The present invention relates to a device having a porous surface attached directly or indirectly to a bearing surface and a method for forming the same.
In particular, this invention relates to a computer-aided laser apparatus or other suited high energy beam, which sequentially remelts a plurality of powder layers to build a porous layer in a layer-by-layer fashion.
The present invention also includes a method of attaching or connecting a bearing surface directly or indirectly preferably formed from a polymer to the sequentially-built porous part.
The present application is particularly directed toward a method of forming a porous and partially-porous metallic structure having a bearing surface.
The field of free-form fabrication has seen many important recent advances in the fabrication of articles directly from computer-controlled databases. These advances, many of which are in the field of rapid prototyping of articles such as prototype parts and mold dies, have greatly reduced the time and expense required to fabricate articles, particularly in contrast to conventional machining processes in which a block of material, such as a metal, is machined according to the engineering drawings. One example of a modern rapid prototyping technology is the selective laser sintering process practiced by systems available from 3D Systems, Valencia, Calif. According to this technology, articles are produced in a layer-wise fashion, from a laser-fusible powder that is dispensed one layer at a time. The powder is fused, remelted or sintered, by the application of laser energy that is directed in raster-scan fashion to portions of the powder layer corresponding to a cross-section of the article. After fusing of the powder on one particular layer, an additional layer of powder is dispensed, and the process repeated with fusion taking place between the current layer and the previously laid layers, until the article is complete.
The field of rapid prototyping of parts has, in recent years, made large improvements in broadening high strain, high density parts for use in the design and pilot production of many useful articles including metal parts. These advances have permitted the selective laser remelting and sintering process to now also be used in fabricating prototype tooling for injection molding, with expected tool life in excess of 10,000 mold cycles. The technologies have also been applied to the direct fabrication of articles, such as molds from metal powders without a binder. Examples of metal powder reportedly used in such direct fabrication include two-phase metal powders of the copper-tins, copper-solder (the solder being 70% lead and 30% tin), and bronze-nickel systems. The metal articles formed in these ways have been quite dense, for example, having densities of up to 70% to 80% of full density (prior to any infiltration). Prior applications of this technology have strived to increase the density of the metal structure formed by the melting or sintering process. The field of rapid prototyping of parts has focused on providing high strength, high density parts for use and design in production of many useful articles, including metal parts.
But while the field of rapid prototyping has focused on increasing density of such three-dimensional structures, the field has not focused its attention on reducing the density of three-dimensional structures. Consequently, applications where porous and partially-porous metallic structures, and more particularly metal porous structures with interconnective porosity, are advantageous for use, have been largely ignored.
In addition, many structures, especially in the medical arts, require two different surfaces, each adapted for their own purposes. Along this line, a structure may have a first surface which needs to be porous for tissue in-growth and a second surface which should be adapted to be a bearing surface. Further, the first surface or portion may include different layers having different gradients of porosity. For example, the first surface may include an outer region having a porosity of approximately 80%. As you move normal with regard to the first surface the porosity may alter such that the porosity is increased or in a preferred embodiment, the porosity decreases even until the porosity is almost zero. Of course, the present invention contemplates a situation where the porosity alters from position to position depending on the requirements of the device.
Although different techniques have tried to provide such a method and apparatus, still greater techniques are needed in this area.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of forming an implant having a porous tissue ingrowth structure and a bearing support structure. The method may include depositing a first layer of a metal powder onto a substrate. Next, a laser beam scans over the powder so as to sinter the metal powder at predetermined locations. At least one layer of the metal powder may be deposited onto said first layer while repeating the laser scanning step for each successive layer until a predetermined structure having a first surface and a second surface is constructed. A flowable polymer is placed into contact with the second surface of said predetermined structure. The polymer is cooled such that the flowable polymer adheres to the second surface of the structure. The laser scanning step may include scanning the laser beam onto the metal powder to form a portion of a plurality of predetermined unit cells within the metal powder.
