Patent Application
20140339169
This invention relates to reverse osmosis desalination systems. Specifically, this invention concerns large capacity deep-sea underwater reverse osmosis desalination methods and apparatuses.
Producing drinkable water from a saline water, such as seawater, is not a new concept. Previously, salty seawater was boiled and collected water vapor was condensed to produce potable water for purposes such as human consumption and irrigation. Desalination is a process involving the removal of salts and other minerals. A brief description of desalintation will be discussed here.
At present, two main approaches to the desalination of sea water are thermal and reverse osmosis (“RO”) methods. The oldest method is thermal dissalination, wherein salty sea water is vaporized by thermal energy input. The energy source can be, for example, fossil fuels, biofuels, or renewable energy sources including solar, wind, or excess heat from a power plant, as long as sufficient heat is generated to vaporize the sea water.
The thermal desalination process is an extremly high-energy consuming process. For instance, the amount of energy needed to vaporize 1 ton (i.e., approximately 1 m3) of water is about 714 KW-hr/ton (assuming normal atmospheric conditions of 1 bar, 25° C. initial temperature, specific heat=c=1 Kcal/kg-C. °, and the heat of vaporization=Hfg=540 Kcal/kg). 714 Kw-hr/m3 energy to vaporize 1 m3 water is enough energy for almost 100 households' electricity needs over one hour. However, with recent advancements, such as vacuum boiling, the boiling temperature is reduced, allowing for the use of low-temperature heat sources. Nevertheless, the thermal-distillation method of sea water desalination process is a very high energy-consuming process. For this reason, the thermal desalination method is being used by those fossil-fuel-rich states, such as countries in the Middle East. A common alternative to the thermal desalination method is the RO method.
RO desalination of sea water is a separation process of dissolved salt from water. The process uses pump(s) to force pressurized water to flow through a semi-permeable membrane that allows the pure water (or any solvent) to pass through, while keeping salt (or any solute concentration) on the other side. This separation can happen if the minimum pressure differential across the membrane, which may also be referred to as osmosic pressure, exists. RO is akin to a water filtration process, and may be used for many different concentrated solutions, including sugar solutions, and not just for sea water desalination purposes. An early application using a semi-permeable membrane was by the French physicist Jean Nollet in 1748. In 1901, German scientist van 't Hoff scientifically described the osmosis process and won the first chemistry Nobel prize for his work. He utilized the ideal gas law of equation of state, and formulated the minimum osmotic pressure that was necessary for an RO process to initiate. Also, Uri Lachish, an Israeli scientist, has provided a comprehensive treatment of osmosis, RO, and the osmotic pressure. Lachish's work made a significant contribution to RO sea water desalination plants operating around the world today. A simplified form of osmotic pressure (originally derived by van 't Hoff and simplified by Lachish) is π=cRT. In this equation, for sea water, π is the osmotic pressure (bar), c is the molar concentration of the solute (salt, NaCl), R is the universal gas constant (0.082 liter-bar/K-mol), and T is temperature (K).
While 70% of the earth's surface is covered with water, only about 3% of the total water is fresh. The remainder of the water is too saline and ocean-based, and may not be usable in its natural state for human consumption and/or irrigation purposes. According to the United Nations, water use by humans increased more than twice the population growth in the last century. More than 1 billion people live in regions where water is scarce, and this number could reach 1.8 billion by the year 2025. The magnitude of this problem was well expressed, nearly 50 years ago, when President John F. Kennedy noted, “[i]f we could ever competitively, at a cheap rate, get fresh water from salt water . . . [this] would be in the long-range interests of humanity which would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishments.”
The world's oceans present a virtually limitless potential water supply, under any circumstances, including droughts. Use of the world's oceans as a water supply can be possible if low-cost sea water desalination conversion and operation technology exists and is practicable. Otherwise, the water problem may continue despite the existence of the monumental potential source that is the world's oceans. As discussed herein, despite recent advancements, the thermal distillation approach may be more useful in oil-rich nations where fossil fuels are cheap and water for human consumption and irrigation use is scarce. There are more than 14,000 desalination plants operating around world today. All together, these plants produced approximately 68 million m3 of fresh water per day in 2010, and this number is expected to reach 140 m3 of fresh water per day by the year 2020. More than half of the capacity is in the Middle East.
