Patent Grant
8193705
The present invention relates to electroluminescent displays. In particular present invention relates to a laminated seal, methods of making therefore and a thick dielectric electroluminescent display incorporating the laminated seal. The laminated seal substantially inhibits the exposure of display components to at least one atmospheric contaminant and helps to getter vapour species evolved within the display.
Full color thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays, employing thin film phosphors and thick film dielectric layers, provide a greater luminance and superior reliability over traditional thin film electroluminescent displays. However, thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays employ phosphor materials and insulator materials that are susceptible to degradation due to reaction with water and other atmospheric vapors. Furthermore, the thick film dielectric layer of such displays, which enhances the luminosity of the displays to usable levels, may also be susceptible to degradation due to reaction with these atmospheric contaminants and may act as a reservoir for water and other contaminants that may react adversely with the display structure during operation of the display. Atmospheric contaminants are known to shorten the life of electroluminescent displays and thus in order to protect and minimize damage to these electroluminescent displays various types of seals have been developed for incorporation into displays.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,771,019 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) discloses the use of perimeter seals in thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays. Briefly, thin film phosphors are typically sandwiched between a pair of addressable electrodes and fabricated on a heat resistant substrate that is also impervious to water and atmospheric contaminants. The phosphor materials are activated by application of an electric field generated between the electrodes. A chemically impervious cover plate is typically placed over the fabricated display and sealed between the substrate and the cover plate with a perimeter seal in order to protect the phosphor material, dielectric layers and electrodes between the substrate and the cover plate. In some cases, the cover plate is on the viewing side of the display, in which case it must be optically transparent, and in other cases, the display is constructed on an optically transparent viewing-side substrate and the cover plate is positioned opposite the viewing side.
To further minimize ingress of atmospheric contaminants into the display structure a desiccant may be incorporated into the perimeter seal between the display substrate and the cover plate as exemplified by Applicant's co-pending International Patent Application serial number WO2004/067676 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety), however, the desiccant has a finite capacity to absorb these contaminants.
Sealing layers have also been developed for use with other types of displays. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,080 discloses an organic light emitting device (OLED) constructed on a substrate that has incorporated a top cover structure that includes an amorphous carbon or silicon carbide moisture barrier layer above the top conductor of the OLED and a further sealing layer comprising a heat sink gel material containing a particulate moisture getter such as barium oxide above the moisture barrier layer. There is also a cover glass over the display substrate and bonded to the substrate to form a perimeter seal around each display.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,225 discloses a barrier for preventing water or oxygen from reaching an organic light emitting device. The barrier comprises layers of polymer having an inorganic layer comprising oxides, oxy-nitrides or nitrides therebetween. A getter material can be provided in the inorganic layer or as a separate layer between the polymer layers and the display, but the getter has a finite capacity to absorb contaminants.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,330 discloses an organic electroluminescent device, the surface of which is coated with a multilayer barrier coating of an organic polymer and inorganic material.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,979 discloses a film for use in organic EL devices which is made of an organic inorganic hybrid material. The film is used as a gas-barrier to encapsulate the device.
While the aforementioned references may teach the use of various types of seals and seal arrangements for electroluminescent displays, these seals and seal arrangements may not adequately immobilize the flux of atmospheric contaminants into the electroluminescent displays over the intended life of the display. They may also not adequately address the water and other contaminants that may reservoir within the thick film dielectric layer that may react adversely with the display structure during operation of the display. Therefore, there still remains a need for a proper seal and sealing process for thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays in order to improve their operating stability.
The invention is a laminated seal for thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays that functions to improve the operating and storage stability of the displays. The laminated seal comprises an inorganic layer overlaying and in contact with a polymer layer, where the laminated seal is provided at locations between the phosphor layer and the top cover viewing surface of a thick layer dielectric electroluminescent display. In aspects of the invention, the laminated seal comprises an inorganic layer overlaying a polymer layer, where the seal is provided over the upper electrodes of the display or alternatively over a color conversion layer that is used in conjunction with a blue light emitting phosphor film of the display. Still in alternate embodiments, the laminated seal comprises an inorganic layer overlaying a color conversion layer, where the seal is provided over a blue light emitting pixel array of the display. In this embodiment, the color conversion layer serves as the polymer layer portion of the seal.
