Patent Application
20130202733
The present invention relates to isomaltulose for use in enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof and a food, drink or pharmaceutical comprising isomaltulose for use in enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase.
As glucose is the primary source of energy for the brain, the hypothesis that changes in blood glucose could influence cognitive performance has received a great deal of research interest in recent years. Release of glucose into the blood elicits an insulin response, which serves to return circulating glucose to normal levels and restore homeostasis. The glycemic response or index is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels. The glycemic index of a certain food is defined as the area under the two hour blood glucose response curve (AUC) following the consumption of a fixed portion of carbohydrate (usually 50 g). The AUC of the test food is divided by the AUC of the standard (mostly glucose but also white bread, giving two different definitions) and multiplied by 100.
Several studies have investigated the acute effect of manipulation of the peripheral glycemic response on cognitive performance in humans using oral glucose drink interventions accompanied by capillary blood glucose measurements. As a result, improvements in memory or attention have been associated with increased blood glucose levels (glycemic response) in humans. It has therefore been concluded that any relationship between glucose and cognition may be a function of glycemic response and its metabolic consequences. Also, there have been various reports that memory is influenced adversely by missing breakfast or consuming just a small meal. These effects can be reversed by a glucose-containing drink or snack. However, since glucose itself is a rapidly available carbohydrate with a glycemic index of 100, it produces a rapid, spiked and relatively short-term change in blood glucose, which is of little practical importance concerning sustained influence on cognitive or mental performance. Consequently, rapid glycemic load leads to short-term improvements, only (Benton et al., Physiol Behav, 2007, 92, 717-24). As an alternative to modify the glycemic impact of foods, these rapidly digested and thus highly glycemic carbohydrates can be substituted by low glycemic carbohydrates, such as isomaltulose.
Isomaltulose, also termed Palatinose™, is a disaccharide made from sucrose by the enzymatic rearrangement of the alpha-1,2-linkage between glucose and fructose to an alpha-1,6-linkage. It is fully digested and adsorbed in the small intestine and provides the same energy as other sugars. As the adsorption of energy following isomaltulose consumption is much slower than with sucrose and glucose, there is a smaller increase in blood glucose and insulin, allowing energy to be delivered over a prolonged period. Thus, the glycemic index (GI) of isomaltulose is much lower (32) compared to that of sucrose (65) or glucose (100).
Whether isomaltulose has an effect on cognitive performance in humans is still controversial. Dye et al. for example postulated that isomaltulose in a milk-based drink does not affect cognitive performance in healthy adults (Dye et al., Mol Nutr Food Res, 2010, 54, 506-15). Others, see for example EP 1 393 637, have reported that isomaltulose can sustain concentration and attention over a longer time than sucrose does. Two mathematical/arithmetic tests of cognitive performance, namely the Kraepelin test and the sequential memory test were performed by subjects at 90 minutes and at 150 minutes following the ingestion of isomaltulose. At 150 minutes probands t hat ingested the isomaltulose-containing drink performed significantly better in the cognitive performance tests than the ones that ingested sucrose-containing drinks. This effect can be explained by the prolonged and slower increase in blood glucose levels, providing just sufficiently elevated glucose levels at 150 minutes after consumption, such as evident from Holub et al. (Br J Nutr, 2010, 1730-37).
Said document examines blood glucose and insulin levels after the ingestion of 50 g isomaltulose and sucrose (see
Therefore, the technical problem underlying the present invention is to provide means to enhance mental performance not dependent on an elevated blood glucose level or glycemic response caused for example by ingestion of a meal or snack, in particular means to sustain or enhance mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase.
The present invention solves its underlying technical problem according to the teaching of the independent claims. Accordingly, the present invention provides isomaltulose for use in enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof. Thus, the present invention provides a method for enhancing or sustaining mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof by administering isomaltulose to a subject in need thereof, in particular in an amount effective to achieve said effect. The present invention provides the use of isomaltulose for enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof.
