Patent Grant
8722956
This invention relates to methods of decomposing organophosphorus compounds. The invention more particularly relates to metal ion and metal species catalysis of an alcoholysis reaction which converts toxic organophosphorus compounds into non-toxic compounds. The invention further relates to lanthanum ion catalyzed degradation of chemical warfare agents, insecticides and pesticides.
The Chemical Weapons Convention was adopted by the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva on Sep. 3, 1992, entered into force on Apr. 29, 1997, and calls for a prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and for their destruction under universally applied international control. Eliminating the hazard of chemical warfare agents is desirable both in storage sites and on the battlefield. Decontamination of battlefields requires speed and ease of application of decontaminant. Surfaces involved pose a challenge for decontamination techniques since some surfaces absorb such agents, making decontamination difficult. Examples of surfaces that could be involved include those of tanks, ships, aircraft, weapons, electronic devices, ground, protective clothing and human skin. The decontaminants should not be corrosive, so that surfaces are not damaged during/following decontamination. An optimum solvent of a decontaminating method should provide ease of application, solubility of the chemical warfare agent, non-corrosiveness, and minimal environmental contamination. Since the establishment of the Convention, considerable effort has been directed toward methods of facilitating the controlled decomposition of organophosphorus compounds.
Aqueous decontamination systems, such as hydrolysis systems, have been used in the past, most notably for nerve agents, particularly for the G-agents tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD) and GF. However, hydrolysis reactions are not suitable for all chemical warfare nerve agents such as V-agents VX (S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate) and Russian-VX (S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl O-isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate), whose decontamination chemistries are very similar to one another (Yang, 1999). The V-agents are about 1000-fold less reactive with hydroxide than the G-agents (due to their poor solubility in water under basic conditions), and they produce product mixtures containing the hydrolytically stable, but toxic, thioic acid byproduct.
Although some chemical warfare agents are water soluble, they may be applied in combination with a polymer so that, being thickened, they adhere well to surfaces. These “thickened” agents are only minimally soluble in water. In the case of decomposition using a hydrolysis reaction, products in which a phosphorus-sulfur bond is preserved are common; these are toxic in their own right and are relatively resistant to further reaction. Another disadvantage of an aqueous decontamination system is that hydrolysis reactions are not catalytic, and therefore require stoichiometric amounts of reagents. Furthermore, commonly used aqueous methods, due to their alkaline pH, are not suitable for decontamination of human skin. Yet another disadvantage of aqueous decontamination methods is the caustic wastewater produced as an end product, which poses a challenge for disposal.
Historically, decontamination of chemical warfare agents has been effected using hydrolysis or oxidation using bleach or alkali salts. Bleach is corrosive to skin, rubber, and metal surfaces and is ineffective in cold weather conditions. Alkali salts require excess hydroxide ion in order for the reaction to go to completion rapidly, thus resulting in a caustic product. Non-catalytic methanolysis of V-agents has been studied, wherein the reaction of VX with alkoxide leads primarily to a displacement of the SR− group (Yang et al., 1997).
Transition metal ions and lanthanide series ions and certain mono- and dinuclear complexes thereof are known to promote hydrolysis of neutral phosphate and/or phosphonate esters. However, the available literature on the hydrolysis of phosphothiolate (P═S) esters and phosphothiolates is quite sparse with only the softer ions such as Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pd2+ showing significant catalysis. The lack of examples may be due to reduced activity of P═S esters, their poor aqueous solubility and the fact that anionic hydrolytic products bind to the metal ions thereby inhibiting further catalysis.
There is a need for a viable catalytic decontamination method which is inexpensive, has high catalyst turnover, and occurs at relatively neutral pH and ambient temperature, and most importantly, proceeds rapidly, e.g. t1/2<1 min.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for decomposing an organophosphorus compound comprising subjecting said organophosphorus compound to an alcoholysis reaction in a medium comprising non-radioactive metal ions and at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions, wherein, through said alcoholysis reaction, said organophosphorus compound is decomposed.
In one embodiment of the invention, said organophosphorus compound has the following formula (10):
where:
J is O or S;
X, G, Z are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of Q, OQ, QA, OA, F, Cl, Br, I, QS, SQ and C≡N;
Q is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group having 1-100 carbon atoms; and
A is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, polynuclear aromatic, and aromatic and non-aromatic heterocyclic;
wherein, when X, G, Z are the same,
wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, I, F, nitro, nitroso, Q, alkenyl, OQ, carboxyalkyl, acyl, SO3H, SO3Q, S═O(Q), S(═O)2Q, amino, alkylamino (NHQ), arylamino (NHA), alkylarylamino, dialkylamino and diarylamino.
In some embodiments, said medium is a solution further comprising a solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, substituted and unsubstituted primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, alkoxyalkanol, aminoalkanol, and combinations thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, said organophosphorus compound has at least one phosphorus atom double bonded to an oxygen or a sulfur atom.
In another embodiment, said medium further comprises a non-inhibitory buffering agent.
In yet another embodiment said buffering agent is selected from the group consisting of anilines, N-alkylanilines, N,N-dialkylanilines, N-alkylmorpholines, N-alkylimidazoles, 2,6-dialkylpyridines, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, trialkylamines, and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, said medium is a solution further comprising a solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, methoxyethanol, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said solution further comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of nitriles, esters, ketones, amines, ethers, hydrocarbons, substituted hydrocarbons, unsubstituted hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said medium further comprises alkoxide ions in addition to said at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions.
In further embodiments, the concentration of said alkoxide ions is about 0.1 to about 2 equivalents of the concentration of the metal ions.
In further embodiments, the concentration of said alkoxide ions is about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents of the concentration of the metal ions.
In further embodiments, said medium is prepared by combining a metal salt and an alkoxide salt with at least one of alcohol, alkoxyalkanol and aminoalkanol.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of lanthanide series metal ions, transition metal ions, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of lanthanide series metal ions, copper, platinum, palladium, zinc, nickel, yttrium, scandium ions, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Cu2+, Pt2+, Pd2+, Zn2+, Y3+, Sc3+, Ce3+, La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are lanthanide series metal ions.
In further embodiments, said lanthanide series metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Ce3+, La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Cu2+, Pt2+, Pd2+, Zn2+, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Y3+, Sc3+, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said metal ion is La3+.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is a pesticide.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is an insecticide.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is paraoxon.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is a chemical warfare agent.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is a G-agent.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is selected from the group consisting of VX and Russian-VX.
In further embodiments, said organophosphorus compound is a nerve agent.
In further embodiments, said chemical warfare agent is combined with a polymer.
In further embodiments, said medium further comprises one or more ligands.
In further embodiments, said ligand is selected from the group consisting of 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthryl, 2,9-dimethylphenanthryl, crown ether, and 1,5,9-triazacyclododecyl.
In further embodiments, said ligand further comprises solid support material.
In further embodiments, said solid support material is selected from a polymer, silicate, aluminate, and combinations thereof.
In further embodiments, said medium is a solid.
In further embodiments, said medium is a solution.
In further embodiments, said solution is disposed on an applicator.
In further embodiments, the concentration of said alkoxide ions is about 0.5 to about 1.5 equivalents of the concentration of the metal ions.
In another broad aspect, the invention provides a kit for decomposing an organophosphorus compound comprising a substantially non-aqueous medium for an alcoholysis reaction, said medium comprising non-radioactive metal ions and at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions.
In a first embodiment, said medium is contained in an ampule.
In a second embodiment, the kit comprises an applicator bearing the medium, said applicator being adapted so that the medium is applied to the organophosphorus compound and the compound decomposes.
In some embodiments, the kit further comprises written instructions for use.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate aspects and features according to preferred embodiments of the present invention, and in which:
▪, sspH 8.96;
◯, sspH 8.23; and
●, sspH 7.72.
●, {Cu2+:no ligand:(−OCH3)};
♦, {Cu2+:phen:(−OCH3)}; and
▪, {Cu2+:bpy:(−OCH3)}.
●, no added ligand;
⋄, 1 mM phen;
●, 1 mM diMephen; and
□, 1 mM [12]aneN3
(lines through the data drawn as visual aid only).
