Patent Application
20080018219
This invention relates to lamp filaments and particularly to such filaments having a lower temperature and longer life than conventional coil designs. It is particularly useful with infrared (IR) lamps.
In typical incandescent lamps a tungsten coil of a given length and wire diameter is used to radiate both visible light and IR radiation when an electrical current is passed through it.
The tungsten coil will sag over time, especially when the operating temperature exceeds 3000 C, as is known to happen in some demanding applications. It is known that the addition of potassium will reduce, but not eliminate, the coil sagging, as is shown from U.S. Pat. No. 2,012,825.
In the case of lamps used in a vertical, base-up position, that is, with the axis of the coil perpendicular to the ground, the sag will eventually cause a short circuit in the filament, which will lead to higher currents passing through the coil with a concomitant increase in coil temperature. The increase in temperature accelerates the coil sagging and causes a further compression of the turns of the coil. It has been suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,255 that this problem can somewhat be alleviated by using a coil having two distinct pitches with a wider pitch at the bottom of the coil.
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the invention to enhance the operation of tungsten filaments.
Still another object of the invention is an increase in the effective radiative surface area of the coil.
These objects are accomplished, in one aspect of the invention by the provision of a base-up incandescent lamp including a coiled-coil filament, said coiled-coil filament comprising a primary wire and a secondary wire, said primary wire comprising an overwind that overlies said secondary wire.
The overwind increase the effective radiative surface area of the coil and also produces a blackbody cavity effect that increases the effective emissivity of the secondary wire. These effects enhance the visible and IR radiated power per unit length and, therefore, lowers the filament temperature when operating at a fixed power. Operating at a lower temperature reduces the sag rate and thus increases lamp life. Alternatively, a lamp according to this aspect of the invention can be operated at higher powers to produce more IR radiation at the same color temperature
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims taken in conjunction with the above-described drawings.
Referring now to the drawings with greater particularity, there is shown in
Additionally, the life of the filament can be further increased by varying the pitch between the coils, as is shown diagrammatically in
As used herein the “pitch” is defined as the distance between two turns of wire (wire center to wire center) divided by the diameter of the wire, expressed as a percentage. Thus, a pitch of 100% indicates that adjacent turns are touching and a pitch of 200% indicates that the turns are spaced apart a distance equal to the diameter of the wire.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the filament can have a first section 20 pitch of 158%, a second section 22 pitch of 133%, and a third section pitch of 158%.
The overwind pitch can vary between a pitch of about 170% to 254% with 170% being preferred and the overwind wire diameter can be between 1 and 2 mils, with 2 mils being preferred. The secondary wire diameter can be between 9.19 mils and 10.27 mils; however the preferred secondary wire has a diameter of 9.55 mils and a length of 790 mm.
Table 1 below illustrates the various parameters, which are plotted in
The color temperature and power per unit length data in
More particularly, the data also illustrate how to optimize the overwind layer design. Clearly, going from the 1 mil overwind (item 5580) to the 2 mil overwind (items H2947 and H2949) at the 254% pitch increase radiated power at a given filament temperature because of the larger emitting surface area of the overwind layer. Equivalently, one can reduce the operating temperature at a given input power. Decreasing the pitch to 170% (items H2946 and H2948) further lowers the color temperature compared to the equivalent lamps with the 254% pitch.
Table II below shows the measurements of actual total radiated visible and IR power from the lamps shown in Table I.
The measurements were performed by first making absolute spectral irradiance measurements over the entire wavelength range. These measurements were then converted to absolute fluxes through comparisons of visible wavelength absolute flux measurements made in an integrating sphere.
The results show that at a fixed color temperature of 2950K, all four lamps with the 2 mil overwind produced considerably more total radiated power than the lamp with the 1 mil overwind. This shows that the increased electrical power at a fixed color temperature with the larger overwind is going directly into desired radiated power. The corresponding efficiencies of visible and IR radiated power to electrical power are also displayed.
While there have been shown and described what are present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
