Patent Application
20230344454
Disclosed embodiments relate to a tracking and feedback system.
Tracking systems may be used to track items as they move from one location to another.
A tracking device comprises an antenna, a printed energy storage device, a transmitter powered by the printed energy storage device, and control circuitry configured to control the transmitter to transmit, using the antenna, information indicating a status detected by a sensor.
A tracking device comprises a printed antenna, an energy storage device, a transmitter powered by the energy storage device, and control circuitry configured to control the transmitter to transmit, using the printed antenna, information indicating a status detected by a sensor.
The antenna may extend across a surface of a substrate.
The antenna may be planar.
The antenna may comprise a conductor deposited on a substrate.
The antenna may comprise first and second curved conductors.
The antenna may comprise first and second extensions of the first and second curved conductors, respectively.
The first and second extensions may extend toward one another.
The antenna may have an impedance of 50 ohms.
The antenna may be omnidirectional.
The antenna may be a dipole antenna.
The energy storage device may comprise a printed battery.
The printed battery may a carbon-zinc battery or a zinc magnesium dioxide battery.
The printed battery may be printed on the same substrate as the antenna.
The energy storage device may be disposable.
The energy storage device may be non-toxic.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information through a low-power wide area network (LPWAN).
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information through an ISM band.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information in response to detection of the status by the sensor.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information in response to expiration of a timer.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information repeatedly for redundancy.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit health messages regarding the tracking device.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information and error correction information.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the information to a receiver positioned more than 0.5 miles and less than one hundred miles from the transmitter.
The tracking device may be configured to store an identifier of the tracking device, destination address or recipient.
The tracking device may be configured to store a destination address for the information.
The destination address may comprise an internet protocol (IP) address.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit the identifier and/or the destination address along with the information.
The transmitter may be configured to transmit a packet comprising the information and the identifier and/or the destination address.
The information, the destination address and/or the identifier may be included in a payload of the packet.
The transmitter may be configured to send transmissions of less than 75 ms.
The tracking device may be configured to send the information only once in the lifetime of the tracking device.
The tracking device may be configured to determine its position and transmit its position.
The tracking device may be configured to determine its position using a global navigation satellite system receiver, or short-range wireless network positioning.
The tracking device may be configured to perform authentication by reading biometric information.
The tracking device may be configured to perform the authentication using a fingerprint reader.
Power may be disconnected to a portion of the tracking device until the sensor detects a change in the status, and the tracking device may be configured to provide power to the portion of the tracking device based on the detected change in the status.
The change in the status may comprise opening or closing a conductive path of the sensor.
The change in the status may comprise indicates opening of an item or removal of contents from the item.
The tracking device may further comprise a semiconductor die comprising at least a portion of the control circuitry.
The semiconductor die may be a bare semiconductor die without its own package.
The tracking device may be programmable through a wired or wireless interface.
The control circuitry may implement a finite state recognizer.
The control circuitry may be implemented by a programmed processor or dedicated logic circuitry.
The tracking device may be mechanically flexible.
The tracking device may be disposed on a paper substrate.
The sensor may be configured to detect opening or closing of a conductive connection.
The sensor may be configured to detect opening of an item, removal of contents from an item, or both.
The sensor may be configured to detect human interaction with a printed item.
The sensor may be configured to detect an environmental condition.
The sensor may be configured to detect opening of an item.
The sensor may be configured to detect removal of contents from an item.
The item may comprise a mailing, parcel, package or bound article.
The sensor may comprises a conductive path and the opening or removal of contents from the item may be sensed by opening or closing the conductive path.
The sensor may comprise conductors separated by an insulator.
The insulator may be configured to be removed when a force is applied to a leader.
When the insulator is removed, the conductors may come into contact with one another and close the conductive path.
The conductors may be maintained under a force that presses them together.
The tracking device may be configured to provide a current to the conductive path.
Power may be enabled to a portion of the control circuitry in response to detecting that an item has been opened or contents have been removed from the item.
A method of forming electrical connections through a plurality of pages of a bound article includes forming perforations in the plurality of pages at an edge of the plurality of pages, disposing a conductive material in the perforations, and binding the plurality of pages at the edge.
The conductive material may comprise a conductive adhesive.
The conductive adhesive may comprise a conductive epoxy.
The bound article may comprise a magazine.
A bound article comprises a plurality of pages bound at a binding, a conductive material at the binding, and a tracking device electrically connected to the conductive material.
The plurality of pages may be bound at an edge of the plurality of pages, the plurality of pages comprising perforations at the edge, wherein the conductive material is disposed within the perforations.
The binding may comprise a conductive adhesive that conducts current anisotropically.
The conductive material may make electrical connections through at least a portion of the plurality of pages.
The bound article may further comprise a first conductor disposed on a first page of the plurality of pages and a second conductor disposed on a second page of the plurality of pages, the first and second conductors being in contact with the conductive material.
The conductive material may comprise a conductive adhesive.
A bound article comprises a plurality of bound pages and a tracking device. The tracking device comprises an antenna, an energy storage device, a transmitter powered by the energy storage device, a sensor and control circuitry configured to control the transmitter to transmit, using the antenna, information indicating a status detected by the sensor.
A printed article, comprises a tracking device, the tracking device comprising: an antenna, an energy storage device, a transmitter powered by the energy storage device, and a sensor; and control circuitry configured to control the transmitter to transmit, using the antenna, information indicating a status detected by the sensor.
A package or printed article, comprises a sensor comprising a conductive material forming a conductive path. The sensor senses interaction with the printed article or package based on opening or closing of the conductive path.
The sensor may sense opening of the article or package.
The printed article may comprise a first page and a second page, the first page comprising a first conductor and the second page comprising a second conductor in contact with the first conductor when the printed article is closed, wherein opening the printed article disconnects the first conductor and the second conductor from one another.
The printed article or package may further comprise a member removably attached to the printed article or package, wherein removal of the member opens the conductive path.
The member may comprise a sticker or a scratch off material.
The sensor may comprises a first conductor and a second conductor that are electrically isolated from one another, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are positioned adjacent to one another such that when a human finger contacts both the first conductor and the second conductor, an electrical connection between the first conductor and the second conductor is closed.
The printed article or package may comprise a recall notice.
The package may be sealed.
The package may comprise a medical device.
An item, comprises a band wrapped around the item, a sensor disposed on the band, the sensor comprising a conductor extending around the item, and a tracking device connected to the sensor.
The sensor may detect when the band is broken by sensing opening of a conductive path formed by the conductor.
The band may comprise paper.
The tracking device may be disposed on the band.
The item may comprise a magazine or a package.