●, no ligand, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=0.3;
◯, phen, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=0.5; and
▪, diMephen, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=1.0.
●, no ligand, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=0.3;
◯, phen, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=0.5; and
▪, diMephen, [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total=1.0.
According to a broad aspect of the invention there is provided a method of decomposing an organophosphorus compound by combining the organophosphorus compound with a substantially non-aqueous medium comprising alcohol, alkoxyalkanol or aminoalkanol, metal ions and at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions. When so combined the organophosphorus compound undergoes an alcoholysis reaction and forms a less toxic or non-toxic compound.
More particularly, the invention provides a method of increasing the rate of decomposition of an organophosphorus compound by combining the compound with a catalytic species formed in a substantially non-aqueous medium comprising metal ions; alcohol, alkoxyalkanol or aminoalkanol; and alkoxide ions. In some embodiments, the medium is a solution.
As used herein, the term “alcohol” means a compound which comprises an R—OH group, for example, methanol, primary alcohols, and substituted or unsubstituted secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols, alkoxyalkanol, aminoalkanol, or a mixture thereof.
As used herein, “substantially non-aqueous medium” means an organic solvent, solution, mixture or polymer. As it is very difficult to obtain anhydrous alcohol, a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that trace amounts of water may be present. For example, absolute ethanol is much less common than 95% ethanol. However, the amount of alcohol present in a medium or solution according to the invention should not have so much water present as to inhibit the alcoholysis reaction, nor should a substantial amount of hydrolysis occur.
As used herein, the term “organophosphorus compound” includes compounds which comprise a phosphorus atom doubly bonded to an oxygen or a sulfur atom. In preferred embodiments such organophosphorus compounds are deleterious to biological systems, for example, a compound may be an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, a pesticide or a chemical warfare agent.
As used herein, the term “decomposing an organophosphorus compound” refers to rendering a deleterious organophosphorus compound into a less toxic or non-toxic form.
Decomposition of an organophosphorus compound according to the invention may be carried out in solution form, or in solid form. Examples of such decomposition include, applying catalyst as a solution directly to a solid chemical warfare agent or pesticide. Such a solution would be for example, an appropriately buffered alcoholic, alkoxyalkanolic or aminoalkanolic solution comprising metal ions and alkoxide ions, in which one or more catalytic species forms spontaneously, which may be applied to a surface which has been contacted with an organophosphorus agent.
As used herein, the term “catalytic species” means a molecule or molecules, comprising metal ions and alkoxide ions, whose presence in an alcoholic, alkoxyalkanolic or aminoalkanolic solvent containing an organophosphorus compound increases the rate of alcoholysis of the organophosphorus compound relative to its rate of alcoholysis in the solvent without the catalytic species.
As used herein, the term “appropriately buffered” means that the sspH of a solution is controlled by adding non-inhibitory buffering agents, or by adding about 0.1 to about 2.0 equivalents of alkoxide ion per equivalent of metal ion.
As used herein, the term “sspH” is used to indicate pH in a non-aqueous solution (Bosch et al., 1999, Rived et al., 1998, Bosch et al., 1996). One skilled in the art will recognize that if a measuring electrode is calibrated with aqueous buffers and used to measure pH of an aqueous solution, the term wwpH is used. If the electrode is calibrated in water and the ‘pH’ of a neat methanol solution is then measured, the term swpH is used, and if the latter reading is made, and a correction factor of 2.24 (in the case of methanol) is added, then the term sspH is used.
As used herein, the term “non-inhibitory agent or compound” means that the agent or compound does not substantially diminish the rate of a catalyzed reaction when compared to the rate of the reaction in the absence thereof.
As used herein, the term “inhibitory agent or compound” means that the agent or compound does substantially diminish the rate of a catalyzed reaction when compared to the rate of the reaction in the absence thereof.
As used herein, the term “metal species” means a metal in an oxidation state of zero to 9.
As used herein, the term “mononuclear” or “monomeric” means a species comprising one metal atom.
In an embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species is a metal alkoxide species of the stoichiometry {Mn+(−OR)mLg}s where M is a metal selected from lanthanide series metals or transition metals; n is the charge on the metal which may be 1 to 9, most preferably 2 to 4; −OR is alkoxide; m is the number of associated alkoxide ions and may be 1, 2, . . . , n−1, n, n+1, n+2, . . . n+6, most preferably 1 to n−1; s is 1 to 100; L is ligand; g is the number of ligands complexed to the metal ion, and may be 0 to 9; where g is greater than 1, the ligands may be the same or different. Examples of this embodiment include the lanthanum dimer {La3+(−OMe)}2 and copper monomer {Cu2+(−OMe)L}.
The inventors contemplate an embodiment wherein the oxidation state of the metal atom is zero. For example, it is well known in the art that transition metals having an oxidation state of zero may be reactive and may form complexes. Copper is an example of such a metal, and it is expected that Cu0 may catalyze alcoholysis of organophosphorus compounds according to the invention.
As used herein, the term “ligand” means a species containing a donor atom or atoms that has a non-bonding lone pair or pairs of electrons which are donated to a metal centre to form one or more metal-ligand coordination bonds. In this way, ligands bond to coordination sites on a metal and thereby limit dimerization and prevent further oligomerization of the metal species, thus allowing a greater number of active mononuclear species to be present than is the case in the absence of ligand or ligands.
As used herein, the term “{Mn+:L:−OR}” (which differs from the above described system, {Mn+(−OR)mLg}s, by the use of the symbol “:” between constituents of the brace “{ }”) is used when no stoichiometry is defined for a system comprising metal ions (Mn+), ligand (L), and alkoxide (−OR). This technique is meant to encompass any and all catalytically active stoichiometries thereof including but not limited to dimers, trimers and longer oligomers, monoalkoxides, dialkoxides, polyalkoxides, etc.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 20:
where Z1 and Z2 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide, copper, platinum or palladium ions;
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 1-6; and
m and q are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the dimer has a net charge of zero.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 20:
where Z1 and Z2 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ions, copper, platinum or palladium ions;
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 1-6; and
m and q are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the dimer has a net charge of zero.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 20:
where Z1 and Z2 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ions, and/or transition metal ions;
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 0-6; and
m and q are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the dimer has a net positive charge.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 20:
where Z1 and Z2 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ions, and/or transition metal ions;
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 1-6; and
m and q are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the dimer has a net positive charge.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 30:
a(R2O)—Z1—(OR3)b (30)
where Z1 is a non-radioactive lanthanide, copper, platinum or palladium ion;
R2 and R3 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
a is a number from 1-3; and
b is zero or 1 or more, such that the catalytic species has a net charge of zero.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 30:
where Z1 is a non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ion or a transition metal ion;
R2 and R3 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
a is a number from 1-3; and
b is zero or 1 or more, such that the catalytic species has a net positive charge.
Another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 30:
where Z1 is a non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ion or a transition metal ion;
R2 and R3 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
a is a number from 1-3; and
b is zero or 1 or more, such that the catalytic species has a net positive charge;
wherein unoccupied coordination sites on the metal may be occupied by one or more ligands.
In another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 40:
where Z1, Z2 and Z3 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide, copper, platinum or palladium ions;
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 1-4;
m, d, q and t are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the oligomer has a net charge of zero; and
r is a number from 0 to 100, or in the case of polymeric material may be greater than 100.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the catalytic species has the general formula 40:
where Z1, Z2 and Z3 are the same or different non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ions, or transition metal ions or combinations thereof;
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently alkyl groups selected from a branched, cyclic or straight-chain hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;
p is a number from 1-4;
m, d, q and t are each independently zero or 1 or more, preferably 1-5, such that the oligomer has a net positive charge; and
r is a number from 0-100, or in the case of polymeric material may be greater than 100.
