compositor may be used to offload the GPU(s) 1208 to improve performance and responsiveness.
The SoC(s) 1204 may further include a mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) camera serial interface for receiving video and input from cameras, a high-speed interface, and/or a video input block that may be used for camera and related pixel input functions. The SoC(s) 1204 may further include an input/output controller(s) that may be controlled by software and may be used for receiving I/O signals that are uncommitted to a specific role.
The SoC(s) 1204 may further include a broad range of peripheral interfaces to enable communication with peripherals, audio codecs, power management, and/or other devices. The SoC(s) 1204 may be used to process data from cameras (e.g., connected over Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link and Ethernet), sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s) 1264, RADAR sensor(s) 1260, etc. that may be connected over Ethernet), data from bus 1202 (e.g., speed of vehicle 1200, steering wheel position, etc.), data from GNSS sensor(s) 1258 (e.g., connected over Ethernet or CAN bus). The SoC(s) 1204 may further include dedicated high-performance mass storage controllers that may include their own DMA engines, and that may be used to free the CPU(s) 1206 from routine data management tasks.
The SoC(s) 1204 may be an end-to-end platform with a flexible architecture that spans automation levels 3-5, thereby providing a comprehensive functional safety architecture that leverages and makes efficient use of computer vision and ADAS techniques for diversity and redundancy, provides a platform for a flexible, reliable driving software stack, along with deep learning tools. The SoC(s) 1204 may be faster, more reliable, and even more energy-efficient and space-efficient than conventional systems. For example, the accelerator(s) 1214, when combined with the CPU(s) 1206, the GPU(s) 1208, and the data store(s) 1216, may provide for a fast, efficient platform for level 3-5 autonomous vehicles.
The technology thus provides capabilities and functionality that cannot be achieved by conventional systems. For example, computer vision algorithms may be executed on CPUs, which may be configured using high-level programming language, such as the C programming language, to execute a wide variety of processing algorithms across a wide variety of visual data. However, CPUs are oftentimes unable to meet the performance requirements of many computer vision applications, such as those related to execution time and power consumption, for example. In particular, many CPUs are unable to execute complex object detection algorithms in real-time, which is a requirement of in-vehicle ADAS applications, and a requirement for practical Level 3-5 autonomous vehicles.
In contrast to conventional systems, by providing a CPU complex, GPU complex, and a hardware acceleration cluster, the technology described herein allows for multiple neural networks to be performed simultaneously and/or sequentially, and for the results to be combined together to enable Level 3-5 autonomous driving functionality. For example, a CNN executing on the DLA or dGPU (e.g., the GPU(s) 1220) may include a text and word recognition, allowing the supercomputer to read and understand traffic signs, including signs for which the neural network has not been specifically trained. The DLA may further include a neural network that is able to identify, interpret, and provide semantic understanding of the sign, and to pass that semantic understanding to the path-planning modules running on the CPU Complex.
As another example, multiple neural networks may be run simultaneously, as is required for Level 3, 4, or 5 driving. For example, a warning sign consisting of “Caution: flashing lights indicate icy conditions,” along with an electric light, may be independently or collectively interpreted by several neural networks. The sign itself may be identified as a traffic sign by a first deployed neural network (e.g., a neural network that has been trained), the text “Flashing lights indicate icy conditions” may be interpreted by a second deployed neural network, which informs the vehicle's path-planning software (preferably executing on the CPU Complex) that when flashing lights are detected, icy conditions exist. The flashing light may be identified by operating a third deployed neural network over multiple frames, informing the vehicle's path-planning software of the presence (or absence) of flashing lights. All three neural networks may run simultaneously, such as within the DLA and/or on the GPU(s) 1208.
In some examples, a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification may use data from camera sensors to identify the presence of an authorized driver and/or owner of the vehicle 1200. The always-on sensor processing engine may be used to unlock the vehicle when the owner approaches the driver door and turn on the lights, and, in security mode, to disable the vehicle when the owner leaves the vehicle. In this way, the SoC(s) 1204 provide for security against theft and/or carjacking.
In another example, a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification may use data from microphones 1296 to detect and identify emergency vehicle sirens. In contrast to conventional systems, which use general classifiers to detect sirens and manually extract features, the SoC(s) 1204 use the CNN for classifying environmental and urban sounds, as well as classifying visual data. In a preferred embodiment, the CNN running on the DLA is trained to identify the relative closing speed of the emergency vehicle (e.g., by using the Doppler Effect). The CNN may also be trained to identify emergency vehicles specific to the local area in which the vehicle is operating, as identified by GNSS sensor(s) 1258. Thus, for example, when operating in Europe the CNN will seek to detect European sirens, and when in the United States the CNN will seek to identify only North American sirens. Once an emergency vehicle is detected, a control program may be used to execute an emergency vehicle safety routine, slowing the vehicle, pulling over to the side of the road, parking the vehicle, and/or idling the vehicle, with the assistance of ultrasonic sensors 1262, until the emergency vehicle(s) passes.
The vehicle may include a CPU(s) 1218 (e.g., discrete CPU(s), or dCPU(s)), that may be coupled to the SoC(s) 1204 via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., PCIe). The CPU(s) 1218 may include an X86 processor, for example. The CPU(s) 1218 may be used to perform any of a variety of functions, including arbitrating potentially inconsistent results between ADAS sensors and the SoC(s) 1204, and/or monitoring the status and health of the controller(s) 1236 and/or infotainment SoC 1230, for example.
The vehicle 1200 may include a GPU(s) 1220 (e.g., discrete GPU(s), or dGPU(s)), that may be coupled to the SoC(s) 1204 via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., NVIDIA's NVLINK). The GPU(s) 1220 may provide additional artificial intelligence functionality, such as by executing redundant and/or different neural networks, and may be used to train and/or update neural networks based on input (e.g., sensor data) from sensors of the vehicle 1200.
