Patent Application
20180016010
Embodiments of the invention relate to a monument assembly for an aircraft and an aircraft having such a monument assembly.
Aircraft usually comprise a fuselage, to which wings are attached and in which a cabin is created. The layout of the cabin highly depends on individual requirements of the respective aircraft operator, including the division into several classes, the position, design and number of galleys, lavatories and additional stowage compartments. For increasing the economical efficiency of an aircraft, one of the above mentioned requirements may particularly be directed to a maximization of the number of passenger seats. This often leads to the demand for a more efficient galley setup, i.e. the required functions packed into a minimized installation space and at the same time maintaining the ergonomics for cabin personnel, such that more installation space inside the cabin remains available for the integration of additional passenger seats.
Given that often aircraft operators have a demand for individually designed galleys or other cabin monuments, seat arrangements and number of available seats, modular designs exist, which depend on available installation positions and attachment means inside the cabin.
WO 2012110643 A1 shows a modular cabin segment and a vehicle having such a cabin segment, which comprises a first lateral segment module that accommodates a first toilet arrangement with a toilet compartment, and a second lateral segment module, wherein in each case an outer lateral face of the first segment module and of the second lateral segment module is designed to adapt in each case to an inner wall of a cabin of the vehicle so as to correspond to the aforesaid.
However, the limitations to available installation positions of certain monuments inside the cabin are relatively strict. Therefore, proposed here is an aircraft that allows a space efficient, yet flexible and individual integration of cabin monuments, which are able to still further increase the number of available seats in the cabin while maintaining the comfort and ergonomic characteristics for passengers and cabin personnel.
Certain objectives are met by a monument assembly having the features of independent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments and further improvements may be derived from the subclaims and the following description.
It is proposed a monument assembly for an aircraft, the assembly comprising at least one component of a primary structure of the aircraft, in particular a fuselage stiffening element, and a plurality of interconnected framework elements for creating a self-carrying three-dimensional framework, wherein the at least one component of the primary structure of the aircraft is attachable to a skin of the aircraft and comprises at least one holding device, element, structure, or mechanism. The framework is mechanically supported on the at least one holding device and comprises a plurality of compartments accessible from an interior region of the aircraft, which compartments are adapted for receiving and holding cabin equipment modules.
A fuselage of an aircraft usually includes a structure having a particularly low weight, including a skin made from a sheet-like material attached to a plurality of stiffening elements, which define the overall shape of the aircraft fuselage. The stiffening elements often include parallel frame members arranged at a distance to each other, each having a profile cross-section that extends along a substantially closed contour in a circumferential direction, and longitudinal stiffening elements. The latter are often referred to as stringers and extend substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the aircraft for providing torsional stiffness around axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The skin extends over all frame elements and the stringers are attached to an inner side of the skin. The frame elements and the stringers constitute the primary structure of the aircraft. Commercial aircraft often comprise a pressurized cabin, which is delimited on a rear side by a pressure bulkhead, which may also be a part of or integrated into the primary structure.
The mechanical stability of some elements of the primary structure may exceed a stability needed for the normal operation of the aircraft. This may especially be the case when standardized and common profiles are used throughout the aircraft or over large sections for creating stiffening elements of the primary structure. However, as the expectable mechanical loads vary along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft it is possible that e.g. some frame elements may be capable of carrying much higher loads than they will ever experience. These clearly allow to provide further mechanical functions, which go beyond the function of providing a sufficiently stable fuselage.
The set of framework elements that constitute a spatial framework, i.e. a space frame, may be realized of any suitable type, which allow to carry a sufficient portion of the load occurring in the framework. These may include longitudinal rod-like elements, beams, tubes, planar elements or a combination thereof. The size of the framework, i.e. the extension in all three dimensions, the position and structural characteristics may be chosen according to desired individual functions of the equipment modules to be integrated or according to a more general, modular approach, leading to the capability of an integration of any possible module.
A holding device or mechanism may be any fastening element, which is capable of connecting a framework element and the at least one stiffening element. The holding device or mechanism may be attached to, integrated into or coupled with the at least one component of the primary structure.
Preferably, each of the framework elements is supported on at least one holding device, such that the load transfer between the framework elements and the at least one component of the primary structure is harmonic over the complete dimensional extensions of the framework. Further, individual loads that act on the individual framework elements, especially on interfaces with other framework elements, are reduced. Still further, the mechanical redundancy is increased, such that a single failure of a connection between the at least one component of the primary structure and the respective framework element only has a negligible effect on the framework.
