Patent Grant
11331886
The present disclosure relates to curved cold-formed glass substrates, articles including such glass substrates, and related processes.
Curved glass substrates are desirable in many contexts. One such context is for use as a cover glass for a curved display, which may be incorporated into an appliance, an architectural element (e.g., wall, window, modular furniture, shower door, mirrors etc.), a vehicle (e.g., automobiles, aircraft, sea craft and the like). Existing methods of forming such curved glass substrates, such as thermal forming, have drawbacks including optical distortion and surface marking. Accordingly, there is a need for curved glass substrates that do not exhibit the optical distortion and surface marking typically found in thermally-formed curved glass substrates.
The present disclosure is directed to articles comprising cold-formed glass substrates bonded to a non-planar rigid support structure, and methods of making such articles.
In some embodiments, a process comprises cold-forming a flat glass substrate into a non-planar shape using a die. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate is bonded to a non-planar rigid support structure at a plurality of non-planar points using the die.
In some embodiments, a process comprises cold-forming a flat glass substrate into a non-planar shape using an injection-molding die. In some embodiments, bonding is accomplished by injection molding the non-planar rigid support structure onto the cold-formed glass substrate while the die holds the cold-formed glass substrate in the non-planar shape.
In some embodiments, the process further comprises, after bonding, applying an adhesive to an edge of an interface between the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, a process comprises cold-forming a glass substrate into a non-planar shape. In some embodiments, bonding is accomplished by using the die to directly bond the cold-formed glass substrate onto a non-planar rigid support structure. In one or more embodiments, the non-planar rigid support structure is formed prior to the bonding.
In some embodiments, the non-planar rigid support structure is placed into a recess in the die prior to bonding.
In some embodiments, the process further comprises applying a coating or surface treatment to a surface of the flat glass substrate prior to cold-forming. The coating may be an ink coating, an antireflective coating, an antiglare coating and/or any other suitable coating. The surface treatment may include an antiglare surface, a haptic surface that provides tactile feedback, and the like.
In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate, after bonding to the non-planar rigid support structure, includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, the open region having a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure. A display may be attached to at least one of the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, such that the display is visible through the open region of the cold-formed glass substrate.
In some embodiments, during and after cold-forming, the temperature of the glass substrate does not exceed 800° F.
In some embodiments, the flat glass substrate comprises a strengthened glass. The strengthened glass may include a chemically strengthened glass, a thermally strengthened glass, a mechanically strengthened glass or a glass that has been strengthened using any one or more of chemical strengthening, thermal strengthening and mechanical strengthening.
In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate has opposing major surfaces, and the non-planar rigid support structure is bonded to only one of the major surfaces.
In some embodiments, an article is formed by any of the processes described herein.
In some embodiments, an article comprises a cold-formed glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and a curved shape, the opposing major surfaces comprising a surface stress that differ from one another. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate is attached to a rigid support structure having the curved shape. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, and the open region has a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure.
In some embodiments, an article comprises a non-planar rigid support structure having a developable surface. A cold-formed glass substrate is bonded to the non-planar rigid support structure. The cold formed glass substrate has the developable surface.
In some embodiments, a display is attached to at least one of the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure. The display is visible through the open region of the cold-formed glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate may be free of open regions (i.e., the glass substrate may be a continuous sheet) and the display may be visible through the cold-formed glass substrate.
In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate comprises any one or both a coating and a surface treatment on a major surface thereof. The coating may be an ink coating, an antireflective coating, an antiglare coating and/or any other suitable coating. The surface treatment may include an antiglare surface, a haptic surface that provides tactile feedback, and the like.
In some embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate is a strengthened glass substrate. The strengthened glass may include a chemically strengthened glass, a thermally strengthened glass, a mechanically strengthened glass or a glass that has been strengthened using any one or more of chemical strengthening, thermal strengthening and mechanical strengthening.
In some embodiments, the non-planar rigid support structure is bonded to only one of the major surfaces.
In some embodiments, the cold formed glass substrate has a developable surface.
The embodiments of the preceding paragraphs may be combined in any permutation.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated herein, form part of the specification and illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. Together with the description, the figures further serve to explain the principles of and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosed embodiments. These figures are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Although the disclosure is generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure to these particular embodiments. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
Vehicle manufactures are creating interiors that better connect, protect and safely inform today's drivers and passengers. As the industry moves towards autonomous driving, there is a need for creating large format appealing displays. There is already a trend towards larger displays including touch functionality in the new models from several OEMs. Such trends are also immerging in appliances, architectural elements (e.g., wall, window, modular furniture, shower door, mirrors etc.), and other vehicles (e.g., aircraft, seacraft and the like). However, most of these displays consist of two dimensional plastic cover lens.
Due to these emerging trends in the automotive interior industry and related industries, there is a need to develop a low cost technology to make three-dimensional transparent surfaces. Strengthened glass materials, such as chemically strengthened, thermally strengthened and/or mechanically strengthened glass materials are particularly desirable for use as such surfaces, particularly where the glass substrate is used as a curved cover glass for a display.
