Patent Application
20100213306
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. This patent document may show and/or describe matter which is or may become trade dress of the owner. The copyright and trade dress owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright and trade dress rights whatsoever.
1. Field
This disclosure relates to a vehicle and method for intercepting and destroying ballistic missile re-entry vehicles and other targets.
2. Description of the Related Art
Systems for intercepting ballistic missile threats typically reply on a kinetic kill vehicle (KKV), also termed a “hit-to-kill” vehicle, to destroy the threat re-entry vehicle by way of physical collision. A missile carrying the KKV, or a plurality of KKVs, is launched to the place the KKV in a position proximate the trajectory of the target re-entry vehicle. The KKV then detects and tracks the target vehicle and navigates to attempt to physically collide with the target. Exemplary KKV development programs include the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), the Lightweight Exoatmospheric Projectile (LEAP), and the Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV).
KKVs are designed to intercept and destroy the target re-entry vehicle during the mid-course phase of the re-entry vehicle flight. The interception may occur above the earth's atmosphere at altitudes in excess of 100 miles. The combined speed of the KKV and the target re-entry vehicle may approach 15,000 miles per hour, or over 20,000 feet per second, such that a collision between the KKV and the re-entry vehicle will severely damage or destroy the re-entry vehicle. Given the high speeds of both vehicles, the KKV typically attempts to maneuver to assume a trajectory that is a reciprocal of the trajectory of the target re-entry vehicle, which is to say that the kill vehicle and target re-entry vehicles are traveling on the same or nearly the same trajectory in opposing directions. In reality, the kill vehicle will deviate from the desired reciprocal trajectory by an error amount, commonly termed the CEP or circular error probable. The CEP is defined as the radius of a circle about the desired trajectory that would contain the kill vehicle 50% of the time. A normal distribution of the vehicle navigation errors is commonly assumed, such that the kill vehicle will be within a circle having a radius of twice the CEP 93% of the time and within a circle having a radius of three times the CEP more than 99% of the time. Given the relatively small sizes of the hit-to-kill vehicle and the target re-entry vehicle and the extreme closing speed, the CEP of the KKV may need to be less than a fraction of a meter to provide a high probability of colliding with the target re-entry vehicle. These extremely precise navigational requirements complicate the design and raise the cost of the ballistic missile defense systems presently in development.
Throughout this description, elements appearing in figures are assigned three-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit is the figure number and the two least significant digits are specific to the element. An element that is not described in conjunction with a figure may be presumed to have the same characteristics and function as a previously-described element having a reference designator with the same least significant digits.
Referring now to
At some time after the detection of the ballistic missile launch, an interceptor missile 100 may be launched to intercept the re-entry vehicle 195. The interceptor missile 100 may include one or more rocket stages, which are not shown individually in
The kill vehicle 110 may navigate a collision course with the re-entry vehicle 195 in an attempt to destroy the re-entry vehicle 110 by physical collision. In this patent, the term “collision course” is intended to mean a course where the CEP of the kill vehicle is centered on a trajectory that is reciprocal to the trajectory of the re-entry vehicle. Note, however, that a collision between a kill vehicle traveling on a “collision course” and a target re-entry vehicle is not guaranteed. To maximize the probability of a collision between the kill vehicle 110 and the re-entry vehicle 195, the kill vehicle 110 may deploy an expandable collar 150 that greatly increases the cross-sectional area of the kill vehicle 110 shortly before the anticipated impact with the re-entry vehicle 195. The collar 150 may include a plurality of inflatable bags or “ballutes” that may be inflated to extend from the kill vehicle. Within this patent, the inflatable elements of the collar 150 will be referred to as “ballutes”. The word “ballute” (a contraction or portmanteau of “balloon” and “parachute”) was originally coined to describe inflatable parachutes, which are similar in appearance and structure to the inflatable elements of the collar 150. The material, construction, packaging, and inflation technology of the ballutes may be adapted from automotive airbag technology.
The number of ballutes and the size of each ballute may be a compromise between the desire to increase the cross-sectional area of the kill vehicle and the limited volume available for storing the ballutes within the kill vehicle. Thus the number and size of the ballutes may be different for kill vehicles of different sizes. The number of ballutes, the overlap of the adjacent ballutes, the thickness of each ballute, and other parameters may be determined, for example, by simulation of engagements with target re-entry vehicles.
Each of the ballutes 250A-G may be an inflatable bag made from a flexible fabric. Suitable fabrics may include continuous films, knit or woven materials, hybrid materials combining a continuous film with a reinforcing knit or woven material, and other materials.
Explosive charges may be disposed on at least some of the ballutes 250A-G. As shown in the example of
Hard masses or particles 265, intended to damage a target re-entry vehicle through impact, may be disposed on at least some of the ballutes 250A-G. The masses may be affixed to an exterior or interior surface of the ballute fabric, or may be otherwise disposed on or within the ballutes. The number of position of the masses disposed on each ballute may be selected to ensure impact between at least one mass and a target re-entry vehicle.
Prior to deployment, the plurality of ballutes 250A-G may be folded or rolled and stored within the kill vehicle body 220. The ballutes 250A-G may then be deployed using a combustible gas generator to inflate each ballute in a manner similar to the inflation of an automotive airbag.
The need for airbags to protect automobile occupants during front-impact and side-impact collisions has led to extensive development of airbag fabrics and materials, airbag folding methods and equipment, and airbag gas generators and inflation technology which may be adapted for use in the kill vehicle 210. Extensive airbag simulation techniques and software tools have also been developed which may be applied in the design of the kill vehicle 210. Exemplary software tools which have been used for airbag simulation include PAM-SAFE available from ESI Group, LS-DYNA available from Dynamore GmbH, and MADYMO available from TNO Automotive Safety Systems.