A core aspect of the assembly according to an embodiment of the invention lies in providing an excellent ability to customize a large and completely modular equipable monument due do its integration into a primary structure of a fuselage instead of the integration of a plurality of much smaller monuments into a cabin structure, which itself is supported in the primary structure. Hence, besides the elimination of load transfers between such a large monument assembly and the cabin structure the self-supporting assembly is completely independent from any cabin layout and may extend into a space of the aircraft, which does not necessarily comprise passenger seats, such as a tail region in front of a pressure bulkhead. The cabin and particularly the cabin floor do not have to extend into the framework.
In an advantageous embodiment, the holding device or element is a bracket attachable to the at least one component of the primary structure of the aircraft. The integration of simple brackets may easily be possible as a retrofit solution. For example, brackets may be bolted to the component of the primary structure depending on the desired extension and position of the framework.
Still further, the bracket may protrude from the at least one component of the primary structure of the aircraft. A bracket may comprise a combination of a web and an attachment surface, which are arranged perpendicularly to each other. The web may extend over the at least one component and allows to carry or hold a respective framework element.
In an advantageous embodiment, the at least one component of the primary structure is a frame element extending around a longitudinal axis of the aircraft. As explained above, a frame element of an aircraft fuselage comprises a substantially closed and preferably rounded contour, along which a certain stability providing profile cross-section extends. Such a profile cross-section preferably comprises a web and one or several legs attached thereto and extending at an angle relative to the web, which leads to an exceptional stability of a resulting frame element. The at least one holding device may be attached to, coupled with or integrated into such a leg or web and may include an opening, a cut-out, a recess, a threaded hole, a swivable fork or any other element that allows to attach a framework element to the respective frame element.
Preferably, the holding device or element is adapted for providing a variable fastening angle and, consequently, may act as an angular joint, which eliminates structural stresses that arise due to constraint forces in the framework. It is clear that the framework should at the same time be adapted for a connection with the at least one holding device, which may be conducted through the integration of a corresponding element, such as another bracket, a bolt, a web, etc.
In order to minimize the effort of introducing a framework into an already existing fuselage, the at least one holding device may also be easily attachable to the frame element without altering the mechanical stability of the frame element. The holding device, structure, or element may be bolted or screwed to the respective frame element or any other component of the primary structure.
For clarification, the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is defined by the main extension direction of the fuselage, which is often referred to as x-axis in an aircraft-fixed coordinate system. Hence, the respective frame element lies in a y-z-plane.
In another advantageous embodiment, the at least one component of the primary structure is a frame element arranged in a tail region of the aircraft, in front of or coinciding with a pressure bulkhead. Commonly, aircraft fuselages comprise a relatively large section having a substantially constant cross-sectional surface, completed by a nose section and a tail section, which comprises a tapered shape having a constantly decreasing width, height and/or mean diameter. Accordingly, the frame elements arranged in the tail region may be relatively small. Further, the pressurized cabin of an aircraft is usually delimited by a pressure bulkhead in a rearward direction, which pressure bulkhead comprises a curved, bulgy shape for stability reasons. The section directly in front of the pressure bulkhead often remains hardly used for cabin equipment, especially in double-deck aircraft. It suggests itself for integration of the above-mentioned framework. As often all frame elements in an aircraft are based on a common design, which not only depends on the mechanical rigidity, but also on a required surface size for a contact to the fuselage skin etc., the rearward frame elements often provide an excessive mechanical stability. This in turn provides an excellent ability to carry the above-mentioned framework.
The pressure bulkhead usually follows the shape of a rearward frame element; behind which it is installed. For a particular efficiency, the pressure bulkhead and the rearmost frame element may be an integral part. Hence, the at least one component of the primary structure mentioned regarding the core features of the monument assembly, may also be the pressure bulkhead in this case and more particularly, an outer ring or edge of the pressure bulkhead.
Still further, the framework may substantially extend over the complete interior space of an associated length-wise section in the fuselage. Hence, the framework substantially extends over the complete available space in z-direction inside the fuselage. Depending on the position of the framework inside the fuselage and its extension in x-direction, the “associated length-wise section” is constituted, i.e. a slice of the fuselage, in which the framework is situated. Particularly, in the tail region of the aircraft as mentioned above, the framework constitutes a system, which is completely independent from the cabin, as the cabin and particularly the cabin floor(s) only extend to a forwardmost delimitation of the framework.