The laminated seal may be provided as one inorganic layer and one polymer layer, for instance, one inorganic layer overlaying one polymer layer or, alternatively, as multiple and alternating polymer and inorganic layers where the overall thickness of the laminate is limited by the optical transmissivity of the film. In some cases, it may be desirable to have an inorganic layer as the first layer of the seal to achieve adequate adhesion of the seal to the underlying pixel array and to provide adequate wetting of the first polymer layer on the underlying pixel array. In this case the first inorganic layer would not provide a substantially pin hole free layer, but the second inorganic layer and any additional inorganic layers would be substantially pinhole free. In some cases it may also be desirable to overlay the topmost inorganic layer with an additional polymer layer to impart resistance to mechanical abrasion that may occur during handling and subsequent assembly of a display with the seal structure.
In embodiments of the invention, a perimeter seal may be used in conjunction with the laminated seal in a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display. The perimeter seal contacts and extends from the substrate of the display to the cover plate of the display to further minimize the flux of atmospheric contaminants that may negatively affect the electroluminescent display structure that is provided in between the cover plate and the substrate.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention is a laminated seal for thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays. The laminated seal comprises:
In aspects of the invention, the laminated seal is provided between an upper electrode of the display and the viewing surface. In other aspects, the laminated seal is provided over top and directly adjacent to a color conversion layer overlaying a blue light emitting pixel array. Still in further aspects, the polymer layer of the laminated seal is the color conversion layer and such laminated seal is provided over a blue light emitting addressable electroluminescent pixel array. The pixel array comprises a lower electrode, a thick dielectric layer, a blue light-emitting phosphor, an optional thin film dielectric layer thereon and an upper electrode.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention is a laminated seal structure, the structure comprising;
In aspects, the laminated seal may be multiply layered.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention is a laminated seal structure, the structure comprising;
In aspects, the laminated seal may be multiply layered.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention is a laminated seal structure, the structure comprising;
In aspects the laminated seal may be multiply layered
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention there is provided an electroluminescent display, the display comprising a laminated seal structure selected from the group consisting of:
(i) an inorganic layer overlaying a polymer layer and an upper electrode adjacent said polymer layer;
(ii) an inorganic layer overlaying a polymer layer and a color conversion layer adjacent said polymer layer; and
(iii) an inorganic layer overlaying a color conversion layer and a blue light emitting addressable electroluminescent pixel array adjacent said color conversion layer.
In aspects of the invention, the display is a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display. In any aspects of the invention where the display is a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display, the display may comprise a perimeter seal.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an electroluminescent display comprising:
The pixel array comprises in sequence: a lower electrode; a thick film dielectric layer; a smoothing layer; a thin film dielectric layer; phosphor layer; upper thin film dielectric layer; and upper electrode.
In aspects, the display may further comprise a perimeter seal contacting and extending from said substrate and to said cover plate to inhibit exposure of the electroluminescent pixel array to an atmospheric contaminant.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sealed electroluminescent display comprising:
In aspects, the display is a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display. Also in aspects, the display may further comprise a perimeter seal contacting and extending from said substrate and to said cover plate to inhibit exposure of the electroluminescent pixel array to an atmospheric contaminant.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sealed electroluminescent display comprising:
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sealed electroluminescent display comprising:
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sealed electroluminescent display comprising:
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sealed electroluminescent display comprising:
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for making a sealed electroluminescent display having a substrate and an electroluminescent pixel array comprising a laminated seal structure, the process comprising:
In an aspect, the liquid or slurry is a monomer-containing liquid or slurry. In another aspect, the liquid or slurry precursor layer is deposited by spreading the monomer-containing liquid or slurry adjacent to the top electrode array of the display.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for making a sealed electroluminescent display having a substrate and an electroluminescent pixel array comprising a laminated seal, the process comprising:
In an aspect, the vapor is a monomer-containing vapor.