A tracking method comprises detecting a status of a sensor using a tracking device comprising a printed energy storage device and/or a printed antenna, and transmitting the status over a wireless network. A tracking method comprises receiving, over a wireless network, a status of a sensor detected using a tracking device comprising a printed energy storage device and/or a printed antenna.
A method of forming a tracking device comprises printing an energy storage device on a substrate, printing an antenna on the substrate, and printing a conductor on the substrate.
The method may further comprise disposing a processor on the substrate.
Printing the energy storage device may comprise printing a battery.
The antenna may be formed by printing a conductive ink on a substrate.
The tracking device may have connections formed by low temperature soldering.
The tracking device may be formed by disposing the substrate on a carrier substrate and performing soldering to form connections of the tracking device when the carrier is disposed on the carrier substrate, and subsequently the substrate and carrier substrate are separated.
The carrier substrate may not be adhered to the substrate during soldering.
The soldering may be performed by disposing the substrate on a hot plate.
The hot plate may have hot spots in locations on which connections are soldered on the tracking device
The foregoing summary is provided by way of illustration and is not intended to be limiting.
The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures may be represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
The present application describes techniques and apparatus for tracking the status of items. A tracking device can be embedded within or affixed to an item, and may include a sensor that detects a status of the item itself or its environment. In some embodiments, the tracking device may be small in size and low-cost, enabling use in a large number of applications, several of which are described herein. In some embodiments, the tracking device may be disposable, as it may be formed of non-toxic materials that allow it to be discarded without special handling. The tracking device may transmit the status detected by the sensor an identifier of the tracking device and/or other information via a wireless communication network. In some embodiments, the wireless communication network is a low-power communications network. The low-power communications network may enable transmissions over significant distances, which in some cases may span kilometers or miles, such as 0.5-100 miles. The transmitted data from tracking devices is received at any of a variety of communication nodes of the wireless network, allowing the received tracking data to be collected and used in a variety of ways. The system may be entirely automatic and requires no manual scanning by third party carriers.
A tracking device having one or more of the characteristics described herein can provide improvements over existing tracking technologies and enable new tracking applications not previously feasible. For example, a tracking device as described herein may be embedded within or affixed to an item such as a mailing or parcel and used to track its status, such as whether a letter or parcel is opened by the recipient. A tracking device can be used to track whether an item has been maintained in the proper environmental conditions, such as temperature, or humidity, or handled appropriately, such as being maintained in the correct orientation or avoiding being exposed to shock or vibration, for example. However, this is merely by way of example, as there are many possible types of status that can be tracked.
Also described herein are energy management techniques, including methods and practices that conserve battery life and minimize data transmission, and discloses techniques for the minimization of circuit size, complexity and power consumption.
The system may take advantage of the emergent Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. In some embodiments, by exploiting IoT platforms, especially certain wireless transport networks that are currently in development or deployed, the benefits of the present disclosure may be realized without the need for creating, developing and deploying extensive infrastructure. In some applications, such as determining the disposition of a mailing or parcel, the transmission of data may occur only once in the lifetime of the tracking device. In the present disclosure the network capacity may be accessed by a much higher geographical density of distinct transmissions. However, in some embodiments each transmitting element may be used only once, or, alternatively, is used a limited number of times for short durations, or even an unlimited number of times but at a very low percentage of the time (as in the tracking of non-perishable assets). By contrast, cellular and related infrastructure may be comparatively expensive to deploy and operate and may not be efficient for relaying large volumes of small disjointed (unrelated to one another) data packets from widely distributed sources.
In other embodiments, the tracking device 100 be adapted to send information to a local computing device over a suitable interface, such as a short-range wireless network, examples of which include WiFi and Bluetooth. In some embodiments, the tracking device may be adapted to send information over the conventional telephone network, perhaps automatically.
The encoded radio waves may be received by a base station 221 or another receiving device of the wireless network 220. The information transmitted may be extracted and sent to computing device 230 through any suitable wired or wireless network. In some embodiments, the computing device 230 serves as a logistics management client. The computing device 230 may include or be connected to a database correlating tracking device identifiers with particular items and information relating to the tracking device, items, such as a destination address, addressee, addressee contact information, etc. The tracking network 200 is capable of receiving, demodulating and decoding a radio signal transmitted by the tracking device 100 and extracting the information carried by the signal, e.g., information regarding the status of the item. The decoded payload may be transferred via a digital network interface to a digital carrier network, such as the Internet or another digital network capable of routing digital information (such as data packets), to the computing device 230. In some embodiments, the operator of the computing device(s) 230 may use information sent from the tracking device 100 for myriad purposes. The computing device(s) 230 can include memory or other storage so that information regarding the status of tracking device 100 can be stored and used in the future.
The computing device(s) 230 can employ an application interface (API) that is compatible with the wireless network 220 in order to perform the information retrieval from the wireless network 220. This API may be a conduit for data access stored in internal servers related to event codes and behaviors captured by the tracking network 200. In particular, if the tracking network 200 does not provide delivery of the feedback message to the computing device 230 via standard network routing techniques, e.g., an Internet using IP addresses, but rather stores the recipients' feedback datagram or datagram contents in a storage buffer, a method (utility or API) could be used to retrieve the contents from a storage location.
In some embodiments, the wireless network 220 may use the received signal to identify the location of the tracking device 100, and, thereby, the location of an item being tracked. This location information can be based on the known location of the receiving base station 221. Based on the known range of the wireless network 220, the location of the tracking device can be determined to be located near the base station at which the signal is received, within the range of the wireless network. In some embodiments, more sophisticated estimation of the location of the tracking device 100 may be implemented, such as by employing trilateration (or multi-lateration) methods. In other embodiments, the tracking device 100 may include a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, to determine a location of the tracking device 100. However, in many embodiments in which low power consumption is desired, the tracking device 100 may not include a GNSS receiver. In some embodiments, the tracking device 100 may have a short-range wireless transceiver, such as a WiFi transceiver and/or a Bluetooth transceiver, and may determine its position using the sort-range wireless transceiver, e.g., by WiFi and/or Bluetooth positioning.
Some embodiments of the present disclosure include biometric authentication technology in the tracking device 100, such as fingerprint reading and identification technology, e.g., a fingerprint reader, which can provide added security and authentication capabilities. A biometric reader such as a fingerprint reader may be connected to the processor 110, allowing the biometric reader to enable or disable various functions by the processor 110. Again, however, in embodiments in which low power consumption is desired, the tracking device 100 may not include such capabilities.
The circuit 10 may be coupled to a sensor 170. As shown in
The circuit 10 may include a memory 102, a processor 110, a transmitter 120. A portion of circuit 10, such as one or more switches, may be realized by a semiconductor chip disposed on the substrate 10. In some embodiments, the processor 110 and/or memory 110 are disposed on such a semiconductor chip. The semiconductor chip may be incorporated into the tracking device 100 as a bare die without a package of its own, and packaging may be provided by layers of the tracking device 100 (e.g., one or more films). However, in some embodiments the semiconductor chip may be packaged (e.g., in a QFN or other packaged die form) and then incorporated into the tracking device 100.