The compartments in the framework may be arranged in a grid having at least two rows of compartments, which rows follow on after another in a vertical direction. Resultantly, the framework may be considered a shelf-like system allowing to receive equipment modules in a sorted, but also in a flexible manner. The rows do not have to extend along the complete available width, it may also extend along only a part of the available width.
At least one row or at least one group of rows may be associated with a cabin deck of the aircraft. The cabin, which comprises a cabin floor, may extend up to a forward end of the framework. The cabin floor does not have to extend into the framework, instead, the framework may provide its own floor. Depending on the height of the cabin or cargo deck, a plurality of rows of compartments may be present for housing cabin-related equipment, such as galley equipment.
The same applies to at least one row or one group of rows, which is associated with a cargo deck of the aircraft.
It is particularly advantageous if a top region of a row or an upper row of a group of rows associated with the cabin deck or a cargo deck or simply a remaining upper space above an upper row outside a reachable height relative to the floor of the respective deck, comprises a rack for at least one auxiliary system. Such an auxiliary system is to be understood as a system that does not have to be accessed during the flight by personnel from inside the cabin. However, as the height of the respective top region or upper row may be excessive for cabin personnel, cooling systems, in flight entertainment systems, underfloor storage or any other systems may easily be arranged therein.
The monument assembly may further comprise a plurality of cabin equipment modules, chosen from a group of cabin equipment modules, the group including storage compartments, cabin trolley parking spaces, compartments for holding galley appliances, stairs, lifts and restrooms. The lifts may be useable by passengers and/or for cabin trolleys. The design of the equipment modules is very flexible.
However, particularly regarding retrofit or maintenance considerations, it is preferred that the equipment modules are dimensioned so as to fit through a door of the aircraft. Exemplarily, an equipment module should not exceed a width of approximately 1000 mm and a depth of approximately 1500 mm or vice versa. More particularly, the cabin doors of an AIRBUS A380 aircraft would allow equipment modules with a width of 1042 mm and a depth of 1550 mm or vice versa to be inserted into the cabin. The height of the equipment modules insertable into the cabin depends on the available width in the cabin. However, the height of an equipment module to be inserted into the cabin and the framework, respectively, may also depend on the height of the cabin deck, to which the equipment module is associated.
The compartments and various equipment modules may vary in size and purposes. For example, lower rows of compartments may be used for housing larger equipment modules, such as trolley receiving compartments, i.e. parking spaces, storage compartments, waste bin compartments, waste compactors and so on. The respective equipment modules may in this case be limited to wall elements and auxiliary systems, such as a waste compacting mechanism and cooling devices.
Exemplarily, the height of equipment modules, which constitute trolley receiving compartments, may be dimensioned to provide sufficient space for housing a standard full-size or half-size trolley, which commonly has a height of 1030 mm. Hence, the available height of the receiving space may measure 1050 mm, leading to a height of the respective equipment module depending on the thickness of the side walls of the equipment module, which may be in the range of 5 to 25 mm or slightly more or less. In the same manner, equipment modules for housing galley appliances or storage compartments directly above trolley receiving compartments may comprise a common available inner height, which is slightly more than 600 mm, e.g. 674 mm. Above these, additional compartments may be installed with an even smaller available inner height, such as 300 mm, for receiving storage standard boxes. The grid pattern of an arrangement of galley-related compartments may be driven by the width of cabin trolleys.
Equipment modules arranged in compartments above trolley receiving compartments may have a smaller depth than the trolley receiving compartments and/or are placed further to a rear side of the framework, such that a step in x-wise direction in the front of the fully equipped framework is created, which allows the integration of a work deck above the trolley receiving compartment above the compartment placed on top of the trolley receiving compartment.
For the purpose of a normal operation, galley related equipment modules should be able to connect to an electrical network, an air extraction system, a cooling system and/or other potentially required systems.
The compartments may further comprise arresting features, elements, structures, or devices, such as holes, threaded holes for receiving locking screws, brackets for receiving a frame of an equipment module or a holding frame that clamps the equipment module to the bracket. Of course, other known attachment mechanisms suitable for holding the equipment modules may be used.