According to another aspect of the invention is a process for making a sealed electroluminescent display having a substrate and an electroluminescent structure comprising a laminated seal as described herein in any embodiment, the process comprising:
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein and from the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration only and do not limit the intended scope of the invention.
The invention is directed to a laminated seal, laminated seal structure and processes for making such for use in electroluminescent displays and in aspects, for thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays.
The laminated seal of the invention comprises an upper inorganic layer and a lower polymer layer, where the lower polymer layer may be a color conversion layer. The laminated seal is provided in contact and over the upper electrode array of the display or alternatively over top and in contact with a color conversion layer provided over a blue light emitting phosphor. Still, the polymer layer of the laminated seal may itself be a color conversion layer.
The polymer layer provides for a planarized surface upon which a uniformly smooth substantially pin hole free upper inorganic layer is deposited that serves as an effective barrier to moisture and other contaminants from the ambient environment. The polymer layer and the inorganic layer of the laminated seal are directly adjacent and in contact with one other. The bilayer structure of the laminated seal of the invention maintains its integrity as the display is operated due to its resistance to rupture when volatile species are evolved from the display structure as it ages.
The laminated seal may be provided as three or more alternating polymer and inorganic layers where the maximum thickness of the laminate is limited by the optical transmissivity of the film but where the total seal thickness should be less than the sub-pixel width to avoid optical parallax effects. When provided as two or more layers of the laminated seal and the polymer bottom layer is the color conversion layer, then the one or more additional layers of laminated seals used incorporate a polymer layer which is not a color conversion layer.
In an embodiment of the invention, the laminated seal comprises a lower polymer layer and an upper moisture-impervious inorganic layer. The polymer layer is pliable so that it provides mechanical stress relief between the display structure and the inorganic moisture impervious layer. Furthermore, the polymer layer absorbs vapors evolved from the display structure as it ages and as it is operated to prevent rupture of the inorganic moisture-impervious layer due to build up of gas pressure within the structure.
In another embodiment of the invention, the polymer layer for the laminated seal comprises a multi-functional layer that provides two or more functions selected from the provision of a color conversion function, the provision of stress relief between the display structure and the moisture-impervious inorganic layer, the provision of a planarized surface for deposition of said moisture-impervious inorganic layer and the provision of a getter or absorbent for vapors or gases generated from the internal display structure during its operation. The surface of the polymer layer should be sufficiently smooth that a thin film inorganic layer can be vacuum deposited on top of it so that it does not substantially have pinholes or other mechanical defects that may act as a conduit for water transport across the layer.
The upper inorganic layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of inorganic metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides, metal oxyborides, metal silicides, metal silicates and metal carbides, or combinations thereof preferably in the form of amorphous films to avoid rapid diffusion of atomic or molecular species through grain boundaries that are present in polycrystalline materials. More specifically, the upper inorganic barrier layer may be selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania, indium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, chromium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, boron nitride, germanium nitride, chromium nitride, nickel nitride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxynitride, silicon oxynitride, boron oxynitride, zirconium oxyboride, titaniumoxyboride, silicon aluminum oxynitrode (SiAlON), aluminum oxynitride (AlON) and combinations thereof. The upper inorganic material in aspects is silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The thickness of the upper inorganic layer is determined on the basis that the film needs to be continuous, and needs to provide an adequate barrier to deleterious species originating from the ambient environment, or the environment sealed within the perimeter seal joining the display substrate to the cover plate. In aspects the thickness of the upper inorganic layer may range from about 0.01 to 2 micrometers (and any range thereinbetween), and in further aspects from about 0.05 to 1 micrometers (and any range thereinbetween).
