Patent Application
20080084151
In various aspects of the invention, a night vision system includes a lamp with a filter which is transmissive to infra-red (IR) radiation and substantially blocks all visible radiation. The filter may be in the form of a multi-layer coating comprising alternating layers of high and low refractive index materials and may further include a protective outer layer which resists degradation of the film at high temperatures. The lamp is suited to operation in automotive applications where the lamp may operate at relatively high temperatures without appreciable degradation of the filter.
For automotive active night-vision systems it is desirable to project near infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 850 nm to 1100 nm. It is also desirable that substantially no visible light be projected from the lamp as the lamp is generally angled in a high-beam position projecting much further than normal low beam headlights. It is also desirable that substantially no red light be projected from the lamp as automotive regulations do not permit red light on the front of the vehicle. To provide a high efficacy of the lamp in a detectable region of the spectrum, it is beneficial for infrared radiation with wavelength between 1100 nm and 2000 nm (the upper end of the near infrared region and far infrared region) to be reflected back to the filament.
With reference to
The lamp assembly 10 includes an electric lamp 18, which is mounted in a reflector housing 20 having a reflective interior surface 22. The lamp 18 includes a vessel or envelope 24. The vessel 24 may be formed from glass, quartz (high silica glass), or other IR transmissive material which is stable at lamp operating temperatures. The vessel 24 is generally cylindrical and has its longitudinal axis aligned with an axis X of the reflector housing 20. The vessel 24 is closed in vacuum tight manner to define an interior space 26 containing a halogen fill, typically comprising an alkyl bromide, such as CH2Br2, and an inert gas, such as argon or xenon. An incandescent radiation source 28, such as a filament in the form of a helical coil, which may be formed from tungsten, is disposed within the vessel 24. The fill is thus in contact with both the vessel 24 and the filament 28. The illustrated filament 28 has its longest dimension parallel to and substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis X, although other orientations are contemplated. When energized, the filament emits radiation in at least the IR and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radiation from the filament 28 which passes through the vessel 24 may be reflected by the reflective interior surface 22 and may exit the lamp assembly through a transparent window or lens 30, which closes an otherwise open end of the reflector housing 20. While an incandescent radiation source 28 is illustrated, other infra red radiation sources are contemplated, such as electrodes which generate an arc discharge in a gap between the electrodes when the electrodes are energized.
The reflector housing 20 may be formed, for example, from plastic, glass, or aluminum. The housing may be itself reflective or may have a reflective coating formed thereon which defines the reflective surface 22. In the case of a plastic housing, the coating may be provided on an interior surface of the housing. In the case of glass, the coating may be provided on an interior or exterior surface. The reflective surface may be a metal, such as silver or aluminum, or may be defined by a dichroic coating comprising multiple layers of alternating higher and lower refractive index materials. The reflective surface may be generally parabolic, elliptical, or other suitable shape.
The illustrated lamp 18 is of the single ended type in which electrodes 32, 34 connecting the filament with a source of power extend from the lamp in the same direction, although double ended lamps are also contemplated. Vehicle headlamps that contain halogen or discharge light sources for general illumination are suitable lamps since they are also near-infrared light sources that can be optimized for near-infrared illumination. In general, halogen light sources are the most suitable for optimization since about 25% of the total radiated power of a high beam (60 W) light source lies in the near-infrared wavelength range from 800 to 1100 nm. In one embodiment, the lamp comprises an H7 halogen lamp having a cylindrical wall 36 and a rounded tip 38.
As shown in
The optical interference film may be formed of multiple layers of refractory materials of high and low refractive index. Exemplary materials for forming the film 40 include one or more of silicon and germanium as low index of refraction materials, and one or more of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), tantala (tantalum pentoxide, Ta2O5), titania (titanium dioxide, TiO2), niobia (niobium pentoxide, Nb2O5), zirconia (zirconium oxide, ZrO2), and vanadium oxide (e.g., V2O3, V2O4 or V2O5) as high index of refraction materials, o other combinations of these materials which provide boundaries between higher and lower refractive index materials. For example, the film may comprise alternating layers of silicon and silica, silicon and alumina, or a combination thereof. Such interference films may be applied using evaporation or sputtering techniques and also by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) processes, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,949,005, 5,143,445, 5,569,970, 6,441,541, and 6,710,520.
An exemplary thin film optical interference filter 40 is provided on the outer surface 42 of the lamp vessel as a continuous coating consisting of alternating layers 44, 46, 48, 50, etc. of silicon and silica (or other high and low refractive index materials) arranged so as to adjust the pass-band and the stop-band characteristics of the emitted radiation of the lamp. The total number of layers 44, 46, etc. of silicon and silica can be as large as possible to obtain maximum optical performance. In some cases, stress cracking may be a concern if the overall thickness of the film 40 is too great. For example, the total number of layers may be from about five to about 100 and in one embodiment at least seven and in another embodiment, at least twelve layers. In another embodiment, the film includes less than forty layers. The layers 44, 46 may each have a thickness in the range of 10 to about 10,000 nm.
The exemplary interference film 40 is selected to reflect the visible radiation emitted by tungsten filament 28 as well as radiation in the far infrared (FIR, generally wavelengths above 1400 nm and up to about 2000 nm) back to the filament, while transmitting the near infrared (NIR) radiation. As mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,970, there are a large number of computer programs commercially available for optimizing multilayer coatings for selection of specific pass bands and stop bands. Suitable thin film software programs of this type include OptiLayer (for design and evaluation), OptiChar (for optical characterization), and OptiRE (for post-production characterization) systems available from OptiLayer Ltd.
