Patent Application
20140109678
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser apparatus and a control method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Photoacoustic tomography apparatuses (hereinafter, “PAT apparatus”) for medical applications that use a tunable pulsed laser have been developed (see S. Manohar et al, Proc. of SPIE vol. 6437 643702-1). A PAT apparatus is a measurement device that emits nanosecond laser pulses to a segment being measured, receives signals converted from ultrasound waves (photoacoustic waves) generated from the segment and analyzes the signals to obtain an image. PAT apparatuses are expected to enable in-vivo determination of presence or absence of a tumor through observation of congregating blood vessels, or in-vivo functional analysis through spectral measurement based on absorption coefficients of biological tissues in accordance with the wavelengths of emitted laser light.
Tunable lasers that use titanium sapphire crystal or alexandrite crystal are considered suitable as a light source of a PAT apparatus. Alexandrite lasers, in particular, can be directly excited by a flash lamp to achieve high energy output relatively easily due to the long fluorescence lifetime of the alexandrite crystal used as the laser medium.
On the other hand, the emission spectrum of a flash lamp is wide, ranging from ultraviolet to infrared, so that the consistency with the absorption spectrum of the laser medium is poor. Thermal energy of the flash lamp causes temperature changes in the laser medium, which leads to thermal lensing effect, wherein the light beam passing through the laser medium is refracted. Alexandrite lasers are known for significant thermal lensing effect as pointed out in a report relating to an alexandrite laser for a multi-wavelength resonance scattering lidar system used for observation of the atmosphere. Therefore, to achieve stable pulse emission, the thermal lensing effect needs to be reduced or stabilized.
The temperature distribution of the laser medium depends on the thermal energy given by the flash lamp and the cooling effect by circulating water around the laser medium. The laser medium is immersed in circulating water of a constant temperature, while the lamp energy is maintained constant to keep the thermal lensing power in a steady state. A method has been disclosed wherein, when changing the lamp energy, the average lamp energy is made constant per a plurality of pulses to achieve stable pulse emission (U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,711).
With a PAT apparatus, by using laser light of two or more wavelengths, oxygen saturation of blood can be determined from a spectral difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. When obtaining precise in-vivo functional information such as oxygen saturation using photoacoustic signals based on two wavelengths, it is preferable to keep the laser energy output of both wavelengths at the same level.
The oscillation band of an alexandrite laser is from 720 nm to 800 nm, which matches the absorption band of oxyhemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin, so that it is suited to measure oxygen saturation. On the other hand, as the gain intensity is largely different for each wavelength, the energy output level of the laser is largely different at around 750 nm and around 800 nm. In order to achieve stable pulse emission at the same level of output irrespective of the wavelength, therefore, the energy output of the flash lamp need to be controlled at the same time with the changing of the wavelengths.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,711 discloses an effective method of in-vivo irradiation with Er:YAG laser pulses. An Er:YAG laser emits light at a wavelength of 2940 nm, which is highly reactive to water in biological tissue and generates little heat, and therefore is suitably used for laser treatment. According to the method of achieving stable pulse emission disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,711, the average energy output of the flash lamp for the pulses included in a pulse train is made constant, so as to make the average thermal energy given by the flash lamp to the Er:YAG laser medium constant.
However, unlike lasers using titanium sapphire or alexandrite with a broad gain band, the Er:YAG laser emits light at a fixed wavelength. That is, U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,711 relates to a method of controlling a laser of a fixed wavelength. The configuration shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,711 does not allow the wavelength to be readily changed and therefore cannot be used for in-vivo functional diagnosis by PAT that uses a difference in the absorption characteristics that biological tissue exhibits to different wavelengths.
In spectral measurement using PAT, on the other hand, a method of driving a laser that allows more accurate in-vivo measurement from the start of irradiation is required.
The present invention was made in view of the problem described above, and it is an object of the invention to achieve stable pulse output by a tunable pulsed laser irrespective of the wavelength.
