Patent Application
20240100217
This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202211182898.X with a filing date of Sep. 27, 2022. The content of the aforementioned application, including any intervening amendments thereto, is incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure relates to the technical field of hemostatic gauzes, and in particular to a kaolin-based hemostatic gauze and a preparation method thereof.
The hemostatic products currently available on the market mainly include adhesive bandages, medical hemostatic gauzes, medical hemostatic bandages, etc. Common hemostatic dressings are spun from cotton, non-woven fabrics, etc. These hemostatic dressings themselves have certain hemostatic effect. However, the hemostatic effect is limited. It is a hot spot in the field of biological hemostasis to combine a hemostatic material with a gauze to prepare a multi-functional hemostatic dressing. The current hemostatic dressings such as chitosan-based dressings on the market are cost-ineffective. Inorganic materials such as natural clay have been reported to have excellent hemostatic effects. For example, in a Quikclot kaolinite-based hemostatic bandage produced by Z-Medica in the United States, a kaolinite powder is successfully loaded on a gauze, and the bandage has been confirmed to have excellent hemostatic performance. However, commercially-available hemostatic agents still have shortcomings such as single components and limited functions, which restrict the development and application of high-performance hemostatic products.
An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a kaolin-based hemostatic gauze with excellent hemostatic performance, prominent biocompatibility, high safety, and antibacterial activity. A preparation method thereof is further provided.
The kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material comprises a medical non-woven fabric as a carrier; and a kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material load on the medical non-woven fabric. Kaolin serves as a carrier in the kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material, the Kaolin is doped with Ce, and α-Fe2O3 is loaded on the Kaolin.
In one embodiment, the kaolin includes flaky kaolinite and tubular halloysite.
In one embodiment, the kaolin is a raw ore.
In one embodiment, a loading rate of the α-Fe2O3 is 50% to 70%.
In one embodiment, the kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material is prepared according to the following steps:
In one embodiment, the calcination is conducted at 500° C. to 600° C.
In one embodiment, the calcination is conducted at 550° C.
In one embodiment, the polyhydroxyferric ion solution has a concentration of 0.4 mol/L, and a mass-to-volume ratio of the kaolin to the polyhydroxyferric ion solution is 1:50 g/mL; the Ce salt solution is a Ce(NO3)3 solution; and the Ce(NO3)3 solution has a concentration of 0.1 mol/L to 1.0 mol/L.
The method for preparing the kaolin-based hemostatic gauze, includes the following steps:
In one embodiment, the suspension of the kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material has a concentration of 0.001 g/mL to 0.05 g/mL.
In the kaolin-containing composite hemostatic material according to the present disclosure, α-Fe2O3 is loaded and Ce is doped to enhance a hemostatic effect; and the prepared Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material has no obvious cytotoxicity, no hemolysis, excellent biocompatibility, high safety, and antibacterial activity. Moreover, the preparation method involves simple steps and easy operations, and is conducive to large-scale production.
According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the medical non-woven fabric is combined with the powdery hemostatic material Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol through impregnation to prepare a medical hemostatic gauze product with excellent hemostatic performance, prominent biocompatibility, high safety, and antibacterial activity. The preparation method thereof is simple and is conducive to industrial production.
The technical solutions of the present disclosure are described in further detail below with reference to the specific embodiments and accompanying drawings, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The term “kaolin” in the disclosure has a chemical formula of Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O; and in some cases, the kaolin includes about 45.31% of silica, about 37.21% of alumina, and about 14.1% of water.
It has been found through quantitative mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) that the kaolin used in the embodiments of the disclosure includes halloysite and kaolinite; and it is found that the halloysite is tubular and the kaolinite is flaky according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results shown in
A method for preparing a kaolin sample includes the following steps: crushing kaolin raw ores with a crusher to obtain a powder, mixing the powder thoroughly by a nine-square grid beneficiation method, and collecting a material in a middle of a nine-square grid and further grinding with a three-head grinder to obtain the sample.
A polyhydroxyferric ion solution with a concentration of 0.4 mol/L is prepared with FeCl3·6H2O and NaOH.