Surprisingly, it could be shown that isomaltulose compared to high Glycemic Index (GI) food enhances mental, hereinafter also called cognitive, performance, in particular memory and attention, in a post-glycemic response phase, i. e. at a time point when blood glucose levels already had approximated initial values, for example at >150 minutes, in particular 151 minutes, in particular 152 minutes, in particular 155 minutes, particularly preferred 160 minutes, preferably 180 minutes past the consumption of isomaltulose.
Thus, the present invention provides the unexpected and advantageous teaching that isomaltulose is able to enhance mental performance in a very late phase after consumption of isomaltulose or, for instance, an isomaltulose containing food or drink when compared to a high GI counterpart. The present teaching provides the use of isomaltulose in enhancing mental performance in a phase occurring subsequent to a glycemic response phase of a subject wherein said glycemic response phase is caused by consumption of said isomaltulose. Thus, the invention is inter alia advantageous in so far, as it teaches the beneficial use of isomaltulose for enhancing mental performance in a time phase far distant from the consumption of isomaltulose and therefore provides a prolonged higher mental performance of the subject. Hence, the present invention enables the subject to mentally perform on a high level for a longer time period, in particular in an extra late phase, than possible with high GI food, i.e. a source of rapidly available glucose, e.g. maltodextrins, sucrose, glucose or processed starches. It could be shown by the inventors that mental performance, for example memory and attention, is enhanced, intensified or beneficially affected in an extra late phase by the uptake of isomaltulose, i.e. in a phase where blood glucose levels are no longer elevated subsequent to the ingestion of isomaltulose, for instance in form of a food containing isomaltulose. The same extended effect is not seen with high GI foods even though comparable effects in the glycemic response phase were observed. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention isomaltulose is used for enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase, wherein the post-glycemic response phase is an extra late phase after the consumption of isomaltulose, for instance in form of a food containing isomaltulose.
According to the present invention, initial values of the blood glucose level are those which are present before the consumption, of isomaltulose, in particular are values which reflect the blood glucose level in a subject not changed by or directly reflecting the consumption of a meal, that means are values where the blood glucose level does not show any meal-responsive glycemic characteristic.
In the context of the present invention the term “post-glycemic response phase” means a phase occurring after the glycemic response phase which itself is characterised by the presence of elevated blood glucose levels, being caused by and occurring subsequent to a carbohydrate-containing meal, hereinafter also called snack. In the post-glycemic response phase the blood glucose level has approximated its initial value, which caused the glycemic response. Thus, in the context of the present invention the post-glycemic response phase is a phase subsequent to a glycemic response phase which is caused by and therefore subsequent to the consumption of the isomaltulose or isomaltulose-containing food, drink or pharmaceutical. Hence, in the context of the present invention the post-glycemic response phase is characterised by blood glucose levels that have approximated to +/−15 % of the initial values of blood glucose in the pre-glycemic phase, i. e. before the isomaltulose consumption, hereinafter also called uptake or ingestion. In the context of the present invention the term “post-glycemic response phase” in particular means a “late postprandial response phase” also called a “late postprandial phase”. In the context of the present invention the term “glycemic response phase” in particular means an “early postprandial response phase” also called an “early postprandial phase”.
In the context of the present invention the term “enhancing mental performance” means an improvement in the mental performance due to the consumption of isomaltulose compared to a high GI food at the same time, wherein the enhancement is present in the post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof and wherein the enhancement is an enhancement in comparison to the level of mental performance present in the subject after the consumption of high GI food.
An enhancement of the mental performance in accordance with the present invention is determined by measuring the mental performance level of a statistically relevant number of subjects by using test procedures well-known in the art for determining the mental performance, particularly memory and attention subsequent to consumption of isomaltulose and for comparison subsequent to consumption of high GI food, in particular in the post-glycemic response phase.
The method, recall of objects, is well-known to assess episodic memory and the spatial recall of objects is established to determine spatial memory (Elliott C D, British Ability Scales, 1996, National Foundation of Education Research; Isaacs & Oates, Eur J Nutr, 2008, 47 (Suppl 3), 4-24). Signal detection tests, e.g. the Paradigm of Shakow are well-known to measure the attention performance (Kallus et al., Eur J Nutr, 2005, 44, 465-84; Shakow, Arch general Psychiat, 1962, 6, 1-17). The assessment of reaction time by measuring the response speed to light stimuli is often used and established (Schmitt et al., Eur J Nutr, 2005, 44, 459-64). Assessing the speed for monotonous item selection is known as a method to determine speed of information processing (Elliott C D, British Ability Scales, 1996, National Foundation of Education Research).