The vehicle 1200 may further include the network interface 1224 which may include one or more wireless antennas 1226 (e.g., one or more wireless antennas for different communication protocols, such as a cellular antenna, a Bluetooth antenna, etc.). The network interface 1224 may be used to enable wireless connectivity over the Internet with the cloud (e.g., with the server(s) 1278 and/or other network devices), with other vehicles, and/or with computing devices (e.g., client devices of passengers). To communicate with other vehicles, a direct link may be established between the two vehicles and/or an indirect link may be established (e.g., across networks and over the Internet). Direct links may be provided using a vehicle-to-vehicle communication link. The vehicle-to-vehicle communication link may provide the vehicle 1200 information about vehicles in proximity to the vehicle 1200 (e.g., vehicles in front of, on the side of, and/or behind the vehicle 1200). This functionality may be part of a cooperative adaptive cruise control functionality of the vehicle 1200.
The network interface 1224 may include a SoC that provides modulation and demodulation functionality and enables the controller(s) 1236 to communicate over wireless networks. The network interface 1224 may include a radio frequency front-end for up-conversion from baseband to radio frequency, and down conversion from radio frequency to baseband. The frequency conversions may be performed through well-known processes, and/or may be performed using super-heterodyne processes. In some examples, the radio frequency front end functionality may be provided by a separate chip. The network interface may include wireless functionality for communicating over LTE, WCDMA, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, and/or other wireless protocols.
The vehicle 1200 may further include data store(s) 1228, which may include off-chip (e.g., off the SoC(s) 1204) storage. The data store(s) 1228 may include one or more storage elements including RAM, SRAM, DRAM, VRAM, Flash, hard disks, and/or other components and/or devices that may store at least one bit of data.
The vehicle 1200 may further include GNSS sensor(s) 1258 (e.g., GPS and/or assisted GPS sensors), to assist in mapping, perception, occupancy grid generation, and/or path planning functions. Any number of GNSS sensor(s) 1258 may be used, including, for example and without limitation, a GPS using a USB connector with an Ethernet to serial (RS-232) bridge.
The vehicle 1200 may further include RADAR sensor(s) 1260. The RADAR sensor(s) 1260 may be used by the vehicle 1200 for long-range vehicle detection, even in darkness and/or severe weather conditions. RADAR functional safety levels may be ASIL B. The RADAR sensor(s) 1260 may use the CAN and/or the bus 1202 (e.g., to transmit data generated by the RADAR sensor(s) 1260) for control and to access object tracking data, with access to Ethernet to access raw data, in some examples. A wide variety of RADAR sensor types may be used. For example, and without limitation, the RADAR sensor(s) 1260 may be suitable for front, rear, and side RADAR use. In some example, Pulse Doppler RADAR sensor(s) are used.
The RADAR sensor(s) 1260 may include different configurations, such as long-range with narrow field of view, short-range with wide field of view, short-range side coverage, etc. In some examples, long-range RADAR may be used for adaptive cruise control functionality. The long-range RADAR systems may provide a broad field of view realized by two or more independent scans, such as within a 250 m range. The RADAR sensor(s) 1260 may help in distinguishing between static and moving objects, and may be used by ADAS systems for emergency brake assist and forward collision warning. Long-range RADAR sensors may include monostatic multimodal RADAR with multiple (e.g., six or more) fixed RADAR antennae and a high-speed CAN and FlexRay interface. In an example with six antennae, the central four antennae may create a focused beam pattern, designed to record the surrounding of the vehicle 1200 at higher speeds with minimal interference from traffic in adjacent lanes. The other two antennae may expand the field of view, making it possible to quickly detect vehicles entering or leaving the vehicle's 1200 lane.
Mid-range RADAR systems may include, as an example, a range of up to 1260 m (front) or 80 m (rear), and a field of view of up to 42 degrees (front) or 1250 degrees (rear). Short-range RADAR systems may include, without limitation, RADAR sensors designed to be installed at both ends of the rear bumper. When installed at both ends of the rear bumper, such a RADAR sensor system may create two beams that constantly monitor the blind spot in the rear and next to the vehicle.
Short-range RADAR systems may be used in an ADAS system for blind spot detection and/or lane change assist.
The vehicle 1200 may further include ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262. The ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262, which may be positioned at the front, back, and/or the sides of the vehicle 1200, may be used for park assist and/or to create and update an occupancy grid. A wide variety of ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262 may be used, and different ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262 may be used for different ranges of detection (e.g., 2.5 m, 4 m). The ultrasonic sensor(s) 1262 may operate at functional safety levels of ASIL B.
The vehicle 1200 may include LIDAR sensor(s) 1264. The LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be used for object and pedestrian detection, emergency braking, collision avoidance, and/or other functions. The LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be functional safety level ASIL B. In some examples, the vehicle 1200 may include multiple LIDAR sensors 1264 (e.g., two, four, six, etc.) that may use Ethernet (e.g., to provide data to a Gigabit Ethernet switch).
In some examples, the LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be capable of providing a list of objects and their distances for a 360-degree field of view. Commercially available LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may have an advertised range of approximately 100 m, with an accuracy of 2 cm-3 cm, and with support for a 100 Mbps Ethernet connection, for example. In some examples, one or more non-protruding LIDAR sensors 1264 may be used. In such examples, the LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be implemented as a small device that may be embedded into the front, rear, sides, and/or corners of the vehicle 1200. The LIDAR sensor(s) 1264, in such examples, may provide up to a 120-degree horizontal and 35-degree vertical field-of-view, with a 200 m range even for low-reflectivity objects. Front-mounted LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be configured for a horizontal field of view between 45 degrees and 135 degrees.
In some examples, LIDAR technologies, such as 3D flash LIDAR, may also be used. 3D Flash LIDAR uses a flash of a laser as a transmission source, to illuminate vehicle surroundings up to approximately 200 m. A flash LIDAR unit includes a receptor, which records the laser pulse transit time and the reflected light on each pixel, which in turn corresponds to the range from the vehicle to the objects. Flash LIDAR may allow for highly accurate and distortion-free images of the surroundings to be generated with every laser flash. In some examples, four flash LIDAR sensors may be deployed, one at each side of the vehicle 1200. Available 3D flash LIDAR systems include a solid-state 3D staring array LIDAR camera with no moving parts other than a fan (e.g., a non-scanning LIDAR device). The flash LIDAR device may use a five nanosecond class I (eye-safe) laser pulse per frame and may capture the reflected laser light in the form of 3D range point clouds and co-registered intensity data. By using flash LIDAR, and because flash LIDAR is a solid-state device with no moving parts, the LIDAR sensor(s) 1264 may be less susceptible to motion blur, vibration, and/or shock.