In some embodiments, the transmitter 120 may be a transceiver capable of both transmission and reception of signals. In some embodiments, the circuit 10 may include a receiver (not shown) in addition to the transmitter 120. The circuit 10 may also include power electronics 150 and an antenna 130. In some embodiments, the memory 102, which could be a RAM, a flash memory, or any other memory, is communicatively coupled to the processor 110. The memory 102 may store an identifier of the tracking device 100. In some embodiments, the identifier may be specific to the tracking device 100, the item 210, an address, person or entity to which the item is addressed or otherwise associated. A destination address for packets sent by the tracking device via the wireless network 220 may also be stored in the memory 102. The identifier may be stored in the memory at any suitable time, such as during or after manufacturing. The information may be read and stored in the memory in any of a variety of ways, such as through an electrical interface, optical scanning, or another technique. The information may be transferred using a wired connection or a wireless connection, such as via WiFI, Bluetooth, RFID or NFC for example. The tracking device 100 may include a suitable wired or wireless interface to receive the programming information. Alternatively, the programming may be arranged in a manner that allows the transponder to receive digital information wirelessly by being placed in the field of a programming instrument. Information may be stored in memory 102 either encrypted or in plaintext.
The processor 110 may control the tracking device 100. The processor may perform various functions, including programming the tracking device 100 for a specific use case (such as the sensor configuration: e.g., temperature, pressure and/or packaging state); provisioning the tracking device 100 to correlate and configure its transmissions/reports with a database and a mission profile (e.g., pairing: association of the tracking device 100 with an address, as in mass mail applications, a user ID or an article ID); entering mission parameters such as report intervals and number, timer settings, etc. Other functionality may including controlling the operation of the digital subsystem that creates the encoded digital (binary) data payload and formats it for digital RF communication. This may include forward error correction algorithms or other similar methods for increasing the reliability of the RF transmission process. Other functionality may include monitoring the status of the tracking device 100 such as timers, battery, and/or sensors, and storing the data in local memory registers; decision processing such as comparing measurements with set thresholds, triggering reports, etc. The processor may include/execute basic signal generation algorithms such as spectrum control (filtering), signal level control, and/or turning the radio transmitter on/off. The processor 110 may be a programmed processor, such as a microprocessor or microcontroller that executes program instructions. However, processor 110 need not be a programmed processor, and in some embodiments may be implemented by application-specific circuitry.
In one embodiment, the programming of the tracking device 100 is performed using a serial interface in which a bit sequence is applied to the processing element through an input-output (I/O) terminal 141. Devices can be manufactured with the capability of supporting any of a plurality of applications. The multiplicity of capabilities is described by the types of sensors available in the application deployment, while the logic that controls the reporting is described by internal digital logic that is configurable through either manufacturing parameter settings (hard coding) or through the aforementioned serial I/O terminal 141. In certain embodiments the multiplicity of sensor types and configurations, especially the external sensor circuitry, is managed separately from the multiplicity of reporting and monitoring settings. The reporting and monitoring settings may be controlled through digital logic. When the digital processing element of the transponder is programmed, the bit pattern input on the serial port induces, or instantiates, a particular configuration of the control logic inside the chip (digital circuit). This configuration can be stored in memory, and the particular configuration selected via a memory address or offset or block of addresses.
In another embodiment, the programming of the digital control can be based on finite state recognizer technology. This type of programming is useful when it is desired to make the transponder especially small. In particular, the digital processor may be designed without a software processor, thereby reducing cost and complexity of the digital subsystem. Finite state recognizer technology is known in the art of computer engineering, especially in the art of compiler design. In short, this technique operates by accepting a string or stream of tokens (in some embodiments of the present disclosure the tokens are simple binary symbols represented by voltages or currents injected through an I/O pin or terminal or port) and sequentially processing said string or stream in order to “parse” the “string sentence” into meaningful directives. Such a stream processing technique can be realized by defining certain bit patterns that are recognized and which cause a state machine to transition into desired control states. In one embodiment, the state can be a pointer to a segment of microcode. In another embodiment the state can be a register word that controls selected primitive functions that are predefined at device (chip) manufacturing time but which are only instantiated as a result the programming. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art of computer programming, especially microcontroller and similar device programming (firmware programming), that the above method can be designed in a manner that removes the need for a resident software control program and associated general purpose processing elements (CPU, memory, etc.). The benefit of this type of design is minimization of chip complexity (gate count, logic blocks, number of transistors, etc.) and power consumption.
In another embodiment, which is at the other end of the complexity spectrum, programming of the intelligent transponder is achieved by simply loading a program file into a transponder that is equipped with a CPU and memory and any peripheral (such as I/O) components need for general purpose computer operation. In such an embodiment no special logic design aimed at minimization of logic complexity is required. The system logic is resident in the externally created control program. Such embedded system programming is also well understood in the art of digital systems design and related art. Such programming would, for example, set the frequency of temperature reporting if a temperature sensitive item is being tracked. As another example, the temperature threshold for which such monitoring should generate an alarm and report would be programmable.
The processor 110 is communicatively coupled to the transmitter/transceiver 120 and power electronics 150. The transmitter 120, which is also communicatively coupled to the power electronics 150, can be further comprised of one or more of the following: a transmit block 121, a receive block 123, a filter 122, a synthesizer 124, an oscillator 125, a buffer/amplifier 126, a modulator 127, a crystal 128 and a power source 152.
In some embodiments, the tracking device includes a power source 52. The power source 152 may include any suitable energy storage device, such as a battery or a capacitor (e.g., a supercapacitor). The energy storage device may be charged prior to deployment to provide energy for operations of the tracking device 100. In some embodiments, the power source 152 may also include a power source that provides energy to the energy storage device, such as a photovoltaic device or a device that harvests energy (e.g., from movement, vibration, ambient light, electromagnetic radiation or otherwise). The power source 152 may be disposed off the substrate 101, as shown in
Advantageously, in some embodiments, the power source may include a printed energy storage device, such a printed battery. A printed energy storage device may have the benefit of low cost and small form-factor. In some embodiments, the energy storage device may be disposable. For example, the power source 152 may include a battery, such as a printed battery, formed of disposable materials. Examples of disposable battery material systems include carbon-zinc, and zinc magnesium dioxide. A disposable power source 152 may allow the tracking device 100 to be discarded without special handling. By contrast, many conventional batteries such as lithium-ion batters may be required to be recycled or disposed of with special handling in many jurisdictions. A disposable energy storage device, by contrast, faces no such restriction and may be discarded along with item 100 or its packaging.