RO desalination of sea water is a serious contender to thermal distillation. RO desalination has been widely used over the last 20 years because the process requires less energy to produce the same amount of fresh water. Although energy consumption per unit volume of fresh water production may be lower, it is not too low and is more affordable enough to be considered as an ultimate solution to the desalination of sea water.
The cost of a desalination plant is dependent upon many factors, including but not limited to the location (distance) from the sea, the cost of disposing of saline concentrate, the length of the piping system, capacity, feed water concentrate, cost of energy, and labor. Therefore, the cost can vary from region to region around the world, such that for the same output of fresh water, a cost comparison may not be appropriate. In order to provide a scientific comparison to establish a bench mark number, the required energy to produce a unit volume of fresh water from sea water may be considered. The RO process is not restricted to seawater desalination only, as RO can be used beyond desalination, including waste water treatment, sugar solution refinement, and energy production. However, the present invention includes RO desalination of the sea or deep-lake brackish water. Therefore, the technical discussions described herein concern the desalination process for the production of potable or irrigation water from a large body of water, such as a deep sea or lake.
RO desalination involves the removal of dissolved inorganic solids (i.e., salt-solute) and other minerals from saline water, such as seawater. This may be accomplished by pumping saline feed water at high pressure(s) in excess of the osmotic pressure over a semi-permeable membrane, which may block the solute while allowing fresh water to pass through. There are many commercially available RO filters having many different sizes, ranging from 8 to 15+ inches in diameter. The filter may be composed of thin membrane materials, such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, thin film, or a blend of synthetic polyamide fibers, space mesh-feed channel, or outer polysulfone. These materials may be combined as a spiral-wound or sandwich envelope around a centralized perforated tube, which may be referred to as a permeate-fresh water tube, for maximizing surface contact areas with incoming saline water. RO filter designs may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer; however, each filter typically includes semi-permeable membrane materials to block inorganic dissolved solids, including salt.
As described herein, the pressure differential across the semi-permeable membrane, between an incoming saline feed side or a high concentration side and a collected fresh water-permeate side, should generally exceed the osmotic pressure of the salty or briny water in order for the RO process to start. However, considering process pressures (i.e., saline feed pressures) of existing RO desalination plants operating around the world, they can be significantly higher than the osmotic pressures of the incoming saline feed water. In some cases, the applied process pressures are, on average, 4 to 6 times higher than theoretically necessary osmotic pressures. It may also be true that these higher process pressures do not produce proportionally higher freshwater outputs. Presently, for desalination of seawater, the pressure can reach as much as 80+ bar, while lesser amounts may be required for brackish water, because of thermodynamic irreversibility taking place during the desalination process. Forcing incoming seawater over the semi-permeable membrane, to maximize the fresh water output at a desired rate, will not likely work. That is, under real-world conditions, it may be impossible to achieve 100% conversion of available energy (or energy potential), especially by blocking salt ions, which are already in an equilibrium state with water.
In any given thermodynamic process, including pumped flows, the entropy is increased due to irreversibility. In a flow process, the portion of the remaining energy that cannot be converted into what is desired (e.g., the specific energy required to produce one cubic meter of fresh water), may be utilized at a later stage of the process to produce another useful form of energy, rather than being wasted. This may occur when an energy recovery system is installed at an RO plant, in which the high pressure saline concentrate flow after being filtered by a semi-permeable membrane turns one or more water turbines to generate extra energy. However, at each flow process, the flow may not be reversible in a real-world application.
Existing seawater RO desalination plants in operation around the world often use significantly higher processing pressures than the required osmotic pressures. The higher processing pressures eventually result in higher unit energy consumptions and a higher operating cost, in addition to higher initial capital expenditures. As a result, seawater RO desalination may be out of reach for nations that need it most, because of the high cost of energy to run the plant.
In the invention presented here, higher-saline water pumping pressures can be eliminated. This invention relates to sub-sea-located RO desalination systems and methods. The necessary osmotic pressure(s) can be provided by the static pressure of the water (i.e., the deep sea, lake, or ocean) itself. In the present invention, the membrane system is exposed to a generally uniform pressure field, which differs from the process of forcing saline water (an irreversible process) over the membrane assembly, as is done at conventional land-based plants. The pressure differential(s) across the semi-permeable membrane may be maintained by one or more sub-sea pumps. The pump can pump out accumulated fresh water (permeates) into one or more nearby sub-sea storage tanks. As long as the pressure differential across the semi-permeable membrane is maintained, fresh water generation may continue. The minimum pressure differential across the membrane is equal to or higher than the osmotic pressure of the sea water (or brackish water) at a given location.