A 0.12 mol/L Ce(NO3)3 solution is prepared with Ce(NO3)3·6H2O and water.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol1 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 50.41% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 5 g of the Kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol1 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 50.41%.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol2 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 34.52% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 10 g of the Kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol2 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 34.52%.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol4 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 22.29% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 20 g of the Kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol4 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 22.29%.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol8 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 6.26% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 40 g of the Kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol8 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 6.26%.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol10 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 7.45% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 50 g of the Kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol10 composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 7.45%.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 62.19% was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 30 g of the Kaolin sample and 1500 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite. The FeOOH/Kaol kaolin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material with a α-Fe2O3 content of 62.19%.
The α-Fe2O3/Kaol1, α-Fe2O3/Kaol2, α-Fe2O3/Kaol4, α-Fe2O3/Kaol8, and α-Fe2O3/Kaol10 composite hemostatic materials and α-Fe2O3 prepared in Examples 1 to 5 each were subjected to a cytotoxicity test (
In this example, a preparation method of a Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 5 g of the kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed and stirred, 20 mL of the Ce(NO3)3 solution was added dropwise, and a pH of a resulting mixed solution was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3; a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a Ce—FeOOH/Kaol composite. The Ce—FeOOH/Kaol composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material. The Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material was subjected to composition analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry (Table 1).
It can be seen from Table 1 that, in the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol, a load of Fe2O3 is 41.54%, and a small amount of Ce is successfully doped.
In this example, a preparation method of a α-Fe2O3—Ce/Kaol-Aladdin composite hemostatic material was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 5 g of flaky kaolinite (Kaol-Aladdin; Aladdin, CAS:1332-58-7) and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed and stirred, 20 mL of the Ce(NO3)3 solution was added dropwise, and a pH of a resulting mixed solution was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3; a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a Ce—FeOOH/Kaol-Aladdin composite. The Ce—FeOOH/Kaol-Aladdin composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol-Aladdin composite hemostatic material.
In this example, a preparation method of a Ce-α-Fe2O3/HNTs-Sigma composite hemostatic material was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 5 g of tubular halloysite (HNTs-Sigma; Sigma, CAS: 12298-43-0) and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed and stirred, 20 mL of the Ce(NO3)3 solution was added dropwise, and a pH of a resulting mixed solution was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3; a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a Ce—FeOOH/HNTs-Sigma composite. The Ce—FeOOH/HNTs-Sigma composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the Ce-α-Fe2O3/HNTs-Sigma composite hemostatic material.
The above hemostatic materials each were subjected to an in vitro bleeding time test (
A preparation method of the α-Fe2O3/Kaol, Fe3O4/Kaol, γ-Fe2O3/Kaol, and FeOOH/Kaol composite hemostatic materials was provided. The preparation method included the following steps: 5 g of a kaolin sample and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed, a pH of a resulting mixture was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3, a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a FeOOH/Kaol composite; the FeOOH/Kaol composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material; the α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite obtained after calcination was calcined for 1 h at 450° C. in a H2/Ar (volume ratio: 1:9) atmosphere to obtain the Fe3O4/Kaol. The Fe3O4/Kaol was calcined for 2 h at 250° C. in an air atmosphere to obtain the γ-Fe2O3/Kaol.
Given that different oxide types may have different impacts on improving a hemostatic effect of kaolin, the prepared α-Fe2O3/Kaol, Fe3O4/Kaol, γ-Fe2O3/Kaol, and FeOOH/Kaol were evaluated through an in vivo procoagulant test (
Hemolysis Experiment:
Preparation of a 2% red blood cell (RBC) suspension: 1 mL of fresh anticoagulant rabbit blood was collected and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 5 min, a resulting supernatant was removed, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then suspended; and 500 μL of a resulting suspension was taken and added to a 50 mL centrifuge tube, and PBS was added to 50 mL.
Hemolysis experiment: Kaolin, flaky kaolinite, and tubular halloysite each were prepared with PBS into solutions with concentrations of 0.125 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively, which each were of 3 mL. 500 μL of the solution of each concentration was taken and thoroughly mixed with 500 μL of a prepared 2% RBC suspension. A positive control group was set as follows: 500 μL of deionized water was mixed with 500 μL of the 2% RBC suspension; and a negative control group was set as follows: 500 μL of PBS was mixed with 500 μL of the 2% RBC suspension. 3 replicates were set per group. A sample was incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 1 h and then centrifuged at 2,500 rpm, a resulting supernatant was collected, and the absorbance of the supernatant was measured by a microplate reader (414 nm).
Hemolysis rate (%)=(absorbance of a sample−absorbance of negative control)/(absorbance of positive control−absorbance of negative control)×100%.