Printing of a printed energy storage device can be arranged so that the substrate 101 is compatible with the handling of a parcel or item containing the tracking device 100. Thus, printing on semi rigid substrates 101 such as circuit boards may be appropriate when rigid packaging and tracking device 100 construction is used. In other embodiments, the printing may be applied to fabrics that are flexible, such as Mylar, or other flexible substrates.
Advantageously, in some embodiments antenna 130 may be a printed antenna (e.g., printed on substrate 101). Antenna 130 may be a loop or dipole antenna formed from a length of conductive material or dielectric material. The shape, thickness, and composition of the antenna 130 will determine its radiation behavior, including the directivity and gain. In some embodiments, the antenna 130 may be non-directional so that transmission to a base station does not depend on the particular position or orientation of the parcel or its packaging, to which the antenna 130 is embedded or attached.
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to utilize physically small antenna 130 geometry in which antenna 130 features, including overall length or area, are smaller than the operating radio frequency wavelength. In such embodiments, the substrate 101 may be configured to provide a ground plane with respect to which the antenna 130 operates. In some embodiments, the ground plane may be an integral part of the mechanical design of substrate 101 as well as its electrical design. In some embodiments, the addition of a ground plane may be achieved by creating a “sandwich” structure in which the ground plane is inserted between two outer substrates 101. In such an embodiment, the ground plane may be shared by antennas 130 printed separately on the two sides of the sandwich. This has the advantage of allowing smaller antenna 130 features while simultaneously providing antenna diversity.
In some embodiments, the antenna 130 will provide minimal or zero gain. In these embodiments, the RF communication function could be designed to close the radio link with low or no gain for antenna 130. Low or no antenna gain may be the result of the constraints on the antenna size and shape and/or lack of a ground plane. For example, in some embodiments the antenna may be two-dimensional (e.g., flat), and the fabrication process may not include an layer for a ground plane. In fact, the RF link analysis includes and provides margin for significant obstruction of the radio signal in its propagation from the parcel to the wireless network receiving antenna. However, in some embodiments the antenna may have gain, which may improve the distance signals can be transmitted and/or reduce the power consumed by transmissions.
As in the case of the battery, the choice of antenna material and printing method can be determined in accordance with required sturdiness, rigidity, flexibility and other environmental factors. Both conventional circuit board materials and nonconventional materials or substrates and processes, including flexible dielectric and or conductive fabrics, etching of conductive fabrics, deposition of conductive films, glues or paints, and similar methods may be used.
The antenna 130 may be a single antenna or a plurality of antennas. A plurality of antennas may produce signals directed in more than one direction of signal propagation. If a plurality of antennas are used to transmit signals, a device for switching, dividing or combining energy from plural antennas may be included, such as a switch, commutator or multiplexor. Antennas in any of these embodiments could be single band, dual band, broadband, directional, omni-directional, high gain, low gain, and any combination thereof. In yet an additional embodiment, the circuit 10 and the antenna 130 are coplanar.
The antenna may be planar and may be designed to radiate efficiently with a pattern normal to the plane in which it lies. The antenna may be as compact as possible and able to be constructed in a fabrication process at the same time as the overall tracking device is printed. Thus the antenna may be located on a substrate, which is, for example, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
The antenna has the following aspects.
A printed antenna may be formed by depositing conductive ink on a PET substrate.
In addition to the preceding, in order to produce radiation efficiently the antenna may exhibit resonance at the radio frequency of operation. In the case of a single conductor antenna, such as a patch, a ground plane may be used. Since there is not a convenient ground plane available in a PET substrate, or other preferred substrate, a dipole structure is may be used.
The antenna shown may provide a purely resistive (no reactive component) 50 ohm input impedance. This is achieved by controlling the curvature, the taper of the trace thickness and the segment nodes (the ends of the segments). Further tailoring of the characteristics is achieved by providing the indicated notches at the rounded end nodes.
In order to allow the antenna to be printed in a high speed process the ink deposition should be able to cure quickly. In an embodiment, the antenna is designed for 14 micron thickness. Conductive inks may be used such as DuPont 5028 or DuPont 5029. However, other inks and thickness could be used. A thinner deposit of conductive material is possible if a material with a higher density of conductive particles is used so the resulting antenna resistivity is small even with the thinner trace.
The specific shape of the antenna may be altered. At least the shape could be mirrored. Other modifications are possible, including the following.
In some embodiments, the antenna 300 may have the following specifications.
Returning to discussion of the
In some embodiments, there may be an RFID element, RF element, Wi-Fi element, Bluetooth element, cellular element, and the like coupled to or added onto the substrate 101 and/or circuit 10. In some embodiments, the circuit 10 may include input/output terminals 141, an A/D and/or a D/A converter 142.
The processor 110 is configured to receive input information from the sensors 170. Upon receipt of sensor 170 input, the processor 110 can generate an event code. The sensor 170 may be a single sensor or a plurality of sensors. The sensor(s) 170 may be selected to measure any of a variety of events, conditions or other status of the item 210 such as the opening of a package, breaking a seal, movement, temperature variation, acceleration, vibration, humidity, pressure, g-force, smoke detection, fire detection, gas detection, light, sound, orientation, stacking height, weight, or other status information. In embodiments in which the sensor 170 includes a plurality of sensors, each sensor may have an associated identifier.
In some embodiments, the above system elements are implemented in a low cost, low form factor and low power consumption manner. There are many techniques available for achieving these criteria. One is to utilize significant custom circuitry rather than “off the shelf” components that are designed for other general purpose applications such as microprocessors or self-contained radio transmitters. In some embodiments, the tracking device 100 can be a custom-made, single purpose device. In embodiments, at least a portion of the custom circuitry may be placed on a silicon chip or die, i.e., an ASIC. However, in some embodiments, the circuit 10 may include one or more “off the shelf” components, such as a microprocessor and/or memory.
In the art there are technologies for manufacturing custom ASICS. Furthermore, these technologies permit “mixed” analog, digital and radio frequency (RF) circuitry to be placed on a common substrate 101 or within a highly integrated miniaturized package. There are available, and may become available, other technologies different from silicon-based (or other semiconductor) chip design and manufacturing processes. These may include processes that print circuits on fabrics by painting or other deposition processes or processes that create circuitry by etching processes. The techniques described herein may use any such particular manufacturing and design alternatives and no particular manufacturing or design alternative is intended to be required for or limit the teachings of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure has many potential applications and these various applications may collectively entail significantly distinct physical “form factors” such as size, weight and power requirements. In view of this diverse application spectrum it will be appreciated that the tracking device may be embodied in a single highly integrated package to minimize size, weight and power requirements, as well as cost, or that the tracking device may be provided in “semi-knock-down” (SKD) form, in which case the components of the present disclosure are separated into major blocks, such as the RF electronics module, battery/power source, antenna, and sensors. These blocks may be adjusted to accommodate various applications consistent with the present disclosure. For example, the power source for some applications, like pallet or container tracking, may be made larger so that the usable active life of the transponder matches the pallet/container lifetime or in-service time interval. In other scenarios, such as direct mail, the power source may be made very small, consistent with the application only entailing a small number of active operating/transmission intervals.