The present invention provides a laser apparatus, comprising:
The present invention also provides a control method for a laser apparatus that includes a cavity including an output mirror and a reflective mirror, a laser medium and an excitation lamp disposed inside the cavity, a wavelength selector allowing selection of a wavelength for laser light pulses to be emitted from among a plurality of wavelengths, and a controller controlling emission timing of the excitation lamp, emission energy of the excitation lamp that is determined depending on at which wavelength, of the plurality of wavelengths, the pulses are to be emitted, and emission of the pulses,
According to the present invention, a tunable pulsed laser can output stable pulses irrespective of the wavelength.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be hereinafter described with reference to the drawings. Note, it is not intended to limit the scope of this invention to the specifics given below, and the sizes, materials, shapes, and relative arrangements or the like of constituent components described below should be changed as required in accordance with the configurations and various conditions of the apparatus to which the invention is applied.
The present invention can be understood as a tunable laser apparatus, and a control method of the same. The present invention can be applied to a photoacoustic apparatus (PAT apparatus) including such a tunable laser apparatus as one constituent element. Namely, it is a PAT apparatus that has a tunable laser apparatus according to the present invention to irradiate an object with laser light to obtain a photoacoustic wave that is generated from a light absorbing part inside the object by the photoacoustic effect and propagates through the object. With the use of the tunable laser apparatus according to the present invention, the wavelength of light emitted to the object can be changed simply in a stable manner, so that presence of various tissues (light absorbing parts) having different light absorption characteristics can be identified as property information. The obtained information can be displayed to be used for diagnosis.
The acoustic waves referred to in the present invention are typically ultrasound waves, including elastic waves that are called sound waves, ultrasound waves, or acoustic waves. An acoustic wave generated by the photoacoustic effect is referred to as a “photoacoustic wave”, or a “light-induced ultrasound wave”.
(Configuration of Apparatus)
Examples of applicable tunable pulsed lasers excited by a flash lamp are titanium sapphire lasers and alexandrite lasers. These tunable pulsed lasers have an oscillation wavelength band that matches the frequency bands corresponding to the absorption characteristics of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, so that they can favorably be used to detect oxygen saturation of blood. Alexandrite lasers, in particular, can readily be excited by a flash lamp and output high energy per pulse. In the following example, the laser medium will be described as alexandrite, but the present invention is not limited to alexandrite lasers.
(Thermal Lensing Effect)
In lasers that have a flash lamp as the excitation source, it is essential to make the thermal lensing power constant to achieve stable pulse emission. Thermal lensing will be described in detail below. When light emitted from the flash lamp is absorbed by the laser medium, heat is generated and changes the temperature of the laser medium. The densities and refractive indexes of portions where light was absorbed and the surrounding portions change in accordance with the temperature distribution at this time. The temperature of the laser medium depends on the temperature of the water circulating around the laser medium and the thermal energy emitted from the flash lamp. Generally, the temperature of the laser medium differs between a central part and peripheral parts so that the refractive index differs largely between the center and periphery, because of which the medium exhibits a lens effect. This phenomenon in the laser medium where a thermal lens is created is called thermal lensing effect.
(Example of Control of Maintaining a Steady Temperature of the Laser Medium)
One embodiment of the laser drive method of the present invention will be described below. An example of a pulse pattern of light emitted at two different wavelengths with about the same energy output will be roughly described with reference to
In the following description, pulses of laser light emitted with an emission energy of Elamp_a at wavelength λa will be referred to as “pulse A”, while pulses of laser light emitted with an emission energy of Elamp_b at wavelength λb will be referred to as “pulse B”. The object is irradiated repeatedly with a pulse train consisting of combinations of pulses A and pulses B. The energy levels Elamp_a and Elamp_b are determined such that the energy output of pulses emitted at different wavelengths will be substantially the same. Wavelength λa and wavelength λb can be considered as a first wavelength and a second wavelength in the definition of the present invention.
The broken line in
When the flash lamp 102 is turned on, the temperatures of the laser medium and the circulating water rise. Pulses A and pulses B are emitted with respective emission energies of Elamp_a and Elamp_b set such that the energy output of the pulses at wavelengths λa and λb will be the same. As the pulse train of pulses A and pulses B is repeated, the laser medium temperature Tlod gradually rises to a steady state.
While the temperature change of the laser medium is largely affected by the emission from the flash lamp, not just the emission intensity but the emission interval is also a significant temperature control factor. In the case of pulse lasers, the higher the repetition frequency, the shorter the emission interval of the flash lamp in a pulsed laser, so that the laser medium is steadily subjected to thermal energy and thus its temperature is largely affected. More specifically, the higher the repetition frequency, the smaller the effect of thermal relaxation of the laser medium, so that the laser medium temperature is stabilized.