The lower the hemolysis, the higher the biocompatibility. When a hemolysis rate is lower than 5%, it is considered that there is no hemolysis.
Hemolysis test results were shown in
In Vitro Procoagulant Experiment:
100 μL of anticoagulant whole blood was added dropwise to a 6-well plate, and 10 μL of a 0.2 mol/L CaCl2 solution was quickly added dropwise to the whole blood to recalcify the whole blood; 10 mg of a material was added to the whole blood by a dropper with a rubber head removed, and no material was added in a blank control group; the plate was incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 9 min, and then 10 mL of deionized water was slowly added dropwise around blood droplets, where coagulated blood was prevented from being impacted; and after the dropwise addition was completed, 1 mL of a resulting aqueous solution was immediately taken and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm, and then the absorbance (540 nm) was measured by a microplate reader.
10 mg of each of kaolin and the prepared different iron oxide/Kaol composite hemostatic materials was weighed to prepare experimental groups, and no material was added in the blank control group; and 3 replicates were set per group.
In vitro procoagulant test results were shown in
In Vitro Bleeding Time Experiment:
10 mg of each of Kaol, Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol-Aladdin, Ce-α-Fe2O3/HNTs-Sigma, α-Fe2O3/Kaol, and Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic materials was weighed, added to a 2 mL centrifuge tube, and pre-warmed in a 37° C. water bath for 3 min; 200 μL of anticoagulant whole blood of a New Zealand white rabbit was added dropwise to a sample powder at a bottom of the centrifuge tube, and then 10 μL of a 0.2 mol/L CaCl2) solution was quickly added dropwise to a resulting mixed system to calcify the blood to trigger blood coagulation; and a resulting mixed system was immediately incubated in a 37° C. water bath, during which the centrifuge tube was shaken every 15 s, the flow of blood in the tube was observed until the blood was coagulated, and a hemostasis time was recorded. 3 replicates were set for each material.
In vitro bleeding time test results were shown in
In Vivo Hemostasis Experiment:
6-week-old female Kunming mice were selected and randomly grouped according to a body weight, with 5 mice in each group. Each mouse was fixed with a tail exposed, and a 1 cm wound was cut with a scalpel blade on a tail vein of the mouse to allow bleeding. Then a corresponding material powder was quickly applied to the wound, the wound was immediately covered with a hemostatic gauze and gently pressed to stop the bleeding until the bleeding was completely stopped, and a hemostasis time was recorded by a timer. Blood flowing out from the wound was dipped by a gauze and weighed, and a bleeding amount was calculated. Hemostasis time and bleeding amount results were shown in Table 2.
It can be seen from Table 2 that the doping of Ce in α-Fe2O3/Kaol can effectively improve a hemostasis rate and reduce a bleeding amount.
5 g of kaolin and 250 mL of the polyhydroxyferric ion solution were mixed and stirred, 20 mL of the Ce(NO3)3 solution was added dropwise, and a pH of a resulting mixed solution was adjusted with a 5 mol/L NaOH solution to about 3; a resulting system was stirred at 60° C. for 5 h and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm, and a resulting precipitate was washed 3 times and dried to obtain a Ce—FeOOH/Kaol composite. The Ce—FeOOH/Kaol composite was ground and then calcined (including calcining at 250° C. for 1 h, calcining at 350° C. for 1 h, and calcining at 550° C. for 4 h) to obtain the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material.
The Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol composite hemostatic material prepared above was adopted in each of Examples 10 to 15.
As shown in
0.5 g of the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material was added to 200 mL of water, and a resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension; a piece of a non-woven fabric (area: 10*9.5 cm2) was cut and directly impregnated with the homogeneous suspension such that the material adhered to a surface of the non-woven fabric, where upper and lower sides of the non-woven fabric each were impregnated once, with a total impregnation time of about 2 s; an impregnated non-woven fabric was placed on a rolling machine and pressed once with a distance of 0.05 mm between upper and lower rollers of the rolling machine to strengthen an adhesion degree between the powdery material and the non-woven fabric; and finally, the pressed non-woven fabric was hung by dovetail clips in an oven at 60° C. and blow-dried.