A clock may be used to set the timing of transmissions. At an appropriate time, the detected sensor input converted to digital format is used to look up an event code in the look up table. The digital processing circuitry may then produce a packet, which may include the event code and/or an identifier of the tracking device 100. Pulse shaping may be performed by a digital filter, such as an FIR filter, for example.
In some embodiments, if there is only one event of interest, such as “parcel opened”, then there is no need for an event decoder or encoder or register, or other “mapping” to map the detected event to an action to be relayed or reported by the transponder.
The information transmitted, according to the present disclosure, may be done using a signal of minimal complexity, making the signal generation and transmission technology (circuitry, firmware and software) simple and inexpensive. The packet may include a header or preamble portion, which may be suitable for a particular wireless network 220. The header or preamble portion may be used by the wireless network for synchronization and identification purposes. A non-information bearing stabilization preamble may be provided so that the radio frequency circuits have time to stabilize before the information bearing portion of the radio signal, i.e., header, preamble, and payload, is passed through the circuit.
The payload portion may include a destination address, which may be an address of the computing device 230 which receives the data. The payload portion may include an identifier of the item 210 and/or tracking device 100. The payload portion may include status information regarding the item 210 detected by the sensor 170. The status information may take the form of a digital code that indicates the status.
Returning to the discussion of
In some embodiments the payload may be further expanded using error correcting coding methods. One such coding method is repeat each bit number of times. For example, if each bit is replicated 3 times, it is possible to detect a single bit error by majority logic. More powerful error correcting codes are also well known, such as, such as forward error correction (FEC) codes, including BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, convolutional codes and others may be used in at least some embodiments described herein. If the message elements are pre-stored in memory the use of more complicated codes than the repetition code just described can be straight-forward since the encoding may be done in fabrication of the transponder memory (that is, the message code may be hard coded). In either case it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that that there are many coding schemes which may be used. These codes are also able to detect error conditions. This is a form of conditional transaction that causes the interpretation of the feedback information to be modified. For example, if the feedback information payload is received with recipient address identification code deemed intact, per the FEC check process, but the event code damaged or in error, the operator of the campaign may still infer that the parcel was opened with a calculable probability, rather than damaged by fire, for example. There are many statistically meaningful information extraction possibilities associated with receipt by the terminal processor of a partially correct feedback information payload. Another example is that the address code is errored, but the event code is intact. Then the operator may still count the parcel as “opened” in calculating the overall “open rate,” which is one statistic provided by the techniques of the present disclosure.
In the radio protocols employed in LP-WAN there is raw capacity (allocated bits of message payload) available beyond that required to report the data of interest. This capacity (or bits) may be utilized to add redundancy to the data in a manner that permits either or both of the transmit power and or the transmitted energy to be reduced. The energy reduction comes about from utilizing coding methods that reduce the energy per bit of information needed for reliable transmission. It is noted that the number of information bits is predefined by the use case or application. The number of code bits transmitted may be varied within the allowable payload size parameters. By including code bits, albeit additionally to the information bits, the net energy expended per information bit may be reduced. This reduces battery size and peak current. Another way in which peak current, which may be more important to minimize than energy, may be reduced is to reduce peak transmitter power levels. There are two ways to reduce peak power. The first is to simply distribute energy over a larger number of bits. Power is energy divided by time, so this larger spread of energy reduces power requirements even if the energy is the same. From this perspective, the energy of the entire message should be distributed over the largest time so that power is minimized. The other power reduction aspect is direct: reducing the energy reduces the power since the time available to transmit the message is fixed and bounded. Energy reduction using codes will achieve power reduction.
Another aspect of power and energy allocation pertains to the overhead needed to establish a wireless connection. These overhead functions include synchronization functions that take place prior to information transmission or reception. It can be desirable to balance the synchronization function with the information transmission function. If the information transmission function is optimized to minimize energy or power while the synchronization function is not similarly optimized, or at least balanced, the excessive power and energy consumed by synchronization can spoil the advantage gained in the information transmission aspect. Thus, the transmitted waveform may be optimized in a manner that simultaneously reduces the peak current demanded for information transmission and synchronization.
Once the composite binary signal is prepared, the modulation process may be applied to it to create a radio frequency signal. The modulation process may be specific to the radio network employed. There are numerous modulation processes to choose from. Any modulation process can be used that is compatible with the wireless network 220.
In some embodiments, the tracking device 100 may send repeated transmissions of the status information to help ensure it is received by the network 200. To do so, the processor 110 may be configured to transmit the radio signal repeatedly. For example, repeated transmissions of the same packet may be performed. The tracking device may send a single transmission with the status information or any number of repeated transmissions of the same status information, such as between two and ten transmissions, or more. In some embodiments, the processor 110 may be programmed or otherwise configured to stagger the repetitions of the radio signal transmission so as to minimize burst traffic overloads on the wireless network.
One particular aspect of the present disclosure is the use of “printed electronics” to create the electrical circuitry on the tracking device 100. Printed electronics permits the tracking device 100 be lightweight and flexible. By printing circuitry, battery and antenna elements using a single process, or a small set of processes arranged to create desired characteristics, the tracking devices may be produced in large quantities using automated high-volume manufacturing equipment.
There are several ways to produce the circuitry with components as functional modules. In one embodiment, one may use a printed circuit board (“PCB”) made of an epoxy with a copper layer, having a protection layer on the copper, whereby a portion of the protection layer is removed. In this embodiment, the free copper area etched. The rest of the protection layer may be stripped from the remaining copper traces. One may also perform stencil printing of solder paste to the copper traces. Additional components such as semiconductor packages and/or discrete components may be attached in any suitable way, such as “pick & place.” Such components may secured to the PCB via a heating process in a reflow oven for soldering. In an alternate embodiment, the circuitry may be produced by using a rigid epoxy-copper PCB a thin and flexible Polyimide film with a copper layer in place of the PCB.