However, many methods for forming curved glass surfaces involve subjecting glass substrates to thermal forming processes (including thermal forming processes that include heating a glass substrate to a temperature above the transition temperature of the glass). Such processes can be energy intensive due to the high temperatures involved and such processes add significant cost to the product. Furthermore, thermal forming processes may cause strength degradation or may damage any coatings present on the glass substrate, such as antireflective (AR) coatings or ink coatings. Moreover, thermal forming processes may impart undesirable characteristics onto the glass itself, such as distortion and marking.
A planar glass substrate may be “cold-formed” to have a curved or three-dimensional shape. As used herein, “cold-forming” refers to bending the glass substrate at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the glass. In some embodiments, cold-forming occurs at temperatures below 800° F. A cold-formed glass substrate has opposing major surfaces and a curved shape. The opposing major surfaces exhibit a surface stress that differs from one another that are created during cold-forming. The stresses include surface compressive stresses generated by the cold-forming process. These stresses are not thermally relaxed because the glass substrate is maintained at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature.
In some embodiments, a cold-formed glass substrate forms a “developable” surface. A developable surface has a surface with zero Gaussian curvature. In one or more embodiments, the developable surface means that all points of the cold-formed glass substrate surface have a Gaussian curvature (GC) that is equal to zero (wherein GC is equal to Kmax*Kmin, wherein Kmax and Kmin are principal curvatures defined as Kmax=1/R′ and Kmin=1/R″), and wherein one of Kmax and Kmin is non-zero. R′ is the maximum radius of curvature and R″ is the minimum radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the surface of the cold-formed glass substrate that can be flattened into a plane without stretching or compressing within the plane of the surface.
Examples of developable surfaces include cones, cylinders, oloids, tangent developable surfaces, and portions thereof. A surface that projects onto a single curved line is a developable surface.
In some embodiments, the article may include a glass substrate that is provided as a sheet and that is strengthened (prior to being shaped into some embodiments of the article described herein). For example, the glass substrate may be strengthened by any one or more of thermal strengthening, chemical strengthening, mechanical strengthening or by a combination thereof. In some embodiments, strengthened glass substrate have a compressive stress (CS) layer extending from a surface of the substrate thereof to a compressive stress depth (or depth of compressive stress layer or DOL). The depth of compression is the depth at which compressive stress switches to tensile stress. The region within the glass substrate exhibiting a tensile stress is often referred to as a central tension or CT layer.
As used herein, “thermally strengthened” refers to glass substrates that are heat treated to improve the strength of the substrate. In thermally-strengthened glass substrates, the CS layer is formed by heating the substrate to an elevated temperature above the glass transition temperature (i.e., near or approaching the glass softening point), and then cooling the glass surface regions more rapidly than the inner regions of the glass. The differential cooling rates between the surface regions and the inner regions generates a residual CS layer at the surfaces.
Factors that impact the degree of surface compression generated by thermal strengthening processes include the air-quench temperature, volume, and other variables that create a surface compression of at least 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi). In chemically strengthened glass substrates, the replacement of smaller ions by larger ions at a temperature below that at which the glass network can relax produces a distribution of ions across the surface of the glass that results in a stress profile. The larger volume of the incoming ion produces the CS layer extending from a surface and the CT layer in the center of the glass. Chemical strengthening may be achieved by an ion exchange process which includes immersion of a glass substrate into a molten salt bath for a predetermined period of time to allow ions at or near the surface(s) of the glass substrate to be exchanged for larger metal ions from the salt bath. In some embodiments, the temperature of the molten salt bath is from about 375° C. to about 450° C. and the predetermined time period is in the range from about four to about eight hours. In one example, sodium ions in a glass substrate are replaced by potassium ions from the molten bath, such as a potassium nitrate salt bath, though other alkali metal ions having larger atomic radii, such as rubidium or cesium, can replace smaller alkali metal ions in the glass. In another example, lithium ions in a glass substrate are replaced by potassium and/or sodium ions from the molten bath that may include potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate or a combination thereof, although other alkali metal ions having larger atomic radii, such as rubidium or cesium, can replace smaller alkali metal ions in the glass. In some embodiments, smaller alkali metal ions in the glass substrate can be replaced by Ag+ ions. Similarly, other alkali metal salts such as, but not limited to, sulfates, phosphates, halides, and the like may be used in the ion exchange process. The glass substrate may be immersed in a single bath or in multiple and successive baths which may have the same or different composition and/or temperature from one another. In some embodiments, the immersion in such multiple baths may be for different periods of time from one another.
In mechanically-strengthened glass substrates, the CS layer is generated by a mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between portions of the glass substrate.
In strengthened glass substrates, the DOL is related to the CT value by the following approximate relationship (Equation 1)
where thickness is the total thickness of the strengthened glass substrate and DOL depth of layer (DOL) is the depth of the compressive stress. Unless otherwise specified, central tension CT and compressive stress CS are expressed herein in megaPascals (MPa), whereas thickness and depth of layer DOL are expressed in millimeters or microns. Unless otherwise described, the CS value is the value measured at the surface and the CT value is the tensile stress value (as determined by Equation 1).