As the cabin equipment modules should be installed in the aircraft for more than just a temporary use, they should be installed in a firm and fixed manner. However, the use of the framework allows to more often change the layout of the monument assembly with little effort. For improving the ease of installation, the compartments may comprise receiving and/or guiding elements that allow to guide equipment modules into an opening of the respective compartments from an insertion position into a use position, where the equipment modules are arrested.
The monument assembly according to embodiments of the invention particularly allows to replace the stairs in a rear section of a double-deck aircraft, such as the AIRBUS A380, with a more modular assembly. However, due to the modular approach, several compartments may be equipped with stairs modules that allow to change the cabin deck. Especially in the configuration of a two-deck aircraft, the optimization of a rear end of the cabin allows to replace the current stairs by a smaller staircase, resulting in sufficient space for adding more passenger seats into the cabin. Particularly, in the A380 setup, this may lead to additional seats of up to 16.
Instead of separate installations and attachments of rear modules, the framework of the monument assembly leads to a “supermodule”, which is load path optimized and acts as a platform for numerous sub-modules. Besides the increase in passenger seats, the weight of the aircraft can significantly be reduced, as the framework is directly attached to the primary structure of the aircraft.
Again, particularly for a two-deck aircraft, the framework extending over the whole available height in the fuselage leads to the perfect ability to include a trolley lift and, optionally, a storage space for trolleys below a lower deck. As the framework is modular in nature, no further modifications need to be conducted in the cabin, such as providing a cut-out, the integration of structural support or the such. In turn, the required depth of such a framework can be reduced as much as possible if a complete “slice” of the aircraft fuselage can be used. Hence, through an efficient use of space extending in the y-z-plane, the available space in x-direction can be reduced. This in turn leads to the capability of including more passenger seats into the cabin.
A floor structure in an aircraft, which carries a large number of passenger seats, usually comprises an extraordinary stiffness and rigidity, which allows to withstand a 16 g dynamic force in x-direction. Hence, it may be worthwhile to couple the framework at least in some sections with the floor structure of the aircraft in order to introduce longitudinal forces into the floor structure. Commonly, the floor structure is dimensioned such that it withstands 9 g dynamic forces of galleys and other monuments attached to the floor structure.
The monument assembly may comprise a plurality of intermediate attachment points arranged at least one vertical position, which corresponds to at least one floor structure in the aircraft, into which the monument assembly is integrated. In aircraft with a plurality of decks and associated floor structures, a plurality of attachment points at a plurality of different vertical positions may be coupled with the floor structures. It is advantageous to provide a group of attachment points in each vertical position, which attachment points correspond to an extension of a horizontal cross beam arranged at a floor structure.
While the attachment points at a single vertical position may be connected to a floor structure or holding element, gaps may be created at vertical positions which correspond to further floor structures. Resultantly, a creation of constraint forces may be prevented. However, the size of the gap between the floor structure and a corresponding floor in the monument assembly, may vary in size during the operation of the aircraft.
Loads in directions perpendicular thereto, i.e. in an y- and z-direction, are preferably introduced into the fuselage structure, i.e. into the shell or skin over the stiffening elements of the primary structure of the aircraft.
The monument assembly may, as mentioned above, comprise at least one separate floor section, which is independent from the floor and the floor structure of the remaining part of the aircraft and is installed in a height that substantially equals the height of a corresponding remaining floor of the aircraft. It is advantageous to divide the floor of the monument assembly into a fixed floor section and a transition floor section. A gap between the at least one fixed floor section and an edge of a forward floor arranged in the aircraft cabin and facing to the monument assembly, is bridged by the transition floor section. Said transition floor section preferably comprises a forward joint and a rearward joint, which allow a swivable connection of the transition floor section with each of the fixed floor section and the floor of the remaining part of the aircraft, i.e. the edge of the forward floor. A main advantage of such an arrangement lies in the capability of compensating the relative motion between the fixed floor section and the forward floor, which arises due to an unavoidable elastic deformation of the aircraft during operation. Hence, steps or other obstacles between the forward floor and the fixed floor of the monument assembly may be avoided, thereby being capable of serving trolleys to be moved between the floor of the monument assembly and the forward floor, while at the same time allowing the introduction of forces from the monument assembly into the floor structure of the aircraft.