The vehicle may further include IMU sensor(s) 1266. The IMU sensor(s) 1266 may be located at a center of the rear axle of the vehicle 1200, in some examples. The IMU sensor(s) 1266 may include, for example and without limitation, an accelerometer(s), a magnetometer(s), a gyroscope(s), a magnetic compass(es), and/or other sensor types. In some examples, such as in six-axis applications, the IMU sensor(s) 1266 may include accelerometers and gyroscopes, while in nine-axis applications, the IMU sensor(s) 1266 may include accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.
In some embodiments, the IMU sensor(s) 1266 may be implemented as a miniature, high-performance GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) that combines micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors, a high-sensitivity GPS receiver, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide estimates of position, velocity, and attitude. As such, in some examples, the IMU sensor(s) 1266 may enable the vehicle 1200 to estimate heading without requiring input from a magnetic sensor by directly observing and correlating the changes in velocity from GPS to the IMU sensor(s) 1266. In some examples, the IMU sensor(s) 1266 and the GNSS sensor(s) 1258 may be combined in a single integrated unit.
The vehicle may include microphone(s) 1296 placed in and/or around the vehicle 1200. The microphone(s) 1296 may be used for emergency vehicle detection and identification, among other things.
The vehicle may further include any number of camera types, including stereo camera(s) 1268, wide-view camera(s) 1270, infrared camera(s) 1272, surround camera(s) 1274, long-range and/or mid-range camera(s) 1298, and/or other camera types. The cameras may be used to capture image data around an entire periphery of the vehicle 1200. The types of cameras used depends on the embodiments and requirements for the vehicle 1200, and any combination of camera types may be used to provide the necessary coverage around the vehicle 1200. In addition, the number of cameras may differ depending on the embodiment. For example, the vehicle may include six cameras, seven cameras, ten cameras, twelve cameras, and/or another number of cameras. The cameras may support, as an example and without limitation, Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link (GMSL) and/or Gigabit Ethernet. Each of the camera(s) is described with more detail herein with respect to
The vehicle 1200 may further include vibration sensor(s) 1242. The vibration sensor(s) 1242 may measure vibrations of components of the vehicle, such as the axle(s). For example, changes in vibrations may indicate a change in road surfaces. In another example, when two or more vibration sensors 1242 are used, the differences between the vibrations may be used to determine friction or slippage of the road surface (e.g., when the difference in vibration is between a power-driven axle and a freely rotating axle).
The vehicle 1200 may include an ADAS system 1238. The ADAS system 1238 may include a SoC, in some examples. The ADAS system 1238 may include autonomous/adaptive/automatic cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), forward crash warning (FCW), automatic emergency braking (AEB), lane departure warnings (LDW), lane keep assist (LKA), blind spot warning (BSW), rear cross-traffic warning (RCTW), collision warning systems (CWS), lane centering (LC), and/or other features and functionality.
The ACC systems may use RADAR sensor(s) 1260, LIDAR sensor(s) 1264, and/or a camera(s). The ACC systems may include longitudinal ACC and/or lateral ACC. Longitudinal ACC monitors and controls the distance to the vehicle immediately ahead of the vehicle 1200 and automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. Lateral ACC performs distance keeping, and advises the vehicle 1200 to change lanes when necessary. Lateral ACC is related to other ADAS applications such as LC and CWS.
CACC uses information from other vehicles that may be received via the network interface 1224 and/or the wireless antenna(s) 1226 from other vehicles via a wireless link, or indirectly, over a network connection (e.g., over the Internet). Direct links may be provided by a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication link, while indirect links may be infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication links. In general, the V2V communication concept provides information about the immediately preceding vehicles (e.g., vehicles immediately ahead of and in the same lane as the vehicle 1200), while the I2V communication concept provides information about traffic farther ahead. CACC systems may include either or both I2V and V2V information sources. Given the information of the vehicles ahead of the vehicle 1200, CACC may be more reliable, and it has potential to improve traffic flow smoothness and reduce congestion on the road.
FCW systems are designed to alert the driver to a hazard, so that the driver may take corrective action. FCW systems use a front-facing camera and/or RADAR sensor(s) 1260, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. FCW systems may provide a warning, such as in the form of a sound, visual warning, vibration, and/or a quick brake pulse.
AEB systems detect an impending forward collision with another vehicle or other object, and may automatically apply the brakes if the driver does not take corrective action within a specified time or distance parameter. AEB systems may use front-facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s) 1260, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC. When the AEB system detects a hazard, it typically first alerts the driver to take corrective action to avoid the collision and, if the driver does not take corrective action, the AEB system may automatically apply the brakes in an effort to prevent, or at least mitigate, the impact of the predicted collision. AEB systems, may include techniques such as dynamic brake support and/or crash imminent braking.
LDW systems provide visual, audible, and/or tactile warnings, such as steering wheel or seat vibrations, to alert the driver when the vehicle 1200 crosses lane markings. An LDW system does not activate when the driver indicates an intentional lane departure, by activating a turn signal. LDW systems may use front-side facing cameras, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component.
LKA systems are a variation of LDW systems. LKA systems provide steering input or braking to correct the vehicle 1200 if the vehicle 1200 starts to exit the lane.
BSW systems detect and warn the driver of vehicles in an automobile's blind spot. BSW systems may provide a visual, audible, and/or tactile alert to indicate that merging or changing lanes is unsafe. The system may provide an additional warning when the driver uses a turn signal. BSW systems may use rear-side facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s) 1260, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component.