The lower polymer layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of optically transparent urethanes, polyamides, acrylates, polyimides, polybutylenes, isobutylenes, isobutylene isoprene, polyolefins, epoxies, parylene, benzocyclobutadiene, polynorborenes, polyarylethers, polycarbonate, alkyds, polyaniline, ethylenevinyl acetate and ethylene acrylic acid, polystyrenes, polyesters, silicones, polysilicones, polyphosphazenes, polysilazane, polycarbosilane, polycarborane, carborane silioxanes, polysilanes, phosphonitriles, sulfur nitride polymers and siloxanes and combinations thereof. In aspects of the invention, the lower polymer layer may be a color conversion layer as is described in Applicant's PCT CA2005/000756 (the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety by reference). Briefly, such a color conversion layer comprises a fluorescent pigment particle composition dispersed within a UV curable resin. The fluorescent pigment particles are made of a composition comprising at least one dye and a polymeric material to which in one aspect of the invention, a molecular additive is further added such as ultraviolet absorbers (UVAs) and light stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and nickel compounds. The UVAs are selected to preferentially absorb ultraviolet light without hindering the ability of the photoinitiators used in the resin to be activated with UV light and to minimize the absorption of blue light. The fluorescent pigment particles are then mixed and dispersed throughout a clear UV curable resin, such as an acrylated melamine resin that comprises a photo-initiator to form a paste to effect patterning thereof. The color conversion layer is provided as a paste which is deposited as a uniform film and then patterned onto an electroluminescent panel using photolithographic methods known in the art. Typically, one color converting photoluminescent layer is used for red and one layer is used for green with the layer composition being different for red and green. The paste is deposited to form a uniform layer of a first color conversion photoluminescent layer (for example green) onto a sub-pixel array using screen printing techniques or other methods as known to those of skill in the art. The sub-pixel array is such as that disclosed in the Applicants PCT Application PCT CA03/01567 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). The uniform screen printed film is exposed to a UV light through a photomask with the desired pixel pattern to activate the photoinitiator to cure the resin and then dissolve the unexposed portion in a solvent (as described in Applicants PCT Patent Application PCT CA03/01567), the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference) to establish the desired pattern for the first color conversion photoluminescent layer. This process is then repeated with the second color conversion photoluminescent layer. After UV curing, the layer or layers may be further exposed to a thermal bake to eliminate monomers, residual photo-initiators, oligomers and other volatile species by out-diffusion and evaporation. Thermal curing may be done at a temperature range of about 80° C. to about 160° C. (and any range therebetween) for about 2 or more hours.
The thickness of the lower polymer layer which may be also a color conversion layer is determined based on the optical absorption properties of the layer. Thickness of the polymer layer is selected on the basis of the thickness required to obtain a sufficiently smooth surface to deposit the pinhole free inorganic layer, and in the case where a getter is incorporated into the polymer layer as is discussed below, the thickness is sufficient to contain an adequate quantity of getter based on the expected quantity of evolved gas from the display structure that needs to be absorbed during display operation as is understood by one of skill in the art. If the polymer layer and the color conversion layer are the same layer, then the thickness requirements must be compatible and such requirements can be readily determined by one of skill in the art.
The polymer layer may additionally comprise organic or inorganic getter materials in particulate form to increase the ability of the sealing structure to consume vapors evolved from the display structure. The concentration of the getter material for use in the lower polymer layer may be about 5% to about 50% of the sealing material volume and in aspects, between about 10 and about 30% of the lower polymer layer material volume. In further aspects, the getter material has a particle size that should not exceed the thickness of the lower polymer layer. In aspects, the getter material has a particle size in the range of from about 0.1 to about 0.25 micrometers.
In other aspects of the invention, the getter material is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal oxides, alkali metal sulfates, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal sulfates, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, zinc chloride, perchlorates and mixtures thereof. The getter material may also be selected from the group consisting of molecular sieves, calcium oxide, barium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium sulfate and mixtures thereof. A getter material should be selected so that it does not significantly reduce the optical transparency of the laminated seal. To this end the size of the getter particles should be significantly less that the wavelength of the light that it transmitted or have an optical index of refraction close to that of the polymer layer of the laminated seal. Alternatively, the getter can be dispersed in areas of the laminated seal that are not required to transmit light, but this is not a preferred solution as additional process steps may be required to distribute the getter in this way.