In some embodiments, a strengthened glass substrate can have a surface CS of 300 MPa or greater, e.g., 400 MPa or greater, 450 MPa or greater, 500 MPa or greater, 550 MPa or greater, 600 MPa or greater, 650 MPa or greater, 700 MPa or greater, 750 MPa or greater or 800 MPa or greater. In some embodiments, the surface CS is the maximum CS in the glass substrate. The strengthened glass substrate may have a DOL of 15 micrometers or greater, 20 micrometers or greater (e.g., 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 micrometers or greater) and/or a maximum CT value of 10 MPa or greater, 20 MPa or greater, 30 MPa or greater, 40 MPa or greater (e.g., 42 MPa, 45 MPa, or 50 MPa or greater) but less than 100 MPa (e.g., 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 MPa or less). In one or more specific embodiments, the strengthened glass substrate has one or more of the following: a surface CS greater than 500 MPa, a DOL greater than 15 micrometers, and a maximum CT of greater than 18 MPa.
The CS and DOL may be determined by surface stress meter such as the commercially available FSM-6000 instrument, manufactured by Orihara Industrial, Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Surface stress measurements rely upon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. SOC in turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such as fiber and four point bend methods, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013), entitled “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylinder method.
The materials for the glass substrates may be varied. The glass substrates used to form the articles described herein can be amorphous or crystalline. In this regard, the use of the term “glass” is general and is intended to encompass more than strictly amorphous materials. Amorphous glass substrates according to some embodiments can be selected from soda lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali containing borosilicate glass and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. Examples of crystalline glass substrates can include glass-ceramics, sapphire or spinel. Examples of glass-ceramics include Li2O—Al2O3-SiO2 system (i.e. LAS-System) glass ceramics, MgO—Al2O3-SiO2 System (i.e. MAS-System) glass ceramics, glass ceramics including crystalline phases of any one or more of mullite, spinel, α-quartz, β-quartz solid solution, petalite, lithium dissilicate, β-spodumene, nepheline, and alumina.
Glass substrates may be provided using a variety of different processes. For example, exemplary glass substrate forming methods include float glass processes and down-draw processes such as fusion draw and slot draw. A glass substrate prepared by a float glass process may be characterized by smooth surfaces and uniform thickness is made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin. In an example process, molten glass that is fed onto the surface of the molten tin bed forms a floating glass ribbon. As the glass ribbon flows along the tin bath, the temperature is gradually decreased until the glass ribbon solidifies into a solid glass substrate that can be lifted from the tin onto rollers. Once off the bath, the glass substrate can be cooled further and annealed to reduce internal stress.
Down-draw processes produce glass substrate having a uniform thickness that possess relatively pristine surfaces. Because the average flexural strength of the glass substrate is controlled by the amount and size of surface flaws, a pristine surface that has had minimal contact has a higher initial strength. Down-drawn glass substrate may be drawn into a sheet having a thickness of less than about 2 millimeters. In addition, down drawn glass substrate have a very flat, smooth surface that can be used in its final application without costly grinding and polishing.
The fusion draw process, for example, uses a drawing tank that has a channel for accepting molten glass raw material. The channel has weirs that are open at the top along the length of the channel on both sides of the channel. When the channel fills with molten material, the molten glass overflows the weirs. Due to gravity, the molten glass flows down the outside surfaces of the drawing tank as two flowing glass films. These outside surfaces of the drawing tank extend down and inwardly so that they join at an edge below the drawing tank. The two flowing glass films join at this edge to fuse and form a single flowing sheet of glass. The fusion draw method offers the advantage that, because the two glass films flowing over the channel fuse together, neither of the outside surfaces of the resulting sheet of glass comes in contact with any part of the apparatus. Thus, the surface properties of the fusion drawn sheet of glass are not affected by such contact.
The slot draw process is distinct from the fusion draw method. In slow draw processes, the molten raw material glass is provided to a drawing tank. The bottom of the drawing tank has an open slot with a nozzle that extends the length of the slot. The molten glass flows through the slot/nozzle and is drawn downward as a continuous sheet and into an annealing region.
Exemplary compositions for use in the glass substrate will now be described. One example glass composition comprises SiO2, B2O3 and Na2O, where (SiO2+B2O3)≥66 mol. %, and Na2O≥9 mol. %. Suitable glass compositions, in some embodiments, further comprise at least one of K2O, MgO, and CaO. In some embodiments, the glass compositions can comprise 61-75 mol. % SiO2; 7-15 mol. % Al2O3; 0-12 mol. % B2O3; 9-21 mol. % Na2O; 0-4 mol. % K2O; 0-7 mol. % MgO; and 0-3 mol. % CaO.
A further example glass composition comprises: 60-70 mol. % SiO2; 6-14 mol. % Al2O3; 0-15 mol. % B2O3; 0-15 mol. % Li2O; 0-20 mol. % Na2O; 0-10 mol. % K2O; 0-8 mol. % MgO; 0-10 mol. % CaO; 0-5 mol. % ZrO2; 0-1 mol. % SnO2; 0-1 mol. % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 12 mol. %≤(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≤20 mol. % and 0 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤10 mol. %.