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention an enhancement of a mental performance can be a sustainment of a mental performance, that means in this preferred embodiment, the isomaltulose is used to sustain a mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof, wherein the sustainment is defined by comparing the level of mental performance in the post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof after consumption of isomaltulose with the mental performance level of said subject in the glycemic response phase after consumption of isomaltulose, while in those subjects eating high GI food the mental performance declined from the glycemic to post-glycemic response phase.
The term “high GI food” in accordance with the present invention means a product or substance mixture in solid, liquid, dissolved or suspended form with a Glycemic Index (GI) higher than 55, while the term “low GI” characterises a Glycemic Index (GI) equal or less than 55.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mental performance is considered to be enhanced by the consumption of isomaltulose in a post-glycemic response phase occurring directly after a glycemic response phase subsequent to consumption of said isomaltulose, wherein in said post-glycemic response phase blood glucose levels have returned to +/−15 %, preferably +/−10 %, of the initial value of before the consumption of said isomaltulose.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention isomaltulose is used to enhance mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase, wherein the mental performance is selected from the group consisting of concentration, attention, memory, reaction time and speed of information processing. Hereinafter, the terms “mental performance” and “cognitive performance” are used as synonyms.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the cognitive performance, in particular memory and attention, enhanced by isomaltulose is selected from the group consisting of episodic memory, spatial memory and attention, most preferably episodic memory and attention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the post-glycemic response or extra late phase is from >150 minutes to six hours, preferably from 151 minutes to six hours, preferably from 152 minutes to six hours, preferably from 155 minutes to six hours, particularly preferred from 160 minutes, more particularly 180 minutes to six hours after consumption of the isomaltulose by the subject in need thereof.
In the context of the present invention the term “subject in need thereof” refers to animals or humans. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention a subject in need thereof is a healthy, in particular a mentally healthy human. The present use of isomaltulose is in a preferred embodiment a non-medical use. However, in another preferred embodiment, the use of isomaltulose is a medical use, in particular relating to mentally ill or disturbed subjects, in particular humans. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to the use of isomaltulose to prepare a pharmaceutical composition for enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention isomaltulose is to be consumed by the subject in need thereof in a dose from 0.1 g/kg to 1.7 g/kg body weight, preferably from 0.2 g/kg to 1.5 g/kg body weight, most preferably from 0.3 g/kg to 1.0 g/kg body weight.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention isomaltulose can also be used together with other sweetening agents selected from the group of sugars and sugar alcohols, preferably trehalulose, isomalt, maltitol, xylitol, erythritol, sucromalt, trehalose, tagatose or mannitol.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the isomaltulose may also be combined with high intense sweeteners, such as acesulfam K, aspartame, stevia derived extracts, thaumatin, monellin, sucralose, dihydrochalkon, cyclamat or saccharin.
Preferred according to the invention is the use of isomaltulose as specified in the invention either alone or in a mixture of sweeteners, preferably a mixture of sweeteners containing isomaltulose and at least one high intense sweetener, especially sucralose. Especially preferably, the mixture of sweeteners is comprised of only isomaltulose and sucralose; optionally, however, additional components may also be included, for example additional sweetening agents.
Preferred according to the invention is the use of isomaltulose alone as specified in the invention or in a mixture of sweeteners, wherein 1 to 99% by weight, especially 40 to 99% by weight, preferably 70 to 98% by weight, more preferably 80 to 95% by weight of isomaltulose is used together with other sweeteners in a mixture (based on total dry substance weight of the mixture of sweeteners).
Preferred according to the invention is the use of isomaltulose as specified in the invention, especially in the aforementioned quantities, in a mixture of sweeteners, wherein the mixture of sweeteners contains 0.0005 to 3% by weight, especially 0.001 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight, more preferably 0.02 to 0.1% by weight high intense sweetener (based on the total dry substance weight of the mixture of sweeteners).
