Patent Application
20120298423
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to underreamers used for enlarging a borehole below a restriction to result in a borehole that is larger than the restriction. Embodiments disclosed herein also relate generally to stabilizers used for controlling the trajectory of a drill bit during the drilling process. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to delivering drilling fluid having an increased hydraulic energy to remove drill cuttings proximate cutting structures on an expandable tool that may function as an underreamer, or alternatively, may function as a stabilizer in an underreamed portion of borehole.
In the drilling of oil and gas wells, concentric casing strings are installed and cemented in the borehole as drilling progresses to increasing depths. Each new casing string is supported within the previously installed casing string, thereby limiting the annular area available for the cementing operation. Further, as successively smaller diameter casing strings are suspended, the flow area for the production of oil and gas is reduced. Therefore, to increase the annular space for the cementing operation, and to increase the production flow area, it is often desirable to enlarge the borehole below the terminal end of the previously cased borehole. By enlarging the borehole, a larger annular area is provided for subsequently installing and cementing a larger casing string than would have been possible otherwise. Accordingly, by enlarging the borehole below the previously cased borehole, the bottom of the formation can be reached with comparatively larger diameter casing, thereby providing more flow area for the production of oil and gas.
Various methods have been devised for passing a drilling assembly through an existing cased borehole and enlarging the borehole below the casing. One such method is the use of an underreamer, which has basically two operative states—a closed or collapsed state, where the diameter of the tool is sufficiently small to allow the tool to pass through the existing cased borehole, and an open or partly expanded state, where one or more arms with cutters on the ends thereof extend from the body of the tool. In this latter position, the underreamer enlarges the borehole diameter as the tool is rotated and lowered in the borehole.
A “drilling type” underreamer is typically used in conjunction with a conventional pilot drill bit positioned below or downstream of the underreamer. The pilot bit can drill the borehole at the same time as the underreamer enlarges the borehole formed by the bit. Underreamers of this type usually have hinged arms with roller cone cutters attached thereto. Most of the prior art underreamers utilize swing out cutter arms that are pivoted at an end opposite the cutting end of the cutting arms, and the cutter arms are actuated by mechanical or hydraulic forces acting on the arms to extend or retract them. Typical examples of these types of underreamers are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,224,507; 3,425,500 and 4,055,226. In some designs, these pivoted arms tend to break during the drilling operation and must be removed or “fished” out of the borehole before the drilling operation can continue. The traditional underreamer tool typically has rotary cutter pocket recesses formed in the body for storing the retracted arms and roller cone cutters when the tool is in a closed state. The pocket recesses form large cavities in the underreamer body, which requires the removal of the structural metal forming the body, thereby compromising the strength and the hydraulic capacity of the underreamer. Accordingly, these prior art underreamers may not be capable of underreaming harder rock formations, or may have unacceptably slow rates of penetration, and they are not optimized for the high fluid flow rates required. The pocket recesses also tend to fill with debris from the drilling operation, which hinders collapsing of the arms. If the arms do not fully collapse, the drill string may easily hang up in the borehole when an attempt is made to remove the string from the borehole.
Conventional underreamers have several disadvantages, including cutting structures that are typically formed of sections of drill bits rather than being specifically designed for the underreaming function. Therefore, the cutting structures of most underreamers do not reliably underream the borehole to the desired diameter. A further disadvantage is that adjusting the expanded diameter of a conventional underreamer requires replacement of the cutting arms with larger or smaller arms, or replacement of other components of the underreamer tool. It may even be necessary to replace the underreamer altogether with one that provides a different expanded diameter. Another disadvantage is that many underreamers are designed to automatically expand when drilling fluid is pumped through the drill string, and no indication is provided at the surface that the underreamer is in the fully-expanded position. In some applications, it may be desirable for the operator to control when the underreamer expands.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide an underreamer that is stronger than prior art underreamers, with a hydraulic capacity that is optimized for the high flowrate drilling environment. It would further be advantageous for such an underreamer to include several design features, namely cutting structures designed for the underreaming function, mechanisms for adjustment of the expanded diameter without requiring component changes, and the ability to provide indication at the surface when the underreamer is in the fully-expanded position. Moreover, in the presence of hydraulic pressure in the drill string, it would be advantageous to provide an underreamer that is selectively expandable.