RCTW systems may provide visual, audible, and/or tactile notification when an object is detected outside the rear-camera range when the vehicle 1200 is backing up. Some RCTW systems include AEB to ensure that the vehicle brakes are applied to avoid a crash. RCTW systems may use one or more rear-facing RADAR sensor(s) 1260, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component.
Conventional ADAS systems may be prone to false positive results, which may be annoying and distracting to a driver, but typically are not catastrophic, because the ADAS systems alert the driver and allow the driver to decide whether a safety condition truly exists and act accordingly. However, in an autonomous vehicle 1200, the vehicle 1200 itself must, in the case of conflicting results, decide whether to heed the result from a primary computer or a secondary computer (e.g., a first controller 1236 or a second controller 1236). For example, in some embodiments, the ADAS system 1238 may be a backup and/or secondary computer for providing perception information to a backup computer rationality module. The backup computer rationality monitor may run a redundant diverse software on hardware components to detect faults in perception and dynamic driving tasks. Outputs from the ADAS system 1238 may be provided to a supervisory MCU. If outputs from the primary computer and the secondary computer conflict, the supervisory MCU must determine how to reconcile the conflict to ensure safe operation.
In some examples, the primary computer may be configured to provide the supervisory MCU with a confidence score, indicating the primary computer's confidence in the chosen result. If the confidence score exceeds a threshold, the supervisory MCU may follow the primary computer's direction, regardless of whether the secondary computer provides a conflicting or inconsistent result. Where the confidence score does not meet the threshold, and where the primary and secondary computer indicate different results (e.g., the conflict), the supervisory MCU may arbitrate between the computers to determine the appropriate outcome.
The supervisory MCU may be configured to run a neural network(s) that is trained and configured to determine, based on outputs from the primary computer and the secondary computer, conditions under which the secondary computer provides false alarms. Thus, the neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may learn when the secondary computer's output can be trusted, and when it cannot. For example, when the secondary computer is a RADAR-based FCW system, a neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may learn when the FCW system is identifying metallic objects that are not, in fact, hazards, such as a drainage grate or manhole cover that triggers an alarm. Similarly, when the secondary computer is a camera-based LDW system, a neural network in the supervisory MCU may learn to override the LDW when bicyclists or pedestrians are present and a lane departure is, in fact, the safest maneuver. In embodiments that include a neural network(s) running on the supervisory MCU, the supervisory MCU may include at least one of a DLA or GPU suitable for running the neural network(s) with associated memory. In preferred embodiments, the supervisory MCU may include and/or be included as a component of the SoC(s) 1204.
In other examples, ADAS system 1238 may include a secondary computer that performs ADAS functionality using traditional rules of computer vision. As such, the secondary computer may use classic computer vision rules (if-then), and the presence of a neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may improve reliability, safety, and performance. For example, the diverse implementation and intentional non-identity make the overall system more fault-tolerant, especially to faults caused by software (or software-hardware interface) functionality. For example, if there is a software bug or error in the software running on the primary computer, and the non-identical software code running on the secondary computer provides the same overall result, the supervisory MCU may have greater confidence that the overall result is correct, and the bug in software or hardware used by the primary computer is not causing material error.
In some examples, the output of the ADAS system 1238 may be fed into the primary computer's perception block and/or the primary computer's dynamic driving task block. For example, if the ADAS system 1238 indicates a forward crash warning due to an object immediately ahead, the perception block may use this information when identifying objects. In other examples, the secondary computer may have its own neural network that is trained and thus reduces the risk of false positives, as described herein.
The vehicle 1200 may further include the infotainment SoC 1230 (e.g., an in-vehicle infotainment system (IVI)). Although illustrated and described as a SoC, the infotainment system may not be a SoC, and may include two or more discrete components. The infotainment SoC 1230 may include a combination of hardware and software that may be used to provide audio (e.g., music, a personal digital assistant, navigational instructions, news, radio, etc.), video (e.g., TV, movies, streaming, etc.), phone (e.g., hands-free calling), network connectivity (e.g., LTE, Wi-Fi, etc.), and/or information services (e.g., navigation systems, rear-parking assistance, a radio data system, vehicle-related information such as fuel level, total distance covered, brake fuel level, oil level, door open/close, air filter information, etc.) to the vehicle 1200. For example, the infotainment SoC 1230 may include radios, disk players, navigation systems, video players, USB and Bluetooth connectivity, carputers, in-car entertainment, Wi-Fi, steering wheel audio controls, hands-free voice control, a heads-up display (HUD), an HMI display 1234, a telematics device, a control panel (e.g., for controlling and/or interacting with various components, features, and/or systems), and/or other components. The infotainment SoC 1230 may further be used to provide information (e.g., visual and/or audible) to a user(s) of the vehicle, such as information from the ADAS system 1238, autonomous driving information such as planned vehicle maneuvers, trajectories, surrounding environment information (e.g., intersection information, vehicle information, road information, etc.), and/or other information.
The infotainment SoC 1230 may include GPU functionality. The infotainment SoC 1230 may communicate over the bus 1202 (e.g., CAN bus, Ethernet, etc.) with other devices, systems, and/or components of the vehicle 1200. In some examples, the infotainment SoC 1230 may be coupled to a supervisory MCU such that the GPU of the infotainment system may perform some self-driving functions in the event that the primary controller(s) 1236 (e.g., the primary and/or backup computers of the vehicle 1200) fail. In such an example, the infotainment SoC 1230 may put the vehicle 1200 into a chauffeur to safe-stop mode, as described herein.
The vehicle 1200 may further include an instrument cluster 1232 (e.g., a digital dash, an electronic instrument cluster, a digital instrument panel, etc.). The instrument cluster 1232 may include a controller and/or supercomputer (e.g., a discrete controller or supercomputer). The instrument cluster 1232 may include a set of instrumentation such as a speedometer, fuel level, oil pressure, tachometer, odometer, turn indicators, gearshift position indicator, seat belt warning light(s), parking-brake warning light(s), engine-malfunction light(s), airbag (SRS) system information, lighting controls, safety system controls, navigation information, etc. In some examples, information may be displayed and/or shared among the infotainment SoC 1230 and the instrument cluster 1232. In other words, the instrument cluster 1232 may be included as part of the infotainment SoC 1230, or vice versa.