In aspects, the maximum loading of getter material per unit volume of the polymer layer of the laminated seal is about 50%, in further aspects at least about 5%. In aspects the getter material concentrations are between about 10% and about 30% of the sealing material volume, and most preferably between about 15% and about 25% of the polymer material volume. Ideally, the getter material is uniformly distributed throughout the polymer layer of the sealing structure.
Getter materials are any atmospheric contaminant-immobilizing materials, for example, materials that absorb water. Suitable getter materials include, but are not limited to, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal sulfates, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal sulfates, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, zinc chloride, perchlorates and mixtures thereof. Preferred getter materials include molecular sieves, calcium oxide, barium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium sulfate and mixtures thereof.
The getter material may have a particle size in the range of from about 0.1 to about 250 micrometers, depending on the seal thickness. Preferably, the particle size is selected so that it is sufficiently small such that the spacing between the particles is sufficiently small that vapors will readily come into contact with the getter particles during their transit within the polymer layer of the sealing structure.
The laminated seal of the invention is used/for a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display that is typically constructed on a glass, glass ceramic, ceramic, or other heat resistant substrate or the like. The fabrication process for the display entails first depositing a set of lower electrodes on the substrate. A thick film dielectric layer is then deposited thereon using thick film deposition techniques that are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,771,019 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Typically, the thick film layer comprises a sintered perovskite piezoelectric or ferroelectric material such as lead magnesium niobate (PMN) or lead magnesium titanate-zirconate (PMN-PT) with a dielectric constant of several thousand. There may also be a thinner overlayer (a smoothing layer) of a compatible piezoelectric or ferroelectric material such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) applied using metal organic deposition (MOD) or sol gel techniques to smooth the thick film surface for deposition of a thin film phosphor structure. The Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,015 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) discloses thick film dielectric composite structures for use in electroluminescent displays. The thick film dielectric layer may further be mechanically compressed as is described in the Applicant's PCT patent application Serial No. WO00/70917 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Furthermore, the Applicant's International Patent Application PCT CA02/01932 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) discloses a modified thick film paste formulation used to make a thick film dielectric layer. This modified thick film dielectric layer may be sintered at temperatures as low as 650° C. to facilitate the use of a glass substrate and can be used as the thick film dielectric in the present invention.
Over the thick film dielectric layer a thin film structure comprising one or more thin film dielectric layers as described in the Applicants U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,674 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety) such as for example made of barium titanate sandwiching one or more thin phosphor films is then deposited, followed by a set of optically transparent upper electrodes using vacuum techniques as exemplified in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2004/0013906 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety). A further embodiment of a full color thick dielectric electroluminescent display is exemplified by U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0135495 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety) whereby the sub-pixels for red, green and blue comprise blue emitting electroluminescent elements which serve directly as the emitted light source for blue sub-pixels and which activate red and green photoluminescent color conversion films that overlay the blue-emitting elements that are activated by the blue emitting elements and provide respectively the emitted light for red and green sub-pixels.
For thick dielectric electroluminescent displays that incorporate color conversion layers for red and green sub-pixels, the color conversion layers may be disposed over top of the electroluminescent sub-pixel structure. The electroluminescent sub-pixel structure comprises those elements provided over top of the substrate including the sub-pixel columns. In this aspect for the sealing structure of this invention, the lower polymer layer may be the color conversion layer to provide both the function of the color conversion layer and the stress relief or vapor absorption functions of the present invention.
It is also understood however, to one of skill in the art that the laminated seal structure may be incorporated in a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display in which there is no color conversion layer(s) used but rather the phosphor layer provided within the display is patterned. In this embodiment, the laminated seal structure is provided over the upper electrodes of the display but not directly over the patterned phosphor. Reference is made to
In
It is understood by one of skill in the art, that any gaps provided within the device may be filled with a suitable transparent polymer material.