Another method for enlarging a borehole below a previously cased borehole section includes using a winged reamer behind a conventional drill bit. In such an assembly, a conventional pilot drill bit is disposed at the lowermost end of the drilling assembly with a winged reamer disposed at some distance behind the drill bit. The winged reamer generally comprises a tubular body with one or more longitudinally extending “wings” or blades projecting radially outwardly from the tubular body. Once the winged reamer has passed through any cased portions of the wellbore, the pilot bit rotates about the centerline of the drilling axis to drill a lower borehole on center in the desired trajectory of the well path, while the eccentric winged reamer follows the pilot bit and engages the formation to enlarge the pilot borehole to the desired diameter.
Yet another method for enlarging a borehole below a previously cased borehole section includes using a bi-center bit, which is a one-piece drilling structure that provides a combination underreamer and pilot bit. The pilot bit is disposed on the lowermost end of the drilling assembly, and the eccentric underreamer bit is disposed slightly above the pilot bit. Once the bi-center bit has passed through any cased portions of the wellbore, the pilot bit rotates about the centerline of the drilling axis and drills a pilot borehole on center in the desired trajectory of the well path, while the eccentric underreamer bit follows the pilot bit and engages the formation to enlarge the pilot borehole to the desired diameter. The diameter of the pilot bit is made as large as possible for stability while still being capable of passing through the cased borehole. Examples of bi-center bits may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,039,131 and 6,269,893.
As described above, winged reamers and bi-center bits each include underreamer portions that are eccentric. A number of disadvantages are associated with this design. First, before drilling can continue, cement and float equipment at the bottom of the lowermost casing string must be drilled out. However, the pass-through diameter of the drilling assembly at the eccentric underreamer portion barely fits within the lowermost casing string. Therefore, off-center drilling is required to drill out the cement and float equipment to ensure that the eccentric underreamer portions do not damage the casing. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an underreamer that collapses while the drilling assembly is in the casing and that expands to underream the previously drilled borehole to the desired diameter below the casing.
Further, due to directional tendency problems, these eccentric underreamer portions have difficulty reliably underreaming the borehole to the desired diameter. With respect to a bi-center bit, the eccentric underreamer bit tends to cause the pilot bit to wobble and undesirably deviate off center, thereby pushing the pilot bit away from the preferred trajectory of drilling the well path. A similar problem is experienced with respect to winged reamers, which only underream the borehole to the desired diameter if the pilot bit remains centralized in the borehole during drilling. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an underreamer that remains concentrically disposed in the borehole while underreaming the previously drilled borehole to the desired diameter.
In drilling operations, it is conventional to employ a tool known as a “stabilizer.” In standard boreholes, traditional stabilizers are located in the drilling assembly behind the drill bit for controlling the trajectory of the drill bit as drilling progresses. Traditional stabilizers control drilling in a desired direction, whether the direction is along a straight borehole or a deviated borehole.
In a conventional rotary drilling assembly, a drill bit may be mounted onto a lower stabilizer, which is disposed approximately 5 feet above the bit. Typically the lower stabilizer is a fixed blade stabilizer that includes a plurality of concentric blades extending radially outwardly and spaced azimuthally around the circumference of the stabilizer housing. The outer edges of the blades are adapted to contact the wall of the existing cased borehole, thereby defining the maximum stabilizer diameter that will pass through the casing. A plurality of drill collars extends between the lower stabilizer and other stabilizers in the drilling assembly. An upper stabilizer is typically positioned in the drill string approximately 30-60 feet above the lower stabilizer. There could also be additional stabilizers above the upper stabilizer. The upper stabilizer may be either a fixed blade stabilizer or, more recently, an adjustable blade stabilizer that allows the blades to be collapsed into the housing as the drilling assembly passes through the casing and then expanded in the borehole below. One type of adjustable concentric stabilizer is manufactured by Andergauge U.S.A., Inc., Spring, Tex. and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,490. Another type of adjustable concentric stabilizer is manufactured by Halliburton, Houston, Tex. and is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,318,137; 5,318,138; and 5,332,048.
In operation, if only the lower stabilizer was provided, a “fulcrum” type assembly would be present because the lower stabilizer acts as a fulcrum or pivot point for the bit. Namely, as drilling progresses in a deviated borehole, for example, the weight of the drill collars behind the lower stabilizer forces the stabilizer to push against the lower side of the borehole, thereby creating a fulcrum or pivot point for the drill bit. Accordingly, the drill bit tends to be lifted upwardly at an angle, i.e., build angle. Therefore, a second stabilizer is provided to offset the fulcrum effect. Namely, as the drill bit builds angle due to the fulcrum effect created by the lower stabilizer, the upper stabilizer engages the lower side of the borehole, thereby causing the longitudinal axis of the bit to pivot downwardly so as to drop angle. A radial change of the blades of the upper stabilizer can control the pivoting of the bit on the lower stabilizer, thereby providing a two-dimensional, gravity based steerable system to control the build or drop angle of the drilled borehole as desired.