In an advantageous embodiment, the framework comprises a base frame, which comprises a substantially planar shape and which is supported on the at least one stiffening element by way of a plurality of supporting rods. These rods may be realized as hollow or rigid longitudinal elements. In common aircraft designs it is particularly known to use vertically arranged hollow rods supporting horizontal floor beams at the sides of a cargo compartment and thereby creating a lateral delimitation of the so-called triangle area underneath the sides of the cabin. These rods or rods with a similar design may be used for the integration of the monument assembly according to an embodiment of the invention. This allows to evenly distribute loads in z-direction into the primary structure of the aircraft fuselage, while at the same time a usable base surface is created for equipment modules that are to be installed in a cargo-deck. The use of these rods leads to a particularly low weight, while the base frame may comprise the same height above the lower skin region as the adjacent cargo compartment.
Particularly, with a low depth of the framework in x-direction, the stairs may be realized by a plurality of independent stair modules, which may comprise a similar or equal design, but may be integrated in opposite directions. A person may easily climb up the stairs of one stair module and reach the stairs of an adjacent stair module at a forward or rear end of the framework.
Advantageously, the monument assembly is coupled to a component of another section of the aircraft through at least one swivably mounted longitudinal or planar component in the manner of a pendulum support. A component of another section may particularly be a forward positioned component, which may be a floor, a crossbeam or any other component, to which the monument assembly may be coupled.
Further, the monument assembly may comprise at least one fixed floor section and at least one associated transition floor section, which connects the fixed floor section and a floor of another section of the aircraft, wherein the transition floor section is swivably mounted to the fixed floor section and the floor of another section of the aircraft.
It is advantageous if a major fraction of the stability of the framework equipped with cabin equipment modules is achieved through the cabin equipment modules. Hence, the framework itself does not require an excessive stability and simplifies installation and retrofit. The required time and effort for the integration of the framework would be much higher if the framework was extremely rigid. The equipment modules as mechanically self-contained units may be manufactured with a sufficient stability and the integration of these into the aircraft lead to a sufficient reinforcement of the whole monument assembly.
Still further, at least one of the plurality of framework elements may be a planar component. These may extend over relatively large dimensions, e.g. over the whole height or whole width of the monument assembly, as long as their depth allows to introduce them through the aircraft doors.
As an alternative, the framework elements may also be longitudinal, e.g. rod-like elements that are interconnected to a framework structure through a relatively large number of joint connections, thereby building a plurality of substantially triangular or trapezoidal sub-parts of the framework. These may also be cladded by rigid or soft material, if desired.
At least lateral delimitations of the plurality of compartments as a whole or of individual compartments or groups of compartments may be realized through a planar sub-framework, which comprises a set of longitudinal, e.g. rod-like interconnected elements. The sub-framework may be designed such that it is deformable to a certain extent, hence allowing the elimination of constraint forces. The longitudinal interconnected elements may, in a first alternative, constitute an integral part, wherein in joint regions the shapes of the individual longitudinal elements morph into each other, such as what is known a bionic structure results. Here, the longitudinal elements may not only transfer longitudinal forces, but also transverse forces and torques at least around an axis vertical to the sub-framework. Through a considerate design of the individual components, the sub-framework will be lightweight, rigid yet sufficiently flexible to prevent force constraints.
As an alternative or in addition thereto, the longitudinal interconnected elements may be connected through rotatable or tiltable joints such that they only transfer longitudinal forces.
The planar component, e.g., a rigidly designed planar component or a sub-framework as mentioned above, may comprise a rectangular shape. For example, if the respective component extends in a plane parallel to the x-z-plane of an aircraft fixed coordinate system, several attachment points along a vertical direction may be connected to corresponding holding devices, features, elements or joints, e.g. in a floor structure of a forward floor.
However, the planar component does not necessarily need to comprise a rectangular shape, but may also be triangular, trapezoidal or multiangular or polygonal. A lower portion of the planar component may comprise a larger extension in an x-direction than an upper portion. The lower portion of the planar component may be attached to the primary structure of the aircraft while the extension in x-direction tapers off or reduces in a step wise manner with increasing height of the component. This allows to attach the upper portion by way of a swivably mounted support rod or support surface or a combination thereof that extends in a substantially horizontal direction.
An embodiment of the invention further relates to an aircraft having such a monument assembly.
In an advantageous embodiment, the aircraft comprises two cabin decks on top of each other, wherein the monument assembly at least extends over the full height of both cabin decks.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Further characteristics, advantages and application options of the present invention are disclosed in the following description of the exemplary embodiments in the figures. All the described and/or illustrated characteristics per se and in any combination form the subject of the invention, even irrespective of their composition in the individual claims or their interrelationships. Furthermore, identical or similar components in the figures have the same reference characters. Some cabin equipment modules are referred to with reference numbers associated with the elements they are intended to carry or receive.