The plurality of ballutes 250A-G may differ from typical automotive airbags in several features. Each ballute 250A-G may have a radial length of more than 1 meter and may have a substantially larger volume than a typical automotive airbag. In compensation, the ballutes 250A-G may be deployed in advance of an anticipated collision with a target re-entry vehicle, as opposed to an automotive airbag which is inflated during the collision. Thus the ballutes 250A-G may be deployed an adequate time in advance of intercepting the target re-entry vehicle to allow full inflation of the larger volume. Further, automotive airbags are typically designed with vents such that the bag deflates gradually and automatically after inflation. The ballutes 250A-G may be constructed without vents such that the ballute 350A remains fully inflated until impact. In addition, the ballutes 250A-G may contain or support objects, such as the explosive charges 260A-G and/or masses 265, having a high mass density compared to the airbag fabric. Since available airbag simulation software tools are based on finite element models, these tools may directly support simulation and design of ballutes including dense objects.
Prior to deployment, the plurality of ballutes may be folded or rolled and stored within the housing 314. The ballutes may then be deployed using one or more combustible gas generators to inflate each ballute.
Each ballute 350A may be constructed of a fabric which may include reinforcing elements such as fine threads, fibers, or wires. For example, each ballute 350A may include reinforcing elements in a mesh pattern as indicated by the dashed lines 352 and 354. The ballute material including the reinforcing elements may be adapted to cause the ballute to wrap around, at least in part, the target re-entry vehicle upon impact.
The controller 430 may include software and/or hardware for providing functionality and features described herein. The controller 430 may therefore include one or more of: logic arrays, memories, analog circuits, digital circuits, software, firmware, and processors such as microprocessors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) and programmable logic arrays (PLAs). The processes, functionality and features may be embodied in whole or in part in software which operates on the controller and may be in the form of firmware, an application program, or an operating system component or service. The hardware and software and their functions may be distributed such that some components are performed by the controller 430 and others by other devices.
The detonation controller 458 may be disposed, as shown in
The detonation controller 458 may cause the explosive charge 460 to detonate at a specific time, as instructed by the controller 430. The specific time may be an anticipated time of collision with the target re-entry vehicle. One or more impact sensors 456 may be attached to the ballute 450A and the detonation controller 458 may cause the explosive charge 460 to detonate upon impact with the target re-entry vehicle based on signals from the impact sensors 456. The impact sensors 456 may be, for example, accelerometers or other sensors. The impact sensors 456 may be, for example, affixed to an exterior or interior surface of the ballute or otherwise disposed within the ballute.
The detonation controller 458 may cause the explosive charge 460 to detonate based upon an electrical trigger switch incorporated into the structure of the ballute 450A. Electrical conductors may be disposed on the opposing inner surfaces 452, 454 of the ballute 450A. These conductors may be an array of wires incorporated into or attached to the surfaces 452, 454 or conductive films deposited on or laminated to the surfaces 452, 454. Prior to collision with the target re-entry vehicle, the electrical conductors on the surface 452 may be electrically isolated from the electrical conductors on the surface 454. During collision with the target re-entry vehicle, the electrical conductors on surface 452 may be forced into contact with the electrical conductor on the surface 454, completing an electric circuit that initiates the detonation of the explosive charge 456. The detonation controller 458 may cause the explosive charge to detonate immediately or after a short delay that may allow the ballute 450A to wrap around, at least partially, the target re-entry vehicle.
Referring now to
At 572, the launch of a ballistic missile threat may be detected. The launch may be detected by a ground-based early warning radar, a satellite-based infrared sensor, or some other sensor system. The threat may be tracked by one or more sensor systems and an intended destination may be estimated. Some time after launch, the threat may release a target re-entry vehicle which may contain a nuclear, biological, chemical, or conventional warhead. The threat may release a plurality re-entry vehicles or a plurality of re-entry vehicles and decoy vehicles. The process of
At some time after the detection of the threat launch at 572, an interceptor missile may be launched at 574 to intercept the target re-entry vehicle. At 576, at a predetermined time after launch, the interceptor missile may deploy at least one kill vehicle assigned to intercept the target re-entry vehicle.
At 578, the kill vehicle 110 may navigate to a reciprocal of the trajectory of the target re-entry vehicle such that a collision will occur between the kill vehicle and the target re-entry vehicle. To ensure a collision between the kill vehicle and the re-entry vehicle, at 580, the kill vehicle may deploy an expandable collar composed of a plurality of inflatable ballutes that greatly increases the cross-sectional area of the kill vehicle. The ballutes may be inflated at 580 shortly before the anticipated collision with the target re-entry vehicle.
At 582, prior to the anticipated collision with the target re-entry vehicle, explosive charges within at least some of the ballutes may be armed. At 584, one or more of the explosive charges may be detonated. The explosive charges may be detonated at 584 at anticipated time of collision, or when the collision is sensed by a sensor and/or an electrical trigger circuit incorporated within the ballutes.
Throughout this description, the embodiments and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus and procedures disclosed or claimed. Although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. With regard to flowcharts, additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the steps as shown may be combined or further refined to achieve the methods described herein. Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments.
For means-plus-function limitations recited in the claims, the means are not intended to be limited to the means disclosed herein for performing the recited function, but are intended to cover in scope any means, known now or later developed, for performing the recited function.
As used herein, “plurality” means two or more.
As used herein, a “set” of items may include one or more of such items.
As used herein, whether in the written description or the claims, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
As used herein, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.