As mentioned above, in at least some embodiments, the automotive platform 100 (see
The server(s) 1278 may receive, over the network(s) 1290 and from the vehicles, image data representative of images showing unexpected or changed road conditions, such as recently commenced roadwork. The server(s) 1278 may transmit, over the network(s) 1290 and to the vehicles, neural networks 1292, updated neural networks 1292, and/or map information 1294, including information regarding traffic and road conditions. The updates to the map information 1294 may include updates for the HD map 1222, such as information regarding construction sites, potholes, detours, flooding, and/or other obstructions. In some examples, the neural networks 1292, the updated neural networks 1292, and/or the map information 1294 may have resulted from new training and/or experiences represented in data received from any number of vehicles in the environment, and/or based on training performed at a datacenter (e.g., using the server(s) 1278 and/or other servers).
The server(s) 1278 may be used to train machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) based on training data. The training data may be generated by the vehicles, and/or may be generated in a simulation (e.g., using a game engine). In some examples, the training data is tagged (e.g., where the neural network benefits from supervised learning) and/or undergoes other pre-processing, while in other examples the training data is not tagged and/or pre-processed (e.g., where the neural network does not require supervised learning). Training may be executed according to any one or more classes of machine learning techniques, including, without limitation, classes such as: supervised training, semi-supervised training, unsupervised training, self-learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, transfer learning, feature learning (including principal component and cluster analyses), multi-linear subspace learning, manifold learning, representation learning (including spare dictionary learning), rule-based machine learning, anomaly detection, and any variants or combinations therefor. Once the machine learning models are trained, the machine learning models may be used by the vehicles (e.g., transmitted to the vehicles over the network(s) 1290, and/or the machine learning models may be used by the server(s) 1278 to remotely monitor the vehicles.
In some examples, the server(s) 1278 may receive data from the vehicles and apply the data to up-to-date real-time neural networks for real-time intelligent inferencing. The server(s) 1278 may include deep-learning supercomputers and/or dedicated AI computers powered by GPU(s) 1284, such as a DGX and DGX Station machines developed by NVIDIA. However, in some examples, the server(s) 1278 may include deep learning infrastructure that use only CPU-powered datacenters.
The deep-learning infrastructure of the server(s) 1278 may be capable of fast, real-time inferencing, and may use that capability to evaluate and verify the health of the processors, software, and/or associated hardware in the vehicle 1200. For example, the deep-learning infrastructure may receive periodic updates from the vehicle 1200, such as a sequence of images and/or objects that the vehicle 1200 has located in that sequence of images (e.g., via computer vision and/or other machine learning object classification techniques). The deep-learning infrastructure may run its own neural network to identify the objects and compare them with the objects identified by the vehicle 1200 and, if the results do not match and the infrastructure concludes that the AI in the vehicle 1200 is malfunctioning, the server(s) 1278 may transmit a signal to the vehicle 1200 instructing a fail-safe computer of the vehicle 1200 to assume control, notify the passengers, and complete a safe parking maneuver.
For inferencing, the server(s) 1278 may include the GPU(s) 1284 and one or more programmable inference accelerators (e.g., NVIDIA's TensorRT). The combination of GPU-powered servers and inference acceleration may make real-time responsiveness possible. In other examples, such as where performance is less critical, servers powered by CPUs, FPGAs, and other processors may be used for inferencing.
Although the various blocks of
The interconnect system 1602 may represent one or more links or busses, such as an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, or a combination thereof. The interconnect system 1602 may include one or more bus or link types, such as an industry standard architecture (ISA) bus, an extended industry standard architecture (EISA) bus, a video electronics standards association (VESA) bus, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) bus, and/or another type of bus or link. In some embodiments, there are direct connections between components. As an example, the CPU 1606 may be directly connected to the memory 1604. Further, the CPU 1606 may be directly connected to the GPU 1608. Where there is direct, or point-to-point, connection between components, the interconnect system 1602 may include a PCIe link to carry out the connection. In these examples, a PCI bus need not be included in the computing device 1600.
The memory 1604 may include any of a variety of computer-readable media. The computer-readable media may be any available media that may be accessed by the computing device 1600. The computer-readable media may include both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, the computer-readable media may include computer-storage media and communication media.
The computer-storage media may include both volatile and nonvolatile media and/or removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data types. For example, the memory 1604 may store computer-readable instructions (e.g., that represent a program(s) and/or a program element(s), such as an operating system. Computer-storage media may include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that may be used to store the desired information and that may be accessed by computing device 1600. As used herein, computer storage media does not include signals per se.
The computer storage media may embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data types in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may refer to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, the computer storage media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The CPU(s) 1606 may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device 1600 to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. The CPU(s) 1606 may each include one or more cores (e.g., one, two, four, eight, twenty-eight, seventy-two, etc.) that are capable of handling a multitude of software threads simultaneously. The CPU(s) 1606 may include any type of processor, and may include different types of processors depending on the type of computing device 1600 implemented (e.g., processors with fewer cores for mobile devices and processors with more cores for servers). For example, depending on the type of computing device 1600, the processor may be an Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) processor implemented using Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) or an x86 processor implemented using Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC). The computing device 1600 may include one or more CPUs 1606 in addition to one or more microprocessors or supplementary co-processors, such as math co-processors.