In an embodiment of the process for making the sealed electroluminescent display of the present invention, the liquid or paste precursor material for the polymer layer of the sealing structure material is prepared in a contaminant-free atmosphere, such as in a dry box, to avoid contaminating the getter material with moisture such that the getter material is deactivated (when getter material is incorporated). The loading of the getter material into the sealing material may be adjusted in order to achieve the desired contaminant absorbing capacity and contaminant absorbing efficiency. Deposition and curing should also be carried out in the dry box to prevent moisture contamination. In aspects of the method of the invention, the UV curable polymer layer is printed to the top of the electrode array as a lacquer formulation. Printing can be done in a variety of manners including but not limited to indirect offset printing or roll coating. This polymer layer is then cured such that it has a smooth upper surface to facilitate subsequent deposition of a smooth and substantially pinhole-free thin film inorganic layer. The substantially pinhole-free inorganic layer is then vacuum deposited onto the polymer layer.
The above disclosure generally describes preferred embodiments of the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.
Demonstrates the efficacy of different laminated seal configurations on the operating stability of a test electroluminescent device.
Two test electroluminescent devices each having a thick dielectric and a blue-emitting europium activated barium thioaluminate thin film phosphor, as exemplified in International Patent Applications WO 00/70917, WO 02/058438 and U.S. Provisional Application 60/434,639 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) were constructed on 5 centimeter by 5 centimeter glass substrates. One device was sealed with a resin coating consisting of Fuji acrylic resin CT2000L from Arch Chemicals of Norwalk Conn. deposited using a spin coating process, dried at 100° C. for 10 minutes, UV cured under an ultraviolet flux of 400 milliJoules per square centimeter and baked at a temperature of 160° C. for 1 hour. The other device was not covered with a polymer layer. The device without the polymer layer was operated in an ambient environment comprising nitrogen at 5% relative humidity and the other device with the polymer layer was operated under ultrahigh purity nitrogen with a dew point of −78° C. The devices were driven using alternating polarity voltage pulses with an amplitude 60 volts above the threshold voltage for the onset of luminance for the devices and a repetition rate of 240 Hz.
In this example two test devices similar to those of example 1 were tested. One of the devices had a laminated sealing structure of a one micrometer thick polymer layer deposited using the methods of example 1 covered with a 1 micrometer thick layer of amorphous silicon nitride deposited using a sputtering or low temperature chemical vapour deposition method. The other device was identical to the devices of example 1. The device with the laminated sealing structure was operated using the same drive method as in example 1 in an ambient environment of air at 22° C. and a relative humidity of 40%. The device without the laminated sealing structure was operated at 22° C. in a less moist atmosphere having a relative humidity of 5%. The luminance as a function of operating time is shown for both devices in
In this example, three devices similar to the device in example 2 with the sealing structure but respectively with a silicon nitride layer thickness of 0.1 micrometer, 0.3 micrometer and 1 micrometers were constructed and tested. The luminance as a function of operating time is shown in
This example serves to illustrate that a color conversion layer may be overlaid with an optically transparent inorganic layer of silicon nitride without significant diminution of the light emitted from the color conversion layer or shift of the CIE color coordinates of the emitted light. Two 5 centimeter by 5 centimeter glass substrates were each coated with areas of red and green photoluminescent color conversion films according to the methods taught in International Patent Application WO 2004/026000 and U.S. Provisional Application 60/560,602 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety). The photoluminescent films on one substrate were each coated with a 300 nanometer thick silicon nitride layer and the films on the other substrate were left uncoated. The films were illuminated with a blue filtered light emitting diode with CIE color coordinates x=0.138 and y=0.07. The uncoated green-emitting film had a normalized emission intensity of 1.0 and CIE coordinates of x=0.290 and y=0.665 and the silicon nitride coated green-emitting film had a comparative emission intensity of 0.89 and CIE coordinates of x=0.292 and y=0.658. The uncoated red-emitting film had a normalized emission intensity of 1.0 and CIE coordinates of x=0.614 and y=0.327 and the silicon nitride coated red-emitting film had a comparative emission intensity of 0.87 and CIE coordinates of x=0.601 and y=0.324. Thus the silicon nitride layer absorbed or reflected only a minimal fraction of the emitted green or red light and had no significant effect on the CIE color coordinates.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/732,136, filed Nov. 2, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety, by reference.
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