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention isomaltulose is used in a food, in particular semi-luxury food or confectionary, beverage, in particular a drink, or pharmaceutical to enhance mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof. The present invention also relates to a food, in particular semi-luxury food or confectionary, beverage, in particular a drink or pharmaceutical for use in enhancing mental performance in a post-glycemic response phase of a subject in need thereof comprising isomaltulose.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the isomaltulose, in particular the isomaltulose-containing food, beverage or pharmaceutical, is used according to the present invention, wherein the isomaltulose is the only sweetening agent used, preferably wherein the isomaltulose is the only sugar used, in particular wherein the isomaltulose is the only body-providing sweetening agent used according to the present invention. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the isomaltulose, in particular the isomaltulose-containing food, drink or pharmaceutical, is used according to the present invention, wherein the isomaltulose is used without glucose and/or without fructose and/or without sucrose and/or without lactose and/or without intense sweeteners. In the context of the present invention, the term “sweetening agent” is used to refer to substances that have sweetening power and are added, for example, to foods or beverages in order to give them a sweet taste. In the context of the present invention “sweetening agents” are sub-divided into “sugars” such as isomaltulose, saccharose, glucose or fructose, which provide body as well as at least one of calories and energy and sweetening power, and “sweeteners”, in other words substances that are not sugars but nevertheless have sweetening power, which are in turn subdivided into “sugar substitutes”, in other words sweetening agents that have body and a physiological calorific value in addition to a sweetening power (sweeteners absorbed by the body), and “intense sweeteners”, in other words substances that ordinarily have a very high sweetening power without providing at least one of calories and energy.
Preferred according to the invention is the use of isomaltulose as specified in the invention in a dietetic food. Also preferred according to the invention is the use of a mixture of sweeteners containing isomaltulose in a dietetic food.
Preferred according to the invention is the use of isomaltulose alone or in a mixture of sweeteners in a beverage, food or pharmaceutical, wherein the beverage, food or pharmaceutical contains 1 to 99% by weight, especially 20 to 70% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight, more preferably 40 to 55% by weight isomaltulose alone or in a mixture with other sweeteners (based on the total dry substance weight of the beverage, food or pharmaceutical). In a particular embodiment, the beverage, food or pharmaceutical does not contain glucose, fructose and/or saccharose. According to the invention, however, an embodiment may contain glucose, fructose, saccharose and/or other sweetening agents.
The aforementioned beverages, include for example, non-alcoholic beverages, refreshment beverages, cola-containing beverages, sports drinks, beverages ingredients, and drink powders.
In the context of the present invention, the term “foods” refers to products or substance mixtures in solid, liquid, dissolved or suspended form that are used predominantly to nourish humans and are consumed by humans in an unaltered, prepared or processed form. Foods may contain other components in addition to their natural constituents, which may be of natural or synthetic origin. Foods may be in solid form or in liquid form. The term “semi-luxury foods” or “confectionary” refers predominantly to substances or mixtures of substances, in solid, liquid, dissolved or suspended form, that provide enjoyment to the human or animal body when consumed.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the foods mentioned in the invention refer to milk or milk products, such as cheese, butter, yogurt, kefir, quark, sour milk, buttermilk, cream, condensed milk, freeze-dried milk, whey, milk mixtures, milk half-fat, whey mixture products, milk sugar, milk protein and milk fat products. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the foods mentioned in the invention refer to baked goods, especially breads including cookies and cakes, and including preserved baked goods. In further embodiments of the invention, the foods mentioned in the invention refer to bread spreads, margarine products and shortening, as well as instant products and broths. In further embodiments of the invention, the foods mentioned in the invention refer to fruit products, especially jams, marmalades, jellies, canned fruits, fruit pulp, fruit juices, fruit juice concentrates, fruit nectar, and powdered fruit. The foods containing the products according to the invention can also be vegetable products, especially canned vegetables, vegetable juices and vegetable pulp, according to the invention.