A still further example glass composition comprises: 63.5-66.5 mol. % SiO2; 8-12 mol. % Al2O3; 0-3 mol. % B2O3; 0-5 mol. % Li2O; 8-18 mol. % Na2O; 0-5 mol. % K2O; 1-7 mol. % MgO; 0-2.5 mol. % CaO; 0-3 mol. % ZrO2; 0.05-0.25 mol. % SnO2; 0.05-0.5 mol. % CeO2; less than 50 ppm As2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb2O3; where 14 mol. %≤(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≤18 mol. % and 2 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤7 mol. %.
In some embodiments, an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprises alumina, at least one alkali metal and, in some embodiments, greater than 50 mol. % SiO2, in some embodiments at least 58 mol. % SiO2, and in some embodiments at least 60 mol. % SiO2, wherein the ratio ((Al2O3+B2O3)/Σ modifiers)>1, where in the ratio the components are expressed in mol. % and the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. This glass composition, in some embodiments, comprises: 58-72 mol. % SiO2; 9-17 mol. % Al2O3; 2-12 mol. % B2O3; 8-16 mol. % Na2O; and 0-4 mol. % K2O, wherein the ratio ((Al2O3+B2O3)/Σ modifiers)>1.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 64-68 mol. % SiO2; 12-16 mol. % Na2O; 8-12 mol. % Al2O3; 0-3 mol. % B2O3; 2-5 mol. % K2O; 4-6 mol. % MgO; and 0-5 mol. % CaO, wherein: 66 mol. % □ SiO2+B2O3+CaO □ 69 mol. %; Na2O+K2O+B2O3+MgO+CaO+SrO>10 mol. %; 5 mol. % □ MgO+CaO+SrO □ 8 mol. %; (Na2O+B2O3) D Al2O3□ 2 mol. %; 2 mol. % □ Na2O □ Al2O3□ 6 mol. %; and 4 mol. % □ (Na2O+K2O) D Al2O3□ 10 mol. %.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate may comprise an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 2 mol % or more of Al2O3 and/or ZrO2, or 4 mol % or more of Al2O3 and/or ZrO2.
In some embodiments, the compositions used for a glass substrate may be batched with 0-2 mol. % of at least one fining agent selected from a group that includes Na2SO4, NaCl, NaF, NaBr, K2SO4, KCl, KF, KBr, and SnO2.
The articles may be a single sheet of glass or a laminate. According to some embodiments, a laminate refers to opposing glass substrates, such as the glass substrates described herein. In some embodiments, the glass substrates may be separated by an interlayer, for example, poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), ethylenevinylacetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ionomers, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A glass substrate forming part of a laminate can be strengthened (chemically, thermally, and/or mechanically) as described above. Thus, laminates according to some embodiments comprise at least two glass substrates bonded together by an interlayer in which a first glass substrate defines a first ply and a second glass substrate defines a second ply. The second ply may face the user of a display (i.e., the interior of a vehicle, the user facing panel of an appliance or the user facing surface of an architectural element), while the first play may face the opposite direction. In vehicle applications such as automotive glazings, the first ply is exposed to a vehicle or automobile interior and the second ply faces an outside environment of the automobile. In some embodiments, the user interface may be from the interior, from the exterior or from both the interior and the exterior of the laminate, when used in automotive glazings. In vehicle applications such as automotive interiors, the second ply is unexposed and placed on an underlying support (e.g., a display, dashboard, center console, instrument panel, seat back, seat front, floor board, door panel, pillar, arm rest etc.), and the first ply is exposed to the vehicle or automobile interior and thus the user. In architectural applications, the second ply is exposed to a building, room, or furniture interior and the first ply faces an outside environment of the building, room or furniture.
Although various specific glasses are described herein, in some embodiments, any cold-formable glass may be used.
Some embodiments of the articles disclosed herein are useful in automobile interiors because such articles provide a curved cover compatible with curved displays. To be compatible with a curved display, a cover should match the shape of the curved display closely to insure optimal fit and enable a high quality viewing. It is also desirable to provide a cover that is high optical quality and cost effective. Thermal forming a cover to the precise shape presents challenges in attaining that desired shape. In addition, when glass is used, it is a challenge to minimize the downside effects of heating the cover to its softening point (e.g., distortion, and marking). The concept of cold-forming addresses these issues and permits the use of glass but creates new challenges in providing a sufficient support to maintain the cold-form shape and provide rigidity. The ability to cold-form a thin glass substrate to the prescribed shape presents the opportunity for a high quality, cost effective solution.
Moreover, the articles described herein are also compatible with coatings and surface treatments that are often desirable. Examples of such coatings include anti-reflective (AR), antiglare (AG) and decorative and/or functional coatings. Examples of such surface treatments include AG surfaces, a haptic surface that provides tactile feedback, and the like. AR and AG coatings and AG surfaces may improve display visibility in a variety of challenging ambient lighting conditions. High-quality multi-layer AR coating processes are typically applied utilizing vapor deposition or sputter coating techniques. These techniques are usually limited to deposition on flat surfaces due to the nature of the process. Providing these coatings on a curved three dimensional surface is challenging and further adds to the cost of the process. Decorative ink coatings can be applied to a variety of shaped/curved surfaces, however the process to apply these coating to flat surfaces are simpler, better established, and more cost effective. Further, surface treatments (typically formed by etching treatments) are also typically applied to flat surfaces.