In order to provide a better understanding of the present invention, the following discussion of osmotic pressure is provided. Water salinity varies from ocean to ocean ranging from about 30-39 parts per thousand (“ppt”). The average sea water salinity is around 35 ppt (grams of salt per liter). In accordance with the osmotic pressure equation described herein (i.e., van 't Hoff's formula, π=cRT), pressure is a function of the molar concentration of the dissolved salt (NaCl) in the sea water, as well as the temperature. A simple calculation shows that osmotic pressures for 30 ppt salinity and an average salinity of 35 ppt (assuming 20° C. temperature) are 24.6 and 28.77 bar, respectively. The amounts of energy corresponding to these pressures for the generation of a cubic meter of fresh water are 0.653 and 0.762 Kw-hr/m3, respectively.
The present invention also includes a method for calculating the osmotic pressure and the specific energy needed to produce 1 m3 of fresh water by the RO desalination method. Also, using the procedure described herein, osmotic parameters, including pressure and energy, can be calculated for oceans/seas and various other brackish waters having different salinities and temperatures.
The method may begin with van 't Hoffs formula (π=cRT). The following example is for sea water having a salinity of 35 ppt=35 g salt-NaCl/liter (1 kg) at 20° C. The molar weight of salt, NaCl=58.44 g/mole, the molar weight of water, H2O=18.05 g/mole, the universal gas constant, R=0.082 liter-bar/deg.(K)-mol., the number of moles of dissolved salt within 1 liter sea water=35/58.44=0.5989. The dissolved salt may disintegrate into two ions (Na and Cl), the molar-ionic concentration of salt within 1 liter (1 kg) of sea water=c=2×0.5989=1.197, and osmotic pressure=π=cRT=1.197×0.082×293=28.77 bar. The specific energy to produce 1 m3 of fresh water, W′/m3=q×g×h/3.6×106=1000×9.8×280/3.6×106=0.762 Kw-hr/m3, wherein a depth of 280 m of sea water exerts approximately 28.7 bar pressure.
The objective may be to increase the magnitude of the specific desalination energy, that is, 0.762 Kw-hr/m3 for the world's oceans having an average salinity of 35 ppt. RO desalination plants operating around the world consume as much as ten times more energy to produce the same volume of fresh water. This is true especially for older plants, while new plants having an integrated energy recovery system (high pressure saline solution turbine electric generation) may consume less energy. Presently, even with newer energy recovery systems, the average specific energy may be between 4 to 5 Kw-hr/m3.
With recent advancements in membrane design technology and the addition of energy recovery systems, the specific energy numbers have begun to increase. However, despite some improvements, land-based sea water desalination RO plant processes are often not a low-cost operation. The specific energy numbers, corresponding to osmotic pressures, discussed herein may not be achieved due to inherent irreversibility involved in the pumping process of the saline water over the membrane equipment.
The present invention involves a novel RO desalination system that operates under water in a deep ocean, sea, brackish lake, body of salt water, or the like, any of which may be referred to herein as a body of “salty water.” The present invention can utilize deep water static pressures as a driving force of RO desalination of salty water. Essentially, the conventional land-based RO upstream saline water pumping process can be accomplished by deep water static pressures.
The apparatuses and methods described herein may utilize standard, off-the-shelf RO filtering membrane equipment, possibly with minor modifications (e.g., without an outer wrap or casing). Standard RO membrane equipment may be placed and operated underwater at a depth where the static pressure is equal to or higher than the osmotic pressure of the salty or brackish water at that location. The fresh water (permeate) collected from exit lines of one or more membrane units may be pumped into a large capacity sub-sea storage tank and/or one or more interconnected tanks, which may be made from a flexible, impermeable, and collapsible material, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/802,912, filed on Mar. 14, 2013.
The large capacity storage tank or interconnected tanks may not require an external pumping device to pump water to the sea surface. Because of the flexible membrane-type tank construction material, the bottom static pressure may be sufficient, based on a u-tube manometer principle, to lift the fresh stored water to the sea surface without using any additional pumping device. The sub-sea fresh-water pumping head and the specific energy consumption per unit flow rate (i.e., osmotic pressure and the necessary energy to produce a unit volume of the fresh water) theoretically may be equal to ideal RO desalination parameters, neglecting frictional losses on the discharge side of the pump. As described herein, the osmotic pressure and energy may be about 28.7 bar and 0.762 Kw-hr/m3 for salty water having 35 ppt salinity. Therefore, as long as fresh water is removed or additional pressure head build ups on the permeate side are reduced or eliminated, fresh water production from sea water side to the permeate pipe may continue. That is, using the fresh water pump, pressure differentials generated across the membrane can be equal to or higher than osmotic pressures at that location.