The alcoholic solution comprises a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol, an alkoxyalkanol, an aminoalkanol, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, a non-inhibitory buffering agent is added to the solution to maintain the sspH at the optimum range of sspH, for example in the case of La3+ in methanol, sspH 7 to 11 (see
In another embodiment, non-inhibitory buffering agents are not added, but additional alkoxide ion is added in the form of an alkoxide salt to obtain metal ions and alkoxide ions in a metal:alkoxide ratio of about 1:0.01 to about 1:2, for some embodiments preferably about 1:1 to about 1:1.5, for other embodiments preferably about 1:0.5 to about 1:1.5. A person skilled in the art will recognize that an alcoholic solution contains trace amounts of alkoxide ions. This concept is analogous to water containing a trace amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, thus water of pH 7 contains, by definition, [H+]=1×10−7 M and [OH−]=1×10−7 M. For this reason, when alkoxide salts are added according to this embodiment of the invention, they are referred to as “additional” alkoxide ions. Suitable non-inhibitory cations for the alkoxide salts include monovalent ions such as, for example, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+, NR4+ and NR′R″R′″R″″+ (where R′, R″, R″′, and R″″ may be the same or different and may be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl groups) and divalent ions such as the alkali earth metals, and combinations thereof. In some instances such ions may prolong the life of a catalyst by bonding to and, for example, precipitating, an inhibitory product of organophosophorus decomposition, an example of which is Ca2+ bonding to fluoride.
To obtain the metal ions, metal salts are added to the solution. Preferably, the metal ion is a non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ion. Suitable lanthanide series metal ions include, for example, Ce3+, La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ and combinations thereof or complexes thereof. Suitable non-lanthanide series metal ions include, for example, divalent transition metal ions such as, for example, Cu2+, Pd2+, Pt2+, Zn2+, and trivalent transition metal ions such as, for example, Sc3+ and Y3+, as well as combinations thereof or complexes thereof, including combinations/complexes of those with non-radioactive lanthanide series metal ions. While La3+ (sspKa1=7.8) has good catalytic efficacy from sspH 7.3 to 10.3, other metal ions which have lower sspKa values (for example Ho3+ and Eu3+ have sspKa1 values of 6.6, while Yb3+ has a sspKa1 value of 5.3, Gibson et al. 2003) may be efficacious at lower sspH.
An embodiment of the invention is a catalytic system comprising mixtures of metal ions, for example, mixtures of lanthanide series metal ions which would be active between the wide sspH range of 5 to 11. Lanthanide series metal ions and alkoxide may form several species in solution, an example of which, species forming from La3+ and methoxide is shown in the figures. In the case of La3+, a dimer containing 1 to 3 alkoxides is a particularly active catalyst for the degradation of organophosphorus compounds. In the case of non-lanthanide series metal ions, such as, for example Zn2+ and Cu2+, a mononuclear complex containing alkoxides is an active catalyst for the degradation of organophosphorus compounds.
In some embodiments, the invention provides limiting of dimerization and prevention of further oligomerization by addition of ligand such as, for example, bidentate and tridentate ligands. By coordination at one or more sites on a metal, a ligand limits dimerization and prevents further oligomerization of a metal species, thus allowing a greater number of active mononuclear species than is the case in the absence of ligand. Although not meant to be limiting, examples of such ligands are 2,2′-bipyridyl (“bpy”), 1,10-phenanthryl (“phen”), 2,9-dimethylphenanthryl (“diMephen”) and 1,5,9-triazacyclododecyl (“[12]aneN3”), crown ether, and their substituted forms. Such ligands may be attached via linkages to solid support structures such as polymers, silicates or aluminates to provide solid catalysts for the alcoholysis of organophosphorus compounds which are decomposed according to the invention. The point of attachment of the metal:ligand:alkoxide complex to the solid support is preferably at the 3 or 4 position in the case of bipyridyl or the 3, 4 or 5 position in the case of phenanthrolines using linking procedures and connecting spacers which are known in the art. In the case of aza ligands, such as, for example, [12]aneN3, the point of attachment of the complex to the solid support would preferably be on one of the nitrogens of the macrocycle, using methods and connecting spacers known in the art. Such attachment to solid supports offers advantages in that the solid catalysts may be conveniently recovered from the reaction media by filtration or decantation. In an embodiment of the invention wherein ligands are attached to solid support structures, organophosphorus compounds may be decomposed by running a solution through a column such as a chromatography column. In another embodiment of the invention wherein ligands are attached to solid support structures, organophosphorus compounds may be decomposed by contact with a polymer comprising metal species and alkoxide ions.
Suitable anions of the metal salts are non-inhibitory or substantially non-inhibitory and include, for example, ClO4−, BF4−, BR4−I−, Br−, CF3SO3− (also referred to herein as“triflate” or “OTf”) and combinations thereof. Preferred anions are ClO4− and CF3SO3−. In the case of BF4−, a solvent other than methanol is preferred.
The solution comprises solvents, wherein preferred solvents are alcohols, including primary and secondary alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol and methoxyethanol, and combinations thereof. Most preferably the solution is all alcohol or all alkoxyalkanol or all aminoalkanol; however, combinations with non-aqueous non-inhibitory solvents can also be used, including, for example, nitriles, ketones, amines, ethers, hydrocarbons including chlorinated hydrocarbons and esters. In the case of esters, it is preferable that the alkoxy group is the same as the conjugate base of the solvent alcohol. In some embodiments, esters may cause side reactions which may be inhibitory.
Initial studies have been undertaken in methanol since methanol is closest to water in terms of structure and chemical properties and is readily available. However, methanol is less desirable than other solvents due to its toxicity and its relatively low boiling point of 64.7° C. which makes it volatile and prone to evaporation from open vessels. For these reasons, use of higher alcohols such as ethanol, n-propanol and iso-propanol has been explored (see Examples 1 and 2). Ethanol, n-propanol and iso-propanol are substantially less volatile (boiling points 78, 97.2 and 82.5° C. respectively), are less toxic, and have better solubilizing characteristics for hydrophilic substrates. The higher boiling points mean that these solvents are more amenable to field conditions since there would conveniently be less evaporation and thus less solvent would be lost to the atmosphere.
Other preferred solvents include n-butanol and 2-butanol since they have higher boiling points than the lower alcohols.
In accordance with the invention, the metal ion species catalyzes an alcoholysis reaction of an organophosphorus compound or a mixture of organophosphorus compounds represented by the following general formula (10):
where P is phosphorus;
J is O (oxygen) or S (sulfur);
X, G, Z are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of Q, OQ, QA, OA, F (fluoride), Cl (chloride), Br (bromide), I (iodide), QS, SQ and C≡N;
where Q is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group consisting of 1-100 carbon atoms; wherein when X, G, Z are the same, X, G, Z are not Q, and when X, G, Z are the same Q is not H;
A is a mono-, di-, or poly-substituted or unsubstituted aryl group selected from phenyl, biphenyl, benzyl, pyridine, naphthyl, polynuclear aromatics, and 5- and 6-membered aromatic and non-aromatic heterocycles;
wherein each said substituent is selected from Cl, Br, I, F, nitro, nitroso, Q, alkenyl, OQ, carboxyalkyl, acyl, SO3H, SO3Q, S═O(Q), S(═O)2Q, amino, alkylamino (NHQ), arylamino (NHA), alkylarylamino, dialkylamino and diarylamino.
Most preferably, the phosphorus atom of
As used herein, the term “heterocycle” means a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring containing one or more O, S or N atoms, or polynuclear aromatic heterocycle containing one or more N, O, or S atoms.
An advantage of the decomposition method of the invention is that the solvent, being hydrophobic, relative to water, permits good solubility of organophosphorus agents such as VX, Russian-VX, tabun (GA), soman (GD), sarin (GB), GF, hydrophobic polymers, insecticides and pesticides.
Another advantage of the invention is that it provides a non-aqueous solution and reaction products that can be easily and safely disposed of by incineration. It will thus be appreciated that the decontamination method of the invention can be used for a broad range of chemical warfare agents, or mixtures of such agents, or blends of such agents with polymers, as well as other toxic compounds such as insecticides, pesticides and related organophosphorus agents in general.
A further advantage of the invention is that destruction of organophosphorus agents occurs with or without the addition of heat. An ambient temperature reaction is cost-efficient for large scale destruction of stockpiled organophosphous material such as chemical weapons, insecticides or pesticides. The catalyst species can catalyze the alcoholysis over the full temperature range between the freezing and boiling points of the solvents or mixture of solvents used.