A preferable range of repetition frequency is discussed below. From the point of view of stabilizing the laser medium temperature, a repetition frequency of 10 Hz or more, preferably 20 Hz or more, should be used, although it depends on the size of the laser medium and thermal properties such as specific heat of the medium. On the other hand, from the point of view of designing a flash lamp-excited laser apparatus, although it depends on the voltage applied to the lamp, a repetition frequency of 100 Hz or less is commonly used in view of the power source capacity and the like.
Therefore, in an application as a PAT apparatus, the repetition frequency should preferably be 10 Hz to 50 Hz for the laser apparatus of the present invention, so as to avoid large load on the apparatus as well as to achieve stable pulse output.
(Compensation for the Thermal Lensing Effect)
While the laser medium temperature can be brought to a steady state by the laser drive method shown in
However, such variation of thermal lensing power can be minimized to a very small range by reducing temperature changes of the laser medium as much as possible. If the variation of thermal lensing power is very small, it is possible to compensate for the thermal lensing effect by providing a certain curvature to the reflective mirror. Namely, stable pulse emission is ensured by configuring the cavity to be a stable resonator, which is determined by the curvatures of the output mirror 103 and the reflective mirror 104.
More specifically, the reflective mirror 104 is given a curvature as shown in
If the repetition frequency is less than 10 Hz, the laser medium temperature is more prone to change by thermal relaxation, although it depends on the difference in the emission energy between pulses A and pulses B. If there is a large difference in the laser medium temperature between pulses A and pulses B, then a laser resonator design shown in
(Examples of Wavelength Selectors)
In
According to one known method of selecting a wavelength in which the optical path is branched, the wavelength selector 106 may include a fixed prism to use wavelength separation based on refractive index dispersion, and a shutter mechanism for selecting a light beam to be emitted. According to another method of selecting a wavelength, the wavelength selector 106 may use a parallel plate to branch the optical path and to select an optical path for the light beam to pass through. A dielectric film is provided on the reflective mirror for reflecting a desired wavelength.
The thermal lensing power can also be compensated for by disposing a telescope 401 between the wavelength selector 106 and the excitation chamber 100 as shown in
(Another Example of Control of Maintaining a Steady Temperature of the Laser Medium)
A pulse pattern different from the one shown in
As shown in
While
If one pulse train contains pulses at three wavelengths (pulse A, pulse B, and pulse C), the order of pulses in one pulse train may be constant, or changed every time, but preferably, they should be emitted in the order that does not require complex control of the wavelength selector. From the point of view of thermal lensing compensation, pulses in each pulse train should always be in the same order (e.g., ABC), so that the laser medium temperature will be the same throughout the pulses at the same wavelength. The number of pulse types (i.e., wavelengths) in one pulse train should preferably be two or more and not more than four because of the necessity to carry out a PAT measurement quickly.
<Warm-Up Process>
Since the PAT apparatus is used for carrying out functional analysis of biological tissue based on photoacoustic signals obtained from an initial pulse train, it is essential to make the laser output stable from the start of pulse emission in order to achieve higher diagnosis accuracy. For stable laser output, a warm-up process is therefore necessary before the in-vivo irradiation, so that the laser medium temperature reaches the same steady state as it is during the actual in-vivo irradiation.
For this purpose, a shutter mechanism may be provided inside the cavity to bring the laser medium temperature to the steady state in the warm-up process without emitting light. With the shutter closed, and the temperature of the circulating water around the laser medium maintained constant, the flash lamp is turned on repeatedly in the same pattern as that of the lamp emission energy during actual in-vivo irradiation, to bring the laser medium temperature to a desired steady state.
After the warm-up process, for swift transition to actual irradiation process, it is preferable to check if the laser medium temperature is in the steady state before deciding to proceed to in-vivo irradiation with the laser light. The energy output of the laser is therefore directly measured before the in-vivo irradiation, and when the energy output has become stable, the temperature of the laser medium is determined to be in the steady state.