In one or more embodiments, the article includes a cold-formed glass substrate with a non-planar shape and a first major surface and an opposing second major surface and a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to the first major surface at one or more non-planar points. In some embodiments, the non-planar rigid support structure is bonded to the first major surface at a plurality of non-planar points.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate is cold-formed and exhibits a surface compressive stress on the first and second major surfaces that differ from one another at, near or adjacent the one or more non-planar points. As illustrated in
In one or more embodiments, the non-planar rigid support structure is injection molded onto the cold-formed glass substrate while the cold-formed glass comprises the non-planar shape. In some embodiments, either one or both the first major surface and the second major surface of the glass substrate may include a coating or surface treatment (e.g., the coating may include an ink coating and/or an antireflective coating, the surface treatment may include an antiglare treatment). In some instances, the article may include an edge adhesive applied to an edge of an interface between the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure. The edge interface may be between one or more minor surface(s) of the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure. The minor surface(s) of the cold-formed glass substrate is orthogonal to the first and second major surfaces. In one or more embodiments, the edge interface may be substantially free of an adhesive or other material such that one or more minor surfaces are exposed.
In some instances, the glass substrate includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, and the open region has a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure. In some instances, the article includes a display disposed on at least one of the glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, wherein the display is visible through the cold-formed glass substrate. In some instances, the display may be attached to at least one of the glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure.
In one or more embodiments, the article includes a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and a curved shape that is attached to a rigid support structure having the curved shape, wherein the glass substrate includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, and the open region has a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure. In such embodiments, the glass substrate exhibits a surface compressive stress on the first and second major surfaces that differ from one another as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the article may include a display that is attached to at least one of the cold formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, wherein the display is visible through the open region of the glass substrate. In some embodiments, the glass substrate comprises a coating disposed on either one or both the first major surface or the second major surface. The coating may include an ink or an anti-reflective coating. The glass substrate may be strengthened glass substrate. In some instances, only one of the major surfaces is bonded to the non-planar rigid support.
In some embodiments, a cold-formed glass substrate has a developable surface. A complex developable surface refers to a combination of two or more developable surfaces such as cones, cylinders, oloids, planes and tangent developable surfaces. For instance, a complex developable surface may be a combination of at least a planar and at least a concave surface, or at least a planar and at least a convex surface, or at least a concave and at least a convex surface.
In some embodiments, a complex developable surface may also be formed by a combination of planar, conical, cylindrical, and other developable surfaces and involve both inward and outward bending. In some embodiments, the combination of planar, conical, cylindrical, and other developable surfaces may be in such a way that no sharp edges form while going from one developable surface to another.
In some embodiments, a complex developable surface or a complex developable surface may include one or more planar portions, one or more conical portions, one or more cylindrical portions, and/or one or more other developable surface portions.
In some embodiments, glass substrate is cold-formed into a complex developable surface. A force holding the glass substrate in the complex developable surface is applied and maintained across different portions of the complex developable surface while the cold-formed glass is bonded to a non-planar rigid support structure at a plurality of non-planar points until the bonding is sufficient to maintain the complex developable surface. For example, in the embodiment of
Force may be “maintained” in an area by application of force in spaced or periodic parts of the area. For example, direct bonding die 810 may contact glass substrate 820 everywhere except where rigid support structure 830 is present, as shown in
If force is not applied and maintained across different regions of a complex developable surface, complications may arise. For example, if, instead of using a die process or other process that applies and maintains force, a single roller is used, it may be difficult to bond a glass substrate to a rigid support structure having a complex developable surface. At the very least, yield is expected to suffer. Without being bound by theory, internal stress exists in cold-formed glass. In the absence of external constraints, this stress will move the glass towards its initial shape.
For example, as shown in
This disclosure describes a process to transform a flat glass substrate (such as the glass substrates described herein), which include the above-described coatings or surface treatments, into a cold-formed and curved article supported sufficiently to provide an accurate shape to match a curved display. In some embodiments, a die is used to impart a desired shape to a glass substrate by cold-forming the glass substrate into the desired shape. The die is also used to bond a non-planar rigid support structure to the cold-formed substrate while the die is imparting the desired shape. Once the non-planar rigid support structure is bonded to the cold-formed glass substrate, the die may be removed, and the non-planar rigid support structure maintains the desired shape of the cold-formed glass substrate. A die may be reused many times to reproducibly and precisely create the same shape for multiple articles comprising a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to a cold-formed glass substrate.
In some embodiments, an injection molding process is used to transform the flat glass substrate described herein to cold-formed and curved article created by injection molding a support structure on a major surface of the glass substrate, thus providing a superior support structure to hold the glass substrate to the prescribed shape and having the flexibility to match the curved display.