The term semi-luxury foods refers, for example, to confections, especially chocolate products, hard caramels, soft caramels, fondant products, gelled products, licorice, whipped sugar products, flaked coconut, dragees, condensed foods, candied fruits, brittle, nougat products, frozen confections, marzipan, chewing gum, granola bars, and ice creams, or alcoholic or non-alcoholic sweetened drinks.
In the context of the present invention, “dietetic foods” are understood as foods that are intended to serve a specific nutritional purpose, in that they affect the supply of certain nutrients or other nutritional substances that produce a physiological effect in a certain proportion or in a certain condition. Dietetic foods differ substantially from foods of a comparable type in their composition or in their properties. Dietetic foods can be used in all cases in which certain nutritional requirements must be fulfilled due to illnesses, functional disorders or allergic reactions to specific foods or their ingredients. Dietetic foods can be in solid or liquid form.
According to the invention, a beverage, food or pharmaceutical as specified in the invention preferably contains 1 to 99% by weight, especially 20 to 70% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight, more preferably 40 to 55% by weight isomaltulose alone or in a mixture with other sweeteners according to the invention (based on the total dry substance weight of the beverage, food, semi-luxury food or pharmaceutical).
The food comprising isomaltulose might be selected from the group consisting of cereals, milk products, confectionaries, chewing gums, bakery products and jellies.
The pharmaceutical comprising isomaltulose is preferably in form of tablets, capsules, granules, powder, an ingestible solution or an injectable solution.
The beverage, in particular drink, comprising isomaltulose might be selected from the group consisting of a soft drink, water-based drink, sports drink, jelly drink, tea drink, cocoa drink, coffee drink, alcoholic drink, energy drink, fruit drink or fun drink. The term “water-based drink” refers to drinks that are mainly consisting of water, but containing other ingredients as well. The term “fun drink” in the context of the present invention refers to drinks that might be coloured or otherwise modified, for example by addition of specific ingredients, to appeal especially to younger consumers.
Other preferred embodiments are the subject matter of the subclaims.
In the following, the invention is described in detail by way of examples and the accompanying figures.
Isomaltulose sustains cognitive performance in a post-glycemic response phase in children
Seventy-five healthy school children consumed in crossover design two meals designed to differ in their glycemic load (GL; Amount of carbohydrate×Glycemic Index, GI, of food items; GI of isomaltulose=32, GI of glucose=100) while being similar in macro-nutrient content. The cognitive test block takes 45 minutes and was once assessed in the early postprandial phase and once in the late post-prandial phase (>150 minutes) after meal ingestion. Every child participated in four blocks of testing (
On each cognitive test block parallel versions of the cognitive tests were administered.
Both meals offered a similar intake of energy (1385 KJ) and macro-nutrients (84.4% carbohydrates, 10.6% protein and 5.0% fat) while differing in glycemic load (GL; Amount of carbohydrate×Glycemic Index of food items), that is whether glucose was released slowly or i quickly into the blood stream. The meals were composed as followed (% of total energy):
The approach was based on the Recall of Objects test of the British Ability Scales (Elliott, British Ability Scales, 1996, National foundation of Educational Research) and children had to recall up to 60 objects.
The results are shown in
After eating the higher GL meal (containing glucose) episodic memory was significantly lower in the late postprandial phase compared to the early postprandial phase.
After eating the lower GL meal (containing isomaltulose) the episodic memory tested in the late postprandial phase as opposed to early postprandial phase after meal ingestion was not significantly different; in fact there was a trend for it to be slightly better in the post-glycemic or late postprandial response phase.
The paradigm of Shakow was used to assess attention with error rate as outcome (Shakow, Arch general Psychiat, 1962, 6, 1-17). In this signal detection test the children had to respond as quickly as possible to a delayed light stimulus.
The results are presented in
The present study shows that an isomaltulose containing meal positively affects mental performance, in particular episodic memory and attention, when compared to a classically sweetened meal. The effect was pronounced in the late postprandial phase, from >150 minutes after meal ingestion onwards, which is a surprising observation since this time point is in the post-glycemic or late postprandial response phase.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10007288.3 | Jul 2010 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2011/003432 | 7/9/2011 | WO | 00 | 2/5/2013 |