In some embodiments, the circuit could be printed via a printing process for conductive traces (e.g. silver traces) to a film (e.g. Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene naphthalate, and the like) using stencil printing of solder paste or normal printing of a glue or binder, which conductively glues the components to the silver traces. In this embodiment, it may be advisable to use low temperature solder paste because these polymer films cannot stand the high solder temperatures of normal soldering. In this embodiment, the circuit could be cured at room temperature or heated up for faster curing. This embodiment could also place components via “pick & place,” followed by heating up for soldering.
The printing methods for printing the circuits can vary in alternate embodiments. In one embodiment, one could use a screen printing method or process, which has the advantage of providing relatively thick conductive layers with sufficient resolution. In an alternate embodiment, one could use a gravure printing process, which has the advantage of having a lower thickness than screen printing, while still having good resolution.
The printing aspect of the present disclosure includes the use of either conductive ink or metal deposition or a hybrid arrangement according to the conductivity required in a given portion of the circuit.
In an alternate embodiment, the circuit could be printed with a flexographic printing method, which provides thickness similar to gravure and sufficient resolution.
In alternate embodiments, in order to increase thickness, any of the above printing methods could be combined with printing seed layers having electroplating or electro-less platting thereon.
In these methods, diverse curing methods, such as convection heating, infra-red, ultraviolet, ultrasonic, and photonic, could be used. These curing methods are also useful if sintered nanoparticles are used.
Many different materials can be used to print conductive traces, including without limitation: carbon (including graphene), silver, copper, silver plated copper, organic conductive polymers, tin, and inorganic materials like indium tin oxide.
Since the devices described in the present application may be extremely lightweight and physically small, and moreover in certain applications disposable, it may be desirable to have a fabrication process that is consistent with these physical characteristics while at the same time being amenable to high speed production at low cost. There are a variety of materials available for use as substrate, ranging from paper to conventional printed circuit boards (PCBs). In addition, the layout and method and interconnection of the components plays a role in determining the cost and production rates achievable. A material that is intermediate in rigidity, flexibility, weight, strength and durability between paper and PCB is Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This material is durable and inexpensive and is well suited to applications in which the tracking device is desired to be low profile (flat) or conformal (within the packaging containing the item being tracked or monitored).
The challenges faced in fabrication include the following:
A fabrication method that solves these problems is described next. As will be clear, the following description is by way of example and is not intended to be limiting.
Low Temperature Soldering
Low temperature soldering is using solder pastes often consisting of Sn/Bi (tin/bismuth) combinations, also including a flux agent. These can have melting points of approximately 140° C. That allows soldering temperatures between 150 and 200° C. Such solder pastes are used either for energy saving soldering, because of the lower temperatures or used because the used substrates or components would be damaged by the high temperatures applied through conventional soldering. In reflow-ovens a temperature of 160° C. has been found to work well.
Carrier System
In pick&place and soldering lines PCBs are the substrates to be equipped with chips and components. PCBs are normally of sufficient thickness to be transported in a transport system consisting of two tiny transport belts. Two edges of the PCB are touching these belts. The middle part of the PCB is not supported. Since PET films have not enough stability to be transported in such a pick&place and soldering line, carriers may to be used to give the substrate enough stability to be transported. The carrier can be a more rigid material to which the substrate is temporarily glued with non-permanent glue. Once the substrate is secured to the carrier the soldering process may be applied. Spray glue has been seen to be effective, and silicone based glues offer greater elasticity and heat resistance. After the solder sets the substrate may be subsequently separated from the carrier.
A variation of the above method is to apply the bonding agent (glue, tape, etc.) locally to the substrate, in particular, under the sites of attachment of components, leaving other portions of the substrate material somewhat more free to expand and contract in response to the stress of the soldering heat.
To apply the soldering heat the substrate is passed over a hot plate. This is a more compact and energy efficient method than using a reflow oven.
Customized Hot Plate
The plate may be customized so that the “hot spots” are precisely located to achieve successful solder flow without introducing heat to a large area. This (method, approach, procedure, design) minimizes the distortion of the substrate. Ideally the plate should have high heat locations that are matched to the solver bond locations and as small as possible.
Benefits of the Above Process/Method/Procedure
Some applications of the present technology relate to tracking the status of mailings or parcels. Previously, the Media Mail-based marketing and advertising business has provided only the most primitive feedback relating to the effectiveness of a given mass mailing campaign, namely, whether or not the person converted (the definition by which varies from advertiser to advertiser), and only in such events, the mailing campaign operator (or other surrogate agent) will receive positive notification of said recipient's interest in and response to the material. However, in the vast majority of cases, the media or parcel is discarded unopened, opened and then discarded, destroyed by the recipient (e.g., shredded) or allowed to remain in any one of a number of states of oblivion.
In profound contrast, in the electronic commerce and digital marketing/advertising paradigm, which is enabled by the Internet and by the concomitant profusion of personal digital electronic technology such as smart phones and wireless computer tablets, operators of digital and electronic advertising and marketing campaigns are afforded the powerful benefit of specific feedback from the recipient in the form of tracking, logging, parsing and reporting recipient's actions through the use of “cookies”, pixel tracking, and various other means. These actions include “clicking” on content, reading content, saving content, and other information that can be subjected to data analytics that reveals recipient's reaction, interest, intent and susceptibility to the marketing proffer. It is estimated that the use of these feedback techniques increases the effectiveness and efficiency (cost/acquisition of a customer) of the marketing or advertising campaign by 300 to 500 percent.
In view of the inherently blind, open-loop (no or limited feedback) nature of the conventional non-electronic mode of marketing, and in view of the immensely more effective and more efficient electronic (Internet and mobile phone based) alternative, the inventors have recognized a need to improve upon the methodology of conventional mail marketing operations that rely on consumption by the recipient of hard copy items. The inventors have appreciated it is desirable to measure the rate of consumption of the media and other forms of disposition of the media.
The present disclosure provides a low cost information feedback system that can report a recipient's actions and reactions to the marketing campaign operator automatically, in real time. In particular, in one embodiment, a method for determining if a marketing parcel has been opened is provided. It will be clear to those familiar with marketing analytics that there are additional types of information that may be provided in the feedback message, including time stamps of events (delivery, opening, etc.). In applications in which the response of a recipient of a marketing or advertising offer or related material is of primary interest, the present disclosure can provide behavioral information about the recipient. Furthermore, the present disclosure may do so in real time, sending the feedback message immediately in response to the item being handled (opened, read, torn, etc.) by the recipient.
In one exemplary use case, the tracking network 200 could be used to determine the outcome of a mailed marketing campaign. The tracking device 100 may be embedded within or attached to the packaging, wrapper or envelope carrying the targeted recipient materials (marketing offers, surveys, subscriptions, giveaways, advertising, goods, etc.). In certain applications, recipient action upon taking delivery, either actively or passively, of the parcel is sensed by the tracking device 100. Actions may include no action (the parcel is never opened), open and discard, open and examine/read the contents, shred or tear, burn, or any other behavior that may be measured by sensor(s).