In some embodiments, a direct bonding process is used to cold-form and bond a previously flat glass substrate to a curved support structure, using that curved support structure to provide rigidity to the glass substrate and to hold the glass substrate into a cold-form shape of the curved support structure.
Either injection molding or direct bonding could provide support over a significant portion of the major surface of the glass substrate to support and maintain the cold-form shape, while minimizing the stresses imparted on the glass substrate.
This disclosure also describes an article that is a cold-formed glass substrate that is supported by a support structure to maintain a curved shape and minimize the stresses, and is open (unsupported) for the display area allowing the glass substrate surface to conform to the display shape.
The methods described herein and the resulting articles exhibit high quality and enable the integration of optical and other features.
With respect to high quality, the articles described herein enable superior fit to curved displays and exhibit high optical quality. Thin glass substrates may possess a flexible characteristic able to accommodate the curved display. Cold-forming maintains the high quality of the flat glass substrate that could be diminished in a thermal forming process. This concept also allows excellent stress management, minimizing the cold-form stress by providing support over a large area.
The articles described herein can easily integrate high quality coatings and surface treatments on a curved substrate surface, where such coatings are typically limited to flat parts. The coatings and/or surface treatments may be applied to a glass substrate prior to cold-forming, and cold-forming the coated and/or treated glass substrate in turn avoids the issues associated with thermal forming (i.e., damage to the coating and/or surface treatment from handling and/or high processing temperature).
In some embodiments described herein, the use of a “die” is described. As used herein, a die includes a structure used to impart a desired shape to a glass substrate, and to attach a non-planar rigid support structure to the glass substrate. The die itself is not a part of the finished article, but rather may be used repeatedly to create many finished articles. In one or more embodiments, the term “die” refers to a tool used to impart a desired shape upon an object. In such embodiments, “die” has at least two parts, a first part and a second part, that may be pressed together to impart a desired shape on a flexible object disposed between the first and second parts.
In some embodiments, a non-planar rigid support structure does not cover the glass substrate where the curved displays will be laminated. These areas and the area immediately adjacent do not have the rigid structure bonded to the glass substrate allowing some compliance to accurately match the curved surface of the curved display being laminated to the cover glass assembly.
In some embodiments, direct bonding is used to attach a cold-formed glass substrate to a non-planar rigid support structure.
The non-planar rigid support structure injection molded to the backside of the glass substrate provides a support structure across the glass substrate, leaving exposed the area of the curved display, insuring the non-display areas of the glass substrate are at the design shape. The display area of the glass substrate being open allows some compliance to match the attached curved display. So, the glass substrate is suitable for use as a cover glass for a display.
Various techniques other than injection molding may be used to achieve a non-planar rigid support structure attached to a cold-formed glass substrate to maintain the cold-formed shape and minimize stresses by supporting the curved surface over the area of the part excluding the display area.
The Figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. The different parts of various figures may have some parts not drawn to scale relative to other parts in order to better illustrate concepts.
In some embodiments, injection molding is used to form a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to a surface of a cold-formed glass substrate. Any suitable injection molding process and material(s) may be used. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are two common materials used to injection mold the non-planar rigid support structure. Reaction injection molding (RIM) may be used in some embodiments. Common materials used in RIM include polyurethane polyureas, polyisocyanurates, polyesters, polyphenols, polyepoxides, and nylon 6. Different materials may have different operating parameters. The machines, operating parameters (e.g., pressure, flow rate, temperature), and mold design may be different for different materials. Typical injection molding temperatures range from 300° F. to 450° F., and typical process pressures can range from the 200 psi to higher than 1000 psi. But, any suitable process parameters may be used.
Step 1210—Die 110 is used to cold-form glass substrate 120 into a desired shape.
Step 1220—Rigid support structure 130 is formed in recesses 113 and bonded to cold-formed glass substrate 120 by injection molding.
Step 1230—Die 110 is removed.
Step 1240—Optionally, additional adhesive 140 is applied.
Step 1310—Rigid support structure 830 is placed in recesses 813.
Step 1320—Die 810 is used to cold-form glass substrate 820 into a desired shape while direct bonding rigid support structure 830 to cold-formed glass substrate 820.
Step 1330—Die 810 is removed.
Step 1340—Optionally, additional adhesive 840 is applied.
One or more embodiments pertain to a vehicle interior system that includes a base including a non-planar support structure, and a cold-formed glass substrate (or laminate including a cold-formed substrate, as described herein) disposed on the non-planar support structure. In one or more embodiments, the base includes a display disposed between the base and the cold-formed substrate (or laminate including a cold-formed substrate). The display may be curved. In one or more embodiments, a cold-formed glass substrate comprises a thickness of 1.5 mm or less (or from about 0.4 mm to about 1.3 mm).
In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate used in such vehicle interior systems comprises a glass surface, and wherein at all point of the glass surface have a Gaussian curvature (GC) that is equal to zero (GC=Kmax*Kmin, wherein Kmax and Kmin are principal curvatures defined as Kmax=1/R′ and Kmin=1/R″), and wherein one of Kmax and Kmin is non-zero, R′ is the maximum radius of curvature and R″ is the minimum radius of curvature.