In addition to or alternatively from the CPU(s) 1606, the GPU(s) 1608 may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device 1600 to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. One or more of the GPU(s) 1608 may be an integrated GPU (e.g., with one or more of the CPU(s) 1606 and/or one or more of the GPU(s) 1608 may be a discrete GPU. In embodiments, one or more of the GPU(s) 1608 may be a coprocessor of one or more of the CPU(s) 1606. The GPU(s) 1608 may be used by the computing device 1600 to render graphics (e.g., 3D graphics) or perform general purpose computations. For example, the GPU(s) 1608 may be used for General-Purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPU). The GPU(s) 1608 may include hundreds or thousands of cores that are capable of handling hundreds or thousands of software threads simultaneously. The GPU(s) 1608 may generate pixel data for output images in response to rendering commands (e.g., rendering commands from the CPU(s) 1606 received via a host interface). The GPU(s) 1608 may include graphics memory, such as display memory, for storing pixel data or any other suitable data, such as GPGPU data. The display memory may be included as part of the memory 1604. The GPU(s) 1608 may include two or more GPUs operating in parallel (e.g., via a link). The link may directly connect the GPUs (e.g., using NVLINK) or may connect the GPUs through a switch (e.g., using NVSwitch). When combined together, each GPU 1608 may generate pixel data or GPGPU data for different portions of an output or for different outputs (e.g., a first GPU for a first image and a second GPU for a second image). Each GPU may include its own memory, or may share memory with other GPUs.
In addition to or alternatively from the CPU(s) 1606 and/or the GPU(s) 1608, the logic unit(s) 1620 may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device 1600 to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. In embodiments, the CPU(s) 1606, the GPU(s) 1608, and/or the logic unit(s) 1620 may discretely or jointly perform any combination of the methods, processes, and/or portions thereof. One or more of the logic units 1620 may be part of and/or integrated in one or more of the CPU(s) 1606 and/or the GPU(s) 1608 and/or one or more of the logic units 1620 may be discrete components or otherwise external to the CPU(s) 1606 and/or the GPU(s) 1608. In embodiments, one or more of the logic units 1620 may be a coprocessor of one or more of the CPU(s) 1606 and/or one or more of the GPU(s) 1608.
Examples of the logic unit(s) 1620 include one or more processing cores and/or components thereof, such as Tensor Cores (TCs), Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), Pixel Visual Cores (PVCs), Vision Processing Units (VPUs), Graphics Processing Clusters (GPCs), Texture Processing Clusters (TPCs), Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs), Tree Traversal Units (TTUs), Artificial Intelligence Accelerators (AIAs), Deep Learning Accelerators (DLAs), Arithmetic-Logic Units (ALUs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Floating Point Units (FPUs), I/O elements, peripheral component interconnect (PCI) or peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) elements, and/or the like.
The communication interface 1610 may include one or more receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers that enable the computing device 1600 to communicate with other computing devices via an electronic communication network, including wired and/or wireless communications. The communication interface 1610 may include components and functionality to enable communication over any of a number of different networks, such as wireless networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee, etc.), wired networks (e.g., communicating over Ethernet or InfiniBand), low-power wide-area networks (e.g., LoRaWAN, SigFox, etc.), and/or the Internet.
The I/O ports 1612 may enable the computing device 1600 to be logically coupled to other devices including the I/O components 1614, the presentation component(s) 1618, and/or other components, some of which may be built into (e.g., integrated in) the computing device 1600. Illustrative I/O components 1614 include a microphone, mouse, keyboard, joystick, game pad, game controller, satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, etc. The I/O components 1614 may provide a natural user interface (NUI) that processes air gestures, voice, or other physiological inputs generated by a user. In some instances, inputs may be transmitted to an appropriate network element for further processing. An NUI may implement any combination of speech recognition, stylus recognition, facial recognition, biometric recognition, gesture recognition both on screen and adjacent to the screen, air gestures, head and eye tracking, and touch recognition (as described in more detail below) associated with a display of the computing device 1600. The computing device 1600 may include depth cameras, such as stereoscopic camera systems, infrared camera systems, RGB camera systems, touchscreen technology, and combinations of these, for gesture detection and recognition. Additionally, the computing device 1600 may include accelerometers or gyroscopes (e.g., as part of an inertia measurement unit (IMU)) that enable detection of motion. In some examples, the output of the accelerometers or gyroscopes may be used by the computing device 1600 to render immersive augmented reality or virtual reality.
The power supply 1616 may include a hard-wired power supply, a battery power supply, or a combination thereof. The power supply 1616 may provide power to the computing device 1600 to enable the components of the computing device 1600 to operate.
The presentation component(s) 1618 may include a display (e.g., a monitor, a touch screen, a television screen, a heads-up-display (HUD), other display types, or a combination thereof), speakers, and/or other presentation components. The presentation component(s) 1618 may receive data from other components (e.g., the GPU(s) 1608, the CPU(s) 1606, etc.), and output the data (e.g., as an image, video, sound, etc.).
The disclosure may be described in the general context of computer code or machine-useable instructions, including computer-executable instructions such as program modules, being executed by a computer or other machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handheld device. Generally, program modules including routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., refer to codes that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The disclosure may be practiced in a variety of system configurations, including hand-held devices, consumer electronics, general-purpose computers, more specialty computing devices, etc. The disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote-processing devices that are linked through a communications network.
At least one embodiment of the disclosure can be described in view of the following clauses:
1. An integrated circuit comprising: a first clock; a second clock that is isolated from the first clock; a first power connection; a second power connection that is isolated from the first power connection; a first portion to receive power using the first power connection and a first clock signal using the first clock; and a second portion to receive power using the second power connection and a second clock signal using the second clock, the second portion comprising an interface to communicate with the first portion, an interface control, and a processor to lock and unlock the interface control, the interface control preventing communication over the interface when the interface control is locked, the interface control allowing communication over the interface when the interface control is unlocked.
2. The integrated circuit of clause 1, wherein the first portion comprises a first fault aggregator to communicate, to the second portion, indicia corresponding to the one or more faults arising in the first portion, the second portion comprises a second fault aggregator to receive and store the indicia corresponding to the one or more faults, the integrated circuit comprises a fault interface connecting the first and second fault aggregators, the fault interface is separate from the interface, and the processor unlocks the interface control only when the second fault aggregator is not storing indicia corresponding to any faults.
3. The integrated circuit of clauses 1 or 2, wherein the second portion comprises a timer that starts when the processor initiates a communication with the first portion over the interface, and the timer generates an indicia of a fault when the timer indicates more than a predetermined amount of time has elapsed and the first portion has not responded to the communication.