In this use case, once the parcel events, meaning the events that occur with respect to the parcel 210 at an individual mail recipient's home, have been deemed to have run their course, the next step could be transmitting an event code from the tracking device 100 to the network 220. The event codes could reflect parcel events such as whether or not the parcel 210 was opened. If the parcel was never opened, in some embodiments, there may be no signal sent over the tracking network 200. In other embodiments, a system timeout could be employed whereby an event code is transmitted after expiration of the timeout period indicating that the mail recipient never opened the parcel 210, which presumably means it was discarded.
Various sensor arrangements may be used to detect the status of a parcel, such as whether the parcel has been opened and/or the contents removed. An example of an arrangement is to allow the sensor circuit to support a very small current when the parcel is undisturbed. Upon opening the parcel this current will be interrupted, for example, by breaking a very fine wire. In this embodiment a small battery discharge due to the small sensor circuit current flow prior to occurrence of “parcel opened” may be acceptable. However, the continuous flow of current may drain the battery, reducing its lifetime and potentially preventing successful transmission of the status information. However, such an arrangement can be utilized if such current is not excessive.
In the case of the sensor circuit operation just described, in which a small current flows in the sensor loop, a way of controlling the battery current flow to the rest of the circuit 10 or a portion thereof may be implemented. This may be accomplished by utilizing an active switching element, such as a transistor.
In
In order to minimize current drawn prior to the “parcel opened” event an alternative approach may be adopted. In the alternative embodiment the sensor subsystem is designed to operate in the following manner. The first level sensor is again designed to detect and identify the “package opened” event. In one embodiment, the sensor arrangement may be such that the transponder circuitry is in a quiescent state, drawing minimal or no power, or, in case of a clock or timer element being included, that the clock be the only energy drawing element prior to the “package open” event. This is not intended to be limiting, but rather descriptive of some embodiments. Thus, the first level sensor may operate by closing a circuit when the parcel is opened. One method for arranging this is shown in
Optionally, additional sensor circuits may be included that can detect the removal of the contents from the packaging. For example, a connection to the packaging is provided between the contents and the packaging so that the removal of the contents, is detectable. Such a connection can be provided via thin conducting film, foil or similar material bonded to the inside of the packaging envelope and, separately, to the contents, for the example. When the contents are in the envelope the circuit is closed and current flows. When it is removed, the circuit is broken, which may be detected. However, as discussed above, other techniques may be used that detect closing of a circuit rather than opening of a circuit, which can reduce power consumption
Some embodiments, there is a conditionally executed process involving the second sensor: it only functions if the parcel is opened. It may not be necessary to determine that the contents were not removed if the parcel is not opened. Upon detection of the “parcel opened” event the flow of current creates a voltage across a sensing resistor shown in
There are other triggers and events that may be identified by the sensor(s) 170. The various sensor circuits, and the events they are designed to detect and identify, may produce a variety of currents and voltages that may be detected and analyzed. There are numerous electronic circuits for sensing such voltage and currents, one of which is illustrated in
Another way to detect different events is via multiple I/O terminal(s) 141, which are connected to different sensors. Thus the events would be I/O mapped. Alternatively or additionally, the events may be mapped into interrupt vectors.
When the digital processor is activated by the “parcel opened” event the information detected by the sensor may be used to construct a pointer that instructs the processor 110 how to assemble a message. This instruction can be processed either as a program jump in a software implementation or as a pointer (address) to a memory location from which the appropriately coded message element is retrieved. The latter method has the benefit of using low cost memory circuits rather than requiring a processor to build the element “on the fly” from primitive instructions. In case the system is configured to detect the “contents removed” event, the processor may enter a “wait” state so that the second event may be detected before the final message element is selected or assembled.
The status information may be transmitted by the tracking device 100 at a variety of times. One example is transmitting the information in response to detecting a change in the status information. Another example is transmitting the information once a time period has expired. The clock 160 may be used to set a suitable time period. In some embodiments, the time period may be set to expire at a point after a recipient likely would have opened the parcel. If no “parcel open” event has been detected, the tracking device 100 may then send status information indicating that the parcel has not been opened prior to expiration of the time period. Alternatively, the tracking device 100 may be configured not to transmit any information unless a suitable event occurs. In such a case, it may be decided that a parcel has not been opened, or the contents not removed, if the computing device 230 has not received information from the tracking device 100 within a given time period.
In addition to the above use case, the present disclosure enables applications to a plethora of information gathering, item tracking and behavioral analytic applications. In addition to mailings as described above, the use of the present disclosure in a magazine or similar encapsulation provides an effective and highly efficient method for “closing the loop” on advertising content delivery through advertisements in said magazines. By incorporating sensors within the advertisement itself, or multi-sensors within a plurality of advertisements, advertisers may obtain crucial consumer feedback. The types of feedback and the activation of the feedback by various stimuli (scratch off material, peel off member (e.g., sticker), pressure sensor or other tactile input mechanism) are numerous. In this type of application the need for microminiaturization may be lessened due to the form factor and weight of the carrying media (magazines, for example).
The present disclosure permits affirmative consumer actions to be tracked. Examples of such are transaction processing via “peel/click here to learn more,” and “peel/click here to buy” processing. One difference is that the detection of the opening of a package or removing contents is passive, and does not require the recipient to take any action beyond the action recipient would ordinarily take. The possibility of accepting “active” stimuli rather than only passive, such as by providing an electrically enabled “peel here” label or similar means, provides for additional applications. By incorporating sensors within an advertisement, or multi-sensors within a plurality of advertisements, advertisers may obtain crucial consumer feedback.
Although the example has been given of entering a contest, there are many other applications of an interactive sensor. For example, removing a sticker associated with an advertisement may trigger sending a coupon to the recipient. As another example, removing a sticker may trigger ordering an item, which may then be delivered to the recipient either in physical form or virtual form. As another example, removing a sticker may be an indication of a request for further information, and in response to receiving this indication a representative may contact the recipient of the advertisement for follow-up. As another example, an interactive sensor may be used to track delivery of an article. For example, a sticker may be removed when an article is delivered to a recipient, which may allow tracking that delivery has occurred and/or the time of delivery.
Although an example has been described in which a sensor detects peeling of a sticker, it should be appreciated there are many other ways that interaction with an article can be detected.
There are also other ways that interaction with an article can be detected. For example, an instruction may be provided to scratch off a conductive region, which may break electrical continuity. Another example would be instructing the user to break a portion of the conductive path, such as by tearing off a portion of the page that includes a portion of the conductive sensor path.