In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate (or laminate including a cold-formed substrate, as described herein) used in such vehicle interior systems includes a portion of a surface that comprises a concave shape and an R′ of the concave shape is in a range from about 37.5 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments with a convex surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.4 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 100 mm to about 200 mm, from about 125 mm to about 200 mm, from about 150 mm to about 200 mm, form about 175 mm to about 200 mm, from about 100 mm to about 175 mm, from about 100 mm to about 150 mm, or from about 100 mm to about 125 mm. In some embodiments with a convex surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.55 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 150 mm to about 250 mm, from about 175 mm to about 250 mm, from about 200 mm to about 250 mm, form about 225 mm to about 250 mm, from about 150 mm to about 225 mm, from about 150 mm to about 200 mm, or from about 150 mm to about 175 mm. In some embodiments with a convex surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.7 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 200 mm to about 300 mm, from about 225 mm to about 300 mm, from about 250 mm to about 300 mm, form about 275 mm to about 300 mm, from about 200 mm to about 275 mm, from about 200 mm to about 250 mm, or from about 200 mm to about 225 mm. In some embodiments with a convex surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 1.1 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 350 mm to about 450 mm, from about 375 mm to about 450 mm, from about 300 mm to about 450 mm, form about 325 mm to about 450 mm, from about 350 mm to about 425 mm, from about 350 mm to about 400 mm, or from about 350 mm to about 375 mm. In some embodiments with a convex surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 1.3 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 450 mm to about 550 mm, from about 475 mm to about 550 mm, from about 400 mm to about 550 mm, form about 425 mm to about 550 mm, from about 450 mm to about 525 mm, from about 450 mm to about 500 mm, or from about 450 mm to about 475 mm.
In one or more embodiments, a portion of a surface that comprises a convex shape and an R′ (maximum radius of curvature) of the convex shape is in a range from about 20 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments with a concave surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.4 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 15 mm to about 100 mm, from about 30 mm to about 100 mm, from about 50 mm to about 100 mm, form about 75 mm to about 100 mm, from about 15 mm to about 75 mm, from about 15 mm to about 50 mm, or from about 15 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments with a concave surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.55 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 20 mm to about 150 mm, from about 40 mm to about 150 mm, from about 50 mm to about 150 mm, form about 75 mm to about 150 mm, from about 20 mm to about 125 mm, from about 20 mm to about 100 mm, or from about 20 mm to about 75 mm. In some embodiments with a concave surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 0.7 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 25 mm to about 175 mm, from about 50 mm to about 175 mm, from about 75 mm to about 175 mm, form about 100 mm to about 175 mm, from about 150 mm to about 175 mm, from about 25 mm to about 150 mm, from about 25 mm to about 125 mm, from about 25 mm to about 100 mm or from about 25 mm to about 75 mm. In some embodiments with a concave surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 1.1 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 40 mm to about 225 mm, from about 50 mm to about 225 mm, from about 75 mm to about 225 mm, form about 100 mm to about 225 mm, from about 150 mm to about 225 mm, from about 40 mm to about 200 mm, from about 40 mm to about 175 mm, from about 40 mm to about 150 mm or from about 40 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments with a concave surface, the thickness of the substrate may be 1.3 mm and the R′ may be in a range from about 150 mm to about 250 mm, from about 175 mm to about 250 mm, from about 200 mm to about 250 mm, form about 225 mm to about 250 mm, from about 150 mm to about 225 mm, from about 150 mm to about 200 mm, or from about 150 mm to about 175 mm.
In one or more embodiments, the base comprises any one of a center console, a dashboard, an arm rest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor board, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel. The vehicle may be any one of an automobile, a seacraft, and an aircraft.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to indicate identical or functionally similar elements. References to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
As used herein, “comprising” is an open-ended transitional phrase. A list of elements following the transitional phrase “comprising” is a non-exclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present.
The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which would be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
Aspect (1) of this disclosure pertains to a process comprising: cold-forming a flat glass substrate into a non-planar shape using a die; and bonding the cold-formed glass substrate to a non-planar rigid support structure at a plurality of non-planar points using the die.
Aspect (2) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1), wherein the die is an injection-molding die, and the bonding is accomplished by injection molding the non-planar rigid support structure onto the cold-formed glass substrate while the die holds the cold-formed glass substrate in the non-planar shape.
Aspect (3) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (1), wherein the non-planar rigid support structure is formed prior to the bonding, and the bonding comprises using the die to directly bond the cold-formed glass substrate onto the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (4) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (3), further comprising placing the non-planar rigid support structure into a recess in the die prior to bonding.
Aspect (5) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (3) or Aspect (4), further comprising applying an adhesive to at least one of the non-planar rigid support structure and the flat glass substrate prior to bonding.
Aspect (6) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (5), further comprising, after bonding, applying an adhesive to an edge of an interface between the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (7) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (6), further comprising applying a coating to the flat glass substrate prior to cold-forming.