It has been found that an optimal pass band for a filter 40 for an automotive night vision system is from about 850 nm to about 1100 nm with a sharp cut on at 850 nm and a sharp cut off at about 1100 nm. In the optimal case, the transmission in the range of 380-780 nm is 0% and the transmission in the range 1100-2000 nm is also 0%, with transmission in the range 850-1100 nm being 100%. The exemplary interference film 40 may approximate this optimal pass band. In general, closer approximations can be achieved at higher numbers of optical interference layers. Useful films 40 are those which transmit substantially no radiation in the visible range. Specifically, the film 40 transmits an average of less than about 2% of the visible radiation emitted by the filament 28 in the range of 400-750 nm (or, more particularly, in the range of 380-780 nm). In one embodiment, the transmission in this wavelength range is about 1% or less and, in another embodiment, about 0.5%, or less. Such a film 40 may also transmit an average of less than about 30% of the radiation emitted by the filament in the range of 1200-1500 nm (or, more particularly, in the range of 1100-2000 nm), and in some embodiments, less than about 20%. The average transmittance in the range of 850-1100 nm may be at least about 60% and in some embodiments, at least 70% or at least 80%.
For example,
A more readily realized design having fewer layers is illustrated in
Under normal operating conditions, the lamp may operate at a temperature of about 600° C.-700° C., or above, and can be as high as about 900° C. Lamps having a parabolic reflector have a tendency to concentrate the heat on the lamp vessel resulting in high operating temperatures under normal conditions. Under such operating conditions, it has been found that there is a tendency for the silicon layer(s) closest to the surface to be oxidized in normal atmospheres. Over time, this affects the thickness of the outer silicon layer(s). Because the thicknesses of the silicon and silica layers influence the transmission characteristics of the interference film, oxidation may result in a deterioration of the stop and pass band characteristics over the operating lifetime of the lamp. To reduce the effects of oxidation on transmission characteristics, the interference film may include an outer protective layer 50, exposed to atmosphere. In one embodiment, the outer protective layer is formed of silica. In this embodiment, the protective layer 50 has a sufficient thickness to prevent or at least slow down the diffusion of oxygen to the underlying silicon layer(s) 48, etc. The silica protective layer 50 may be at least twice as thick as the adjacent silicon layer 48 and in general, at least three times the thickness. In one embodiment, the protective layer 50 may be at least 1 micron in thickness, such as from 1-2 microns in thickness. The adjacent silicon layer 48 may be about 300 nm or less in thickness, e.g., about 200 nm or less and in one embodiment, from about 20 to 100 nm.
In another embodiment, the protective layer 50 may comprise a material which is more resistant to the penetration of oxygen than is silica, such as alumina. Diffusion of oxygen through alumina is about 5 orders of magnitude slower than it is through silica. In this embodiment, the other layers 44, 46, 48, etc. in the film may be silicon and silica with only the outermost layer 50 formed of alumina. The alumina layer 50 may be of a similar thickness to the other layers (e.g., about 200 nm) or may be thicker (e.g., 1-2 microns).
In another embodiment, some or all of the low refractive index material layers may comprise alumina rather than silicon. In this embodiment, the high refractive index layers may be silica. Thus, in this embodiment, the film 40 may comprise alternating layers of alumina and silica as the low and high refractive index materials.
The exemplary lamp assembly is particularly suited to use in active IR systems and avoids the need for additional components, such as a moveable IR-filter or a moveable IR transparent shield. Other components of the lamp assembly, such as the lens 30 and a lamp shroud, where present, may thus be substantially transmissive to visible light e.g., transmit at least 50% of the visible light which is incident thereon.
Without intending to limit the exemplary embodiment, the following examples illustrate the development of an exemplary interference film for a lamp.
Multilayer films comprising alternating layers of silicon and silica were formed on H7 halogen bulbs by vacuum sputtering to provide a near infrared (NIR) band pass coating.
Oxidation tests were performed on interference films to determine the susceptibility of the films to oxidation in air at temperatures in the range of 500-700° C. Tests were performed on a 6-layer Si-Silica stack formed by vacuum sputtering of quartz slides. The outermost layer of silica was on the order of 200 nm. Samples thus formed were placed in furnaces at temperatures of 500°, 600°, and 700°, in air. Transmittance curves were measured at various times up to 599 hours at 500° C., 491 hours at 600° C., and 194 hours at 700° C. At 500° C., no significant shift was observed in the visible part of the spectrum, and minimal shift occurred elsewhere over the length of the test. At 600° C., a significant shift in the spectrum was observed between 328 hr and 491 hr. This suggests that oxide growth and Si layer thickness reduction may become significant beyond the expected lamp life of 320 hr. As illustrated in
Table 1 shows calculated thicknesses in nanometers of the last (outermost) two layers of the film based on transmittance measurements for these conditions as determined with OptiRE software.
It should be noted that errors may occur in calculating absolute thicknesses of the layers, but the trend is as expected with the Si layer 5 being oxidized and decreasing in thickness as the silica layer 6 increases in thickness. A layer thickness change greater than 10% may be considered significant, depending on the film design. According to the calculations, the thickness of layer 5 decreased by greater than 25% within the first 49 hours at 700° C.
For a 12-layer film similarly formed, measured transmittance curves for the as-deposited film and after 72 hours at 600° C. and 700° C., a slight, but nevertheless detectable alteration was observed after 72 hours at temperature. This suggests that films with a larger number of layers (or a thicker film design or thicker outermost layer) may be less sensitive to oxidation in terms of their optical performance.
Although the tests were performed in the absence of a protective layer, the results indicate that for optimal performance of the lamp assembly over the lifetime of the lamp, a protective layer may be beneficial, particularly at lamp operating temperatures in excess of 600° C.
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations.