4. The integrated circuit of clause 3, wherein the timer resets when the first portion responds to the communication before the timer indicates more than the predetermined amount of time has elapsed, and the processor locks the interface after the processor completes communicating with the first portion.
5. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 1-4, further comprising: non-volatile memory shared by the first and second portions, the second portion comprising local memory, the processor copying instructions from the non-volatile memory to the local memory when the integrated circuit boots, the instructions to be executed by the processor when the interface is locked.
6. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 1-5, wherein the first portion comprises volatile memory, and the second portion communicates with the volatile memory over the interface.
7. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 1-6 residing on a contiguous piece of semiconductor material.
8. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 1-7 implementing a portion of an automotive System on a Chip (“SoC”).
9. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 1-8, wherein the first portion operates at a first risk classification level, the second portion operates at a second risk classification level, and the second classification risk level is higher than the first risk classification level.
10. A method comprising: determining, by a first portion of an integrated circuit, whether a fault aggregator in the first portion contains data indicative of at least a predetermined number of faults; unlocking, by the first portion, an interface with a second portion of the integrated circuit when the first portion determines the fault aggregator does not contain data indicative of at least the predetermined number of faults; initiating, by the first portion, an access of the second portion via the unlocked interface; and locking, by the first portion, the interface after initiating the access.
11. The method of clause 10, wherein initiating the access starts an access timer, and the first portion locks the interface after detecting the access timer indicates more than a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since the access timer was started and a response has not been received from the second portion.
12. The method of clause 11, wherein the first portion generates a new fault after detecting the access timer indicates more than a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since the access timer was started and a response has not been received from the second portion.
13. The method of any one of clauses 10-12, wherein initiating the access starts an access timer, and the method further comprises: receiving, by the first portion, a response from the second portion before the access timer indicates more than a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since the access timer was started, receiving the response stopping the access timer, the first portion locking the interface after completing the access.
14. The method of any one of clauses 10-13, further comprising: performing, by the first portion, one or more corrective actions when the first portion determines the fault aggregator contains data indicative of at least the predetermined number of faults.
15. The method of clause 14, wherein the integrated circuit implements a portion of an automotive System on a Chip (“SoC”), and the one or more corrective actions are to place an autonomous vehicle in a safe state.
16. The method of any one of clauses 10-15, wherein the integrated circuit implements a portion of an automotive System on a Chip (“SoC”), the first portion performs safety functions for an autonomous vehicle while the autonomous vehicle is driving, and the second portion performs autonomous driving functions while the autonomous vehicle is driving.
17. The method of any one of clauses 10-16, wherein the interface connects the first portion with volatile memory or a control backbone of the second portion.
18. The method of any one of clauses 10-17, wherein the first portion operates in a first clock domain, the second portion operates in a second clock domain that is different from the first clock domain, and the interface comprises phase synchronization circuitry that converts a signal received from the second portion to the first clock domain.
19. An integrated circuit comprising: a first portion operating at a first risk level within a first domain; and a second portion operating at a second risk level within a second domain, the second risk level being greater than the first risk level, the second portion comprising a processor and an interface that connects the first and second portions, the processer selectively locking the interface to prevent communication over the interface, the processer selectively unlocking the interface to allow communication over the interface.
20. The integrated circuit of clause 19, further comprising: a first power connection suppling power to the first domain; and a second power connection that is electrically isolated from the first power connection and suppling power to the second domain, the interface comprising at least one voltage shifter for adjusting a voltage of any communications over the interface.
21. The integrated circuit of clause 19 or 20, further comprising: a first clock suppling a first clock signal to the first domain; and a second clock that is isolated from the first clock and supplying a second clock signal to the second domain, the interface comprising phase synchronization circuitry for adjusting a phase of any communications over the interface.
22. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-21, wherein the interface comprises a firewall implementing one or more security rules, and the firewall permits or blocks communication over the interface based on the one or more security rules.
23. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-22, wherein the first portion comprises a first fault aggregator to communicate data indicative of a fault arising in the first portion to the second portion, the second portion comprises a second fault aggregator to receive the data indicative of the fault and store the data indicative of the fault until the fault is cleared by the processor, the integrated circuit comprises a fault interface connecting the first and second fault aggregators, the fault interface being separate from the interface, and the processor unlocking the interface only after faults corresponding to the data indicative of any faults stored by the second fault aggregator have been cleared by the processor.
24. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-23, wherein the second portion comprises a timer that starts when the processor unlocks the interface, and the timer generates a new fault when the timer indicates more than a predetermined amount of time has elapsed and the first portion has not responded to a communication sent to the first portion over the interface.
25. The integrated circuit of clause 24, wherein the timer resets when the first portion responds to the communication before the timer indicates more than the predetermined amount of time has elapsed, and the processor locks the interface after the processor completes communicating with the first portion.
26. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-25, wherein the first portion comprises non-volatile memory shared by the first and second portions, the second portion comprises local memory, the processor copies instructions from the non-volatile memory to the local memory when the integrated circuit boots, and the instructions are executed by the processor when the interface is locked.
27. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-26, wherein the first portion comprises volatile memory, and the second portion communicates with the volatile memory over the interface.
28. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-27, wherein the first portion comprises a control backbone, the interface is connected to the control backbone, and the second portion communicates with at least one portion of the first portion over the interface and the control backbone.
29. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-28 residing on a contiguous piece of semiconductor material.
30. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-29 implementing a portion of an automotive System on a Chip (“SoC”).
31. The integrated circuit of any one of clauses 19-30, wherein the second portion comprises a plurality of interfaces comprising the interface, each of the plurality of interfaces connecting the second portion with a corresponding portion of the first portion, the processer selectively unlocking a particular one of the plurality of interfaces to allow communication over the particular interface with the corresponding portion of the first portion.
32. The integrated circuit of clause 31, wherein the processer selectively locks any of the plurality of interfaces that are unlocked to prevent communication over the plurality of interfaces with the first portion.