The monument assembly 2 comprises a plurality of interconnected framework elements 12, which are exemplarily realized by planar components. These may preferably be as lightweight as possible, e.g. through using a compound of sheet like cover layers made from a metallic or plastic material, which enclose a honeycomb or framework core made from a metallic or plastic material.
As an alternative, the framework elements 12 may be limited to longitudinal, rod-like elements, or a planar framework, e.g. a set of diagonal longitudinal stiffening elements or a combination thereof. A plurality of horizontal and vertical framework elements 12 are interconnected to constitute a framework 13, i.e. a space frame extending in x-, y- and z-direction of the aircraft.
In the particular example of
Further, as
The longitudinal extension, i.e. in x-direction, of the framework 13 is limited by the available space between the pressure bulkhead 24 and the chosen position of the floor beams 28 and 30. In a two-deck aircraft this region often serves several auxiliary purposes, such as for arrangement of a stair house connecting main and upper deck. Through providing the framework 13, which is solely supported by the primary structure of the aircraft, an extremely modular and space-efficient assembly is enabled, which may very flexibly be customized. As the frame element 6 comprises a particularly high dimensional stability, it is not necessary to provide any further or modified stiffening elements to the aircraft or other elements. Still further, the framework 13 may also be able to provide stairs, while still allowing additional equipment modules to be arranged adjacent to the stairs.
The framework 13 particularly provides rows 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 of compartments 10, which follow on one after another in a z-direction. These are adapted for receiving and holding modular equipment components 11 with very different purposes.
For example, large compartments 15, which are preferably arranged in a center region of the framework 13, may house a stairs module 44, as demonstrated in
The total height of the arrangement of rows 32, 34 and 36 may measure approximately 2100 mm. As the height of the main deck 14 may exceed this height, there may be additional space on top of row 36, which is discussed further below. Still further, the total height of the arrangement of rows 38, 40 and 42 may be in the same range. The width of the cabin of an A380, for example, allows to easily house eight cabin trolleys next to each other in y-direction.
It is clearly apparent that the extension of the framework elements 12 is not necessarily equal to the available distance between the floor beams 28, 30 and the pressure bulkhead 24 in x-direction. More particularly, the extensions of the framework elements may be the same throughout at least a portion of the framework 13. As in a center region the bulkhead 24 provides more available space, a central arrangement of the stairs module 44 over several levels is possible, since enough space for a small passageway 54 on a side facing to the pressure bulkhead 24 is available, thereby connecting two stairs modules 44 following on each other.
In
In
In
In a similar way,
In
In
In
To provide a pleasant appearance, an outer trim plate 102 may be attached to a common outer edge 104 of the framework element 12 and the sidewalls 100 of the equipment modules 98. The outer trim plate 102 may be screwed or glued to the outer edge 104.
The gaps 118 may be filled with an elastic sealing material or with a slidable surface element, which allows a continuous relative motion between the monument assembly 106 and the forward floor 116 or other component 120.
A core feature of this arrangement lies in the use of a swivable surface element 130 as a transition floor section for coupling a fixed floor section 132 with a respective corresponding forward component 112, 116, 120. Vertical relative motion between the fixed floor section 132 and the forward component 112, 116, 120 does not lead to the creation of steps between the forward components 112, 116, 120 and the fixed floor section 132.
The sub-framework 136 exemplarily rests on two holding elements 108, 110, which primarily absorb vertical forces. Longitudinal forces in x-direction are absorbed by attachment intermediate floor sections 146, which adjoin a fixed floor section 148, comparable to the solution provided in
For transferring forces in a lateral y-direction, a monument assembly 182 may be connected to a primary structure 186 through at least one and preferably a plurality of pendulum supports 184, as shown in
Finally,
In addition, it should be pointed out that “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and “a” or “an” does not exclude a plural number. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that characteristics or steps which have been described with reference to one of the above exemplary embodiments can also be used in combination with other characteristics or steps of other exemplary embodiments described above. Reference characters in the claims are not to be interpreted as limitations.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15161712.3 | Mar 2015 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of international patent application number PCT/EP2016/056969, having an international filing date of Mar. 30, 2016, which claims priority to European patent application number 15161712.3. Both of these referenced applications are incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/EP2016/056969 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Child | 15718899 | US |