The G-type and V-type classes of chemical warfare agents are too toxic to be handled without specialized facilities and are often modeled by simulants such as, for the G-agents: paraoxon and p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate, and for the V-agents: O,S-dialkyl- or O,S-arylalkyl-phosphonothioates or S-alkyl-phosphinothioates or S-aryl-phosphinothioates (Yang, 1999). We have used three such simulants and report herein, degradation of paraoxon as a model of G-agents, degradation of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate as a model of V-agents, and degradation of fenitrothion as a model of (P═S)-containing pesticides. Structures for these model compounds are shown below. These three compounds were chosen because each possess a chromophore which makes the UV-vis kinetics simpler to study with low concentrations of materials. It is expected that this invention has wide applicability for other organophosphorus compounds including chemical warfare agents and other pesticides such as, for example, parathion and malathion.
In our studies, which are detailed in the following examples, we have: confirmed the degradation of paraoxon, O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate and fenitrothion when placed in an alcoholic solution of metal ions and at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions; determined the rate of the decomposition of paraoxon in a methanol solution containing La3+ and additional methoxide ions; characterized stoichiometry and proposed a structure of active {La3+(−OCH3)}2 dimers; studied catalyzed alcoholysis in the presence of ligand and determined that faster rates are possible in some such systems relative to catalysis in the absence of ligand; and confirmed the complete destruction of paraoxon and O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate relative to catalyst in {La3+:−OMe}, {Cu2+:−OMe}, and {Zn2+:−OMe} systems thus confirming the true catalytic nature of this method.
The data presented in the following examples support the following conclusions:
Destruction of Paraoxon (Model G Agent): A preferred embodiment for methanolysis of paraoxon is a {La3+:−OCH3} system according to the invention. The procedure involves preparation of a 2 mM La(OTf)3 methanolic solution, containing equimolar NaOCH3 which affords a 109-fold acceleration of the methanolysis of paraoxon relative to the background reaction at the same sspH in the absence of catalyst (t1/2˜20 sec). A second preferred embodiment for the methanolysis of paraoxon is a {Zn2+:diMephen:−OMe} system. This system affords accelerations of up to 1.8×106-fold for the methanolysis of paraoxon and has broader applicability than La3+ as Zn2+ also catalyzes the decomposition of fenitrothion.
Destruction of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate (Model V Agent):
A preferred embodiment for methanolysis of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate is a {Cu2+:−OCH3:[12]andN3} system. A second preferred embodiment for the methanolysis of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate is methanolic solution of {Zn2+:diMephen:−OCH3}. A third preferred embodiment for the methanolysis of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate is a methanolic solution of {La3+:−OCH3}.
Destruction of Fenitrothion (Model Pesticide): A preferred embodiment for methanolysis of fenitrothion is a {Cu2+:[12]aneN3:−OCH3} system according to the invention. The procedure involves preparation of a 2 mM Cu(OTf)2 methanolic solution containing 0.5 equivalents of N(Bu)4OCH3 and 1 equivalent of [12]aneN3 which catalyzes the methanolysis of fenitrothion with a t1/2 of ˜58 sec accounting for a 1.7×109-fold acceleration of the reaction at near neutral sspH (8.75). A second preferred embodiment for the methanolysis of fenitrothion is a {Zn2+:diMephen:−OCH3} system. This system affords accelerations of 13×106-fold for the methanolysis of fenitrothion at 2 mM each of Zn(OTf)2, ligand diMephen and NaOCH3 and exhibits broad applicability as it also catalyzes the decomposition of paraoxon. Fenitrothion decomposition is not appreciably accelerated in the presence of a La3+ system according to the invention. This points out the importance of matching the relative hard/soft characteristics of catalyst and substrate, and suggests that softer metal ions such as Cu2+ and Pd2+ could show enhanced catalytic activity toward the methanolysis of sulfur-containing phosphorus species.
Destruction of a Suspected Organophosphorus Compound of Unknown Structure: A preferred embodiment of the invention for catalyzed alcoholysis of an unknown agent which is suspected to be an organophosphorus compound, is a mixture of {M3+:−OCH3} and {M2+:L:−OCH3} in an alcohol solution. Examples of such a mixture include {La3+:OCH3} and {Cu2+:[12]aneN3:OCH3}; and {La3+:OCH3} and {Zn2+:diMephen:OCH3}. Although such a M2+ system is less reactive toward paraoxon than the M3+ system; unlike M3+, the M2+ system does catalyze alcoholysis of fenitrothion. This mixture produces an effective method for destruction of both P═S pesticides and P═O chemical warfare agents.
The invention also provides a kit for decomposing an organophosphorus compound comprising a substantially non-aqueous medium for an alcoholysis reaction, said medium comprising non-radioactive metal ions and at least a trace amount of alkoxide ions. The kit may include a container, e.g., an ampule, which is opened so that the medium can be applied to the organophosphorus compound. Alternatively, the kit may include an applicator bearing the medium, wherein the applicator is adapted so that the medium is applied to the organophosphorus compound and the compound consequently decomposes. The applicator may comprise a moist cloth, i.e., a cloth bearing a solution according to the invention. The applicator may be a sprayer which sprays medium according to the invention on the organophosphous compound. In some embodiments, the kit comprises written instructions for use to decompose an organophosphorus compound.
The following examples further illustrate the present invention and are not intended to be limiting in any respect. All scientific and patent publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Examples 5 to 8 provide a summary of the La3+ ion catalyzed alcoholysis of paraoxon. Example 10 is a prophetic example of an La3+ ion catalyzed alcoholysis of VX. Due to the fact that the dimeric lanthanum methoxide catalyst is stable in solution, and the reaction takes place at room temperature and at neutral pH (neutral sspH in methanol is ˜8.4), we expect that this reaction is amenable to scale-up and to use in the field.
In the examples, methanol (99.8% anhydrous), sodium methoxide (0.5 M solution in methanol), La(CF3SO3)3 and paraoxon were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) and used without any further purification. HClO4 (70% aqueous solution) was purchased from BDH (Dorset, England). 1H NMR and 31P NMR spectra were determined at 400 MHz and 161.97 MHz. 31P NMR spectra were referenced to an external standard of 70% phosphoric acid in water, and up-field chemical shifts are negative.
In the examples, the CH3OH2+ concentration was determined using a Radiometer Vit 90 Autotitrator, equipped with a Radiometer GK2322 combination (glass/calomel) electrode calibrated with Fisher Certified Standard aqueous buffers (pH=4.00 and 10.00) as described in recent papers (Neverov et al 2000; Neverov et al., 2001(a); Neverov et al., 2001(b); Neverov et al., 2001(c); Brown et al., 2002; Tsang et al., 2003). Values of sspH were calculated by adding a correction constant of 2.24 to the experimental meter reading as reported by Bosch et al., 1999.
The sspKa values of buffers used in the examples were obtained from the literature or measured at half neutralization of the bases with 70% HClO4 in MeOH.
The ethanolysis of fenitrothion and paraoxon was studied in ethanol using various metal ions with varying amounts of added base. These reactions were followed by UV-vis spectroscopy by observing the rate of disappearance of a starting material signal or the rate of appearance of a product signal such as 4-nitrophenol in the case of paraoxon or 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in the case of fenitrothion. Reaction conditions and the catalyzed reaction's rate constants are summarized in Table 1.
aIntroduced as commercially available triflate salts and used as received
b0.001M in each of Mn+ salt and added NaOCH3
cProduct formation was observed by final UV-vis spectra, but determination of exact value of the rate constant was not possible due to high absorbance of the solutions.
The solvolysis of paraoxon was studied in two alcohols that are less polar than methanol, namely 1-propanol and 2-propanol. In the case of 1-propanol, kinetics were monitored by UV-vis spectroscopic techniques following the appearance of the product of the solvolysis, 4-nitrophenol, at λ=335 nanometers. For example, at a concentration of La(OTf)3=0.5 mM=concentration of NaOCH3, in the absence of any ligand, catalyzed solvolysis of paraoxon proceeded with a pseudo-first order rate constant of 2.1×10−4 s−1. At a concentration of Zn(OTf)2=0.5 mM=concentration of NaOCH3, in the presence of equimolar diMephen, the catalyzed solvolysis of paraoxon proceeded with a pseudo-first rate constant of 1.93×10−4 s−1.