Use of terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in context of describing disclosed embodiments (especially in context of following claims) are to be construed to cover both singular and plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context, and not as a definition of a term. Terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. term “connected,” when unmodified and referring to physical connections, is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into specification as if it were individually recited herein. In at least one embodiment, use of term “set” (e.g., “a set of items”) or “subset” unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, is to be construed as a nonempty collection comprising one or more members. Further, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “subset” of a corresponding set does not necessarily denote a proper subset of corresponding set, but subset and corresponding set may be equal.
As used herein, a recitation of “and/or” with respect to two or more elements should be interpreted to mean only one element, or a combination of elements. For example, “element A, element B, and/or element C” may include only element A, only element B, only element C, element A and element B, element A and element C, element B and element C, or elements A, B, and C.
Conjunctive language, such as phrases of form “at least one of A, B, and C,” or “at least one of A, B and C,” unless specifically stated otherwise or otherwise clearly contradicted by context, is otherwise understood with context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either A or B or C, or any nonempty subset of set of A and B and C. For instance, in illustrative example of a set having three members, conjunctive phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of following sets: {A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of A, at least one of B and at least one of C each to be present. In addition, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “plurality” indicates a state of being plural (e.g., “a plurality of items” indicates multiple items). In at least one embodiment, a number of items in a plurality is at least two, but can be more when so indicated either explicitly or by context. Further, unless stated otherwise or otherwise clear from context, phrase “based on” means “based at least in part on” and not “based solely on.”
Operations of processes described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. In at least one embodiment, a process such as those processes described herein (or variations and/or combinations thereof) is performed under control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and is implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, code is stored on a computer-readable storage medium. In at least one embodiment, in form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. In at least one embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that excludes transitory signals (e.g., a propagating transient electric or electromagnetic transmission) but includes non-transitory data storage circuitry (e.g., buffers, cache, and queues) within transceivers of transitory signals. In at least one embodiment, code (e.g., executable code or source code) is stored on a set of one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having stored thereon executable instructions (or other memory to store executable instructions) that, when executed (i.e., as a result of being executed) by one or more processors of a computer system, cause computer system to perform operations described herein. A set of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, in at least one embodiment, comprises multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media and one or more of individual non-transitory storage media of multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media lack all of code while multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media collectively store all of code. In at least one embodiment, executable instructions are executed such that different instructions are executed by different processors in at least one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium store instructions and a main central processing unit (“CPU”) executes some of instructions while a graphics processing unit (“GPU”) executes other instructions. In at least one embodiment, different components of a computer system have separate processors and different processors execute different subsets of instructions.
Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, computer systems are configured to implement one or more services that singly or collectively perform operations of processes described herein and such computer systems are configured with applicable hardware and/or software that enable performance of operations. Further, a computer system that implements at least one embodiment of present disclosure is a single device and, in another embodiment, is a distributed computer system comprising multiple devices that operate differently such that distributed computer system performs operations described herein and such that a single device does not perform all operations.
Use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of disclosure and does not pose a limitation on scope of disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to practice of disclosure.
All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
In description and claims, terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms may be not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular examples, “connected” or “coupled” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct or indirect physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that throughout specification terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or like, refer to action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within computing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
In a similar manner, term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory and transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. As non-limiting examples, “processor” may be a CPU or a GPU. A “computing platform” may comprise one or more processors. As used herein, “software” processes may include, in at least one embodiment, software and/or hardware entities that perform work over time, such as tasks, threads, and intelligent agents. Also, each process may refer to multiple processes, for carrying out instructions in sequence or in parallel, continuously or intermittently. Terms “system” and “method” are used herein interchangeably insofar as system may embody one or more methods and methods may be considered a system.
In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit is a set of combinational logic circuitry that takes one or more inputs to produce a result. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit is used by a processor to implement mathematical operation such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit is used to implement logical operations such as logical AND/OR or XOR. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit is stateless, and made from physical switching components such as semiconductor transistors arranged to form logical gates. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit may operate internally as a stateful logic circuit with an associated clock. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit may be constructed as an asynchronous logic circuit with an internal state not maintained in an associated register set. In at least one embodiment, an arithmetic logic unit is used by a processor to combine operands stored in one or more registers of the processor and produce an output that can be stored by the processor in another register or a memory location.
In at least one embodiment, as a result of processing an instruction retrieved by the processor, the processor presents one or more inputs or operands to an arithmetic logic unit, causing the arithmetic logic unit to produce a result based at least in part on an instruction code provided to inputs of the arithmetic logic unit. In at least one embodiment, the instruction codes provided by the processor to the ALU are based at least in part on the instruction executed by the processor. In at least one embodiment combinational logic in the ALU processes the inputs and produces an output which is placed on a bus within the processor. In at least one embodiment, the processor selects a destination register, memory location, output device, or output storage location on the output bus so that clocking the processor causes the results produced by the ALU to be sent to the desired location.
In present document, references may be made to obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data into a subsystem, computer system, or computer-implemented machine. In at least one embodiment, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog and digital data can be accomplished in a variety of ways such as by receiving data as a parameter of a function call or a call to an application programming interface. In some implementations, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a serial or parallel interface. In another implementation, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a computer network from providing entity to acquiring entity. References may also be made to providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data. In various examples, process of providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data as an input or output parameter of a function call, a parameter of an application programming interface or interprocess communication mechanism.
Although discussion above sets forth example implementations of described techniques, other architectures may be used to implement described functionality, and are intended to be within scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, although specific distributions of responsibilities are defined above for purposes of discussion, various functions and responsibilities might be distributed and divided in different ways, depending on circumstances.
Furthermore, although subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that subject matter claimed in appended claims is not necessarily limited to specific features or acts described. Rather, specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.
The subject matter of the present disclosure is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described.
Other variations are within spirit of present disclosure. Thus, while disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit disclosure to specific form or forms disclosed, but on contrary, intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within spirit and scope of disclosure, as defined in appended claims.
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