1.0 g of the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material was added to 200 mL of water, and a resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension; a piece of a non-woven fabric (area: 10*9.5 cm2) was cut and directly impregnated with the homogeneous suspension such that the material adhered to a surface of the non-woven fabric, where upper and lower sides of the non-woven fabric each were impregnated once, with a total impregnation time of about 2 s; an impregnated non-woven fabric was placed on a rolling machine and pressed once with a distance of 0.05 mm between upper and lower rollers of the rolling machine to strengthen an adhesion degree between the powdery material and the non-woven fabric; and finally, the pressed non-woven fabric was hung by dovetail clips in an oven at 60° C. and blow-dried.
2.0 g of the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material was added to 200 mL of water, and a resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension; a piece of a non-woven fabric (area: 10*9.5 cm2) was cut and directly impregnated with the homogeneous suspension such that the material adhered to a surface of the non-woven fabric, where upper and lower sides of the non-woven fabric each were impregnated once, with a total impregnation time of about 2 s; an impregnated non-woven fabric was placed on a rolling machine and pressed once with a distance of 0.05 mm between upper and lower rollers of the rolling machine to strengthen an adhesion degree between the powdery material and the non-woven fabric; and finally, the pressed non-woven fabric was hung by dovetail clips in an oven at 60° C. and blow-dried.
5.0 g of the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material was added to 200 mL of water, and a resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension; a piece of a non-woven fabric (area: 10*9.5 cm2) was cut and directly impregnated with the homogeneous suspension such that the material adhered to a surface of the non-woven fabric, where upper and lower sides of the non-woven fabric each were impregnated once, with a total impregnation time of about 2 s; an impregnated non-woven fabric was placed on a rolling machine and pressed once with a distance of 0.05 mm between upper and lower rollers of the rolling machine to strengthen an adhesion degree between the powdery material and the non-woven fabric; and finally, the pressed non-woven fabric was hung by dovetail clips in an oven at 60° C. and blow-dried.
10.0 g of the Ce-α-Fe2O3/Kaol hemostatic material was added to 200 mL of water, and a resulting mixture was thoroughly stirred to obtain a homogeneous suspension; a piece of a non-woven fabric (area: 10*9.5 cm2) was cut and directly impregnated with the homogeneous suspension such that the material adhered to a surface of the non-woven fabric, where upper and lower sides of the non-woven fabric each were impregnated once, with a total impregnation time of about 2 s; an impregnated non-woven fabric was placed on a rolling machine and pressed once with a distance of 0.05 mm between upper and lower rollers of the rolling machine to strengthen an adhesion degree between the powdery material and the non-woven fabric; and finally, the pressed non-woven fabric was hung by dovetail clips in an oven at 60° C. and blow-dried.
Loads of the hemostatic materials in the gauze products obtained in Examples 10 to 15 were shown in Table 3.
In Vivo Hemostasis Experiment:
Liver Hemostasis Experiment:
6-week-old female Kunming mice were selected and randomly grouped according to a body weight, with 5 mice in each group. Each mouse was anesthetized and fixed, an abdominal cavity of the mouse was opened, and a wound of about 1 cm was cut with a scalpel on a left lobe tissue of the liver; the bleeding left lobe of the liver was covered with a gauze sample (area: 47.5 cm2) (or a powdery sample); and a hemostasis time was recorded, and a mass change of the gauze sample was measured to calculate a bleeding amount. Hemostasis time and bleeding amount results were shown in Table 4 and
Tail Vein Hemostasis Experiment:
6-week-old female Kunming mice were selected and randomly grouped according to a body weight, with 5 mice in each group. Each mouse was fixed with a tail exposed, and a 1 cm wound was cut with a scalpel blade on a tail vein of the mouse to allow bleeding; then a corresponding material powder was quickly applied to the wound, the wound was immediately covered with a hemostatic gauze and gently pressed to stop the bleeding until the bleeding was completely stopped, and a hemostasis time was recorded by a timer; and blood flowing out from the wound was dipped by a gauze and weighed, and a bleeding amount was calculated. Hemostasis time and bleeding amount results were shown in Table 5 and
It can be seen from Table 4, Table 5,
What is not mentioned above can be acquired in the prior art.
Although some specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail by way of examples, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above examples are provided for illustration only and not for limiting the scope of the present disclosure. A person skilled in the art can make various modifications or supplements to the specific embodiments described or replace them in a similar manner, but it may not depart from the direction of the present disclosure or the scope defined by the appended claims. Those skilled in the art should understand that any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement that are made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present disclosure shall be included in the protection scope of the present disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202211182898.X | Sep 2022 | CN | national |