The true catalytic nature of the system was demonstrated in the following Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies. To 2.5 mL of a solution of 1-propanol containing 5% methanol, and 0.5 mM each of Zn(OTf)2, diMephen and NaOMe was added 8.3 μL of paraoxon so that the latter's total concentration was 15.4 mM. The alcoholic solution was then incubated at room temperature for 72 hours after which the 31P NMR spectrum was recorded. This spectrum showed complete disappearance of the paraoxon starting material and complete formation of diethyl methyl phosphate (product of reaction with methanol) (δ=−0.3 ppm) and diethyl 1-propyl phosphate (product of reaction with 1-propanol) (δ=−1.23 ppm). This indicates true catalysis with more than 30 turnovers in 72 hr. The solvents were removed, and the residues dissolved in deuterated methanol-d4 and the 1H NMR spectra were recorded showing the presence of the products: 4-nitrophenol, diethyl methyl phosphate and diethyl 1-propyl phosphates. Similarly, an NMR study was done such that 2.5 mL of 2-propanol containing 5% methanol, 0.5 mM each of Zn(OTf)2, diMephen and NaOMe was added 8.3 μL of paraoxon so that the latter's total concentration was 15.4 mM. The alcoholic solution was then incubated at room temperature for 72 hours after which the 31P NMR spectrum was recorded. This spectrum showed complete disappearance of the paraoxon starting material and complete formation of diethyl methyl phosphate (product of reaction with methanol) (δ=−0.3 ppm) and diethyl 2-propyl phosphate (product of reaction with 2-propanol) (δ=−2.4 ppm) was observed and formation of the products 4-nitrophenol, diethyl methyl phosphate and diethyl 2-propyl phosphate were confirmed by 1H NMR.
The ratio of the two phosphate products from each of the propanol solvents was determined from their 31P NMR spectra and were found to be:
These ratios show that if the medium for catalysis according to the invention is a mixture of alcohol, alkoxyalkanol and aminoalkanol, the reaction will select for the least hindered one. This factor may determine what an “effective amount” of methanol will be for a given system.
Paraoxon, when placed in an appropriately buffered methanol solution containing La3+ ions held in a sspH region between 7 and 11, underwent rapid methanolysis at ambient temperature to produce diethyl methyl phosphate and p-nitrophenol. A detailed reaction scheme is given in Scheme 1.
To two mL of dry methanol at ambient temperature was added N-ethylmorpholine (25.5 μL or 23 mg) half neutralized with 11.4 M HClO4 (8.6 μL) so that the final total buffer concentration was 0.1 M. To this was added 16.0 mg of paraoxon. The 31P NMR spectrum showed a single signal at δ-6.35 ppm. To the resulting mixture was added 12.9 mg of La(O3SCF3)3 and 40 μL of 0.5 M NaOCH3 in methanol solution. At this point the concentration of paraoxon was 0.057 M and that of La(O3SCF3)3 was 0.011 M and the measured sspH of the methanol solution was 8.75, essentially neutrality. This solution was allowed to stand for 10 minutes, after which time the 31P NMR spectrum indicated complete disappearance of the paraoxon signal and the appearance of a new signal at δ 0.733 ppm corresponding to diethyl methyl phosphate. The 1H NMR spectrum indicated complete disappearance of the starting material and full release of free p-nitrophenol.
To 200 mL of methanol is added 2.55 mL of N-ethylmorpholine (2.3 g) and 0.86 mL of 11.4 M HClO4 to bring the total buffer concentration to 0.1 M. To this solution is added 1.29 g of La(O3SCF3)3 and 4 mL of a 0.5 M solution of NaOCH3 in methanol.
To the above solution is added 2 g of the G-agent Sarin (0.016 moles, 0.08 M) and the solution is allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 15 minutes. It is expected that analysis of the resulting solution would indicate substantially complete disappearance of Sarin. This reaction may be inhibited by F− in which case Ca2+ may be added to the reaction solution to precipitate this inhibitory product.
The kinetics of the alcoholysis degradation reaction have been thoroughly investigated using the pesticide paraoxon. For methanolysis with dimeric lanthanum catalysts at 25° C., as little as 10−3 M of the catalytic specie(s) promotes the methanolysis reaction by ˜109-fold relative to the background reaction at a neutral sspH of ˜8.5. The uncatalyzed methoxide-promoted reaction of paraoxon proceeds with the second order rate constant, k2OCH3 of 0.011 M−1s−1 determined from concentrations of NaOCH3 between 1×10−2 M and 4×10−2 M. Methanolysis of paraoxon is markedly accelerated in the presence of La3+ with an observed second order rate constant, k2obs of ˜17.5 M−1s−1 at the near neutral sspH of 8.23. Assuming that the methoxide reaction persists at sspH 8.23, the acceleration afforded to the methanolysis of paraoxon at that sspH by a 2×10−3 M solution of La(O3SCF3)3 is 1.1×109-fold giving a half-life time of 20 seconds. The acceleration is 2.3×109-fold at sspH 7.72 and 2.7×108-fold at sspH 8.96.
UV kinetics of the methanolysis of paraoxon were monitored at 25° C. by observing the rate of loss of paraoxon at 268 nm or by the rate of appearance of p-nitrophenol at 313 nm or 328 nm at a concentration of paraoxon=2.04×10−5M using an OLIS®-modified Cary 17 UV-vis spectrophotometer. The concentration of La(O3SCF3)3 was varied from 8×10−6 M to 4.8×10−3 M. All reactions were followed to at least three half-times and found to exhibit good pseudo-first order rate behavior. The pseudo-first order rate constants (kobs) were evaluated by fitting the Absorbance vs. time traces to a standard exponential model.
The kinetics were determined under buffered conditions. Buffers were prepared from N,N-dimethylaniline (sspKa=5.00), 2,6-lutidine (ssPKa=6.70), N-methylimidazole (sspKa=7.60), N-ethylmorpholine (sspKa=8.60) and triethylamine (sspKa=10.78). Due to the fact that added counterions can ion-pair with La3+ ions and affect its speciation in solution, ionic strength was controlled through neutralization of the buffer and not by added salts. The total concentration of buffer varied between 7×10−3 M and 3×10−2 M, and the buffers were partially neutralized with 70% HClO4 to keep the concentration of ClO4− at a low but constant value of 5×10−3 M which leads to a reasonably constant ionic strength in solution. With the concentration of La3+>5×10−4 M at sspH>7.0, the metal ion was partially neutralized by adding an appropriate amount of NaOMe to help control the sspH at the desired value. sspH measurements were performed before and after each experiment and in all cases the values were consistent to within 0.1 units.
Shown in
As was observed in our earlier studies of the La3+-catalyzed methanolysis of esters (Neverov et al., 2001) and acetyl imidazole, (Neverov et al., 2000 & Neverov et al., 2001) these plots exhibit two domains, a nonlinear one at low concentration of La3+ suggestive of a second order behavior in La3+, followed by a linear domain at higher concentration of La3+. Following the approach we have used before, (Neverov et al., 2001, Neverov et al., 2000 & Neverov et al., 2001) we use the linear portion of these plots to calculate the observed second order rate constants (k2obs) for La3+-catalyzed methanolysis of paraoxon at the various sspH values. These are tabulated in Table 13 and graphically presented in
s
spH
a k2 determined from slope of the kobs vs. [La3+]total plots at higher [La3+] at each sspH.
As shown in
Detailed mechanistic evaluation of kinetic data requires additional information such as the stoichiometries and concentrations of various La3+-containing species that are formed as a function of both sspH and concentration of La3+. A study of the potentiometric titration of La3+ was performed under various conditions, with the concentration of La(O3SCF3)3 from 1×10−3 M to 3×10−3 M, which is within the concentration range where the kinetic plots of kobs vs. concentration of La3+ in this study are linear. The potentiometric titration data were successfully analyzed with the computer program Hyperquad™ (Gans et al., 1996) through fits to the dimer model presented in equation (1) where n assumes values of 1-5, to give the various stability constants (ssKn) that are defined in equation (2). On the basis of the five computed stability constants, log ssK1-5=11.66±0.04, 20.86±0.07, 27.52±0.09, 34.56±0.20 and 39.32±0.26, we constructed the speciation diagram shown in
Also included on
k2obs=(k22:1[La3+2(OCH3)1]+k22:2[La3+2(OCH3)2]+ . . . k22:n[La3+2(OCH3)n])/[La3+(O3SCF3)3]total (3)
where k22:1, k22:2, . . . , k22:n are the second order rate constants for the methanolysis of paraoxon promoted by the various dimeric forms. Given in Table 14 are the best-fit rate constants produced by fitting under various assumptions.
aIncluding all dimeric forms except La2(OCH3)0 and La2(OCH3)6. Computed value of k22:5 = (−3.4 ± 10.8) M−1s−1.
bComputed without the involvement of k22:4 and k22:5.
cComputed without the involvement of k22:1, k22:4 and k22:5.