When an underreamer or a winged reamer tool is operating behind a conventional bit to underream the borehole, that tool provides the same fulcrum effect to the bit as the lower stabilizer in a standard borehole. Similarly, when underreaming a borehole with a bi-center bit, the eccentric underreamer bit provides the same fulcrum effect as the lower stabilizer in a standard borehole. Accordingly, in a drilling assembly employing an underreamer, winged reamer, or a bi-center bit, a lower stabilizer is not typically provided. However, to offset the fulcrum effect imparted by to the drill bit, it would be advantageous to provide an upper stabilizer capable of controlling the inclination of the drilling assembly in the underreamed section of borehole.
In particular, it would be advantageous to provide an upper stabilizer that engages the wall of the underreamed borehole to keep the centerline of the pilot bit centered within the borehole. When utilized with an eccentric underreamer that tends to force the pilot bit off center, the stabilizer blades would preferably engage the opposite side of the expanded borehole to counter that force and keep the pilot bit on center.
When an underreamer and/or a stabilizer are operated in a drilling environment and under various drilling conditions, cutting elements may suffer thermal degradation due to frictional abrasive contact with the formation. Additionally, if cuttings generated are not removed at a fast enough rate, an increase in frictional contact on the cutting elements may result, leading to damage or premature failure in the form of heat cracks or carbide wear. It is thus of great importance to have a system that can remove the cuttings at a fast rate and provide sufficient cooling of the cutting elements.
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an expandable downhole tool for use in a drilling assembly positioned within a wellbore. The expandable downhole tool may include: a tubular body including at least one axial recess, a plurality of channels formed into a wall of said at least one axial recess, and an axial flowbore extending therethrough; at least one moveable arm, wherein the at least one moveable arm translates along said plurality of channels between a collapsed position and an expanded position in response to a differential pressure between the axial flowbore and the wellbore; the at least one moveable arm further comprising a borehole-engaging surface; and at least one flow directing element that: decreases a flow area in an annulus formed between the expandable downhole tool and the wellbore; and directs a flow of fluid in the annulus toward the borehole-engaging surface.
In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an expandable downhole tool for use in a drilling assembly positioned within a wellbore, including: a tubular body including at least one axial recess, a plurality of channels formed into a wall of said at least one axial recess, and an axial flowbore extending therethrough; at least one moveable arm, wherein the at least one moveable arm translates along said plurality of channels between a collapsed position and an expanded position in response to a differential pressure between the axial flowbore and the wellbore; the at least one moveable arm further comprising a borehole-engaging surface and at least one nozzle to direct a fluid across the borehole-engaging surface of the at least one moveable arm.
In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an expandable downhole tool for use in a drilling assembly positioned within a wellbore, including: a tubular body including at least one axial recess, a plurality of channels formed into a wall of said at least one axial recess, and an axial flowbore extending therethrough; at least one moveable arm, wherein the at least one moveable arm translates along said plurality of channels between a collapsed position and an expanded position in response to a differential pressure between the axial flowbore and the wellbore; at least one nozzle to direct a fluid across a borehole-engaging surface of the at least one moveable arm; the tubular body further including at least one fluid flow path for transporting the fluid from the axial flowbore to the at least one nozzle.
In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a drilling assembly for underreaming a wellbore to form an enlarged borehole, including: a drill bit to drill the wellbore; and at least one expandable tool as described in the preceding paragraphs.
In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of drilling a wellbore, including: using a drill bit to drill the wellbore; disposing at least one expandable tool as described in the preceding paragraphs above the drill bit; using the at least one expandable tool to form an enlarged borehole or to control directional tendencies of said drilling assembly.
Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
In one aspect, embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for underreaming to enlarge a borehole below a restriction, such as casing. Alternatively, the embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for stabilizing a drilling assembly and thereby controlling the directional tendencies of the drilling assembly within an enlarged borehole. In more particular aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to delivering drilling fluid having an increased hydraulic energy to remove drill cuttings proximate cutting structures on expandable tools useful for underreaming and stabilizing the drilling assembly.
In particular, various embodiments disclosed herein provide a number of different constructions and methods of operation. Each of the various embodiments may be used to enlarge a borehole, or to provide stabilization in a previously enlarged borehole, or in a borehole that is simultaneously being enlarged. The preferred embodiments of the expandable tools disclosed herein may be utilized as an underreamer, or as a stabilizer behind a bi-center bit, or as a stabilizer behind a winged reamer or underreamer following a conventional bit. The embodiments disclosed herein also provide a plurality of methods for use in a drilling assembly. It is to be fully recognized that the different teachings of the embodiments disclosed herein may be employed separately or in any suitable combination to produce desired results.