Parcel tracking can be implemented directly by including a tracking device in the packaging of the parcel. Parcel tracking can be used to monitor the progress of the parcel through delivery channels. Alternatively or additionally, by configuring the tracking device with appropriate sensors, the conditions to which the parcel is subjected in transit may be monitored and reported. These conditions include temperature, humidity and/or other ambient environmental conditions. Other conditions that may be sensed include conditions that may be harmful to the parcel, such as smoke, fire, harmful gas, loss of air pressure, loss of oxygen, etc. For example, a temperature sensor may trigger transmission of a radio signal including status information indicating that a temperature is outside of a safe range. In this event the tracking device 100 is again awakened by the sensor produced current flow and, as in the other illustrative cases, assembles or retrieves the appropriate feedback information message element and embeds it in the radio signal payload.
However, this is by example and not limitation, as it will be clear to one of ordinary skill that other variables may also be monitored. For example, gravitational force (acceleration, or g-force) may be monitored for particular applications. Other non-limiting examples include measuring of relative humidity, a traveling velocity, an acceleration, a measure of light, a shock, a pressure, a vibration, a location, a gas, a fire, an orientation in space, a g-force, a sound, a stacking height, a weight, or a state of integrity. The present disclosure provides the capability for real time automatic monitoring and reporting of environmental parameters. It is also possible to monitor the absolute orientation of an item in transit in case it is desirable to maintain a particular orientation, such as “this end up.” Packaging can also be outfitted with the present disclosure configured to operate in a manner that indicates the loading of items in situations where “stacking” limits are in place (such as “do not stack more than 10 high”).
Another application of the techniques described herein is asset tracking. Primary assets may be tracked in a manner similar to the tracking of parcels. Certain secondary assets are used in the warehousing and shipping of primary assets. An example of a secondary asset is a pallet. Pallets are used in transport and warehousing operations in which primary assets are loaded on pallets for movement or storage. The pallets are intended to be reusable. Pallets are not generally the end-user item that is being transported to a given location, and they are usually expected to be returned to their owner. A problem that arises in the flow of pallets through a logistics process or channel is that they are often lost or discarded when the primary assets are unloaded. The present disclosure provides a means to track the location of pallets through their movements and even throughout their useful service life. By integrating a tracking device into the pallet or other secondary asset as described above, or attaching the tracking device to the asset, the asset can be tracked, and the likelihood of an asset reaching its proper destination can be improved. For example, the likelihood of pallets being returned to their owner can be increased. In some embodiments, larger assets such as pallets may allow the tracking device to be powered by a larger battery and/or by a renewable power source such as a photo-cell or solar-cell. The asset may be tracked on a regular basis, such as hourly, daily or at any other suitable interval, or in response to detection of a condition by one or more sensors.
The present disclosure usage can be extended to other areas such as delivery services. One such application is perishable item delivery, such as food or medicine. The present disclosure can also be generalized to provide detailed tracking capabilities to parcels rather than merely delivery event reports. In addition, tracking of items other than mail items can be considered, including animals, people, automobiles, and even personal items such as purses, wallets, a package, a product, a container, a pallet, timber, a piano, a case of wine, blood or other health-related materials, a vehicle, a pet, a human, an electronic device, frozen food, perishable items, and so forth.
In the medical field the present disclosure has utility as a tracker of medical materials. Examples of medical materials include perishable materials such as medicines and live tissue or organs. Other examples include blood, urine, biopsies, cryogenically frozen materials, humans, cadavers, and the like. The vitality of such items depends critically on the timeliness of delivery as well as maintaining a controlled environment. Use of the present disclosure provides a method for monitoring and validating these variables.
As discussed above, the functions described herein may be controlled by one or more controllers. Such controllers may be implemented by circuitry such as electronic circuits or a programmed processor (i.e., a computing device), such as a microprocessor, or any combination thereof.
Computing device 1000 may also include a network input/output (I/O) interface 1005 via which the computing device may communicate with other computing devices (e.g., over a network), and may also include one or more user I/O interfaces 1007, via which the computing device may provide output to and receive input from a user. The user I/O interfaces may include devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a display device (e.g., a monitor or touch screen), speakers, a camera, and/or various other types of I/O devices.
The above-described embodiments can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor (e.g., a microprocessor) or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computing device or distributed among multiple computing devices. It should be appreciated that any component or collection of components that perform the functions described above can be generically considered as one or more controllers that control the above-discussed functions. The one or more controllers can be implemented in numerous ways, such as with dedicated hardware, or with general purpose hardware (e.g., one or more processors) that is programmed using microcode or software to perform the functions recited above.
In this respect, it should be appreciated that one implementation of the embodiments described herein comprises at least one computer-readable storage medium (e.g., RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium) encoded with a computer program (i.e., a plurality of executable instructions) that, when executed on one or more processors, performs the above-discussed functions of one or more embodiments. The computer-readable medium may be transportable such that the program stored thereon can be loaded onto any computing device to implement aspects of the techniques discussed herein. In addition, it should be appreciated that the reference to a computer program which, when executed, performs any of the above-discussed functions, is not limited to an application program running on a host computer. Rather, the terms computer program and software are used herein in a generic sense to reference any type of computer code (e.g., application software, firmware, microcode, or any other form of computer instruction) that can be employed to program one or more processors to implement aspects of the techniques discussed herein.
Various aspects of the apparatus and techniques described herein may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing description and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/752,795, titled “ITEM STATUS TRACKING SYSTEM AND METHOD” filed Jan. 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/040,335 titled “ITEM STATUS TRACKING SYSTEM AND METHOD” filed Jul. 19, 2018, which is a continuation of International Application PCT/US2018/017656, titled “ITEM STATUS TRACKING SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed Feb. 9, 2018, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/783,623, titled “A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRACKING THE STATUS OF PARCELS AND MAILED MARKETING MEDIA AND REPORTING THE DISPOSITION THEREOF” filed Oct. 13, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/703,311 titled “PRINTED TRACKING DEVICE, AND SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR USE IN A LOW POWER WIDE AREA NETWORK” filed Sep. 13, 2017, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. application Ser. Nos. 15/783,623 and 15/703,311 each claim the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/408,551 titled “A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRACKING THE STATUS OF PARCELS AND MAILED MARKETING MEDIA AND REPORTING THE DISPOSITION THEREOF” filed on Oct. 14, 2016, which is also herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present application claims the benefit of each of the above-identified applications.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62408551 | Oct 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16752795 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Child | 17982936 | US | |
| Parent | 16040335 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Child | 16752795 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2018/017656 | Feb 2018 | US |
| Child | 16040335 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15783623 | Oct 2017 | US |
| Child | PCT/US2018/017656 | US | |
| Parent | 15703311 | Sep 2017 | US |
| Child | 15783623 | US |