Step S801 is the process of turning on the flash lamp in the same emission pattern as that when irradiating an object such as a living body, with the intra-cavity shutter and the external shutter closed. This corresponds to the warm-up process described above. There may be large changes in thermal lensing power at the start of emission from the lamp and an unstable light beam generated in the cavity may damage the optical elements inside the cavity. Thus, the warm-up process should preferably be started with the intra-cavity shutter closed to stop laser emission. The external shutter should also be closed to avoid influence on the object.
Step S802 is the process of emitting pulses while changing the wavelengths and emitting light from the flash lamp under the same conditions as when irradiating an object such as a living body, with the intra-cavity shutter opened. The same laser pulse train as that during the in-vivo irradiation is repeatedly emitted. In this process, the external shutter disposed in front of the living body is closed to shield the object from the laser light.
Step S803 is the process of measuring the energy output of all the pulses with the use of an energy meter disposed in front of the external shutter.
Step S804 is the process of checking whether the energy output of the laser determined by the energy meter has become stable at each wavelength, to decide whether or not irradiation of the object can be started. A standard deviation of energy output per a predetermined number of pulses is calculated, and the measurement is repeated until the standard deviation becomes a predetermined stabilization value or lower. In an application where a PAT measurement is carried out in accordance with this laser control method, the laser stabilization value may be set in accordance with the desired accuracy required for the PAT measurement.
Step S805 is the process of starting irradiation of the object being measured with laser light. The laser emission may be started automatically after the energy output of the laser has become stable. Alternatively, the operator may be notified of the energy output having stabilized, and start laser emission at a desired timing.
PAT measurement accuracy can be increased by the operation flow described above.
To measure the function of biological tissue with the PAT diagnosis technique, the object is irradiated on the same measurement point with laser light at different wavelengths to obtain photoacoustic signals from respective wavelengths, whereby functional information of the biological tissue can be extracted. It is preferable that the living body be kept still as much as possible to maintain its position relative to the PAT apparatus so that the photoacoustic signals from respective wavelengths can be compared precisely. With a handheld PAT apparatus, in particular, it is crucial to minimize the movement of the object. The handheld PAT apparatus has a light exit and a receiver in a probe, and the operator holds and presses this probe onto the object for the measurement. Thus there is the problem that the position of the object relative to the PAT apparatus changes all the time.
With the use of a laser pulse train consisting of pulses at two wavelengths around 800 nm repeated at a frequency of 20 Hz, for example, the measurement frequency of each wavelength is 10 Hz, which is sufficiently frequent for measuring the functional information of blood flow. Therefore, accurate measurement is possible, with reduced influence of positional displacement during the measurement. Accordingly, this method of obtaining photoacoustic signals while changing the wavelengths continuously can effectively improve the accuracy of photoacoustic spectral measurement.
One configuration of a PAT apparatus in which the tunable pulsed laser of the present invention is incorporated, and a drive method thereof will be described below.
(Configuration of Apparatus)
The laser apparatus is configured as follows. Inside an excitation chamber 900 are arranged a flash lamp 901 that excites alexandrite and an alexandrite crystal 902. The alexandrite crystal is immersed in circulating water at 75° C. The parallel plate 906 is made of synthetic quartz, with both surfaces optically polished to have a flatness of λ/20 and parallelism of 1 arc second or less. The plate has a thickness of 30 mm.
The output mirror 903 is coated with a dielectric film having a transmissivity of 40% to light of wavelengths of 800 nm and 755 nm. The reflective mirror 904 is coated with a reflective film of dielectric material having high reflectance to light of a center wavelength of 800 nm, and the reflective mirror 908 is coated with a reflective film of dielectric material having high reflectance to light of a center wavelength of 755 nm. When the parallel plate 906 is retracted from the optical axis 905 (position 906b), the light beam travels along the first light path 909 that coincides with the optical axis 905 and resonates. When the parallel plate 906 is inserted onto the optical axis 905 (position 906a), the light beam is moved parallel, passes the branch path 907 and resonates.
A Q-switch 911 consisting of a Pockels cell is disposed on the optical axis 905 between the output mirror 903 and the excitation chamber 900. An intra-cavity shutter 912 is disposed between the excitation chamber 900 and the parallel plate.
A handheld PAT apparatus equipped with the tunable pulsed laser described above was used to measure an object 914, which is a sample simulating a living body (phantom) in which an absorbing body simulating a blood vessel having an oxygen saturation of 80% is embedded.