It should be appreciated that the expandable tools described with respect to the Figures that follow may be used in many different drilling assemblies. The following exemplary systems provide only some of the representative assemblies within which the expandable tools described herein may be used, but these should not be considered the only assemblies. In particular, the preferred embodiments of the expandable tool disclosed herein may be used in any assembly requiring an expandable underreamer and/or stabilizer for use in controlling the directional tendencies of a drilling assembly in an expanded borehole.
As described previously, the underreamer 120 tends to provide a fulcrum or pivot effect to the drill bit 110, thereby requiring a stabilizer 150 to offset this effect. In the drilling assembly 100, the expandable tools according to embodiments disclosed herein are provided in the positions of both the underreamer 120 and the stabilizer 150. In the most preferred embodiments, the stabilizer 150 would also preferably include cutting structures to ensure that the larger borehole 25 is enlarged to the proper diameter. However, any conventional underreamer may alternatively be utilized with embodiments disclosed herein provided in the position of stabilizer 150 in the drilling assembly 100. Further, embodiments may be utilized in the position of underreamer 120, and a conventional stabilizer may be utilized in the position of stabilizer 150.
Referring now to
Referring to
Referring now to
The recesses 516 further include angled channels 518 that provide a drive mechanism for the moveable tool arms 520 to move axially upwardly and radially outwardly into the expanded position of
Below the moveable arms 520, a drive ring 570 is provided that includes one or more nozzles 575. An actuating piston 530 that forms a piston cavity 535, engages the drive ring 570. A drive ring block 572 connects the piston 530 to the drive ring 570 via bolt 574. The piston 530 is adapted to move axially in the pocket recesses 516. A lower cap 580 provides a lower stop for the axial movement of the piston 530. An inner mandrel 560 is the innermost component within the tool 500, and it slidingly engages a lower retainer 590 at 592. The lower retainer 590 includes ports 595 that allow drilling fluid to flow from the flowbore 508 into the piston chamber 535 to actuate the piston 530.
A threaded connection is provided at 556 between the upper cap 555 and the inner mandrel 560 and at 558 between the upper cap 555 and body 510. The upper cap 555 sealingly engages the body 510 at 505, and sealingly engages the inner mandrel 560 at 562 and 564. A wrench slot 554 is provided between the upper cap 555 and the spring retainer 550, which provides room for a wrench to be inserted to adjust the position of the spring retainer 550 in the body 510. Spring retainer 550 connects at 551 via threads to the body 510. Towards the lower end of the spring retainer 550, a bore 552 is provided through which a bar can be placed to prevent rotation of the spring retainer 550 during assembly. For safety purposes, a spring cover 542 is bolted at 546 to the stop ring 544. The spring cover 542 prevents personnel from incurring injury during assembly and testing of the tool 500.
The moveable arms 520 include pads 522, 524, and 526 with structures 700, 800 that engage the borehole when the arms 520 are expanded outwardly to the expanded position of the tool 500 shown in
Several components are provided for assembly rather than for functional purposes. For example, the drive ring 570 is coupled to the piston 530, and then the drive ring block 572 is boltingly connected at 574 to prevent the drive ring 570 and the piston 530 from translating axially relative to one another. The drive ring block 572, therefore, provides a locking connection between the drive ring 570 and the piston 530.
In the expanded position shown in
The drilling fluid flows along path 605, through ports 595 in the lower retainer 590, along path 610 into the piston chamber 535. The differential pressure between the fluid in the flowbore 508 and the fluid in the borehole annulus 22 surrounding tool 500 causes the piston 530 to move axially upwardly from the position shown in
As described above in
As one skilled in the art would recognize, in some drilling environments and under various drilling conditions, cutting elements may suffer thermal degradation due to frictional abrasive contact with the formation. Additionally, if cuttings generated are not removed at a fast enough rate, an increase in frictional contact on the cutting elements may result, leading to damage or premature failure in the form of heat cracks or carbide wear. It is thus of great importance to have a system that can remove the cuttings at a fast rate and provide sufficient cooling of the cutting elements.
It has surprisingly been found that a fluid flow path may be provided through the reamer body to increase the hydraulic energy at the reamer cutting structures. An increase in hydraulic energy at the cutting structures may advantageously improve the rate of removal of cuttings from the cutting structures (improved cuttings evacuation), may decrease cutter element wear, and may prevent damage or premature failure. Improved cuttings evacuation may also provide for improved cutting action and increased rates of reaming and cuttings removal, which may allow for an improvement in the overall rate of penetration.