We have analyzed the titration data to determine speciation for a total La3+ concentration of 2×10−3 M which is in the general concentration range where the kinetic behavior of the methanolysis of paraoxon is linearly dependent on concentration of La3+, and thus largely controlled by dimeric species. In
Through joint consideration of the kobs vs. concentration of La3+ kinetics and a detailed analysis of the potentiometric titration data for La3+ in methanol, we have determined that the dominant species in solution are dimers of the general formula La2(OCH3)n where n=1-5, and three of these dimers, La3+2(OCH3)1, La3+2(OCH3)2 and La3+2(OCH3)3, account for all the catalytic activity with La3+2(OCH3)2 being the most important form at sspH<9.
The sspH dependence of the metal ion is such that several complexes are present with their individual concentrations maximized at different sspH values. It is only through complementary analyses of the kinetic and potentiometric titration data that one can satisfactorily explain the kinetic behavior of complex mixtures having several sspH dependent forms.
Through a series of detailed potentiometric titrations of the {La3+:−OMe} system in methanol, and through studies of the kinetics of methanolysis of paraoxon as a function of La3+ concentration and sspH, it has been determined that in this {La3+:−OMe:paraoxon} system there are two dominant stoichiometries of catalysts, La2(OCH3)2 with a proposed structure of a bis-methoxy bridged dimer between sspH 8 and 10 (maximum concentration of ˜80% at sspH 8.9), and La2(OCH3)3 with a proposed structure of tris-methoxy bridged dimer) between sspH 9 and 11 (maximum concentration of ˜25% at sspH 10). Above a total [La3+] of about 2×10−4 M, these species form spontaneously in solution without any requirement for added ligands, so that in the millimolar concentration range, dimer formation is essentially complete.
Given that we know the dominantly active forms are La3+2(OCH3)2 and La3+2(OCH3)3, we can derive a kinetic expression (equation 4) which gives values of k22:2=51.4±2.8 and k22:3=103±17 M−1s−1 for the second order rate constants for methanolysis of paraoxon catalyzed by the bis-methoxy dimer and the tris-methoxy dimer respectively (Table 14).
K2obs=k22:2[La3+2(OCH3)2]+k22:3[La3+2(OCH3)3] (4)
The net effect of this is that a solution containing 2×10−3 M of La(OTf)3, generating 1×10−3 M of total dimer, will catalyze the methanolysis of paraoxon with t1/2 values of 30 s, 20 s, 15 s and 30 s at respective sspH values of 7.7, 8.2, 9.0 and 10.3. By way of reference, at sspH 7.7 the methoxide background rate constant is (0.011 M−1s−1×10−9 M [OCH3−])=1.1×10−11 s−1, corresponding to a t1/2 of 1994 years, so that the acceleration afforded by the La3+ catalyst is some two billion-fold at that sspH.
We have shown above that La3+ in methanol is a remarkably effective catalyst for the decomposition of paraoxon and that there are three forms of dimeric species which have maximal activities at different sspH values. Of these, the highest activity is attributed to La3+2(−OCH3)2 operating most effectively in the neutral sspH region between 7.7 and 9.2 (neutral sspH in methanol is 8.4). Given in
O,O-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate, when placed in an appropriately buffered methanol solution containing La3+ and −OCH3 ions held in the sspH region between 7 and 11, underwent rapid methanolysis at ambient temperature to produce diethyl methyl phosphate and 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzene. A detailed reaction scheme is given in Scheme 2 and reaction conditions are detailed below.
To 4.9 mL of anhydrous methanol at ambient temperature was added N-ethylmorpholine (63.8 μL or 57.7 mg) half neutralized with 11.4 M HClO4 (21.5 μL), so that the final total buffer concentration was 0.1M in 4.95 mL solution. The measured sspH of the buffer solution was 8.89. To 0.8 mL of this buffer and 0.2 mL deuterated methanol was added 8.8 mg of O,O-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate. The 31P NMR spectrum of this solution showed a single signal at δ 22.39 ppm. Following NMR analysis, a 10 μL aliquot of a lanthanum ion/sodium methoxide/methanol solution was added which had been prepared by dissolving 16.4 mg La(O3SCF3)3 in 56.9 μL of 0.5 M sodium methoxide methanol solution. At this point, the concentrations in the NMR tube were: 0.030 M phosphorothiolate, 0.1 M N-ethylmorpholine, 0.01M sodium methoxide and 0.0098 M La(O3SCF3)3. The 31P NMR spectrum, obtained 103 sec after addition of the aliquot indicated complete disappearance of the phosphorothiolate signal and the appearance of a new signal at δ 3.57 ppm, attributable to diethyl methyl phosphate in the presence of 0.0098 M La3+.
The absorbance of a 0.5 mL solution of methanol containing 1 mM of Cu(OTf)2, 1 mM of [12]aneN3, 0.5 mM of NaOCH3 and 0.5 mM of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate was monitored at 280 nm as a function of time. The reaction exhibited first order kinetics with kobs=4.3×10−2 s−1 (t1/2=16 sec) corresponding to a 8.3×107-fold acceleration over the background reaction at sspH=8.41.
The absorbance of a 2.5 mL solution of methanol containing 1 mM of Zn(OTf)2, 1 mM of [12]aneN3, 0.5 mM of NaOCH3 and 0.5 mM of O,O′-diethyl-S-p-nitrophenylphosphorothioate was monitored at 280 nm as a function of time. The reaction exhibited first order kinetics with kobs=4.1×10−4 s−1 (t1/2=28 min) corresponding to a 4.1×105-fold acceleration over the background reaction at sspH=8.70.
To 200 mL of methanol is added 2.55 mL of N-ethylmorpholine (2.3 g) and 0.86 mL of 11.4 M HClO4 to bring the total buffer concentration to 0.1 M. To this solution is added 1.29 g of La(O3SCF3)3 and 4 mL of a 0.5 M solution of NaOCH3 in methanol.
To the above solution is added 2 g of VX (8.33×10−3 moles, 0.041 M) and the solution is allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 15 minutes. It is expected that analysis of the resulting solution would indicate substantially complete disappearance of VX.
The activity of this system may be increased by adding equimolar amounts of bi- or tri-dentate ligands to complex Zn2+(−OCH3) and limit oligomerization of Zn2+(−OCH3)2 in solution. The systems studied herein used methoxide and the ligands phen, diMephen and [12]aneN3. The active forms of the metal ions at neutral sspH are Zn2+(−OCH3) with no added ligand and {Zn2+:L:(−OCH3)} when ligand (L) is present. In the case of phen ligand, decreasing the oligomerization does not prevent the formation Zn2+(−OCH3) dimers since the bulk of the material is now present as {LZn2+(−OCH3)2Zn2+L} which is not catalytically active, but is in equilibrium with an active mononuclear form. The propensity to form the latter inactive dimers can be reduced either by increasing the steric interaction (ligand diMephen) or by changing the coordination number (ligand [12]aneN3) in which cases the overall activity of the catalytic system increases. In the case of ligand diMephen, the dimerization is definitely reduced but the binding to the metal ion is not as strong as in the case of phen or [12]aneN3, which means that there is some free Zn2+ in solution under the concentrations and sspH region where the catalyst is active.
A reaction scheme is given below (Scheme 3) for the methanolysis of fenitrothion where M2+ is a transition metal ion, most preferably Zn2+ or Cu2+. In a preferred embodiment a ligand is present, preferably a bidentate or tridentate ligand, most preferably [12]aneN3 for Cu2+ and diMephen or [12]aneN3 for Zn2+.