The pushing pressure may be regarded as the most uniform and limitless pressure field of an ocean, as opposed to irreversible pushing forces of a pump used in land-based RO systems. That is, regardless of the membrane equipment design (e.g. more surface area versus less surface area, more versus fewer layers, spiral-wound versus sandwich wrap), fresh water generation may continue. While the amount of time required to generate a given amount of fresh water may be longer for some membrane designs, the membrane design may still generate fresh water without increasing pumping energy consumption, unlike standard land-based RO systems. The pumping pressure for the present invention can be free, limitless, and uniform, thereby providing a near-reversible RO desalination system, regardless of the specific RO membrane design.
One feature of the invention disclosed herein is the use of new methods and apparatuses for large volume RO desalination of sea or brackish water using standard RO membrane technology located at the deep sea floor.
Another feature of the RO desalination systems and methods described herein is an extremely efficient desalination process, which is economical and low-cost compared to existing land-based RO systems.
Yet another feature of the disclosed invention is the capability of producing an extremely large amount of potable and/or irrigation water, while storing such water within sub-sea storage tanks in an economical and safe manner.
Another feature of the disclosed invention is a reduction in marine life damage, compared to land-based RO systems in which salt concentrates must be disposed, usually into surface water. The RO desalination system of the present invention may be disposed at deep waters, such as the deep ocean, which are typically darker, have a limited amount of food to supply fish and other organisms, and therefore may be subject to less, if any, damage.
Still another objective of the sub-sea RO desalination systems and methods described herein is affordability regarding both operational and initial expenses. The present invention can be an extremely affordable desalination system worldwide due to its low energy consumption combined with a large volume, low-cost under water storage system. Therefore, millions of people living near to an ocean or other body of deep brackish water, especially where potable or irrigation water is scarce, may benefit from this invention. These objectives and possibly more may be accomplished as explained herein.
In this invention, a large capacity desalination system located at the bottom or near the bottom of a large body of deep sea or brackish water is presented. This sub-sea system may produce potable and/or irrigation water based on the RO desalination principle. The present invention contemplates the transfer of land-based RO desalination technology, which has been used for years around the world, to a sub-sea location, while integrating new and innovative methods and apparatuses described herein.
The present underwater desalination system may be composed of three subsystems. The subsystems may include one or more RO membrane unit stations, one or more sub-sea fresh water storage tanks, and sub-sea transfer equipment including one or more pumps and associated conduits and process control devices.
An RO membrane unit station may be constructed using either large quantities of the standard, off-the-shelf semi-permeable membrane units, in some instances without an outer protective casing, or one or more large, custom-made semi-permeable membrane devices. Although there may be little to no space restrictions at deep regions of large bodies of water, membrane devices (e.g., standard, cylindrical membrane devices) can be arranged such that flow processes, including the desalination process across membrane layers and the removal of permeate, may be optimized and robust. A circular, spider-like RO membrane assembly, also referred to as an RO station, and/or a rectangular shaped RO station may be provided. In either design, the membrane units can be secured on an RO main stand, and suspended above the sea floor by supporting legs of the RO frame.
RO membrane units without an external casing may be directly exposed to a large body of salty, also referred to as briny, water under high static pressure forces. The fresh water coming from each membrane unit may be collected at larger pipes, which can be connected to an accumulator at the RO station. A sub-sea pump may be used to transfer fresh water from the RO accumulator to one or more nearby sub-sea storage tanks. The driving force of the desalination process may be the pressure differential across the RO membrane units. This pressure differential can be at least equal to or higher than the osmotic pressure of the saline water surrounding the RO station. A higher pressure differential across the RO membrane units may enable the generation of a greater amount of fresh water. An increased fresh water production rate and improved quality of permeate may be achieved by adjusting the pressure differentials. The RO station can be located at depths of water greater than that required to achieve a desired osmotic pressure, while controlling the permeate side pressure by including static head loops to impart back pressures on the permeate flow upstream of the sub-sea pump.