Referring now to
In the expanded position shown in
In the embodiment illustrated in
As the piston 530 engages the drive ring 570, the drive ring 570 and/or drive ring retainer 572 move axially upwardly, thus also moving the flow-carrying piston 1640 axially upwardly within the flowbore 1620, effectively extending the flow channel for transporting fluid from the flowbore 1620 to the nozzle 575. If necessary, the flow-carrying piston 1640 may be appropriately sealed against the body 1630 using sealing elements 1650 to avoid any leakage of fluid from flowbore 1620 to the annulus 22 and bypassing flow-carrying piston 1640 and nozzle 575.
Through use of a flowbore provided in the cylindrical tool body itself, drilling fluid may thus be emitted through the nozzles at a higher velocity and impinged on the cutting elements at a higher hydraulic energy as compared to use of the flow path as described with respect to
Referring now to
In the expanded position shown in
In the embodiment illustrated in
As the piston 530 engages the drive ring 570, the drive ring 570 and/or drive ring retainer 572 move axially upwardly, thus also moving the flow-carrying piston 1840 axially upwardly within the flowbore 1820, effectively extending the flow channel for transporting fluid through flowbore 1820. If necessary, the flow-carrying piston 1840 may be appropriately sealed against the body 1830 using sealing elements 1850 to avoid any leakage of fluid from flowbore 1820 to the annulus 22 and bypassing flow-carrying piston 1840 and nozzle 1875. A face seal 1870 may also be provided on the drive ring 570 to prevent leakage of fluid to the annulus 22 when in the collapsed position or during translation to the expanded position. When the moveable arm 1700 is fully expanded, flow path 1860 is aligned with the flow path provided through the drive ring 570, thus allowing flow of fluid from flowbore 1820 through flow path 1860 to nozzle 1875.
Through use of a flowbore provided in the cylindrical tool body itself and location of nozzles on moveable arm 1700, drilling fluid may be emitted through the nozzles at a higher velocity and impinged on the cutting elements 700 at a higher hydraulic energy as compared to use of the flow path described with respect to
In some embodiments, fluid flow paths 2004 may be in direct fluid communication with the fluid in flowbore 508. In other embodiments, such as shown in
In some embodiments, flow of fluids through one or more of flow conduit(s) 2006, flow path(s) 2004, and nozzle(s) 2002 may be continuous, whether the arm is expanded or not, due to the differential pressure between flowbore 508 and annulus 22.
In other embodiments, flow of fluids through one or more of flow conduit(s) 2006, flow path(s) 2004, and nozzle(s) 2002 may be actuated when the arm is expanded. For example, expandable tool 2000 may include an inner flow control member (not illustrated) having ports therethrough that (a) prevent fluid communication between the axial flowbore 508 and nozzle 2002 when the arm 520 is in a collapsed position, and (b) enable fluid communication between the axial flowbore and nozzle 2002 when the arm 520 is in an expanded or partially expanded position.
Referring now to
In some embodiments, flow directing elements 2102 may include a raised portion 2104 and a fluid flow path 2106, for example. The raised portion may provide for the decreased annular flow area, and the fluid flow path 2106 may be used to direct the flow directly on to the cutting elements.
As illustrated in
The flow directing elements illustrated in
In operation, an expandable tool (1600, 1800, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300) is lowered through casing in the collapsed position, such as shown in
Before the drilling assembly is lowered into the borehole, the function of the expandable tools described herein as either an underreamer or as a stabilizer would be determined. Referring again to
In summary, the various embodiments of the expandable tools disclosed herein may be used as an underreamer to enlarge a borehole below a restriction to a larger diameter. Alternatively, the various embodiments of the expandable tool may be used to stabilize a drilling system in a previously underreamed borehole, or in a borehole that is being underreamed while drilling progresses. Embodiments of the tools disclosed herein may also provide pressure indications at the surface regarding whether the tool is collapsed or expanded.
The various embodiments of the expandable tools disclosed herein have a higher hydraulic capacity than prior art underreamers. An increase in hydraulic energy delivered to the cutting structures may advantageously improve the rate of removal of cuttings from the cutting structures (improved cuttings evacuation), may decrease cutter element wear, and may prevent damage or premature failure. Improved cuttings evacuation may also provide for improved cutting action and increased penetration rates.
While the disclosure includes a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope should be limited only by the attached claims.