As seen in
Apparently matching the hard/soft characteristics of the metal ion and the substrate is important in designing an effective catalytic system for P═S substrates. With due consideration for matching the hard/soft characteristics of the substrate and the metal ion, dramatic rate and selectivity can be achieved in the methanolysis of P═O vs. P═S phosphates.
The methanolyses of paraoxon and fenitrothion were investigated as a function of added Zn(OTf)2 or Zn(ClO4)2 in methanol at 25° C. either alone, or in the presence of equimolar concentration of ligands:phen, diMephen and [12]aneN3. The catalysis requires the presence of methoxide, and when studied as a function of added [NaOCH3], the rate constants (kobs) for methanolysis with Zn2+ alone or in the presence of equimolar phen or diMephen, maximize at different [−OCH3]/[Zn2+]total ratios of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. Plots of kobs vs. [Zn2+]t either alone or in the presence of equimolar ligands phen and diMephen at the [−OCH3]/[Zn2+]total ratios corresponding to the rate maxima are curved and show a square root dependence on [Zn2+]t. In the cases of phen and diMephen, this is explained as resulting from formation of a non-active dimer, formulated as a bis-μ-methoxide bridged form (L:Zn2+(−OCH3)2Zn2+:L) in equilibrium with an active mononuclear form, L:Zn2+(−OCH3). In the case of the Zn2+:[12]aneN3 system, no dimeric forms are present as can be judged by the strict linearity of the plots of kobs vs. [Zn2+]t in the presence of equimolar [12]aneN3 and −OCH3. Analysis of the potentiometric titration curves for Zn2+ alone and in the presence of the ligands allows calculation of the speciation of the various Zn2+ forms and shows that the binding to ligands phen and [12]aneN3 is very strong, while the binding to ligand diMephen is weaker. This {Zn2+:[12]aneN3:−OMe} system exhibits excellent turnover of the methanolysis of paraoxon when the substrate is in excess. A mechanism for the catalyzed reactions is proposed (see
A second set of methanolysis experiments was performed with three substrates, namely paraoxon, fenitrothion and p-nitrophenyl acetate, as a function of total added [Zn(ClO4)2] maintaining the [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+]total ratio at 0.3 with added NaOCH3. The three plots shown in
These plots are also curved, not due to a saturation binding of the phosphorus triesters to the metal, but due to the monomer:dimer equilibrium given in equation (5). The lines through the
Potentiometric titration of Zn(OTf)2 solutions of varying concentrations (0.5-2 mM) in anhydrous methanol were performed in the absence and presence of equimolar amounts of ligands phen, diMephen and [12]aneN3 in order to determine the speciation of the Zn2+ ions under conditions similar to those of the kinetic experiments.
Independent titrations of 1 mM solutions of each ligand were performed and the resulting data were analyzed using Hyperquad™ 2000 fitting routine providing the sspK values for the last acid dissociation step, of 5.63±0.01 for phen-H+, 6.43±0.01 for diMephen-H+and >13 for [12]aneN3—H+ respectively.
The potentiometric titration curve of Zn(OTf)2 presented in
The case of the ligand triazacrown ether [12]aneN3 is the simplest to analyze since we have no evidence supporting the presence of any species containing more than one Zn2+ ion. This fact, coupled with the high sspK2 of [12]aneN3—H+, allows one to define the relevant species in solution as [12]aneN3—H+, Zn2+:[12]aneN3, Zn2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3) and Zn2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3)2, which, when fit via the Hyperquad™ 2000 program, produces a theoretical titration curve (
Potentiometric titration of an equimolar mixture of Zn(OTf)2 and phen in the presence of 0.6 equivalents of perchloric acid showed that all the added H+was released in the strong acid region below sspH 3 with one additional step consuming a single equivalent of methoxide around sspH 10. The former indicates strong binding between Zn2+ and phen even at sspH=3, but does not allow us to determine an exact value of the Zn2+:phen binding constant other than to set a lower limit for its formation constant of 1010 M−1 which was used as a fixed value in all subsequent fittings. In the higher sspH region where the kinetic experiments were performed, we employed a model where the Zn2+ exists predominantly as {Zn2+:phen:(−OCH3)}2 and Zn2+:phen:(−OCH3)2, both of these being inferred by the kinetic data. Hyperquad™ 2000 fitting of the full titration profile using the previously determined stability constants for phen-H+ and Zn2+:phen, produces a good fit and provides respective stability constants for {Zn2+:phen:(−OCH3)}2 and Zn2+:phen:(−OCH3)2 given in Table 15.
In the catalysis of methanolysis of paraoxon and fenitrothion by {Zn2+:−OMe}, either alone or in the presence of complexing ligands, two things are clear: first, Zn2+ species are appreciably soluble in solution at all sspH values and all concentrations employed; and second, equilibria consisting of dimeric species in equilibrium with a kinetically active mononuclear species are formed in the case of Zn2+, {Zn2+:phen} and {Zn2+:diMephen}, but not in the case of {Zn2+:[12]aneN3} where only the kinetically active mononuclear form is present. High solubility of Zn2+ has been found with triflate and perchlorate counterions. These anions are preferred for their relative kinetic inertness since they give the highest rates for catalyzed reactions relative to other anions such as bromide, chloride or acetate. Methanolysis of paraoxon, catalyzed by 1 mM Zn(OTf)2 with 0.3 equation of added NaOCH3 is relatively unaffected by the addition of up to 5 mM NaOTf or NaClO4, but is significantly inhibited by the addition of 1 mM NaCl, NaBr or Na(O2CCH3).
The ability of the Zn2+ species to methanolyze both the P═O and P═S species with second-order rate constants 50- to 1000-fold larger than the corresponding second-order rate constants for methoxide attack alone may be due to the bifunctional nature of the catalyst and partly due to the reduced dielectric constant of the medium and its reduced solvation of metal ions relative to water.
Preparatively useful forms of catalysts can be generated by the addition of known amounts of ligand, Zn(OTf)2 and methoxide. In the case of a solution comprising 2 mM Zn(OTf)2, 2 mM diMephen ligand and 2 mM NaOCH3 which generates a sspH of ˜9.5, methanolysis of paraoxon is accelerated 1.8×106-fold and methanolysis of fenitrothion is accelerated 13×106-fold. Likewise, a solution comprising 1 mM of Zn(OTf)2, 1 mM [12]aneN3 ligand and 0.5 mM NaOCH3 generates a sspH of 9.3 and methanolysis of paraoxon is accelerated 1.7×106-fold.
Unlike the dimeric form of La3+, which are effective for methanolyzing paraoxon, dimeric forms of Zn2+ are not as effective as its monomers.
The kinetics for Zn2+-catalyzed methanolysis of paraoxon and fenitrothion fall into two distinct classes depending on what ligand is coordinated to the metal ion and how much methoxide is added. Without any ligand, as shown in 2 {Zn(OCH3)}+ equilibrium but as additional methoxide is added, the overall rate drops significantly suggesting formation of inactive species having a [(−OCH3)]/[Zn2+] greater than 1. This agrees with a potentiometric titration of Zn2+ in methanol which displayed a steeper-than-normal consumption of 2 methoxides in an apparent single event having a midpoint of ˜sspKa 9.8 which, when analyzed via Hyperquad™ fitting to a model containing only the mononuclear species Zn2+(OCH3−) and Zn2+(OCH3−)2, gives apparent sspKa1 and sspKa2 values of 10.66 and 8.94. While our original fitting (Gibson, et al., 2003) did not include dimer and oligomer formation, the fact that the second apparent sspKa is lower than the first indicates some cooperative effect facilitating addition of a second methoxide per Zn2+ ion before the first addition is stoichiometrically complete. This fact limits the amount of any forms having a methoxide/Zn2+ stoichiometry of 1 and shifts the maximum of the kinetic plot in
A 31P NMR experiment was performed to determine a turnover rate for the methanolysis of paraoxon using Zn2+:diMephen:−OCH3.