The underwater conduits may be made of large diameter, low-cost, poly-nylon based, flexible, bendable houses or pipes, except at certain connecting regions where extra stiffness may be provided. The one or more fresh water sub-sea storage tanks may be made of flexible, bendable, impermeable membrane-type materials capable of delivering storage water to a surface location without using a pump or energy input, based on the u-tube manometer principle. Because of a pressure equilibrium from inside to outside, the tanks can be made from low-cost membrane-type materials.
In one aspect, a reverse osmosis sub-sea desalination system is disclosed. The reverse osmosis system may include a reverse osmosis station configured to generate fresh water from salty water, a storage tank configured to store fresh water downstream of the reverse osmosis station, and a pump fluidly connected to the reverse osmosis station and the storage tank. The reverse osmosis station, the storage tank, and the pump may be disposed at one or more depths beneath a surface of a body of salty water.
In another aspect, a reverse osmosis station configured to generate fresh water from salty water is disclosed. The reverse osmosis station may include a support extending to a floor of the body of salty water, wherein the support includes a collecting pipe. The reverse osmosis station may also include a membrane device fluidly connected to the collecting pipe, and an accumulator fluidly connected to the collecting pipe. The membrane device may be configured to filter a flow of salty water through the membrane device and into the collecting pipe such that the collecting pipe collects fresh water.
In yet another aspect, a method of producing fresh water from salty water is disclosed. The method may include generating fresh water from a body of salty water by reverse osmosis, pumping the fresh water to an underwater storage tank, and storing the fresh water in the storage tank.
In another aspect, a method of storing fresh water in a storage tank located below a surface of a body of salty water is disclosed. The method may include filtering a flow of salty water past a membrane device, passing a flow of fresh water through a membrane of the membrane device and into a collecting pipe, controlling a pressure differential across the membrane device, and pumping the flow of fresh water to the storage tank.
As described herein, there are two main desalination methods of salty water. The oldest is thermal distillation, which generally consumes a large amount of energy. The second method is RO, and although RO energy consumption may be much less than thermal distillation energy consumption, currently both systems may be prohibitively expensive, especially for developing nations. Therefore, the present invention includes an affordable deep sea or brackish water RO desalination system.
As shown in
The fresh water (permeate) flowing from each cylindrical RO membrane filtering device 5 can flow into the main accumulator 7. The RO desalination process may be a filtering process and a purification process.
The osmotic pressure of the present application is the reservoir of the static pressure field of the deep sea water. The pressure differential across the RO cylindrical membrane device 5 may be created by control of the sub-sea pump 2. For example, if the pump 2 is connected directly to the fresh water accumulator 7, a suction pressure of the pump 2 may be equal to zero gage pressure, and a discharge pressure may be equal to the osmotic pressure, neglecting frictional losses across the piping system. Installing a sub-sea RO system at a depth that is exactly equal to the osmotic pressure of the saline water at a particular location may not allow for optimum system performance. Instead, the RO membrane assembly may be installed at a depth greater than the osmotic pressure corresponding to the salty water conditions at that depth, wherein such conditions include salinity and temperature. For example, if the salinity of a given body of water has a corresponding osmotic pressure of 35 bar, and if a static pressure of 35 bar can be achieved at a depth of 350 m, the RO system may be installed at a depth greater than 350 m. Greater depths of installation of the RO system can improve system performance, which may include enabling a higher system output of fresh water.