Aspect (8) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (7), wherein the coating is an ink coating.
Aspect (9) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (7), wherein the coating is an antireflective coating.
Aspect (10) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (7) through (9), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate, after bonding to the non-planar rigid support structure, includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, the open region having a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (11) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (10), further comprising attaching a display to at least one of the cold formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, such that the display is visible through the open region of the cold-formed glass substrate.
Aspect (12) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (11), wherein, during and after cold-forming, the temperature of the glass substrate does not exceed 800° F.
Aspect (13) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (12), wherein the glass substrate comprises a strengthened glass.
Aspect (14) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (1) through (13), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate has opposing major surfaces, and wherein one major surface is free of the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (15) pertains to an article comprising: a cold-formed glass substrate comprising a non-planar shape and a first major surface and an opposing second major surface, the first and second major surfaces comprising a surface compressive stress that differ from one another; a non-planar rigid support structure bonded to the first major surface at a plurality of non-planar points.
Aspect (16) pertains to the article of Aspect (15), wherein: the non-planar rigid support structure is injection molded onto the cold-formed glass substrate while the cold-formed glass comprises the non-planar shape.
Aspect (17) pertains to the article of Aspect (15), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate comprises a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the second major surface comprising a coating or surface treatment.
Aspect (18) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (15) through (17), further comprising an edge adhesive applied to an edge of an interface between the cold-formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (19) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (15) through (18), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, and the open region has a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (20) pertains to the article of Aspect (19), further comprising a display attached to at least one of the cold formed glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, wherein the display is visible through the cold-formed glass substrate.
Aspect (21) of this disclosure pertains to the process of any one of Aspects (15) through (20), further comprising a coating disposed on the cold-formed glass substrate.
Aspect (22) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (21), wherein the coating is an ink coating.
Aspect (23) of this disclosure pertains to the process of Aspect (21), wherein the coating is an antireflective coating.
Aspect (24) of this disclosure pertains to an article comprising: a glass substrate having opposing major surfaces and a curved shape, the opposing major surfaces comprising a surface stress that differ from one another, wherein the glass substrate is attached to a rigid support structure having the curved shape, wherein the glass substrate includes an open region not in direct contact with the non-planar rigid support structure, and the open region has a curved shape maintained by the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (25) of this disclosure pertains to an article comprising: a non-planar rigid support structure having a complex developable surface; a cold-formed glass substrate bonded to the non-planar rigid support structure, the cold formed glass substrate having the complex developable surface.
Aspect (26) of this disclosure pertains to the article of Aspect (25) or Aspect (24), further comprising a display attached to at least one of the glass substrate and the non-planar rigid support structure, wherein the display is visible through the open region of the glass substrate.
Aspect (27) of this disclosure pertains to an article of any one of Aspects (24) through (26), further comprising a coating disposed on the glass substrate.
Aspect (28) of this disclosure pertains to an article of Aspect (27), wherein the coating is an ink coating.
Aspect (29) of this disclosure pertains to an article of Aspect (27), wherein the coating is an antireflective coating.
Aspect (30) of this disclosure pertains to an article of any one of Aspects (24) through (29), wherein the glass substrate is a chemically strengthened glass substrate.
Aspect (31) of this disclosure pertains to an article of any one of Aspects (24) through (30), wherein one major surface is free of the non-planar rigid support structure.
Aspect (32) of this disclosure pertains to an article of any one of Aspects (24) through (31), wherein the cold formed glass substrate has a complex developable surface.
Aspect (33) of this disclosure pertains to vehicle interior system comprising: a base having a curved surface; an article comprising a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, wherein the glass substrate comprises a surface, and wherein at all point of the surface have a Gaussian curvature (GC) that is equal to zero (GC=Kmax*Kmin, wherein Kmax and Kmin are principal curvatures defined as Kmax=1/R′ and Kmin=1/R″), and wherein one of Kmax and Kmin is non-zero, R′ is the maximum radius of curvature and R″ is the minimum radius of curvature.
Aspect (34) pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (33), wherein the glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less.
Aspect (35) pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (33) or Aspect (34), wherein a portion of the surface comprises a concave shape and R′ of the concave shape is in a range from about 37.5 mm to about 500 mm.
Aspect (36) pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (33) or Aspect (34), wherein a portion of the surface comprises a convex shape and R′ of the convex shape is in a range from about 20 mm to about 500 mm.
Aspect (37) pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (33) through (36), further comprising a display.
Aspect (38) pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (37), wherein the display is disposed between the base and the article.
Aspect (39) pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (37) or Aspect (38), wherein the display is curved.
Aspect (40) pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (33) through (39), wherein the glass substrate is strengthened.
While various embodiments have been described herein, they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It should be apparent that adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It therefore will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The elements of the embodiments presented herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but may be interchanged to meet various needs as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art.
Embodiments described herein may be combined in any permutation.
It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a continuation application and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/312,797 filed Dec. 21, 2018, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/444,470 filed on Jan. 10, 2017 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/355,542 filed on Jun. 28, 2016, the contents of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 17007757 | US |