(Drive Method)
The laser drive process of this embodiment will be described step by step in accordance with the flowchart of
At step S801, the warm-up process is started, wherein pulses A with emission energy 60J and pulses B with emission energy 48J are emitted from the lamp, with the external shutter 913 and the intra-cavity shutter 912 closed.
After ten minutes of warming up, laser oscillation is started at step S802, with the external shutter 913 closed and the intra-cavity shutter 912 opened. With the parallel plate 906 retracted from the optical axis 905 (position 906b), the capacitor is charged for the flash lamp to emit light. After the charging, the flash lamp emits light, and the Q-switch is triggered after 150 μsec, when the energy output reaches the peak after the light emission. The light beam resonating between the output mirror 903 and the reflective mirror 904 is then emitted as pulse A, with a wavelength of 800 nm, pulse width of 50 nsec, energy output of 150 mJ/pulse, and spectral line width of 8 nm (full width at half maximum).
After emitting pulses A, the parallel plate 906 is inserted onto the optical axis 905 (position 906a) between the alexandrite crystal 902 and the reflective mirror 904. The capacitor starts to be charged to move the parallel plate 906 parallel as well as to emit light from the flash lamp. After the parallel plate 906 has been inserted, the flash lamp emits light. The Q-switch is triggered after 150 μsec after the light emission. The light beam travels along the branch path 907, which is the optical path formed when the parallel plate 906 is inserted, and resonates in the cavity formed by the output mirror 903 and the reflective mirror 908. The light beam is emitted as pulse B with a wavelength of 755 nm, pulse width of 50 ns, energy output of 150 mJ/pulse, and spectral line width of 8 nm (full width at half maximum).
The pulse train of pulse A and pulse B is repeatedly emitted.
At step S803, the energy output of respective laser pulses is measured, with an energy meter (not shown) that measures the energy of the light reflected by the external shutter.
At step S804, a standard deviation/average energy that indicates the stability of energy output is calculated per 20 pulses each of pulses A and pulses B. The energy measurement is repeated until the calculated value becomes 2.5% or lower. When the calculated value has become 2.5% or lower, the operator is notified of the fact that the energy output of the laser has been stabilized and the thermal lensing power is stable, as the laser medium temperature is now in the steady state.
At step S805, the external shutter is opened, to emit stable laser pulse train to the object 914.
(PAT Apparatus)
A laser beam 1002 exiting the tunable pulsed laser apparatus 1001 enters a fiber bundle input end 1003 when the external shutter 912 is opened. The laser beam passes through the fiber bundle 1004 and is projected onto an object (such as a phantom simulating a living body) from a fiber bundle exit end 1005 that forms a handheld probe 1000.
A photoacoustic wave generated from the object is picked up by a receiver 1006 which is a component of the handheld probe 1000 and converted into a photoacoustic signal, sent to a processor 1008 via a signal line 1007 and processed. A controller 1009 outputs control signals 1010 for changing the wavelengths of the tunable pulsed laser apparatus 1001 and the output of the flash lamp.
The processor 1008 processes signals in accordance with a trigger signal 1011 from the tunable pulsed laser apparatus 1001 based on light emission. The processor 1008 performs various processing such as analog-digital conversion, image reconstruction, and noise removal to the photoacoustic signals, and outputs image information to a monitor 1012 to display a property distribution inside the object.
In this way, in a measurement using a PAT apparatus to which the present invention is applied, pulses A and pulses B at two different wavelengths (800 nm and 755 nm) are projected stably to a phantom that simulates a living body, to obtain photoacoustic signals from a simulated blood vessel in the phantom. The concentrations of oxyhemoglobin CHbO and deoxyhemoglobin CHb may be determined by calculating the absorption coefficients at respective wavelengths from the obtained photoacoustic signals, to deduce an oxygen saturation {CHbO/(CHbO+CHb)}×100. The oxygen saturation thus obtained by this method was 80%.
As described above, the tunable pulsed laser of the present invention is capable of stable pulse emission with reduced thermal lensing effect, and enables accurate PAT measurement with less influence of position displacement caused by movement of the operator.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-233752, filed on Oct. 23, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-233752 | Oct 2012 | JP | national |