The sub-sea RO desalination systems and methods of the present invention provide options that may enhance the amount (output) and quality of the permeate, robustness of the operation, and process control using various techniques and methods. For example, the sub-sea pump 2 handling permeate flow can be connected to the exit conduit 11 of the fresh water accumulator 7 in several ways as shown in
The underwater conduits illustrated in the figures may be large diameter, low-cost, poly-nylon based, flexible, bendable hoses or pipes. However, at various connecting regions where extra stiffness is needed, more rigid piping and or components, such as junction 59 (
In accordance with the present invention, total fresh water production capacity can be increased in several ways. Because there may be minimal or no space restriction at deep water levels, the number of RO membrane units 1 for a given RO desalination system may be increased, such that there may be a plurality of RO membrane assemblies 1. Additionally or alternatively, a cluster of RO membrane assemblies (stations) 1 may be located within close proximity to one another. The fresh water produced from each station can be collected at one location and within one accumulator 7 without building a separate piping system. As shown in
Each RO membrane station 1 can be maneuvered or pulled up, either in whole or in various parts, beyond the water line 60 and to the sea surface periodically for cleaning or other maintenance purposes. This may be accomplished, for instance, by using a cable-rope pulley system 31. Quick connect/disconnect elements or clamps 9 (
Using the RO desalination method, the present invention may enable production of large amounts of fresh water, as well as the storage of fresh water within one or more sub-sea storage tanks 3. In some instances, one or more of the storage tanks 3 may have a large capacity for storing fresh water. The sub-sea storage tank 3 of the present invention may be configured in a variety of shapes, and may be made of impermeable, flexible, collapsible membrane-type and seawater compatible materials. In some instances, the tank 3 may be configured to collapse into a deflated, bag-like shape when fresh water is extracted from the tank 3, and the tank 3 may be configured to form into another shape when fresh water is injected into the tank 3. Due to the membrane material used to construct the storage tanks 3 of the present invention, the fresh water inside the tank 3 may be at a pressure equilibrium with the surrounding seawater pressure. Therefore, the fresh water can rise to the sea surface 60 without using any pumping equipment (in light of the u-tube manometer principle and density differences between salt water and fresh water), when there is a sufficient amount of fresh water in the tank. A sufficient amount of fresh water in the tank 3 may be an amount that is equal to or more than the volume of the discharge conduit 4 extending to the sea surface 60. At the sea surface 60, there may be a floating surface pump station 12 equipped with an accumulation tank. From the surface pump station 12, fresh water can be distributed to onshore locations, including land-based storage tanks 32, residential buildings 33, industrial complexes, irrigation ponds or tanks, and the like.
Because the sub-sea storage tank 3 may be at a pressure equilibrium from inside to outside, the tank 3 can be constructed from low-cost impermeable flexible materials, as opposed to standard design procedure in which expensive construction materials, such as high strength steels or metal alloys, are typically used to construct high pressure storage vessels. The storage tank 3 can be secured to the sea floor by adding weight at the bottom side, and may be supported by a support structure 22. The pump 2 may also be supported by a support structure 22. Tanks 3 may be in contact with surrounding sea water from all sides and all directions, including a bottom of the tank 3, whereby the “bottom” may correspond to a side or portion of the tank 3 closest to the sea bed or floor 40.
In the present invention, the size of the sub-sea storage tank 3 is not necessarily limited. In some instances, for strategic and operational purposes, instead of building one large storage tank, a plurality of interconnected midsize or smaller tanks 35 can be built and connected via a connecting conduit 37 at the sub-sea fresh water storage facility, as shown in
The deep water RO membrane assembly 1 can be configured in a variety of different geometric shapes, including but not limited to a circular, or spider-like shape, as shown and described with respect to
Either RO membrane assembly 1, 38 may be moved to various locations of the sea bed 40 periodically rather than operating continuously at the same place, as doing so may result in a heavily salt-concentrated region at the sea bed 40. The RO membrane assembly 1, 38 can be moved in various ways, including physically picking up the RO membrane assembly 1, 38 via a surface-operated mechanism, such as a cable-rope system 31, and dropping the RO membrane assembly 38 at a different location. An alternative technique for moving the RO membrane assembly 38 is shown in
As described herein, the various sub-sea RO desalination systems can be configured and operated in many different ways because of the availability of a practically limitless supply of seawater and pressure field from the surrounding water. Although shown substantially horizontal to the sea bed 40 in
Instead of using off-the-shelf membrane devices to achieve a large capacity sub-sea RO assembly, a large membrane unit, or several membrane units, may be custom designed for developing a more robust and simple underwater desalination system. For example, in
As described herein, the one or more sub-sea fresh water storage tanks 3, 35 may enable large volumes of fresh water production and storage. The sub-sea storage tanks 3, 35 can be designed to have various different shapes and configurations.
Although sea water at depths of about 250+ m is generally darker than sea water at lesser depths, deeper sea water may be much cleaner, having less floating micro-particles and being almost free of fish eggs compared to near-surface, warmer sea water, from which land-based RO systems typically obtain salty feed water. Although the sub-sea RO desalination system described in this invention has advantages over a land-based RO systems regarding, for instance, the quality of the intake water, the systems of the present invention may be further improved by adding baffled intake designs as shown in
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed RO desalination systems and methods. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.