To 0.6 mL of dry methanol (with 20% of CD3OD as an NMR lock signal) containing 1 mM each of Zn(OTf)2, diMephen and NaOCH3 at ambient temperature was added 2.54 mg of paraoxon. At this point the concentration of paraoxon was 15 mM and that of Zn2+:diMephen:−OCH3 was taken as 1.0 mM with the measured sspH of the methanol solution being 8.75, close to neutrality (8.34). The 31P NMR spectrum of the solution was monitored periodically over ˜160 minutes at which time it indicated complete disappearance of the paraoxon signal which had been at δ-6.35 ppm and complete appearance of a new signal at δ 0.733 ppm corresponding to the product diethyl methyl phosphate. The 1H NMR spectrum was obtained after 150 min and it confirmed the complete disappearance of the starting material and full release of the product p-nitrophenol.
The 31P NMR spectrum of a solution containing 15 mM paraoxon and 1 mM in each of Zn(OTf)2, NaOCH3 and ligand diMephen was continuously monitored at ambient temperature over a period of ˜160 minutes. The spectra were summed each 15 minutes to produce the time profile given in
As shown by the various formation constants given in Table 15, phen binds very tightly to Zn2+ at all values in methanol. According to potentiometric titration data, the major species in the sspH domain surrounding 0<[methoxide]/[Zn2+]t<1 is the dimer {Zn2+:phen:(−OCH3)}2 which is in equilibrium with a small amount of kinetically active monomer, {Zn2+phen(−OCH3)}. Under conditions where the [methoxide]/[Zn2+]t=0.5, a plot of kobs for catalyzed methanolysis of paraoxon vs. [Zn2+]total (see
−OCH3
aDimer dissociation constant (Kdis) and conditional second order rate constant (km) for monomer defined as in equation(5); “—” means non-applicable since there is no observable dimerization under the specific conditions.
bBased on NLLSQ fits of kobs vs. [Zn2+]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Zn2+]total ratio of 0.3
cBased on NLLSQ fits of Kobs vs. [Zn2+:phen]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Zn2+]t ratio of 0.5
dBased on linear fits of Kobs vs. [Zn2+:phen]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Zn2+]t ratio of 2.0
eBased on NLLSQ fits of Kobs vs. [Zn2+:diMephen]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Zn2+]total ratio of 1.0
fBased on linear fits of Kobs vs. [Zn2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3)]t data at [methoxide] = [Zn2+]total = [[12]aneN3].
gFrom reference Tsang et al., 2003
As shown in
The Zn2+:[12]aneN3:OCH3− system is a simple one because of very strong binding and the lack of formation dimers {Zn2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3)}2 under employed conditions. In methanol, the M2+-L binding constant is large (log ssK=10.11), ensuring that there is essentially no free ligand in solution, and the sspKa for ionization of the complex Zn2+:[12]aneN3:HOCH3 is 9.1. The kobs vs. [Zn2+]total plot shown in
In the absence of metal ions, uncatalyzed attack of methoxide on paraoxon is some 15 times faster than on fenitrothion, but in the presence of all {Cu2+:(−OCH3)} species are more effective for fenitrothion than paraoxon. This can be quantified by the relative selectivity parameter given in Table 18 which compares the relative reactivity of the metal-coordinated methoxide reaction relative to free methoxide attack for P═S and P═O substrates. Relative Selectivity parameters clearly correlate with the hard/soft properties of the metal ion. The “hard” ion La3+ exhibits exclusive selectivity for the P═O substrate (relative selectivity parameter ˜0), while the softer Zn2+ ion shows almost equal affinity for P═O and P═S substrates (relative selectivity parameter ˜1). Of the three ions, Cu2+ is softest, and exhibits very high selectivities for the P═S substrates with relative selectivity parameter values from ˜55-340 with the highest values exhibited in the case of the aromatic ligands. The best combination of selectivity and overall high catalytic activity is achieved with {[12]aneN3:Cu2+:(−OCH3)} perhaps due to reduced dimerization. All the Cu2+-catalyzed reactions proceed with computed second order rate constants larger than those for the uncatalyzed attack of methoxide on paraoxon or fenitrothion which indicates that there is a dual role for the metal ion. As in other Mn+-promoted hydrolytic and methanolytic reactions, the metal ion is reasonably proposed to deliver a Mn+-coordinated OH− or CH3O− and act as a Lewis acid to polarize a P═S or P═O unit, which provides both rate and selectivity enhancement. There is a 17,000-fold enhancement of attack of [12]aneN3:Cu2+:(−OCH3) on fenitrothion vs. attack of free −OCH3 even though the latter is ˜108-fold more basic. This represents the largest acceleration reported for metal-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions to solvent. Through turnover experiments, it has been demonstrated that this is a truly catalytic system which, at millimolar concentration can provide 1.7×109-fold acceleration of the methanolysis of fenitrothion at neutral sspH and ambient temperature.
In the presence of ligand [12]aneN3, the kinetic plots, kobs vs. [Cu(OTf)2]total (see
s
spH at 0.5
−OCH3
aDimer dissociation constant (Kdis) and conditional second order rate constant (km) for reaction with monomer defined as in text. “—” means non-applicable since there is no observable dimerization under the specific conditions. The Kdis of <0.005 indicates very strong dimerization and is quoted as an upper limit based on an iterative fitting procedure which provided the lowest standard deviations.
bDefined as (km/kOCH3)fenitrothion/(km/kOCH3)paraoxon
cBased on NLLSQ fits of kobs vs. [Cu2+]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Cu2+]total ratio of 0.5
dBased on NLLSQ fits of kobs vs. [bpy:Cu2+]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Cu2+]total ratio of 0.5
eBased on NLLSQ fits of kobs vs. [phen:Cu2+]total data to equation(6) at [methoxide]/[Cu2+]t ratio of 0.5
fBased on linear fits of kobs vs. [Cu2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3)]total data at methoxide]/[Cu2+]t ratio of 0.5.
gFrom reference Desloges, et al, 2004.
hFrom reference Tsang et al., 2003.
The kinetics of methanolysis were monitored at 25° C. in anhydrous methanol by observing the rate of appearance of p-nitrophenol or 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol between 312 and 335 nm at [paraoxon] or [fenitrothion]=4 to 12×10−5M under pseudo-first order conditions of excess Cu(OTf)2 (0.2 to 5.0×10−3 M). All reactions were followed to at least three half times and found to exhibit good pseudo-first order rate behavior and the first order rate constants (kobs) were evaluated by fitting the Abs. vs. time traces to a standard exponential model. The kinetics were all determined under self-buffered conditions where the sspH was controlled by a constant Cu2+/Cu2+(−OCH3) ratio and in the cases with ligands [12]aneN3, bpy and phen, these were added in amounts equivalent to the [Cu2+]total. Under these conditions the observed sspH values correspond to the apparent sspKa value for ionization of the {Cu2+:L:(HOCH3)}{Cu2+:L:(−OCH3)}++H2OCH3 system.
As shown in
A system comprising 2 mM Cu(OTf)2, along with 0.5 equation of N(Bu)4OCH3 and 1 equivalent of [12]aneN3 catalyzes the methanolysis of fenitrothion with a t1/2 of ˜58 sec accounting for a 1.7×109-fold acceleration of the reaction relative to the background reaction at a near neutral sspH of 8.75. In this system the concentration of catalyst is in excess over the concentration of fentrothion.
A turnover experiment with substrate in excess of catalyst was conducted using 0.4 mM Cu(OTf)2 along with equimolar [12]aneN3 and 0.5 equation of NBu4OCH3. The methanolysis of 2 mM fenitrothion was monitored by UV/vis at T=25.0° C. and showed 10 turnovers relative to the active catalyst (0.2 mM Cu2+:[12]aneN3:(−OCH3)) within 100 min.
Although this invention is described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, these embodiments are offered to illustrate but not to limit the invention. It is possible to make other embodiments that employ the principles of the invention and that fall within its spirit and scope as defined by the claims appended hereto.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/713,805, filed Mar. 5, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,739, issued Jan. 25, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/798,880, filed Mar. 12, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,836, issued May. 8, 2007, and claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/453,762, filed Mar. 12, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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| 20110253580 A1 | Oct 2011 | US |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 13012269 | US | |
| Parent | 10798880 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Child | 11713805 | US |