The method may include placing the predetermined structure into a cavity of a die and depositing a polymer onto the second surface of the predetermined structure within the cavity of the die. The step of placing a flowable polymer in contact with the second surface of the predetermined structure may include applying pressure and heat to the polymer in the cavity of the die. The step of placing the flowable polymer in contact with the second surface of the predetermined structure may include transferring the flowable polymer onto the second surface. The step of placing the flowable polymer in contact with the second surface of the predetermined structure may include placing the second surface of the predetermined structure adjacent a polymer structure, applying heat to the polymer structure and allowing the polymer structure to engage the predetermined structure. The predetermined structure may include an outer layer, an intermediate layer and an inner layer, the outer layer and the inner layer being relatively porous and the intermediate layer being relatively dense such that the flowable polymer cannot substantially leech through the intermediate layer from the inner layer to the outer layer. The outer layer has a porosity approximately between 60% to 80% and the inner layer has a porosity approximately higher than 80%. The outer layer may have a pore size distribution in the range of 80 μm to 800 μm and the inner layer may have a pore size distribution higher than approximately 800 μm.
The predetermined structure may have a gradient porosity. The gradient porosity of the predetermined structure may include a first layer that is substantially porous, a second layer that is substantially non-porous, a third layer that is substantially porous such that the flowable polymer cannot substantially leech through the second layer from the third layer to the first layer when the flowable liquid polymer is placed in contact with the third layer.
The present invention also includes a medical implant including a metal insert having a bone ingrowth structure, an intermediate structure and a bearing support structure, the bone ingrowth structure having a porosity sufficient to promote bone ingrowth. The implant also includes a bearing surface formed from a polymer material, the bearing surface-being attached to the bearing support structure. The intermediate structure has a porosity sufficient to inhibit the polymer material from translating through the bearing support structure to the bone ingrowth structure. The intermediate structure may be designed to facilitate a specific stiffness characteristic to an overall construct and/or include two barrier layers and a bridging section.
The present invention relates to a method of forming a porous or partially porous metallic structure having a bearing surface attached directly or indirectly thereto. The structures are particularly but not exclusively applicable for use in the art of soft tissue interlock structures for medical implants and prosthesis.
The method makes use of laser technology or any other high energy beam by employing a variety of scanning strategies.
Typical metal and metal alloys employed include stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, tantalum and niobium, all, of which have been used in medical device applications. The present invention can be used for such medical device applications where bone and/or soft tissue interlock with the component is required, or where a controlled structure is required to more closely match mechanical properties of the device with surrounding tissue.
Additionally, the present invention may be employed to enhance the biocompatibility of a porous structure with human tissue while also providing a bearing surface that is resistant to wear. With these advantages in mind, a structure may be created using specific dimensions required to accommodate a particular patient.
The porous and partially porous metallic structures may be attached or incorporated to a surface, which will be used as a bearing surface, as is described below. By interconnecting or having an implant with a porous structure adjacent a bearing surface, the orthopedic implant can provide a structure for permitting bone and soft tissue interlock in combination with a bearing surface that enables the implant to rotate, articulate or pivot relative to an additional bearing surface.
As shown in
During the surgery, the joint of the hip, as shown in
The bone ingrowth structure 14, as well as the bearing support structure 12 and intermediate structure 16 of the acetabular cup 10 may be constructed using a direct laser remelt process as, for example, described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/704,270, filed Nov. 7, 2003 entitled “Laser-Produced Porous Surface,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/027,421, filed Dec. 30, 2004, entitled “Laser-Produced Porous Structure,” the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
As shown in
The bone ingrowth structure 14 may be prepared by populating the volume of the structure with a single unit repeating cell using propriety software. A single unit cell 110 and the corresponding porous layer are shown in
The intermediate structure 16 is designed to facilitate the bonding of the bearing support structure 12 to the bone ingrowth structure 12, as well as isolate the bone ingrowth structure from a polymeric material, as will be described below.
The bearing support structure 12 may be designed by populating the volume of the structure with a single repeating unit cell 112, as shown in
The porosity of each structure may be altered but in a preferred embodiment the porosity of each structure is dependent on that structures function. Thus the resultant porosity of the bone ingrowth structure 14 should be within a range that promotes bone ingrowth. The porosity of the bearing support structure 12 should be in a range that easily allows for a polymeric material or other material to adhere to the structure as will be described below. And the porosity of the intermediate layer should be in a range that prohibits or at least reduces the ability of a polymeric material to leech from the bearing support structure 12 to the bone ingrowth structure 14, as will be described below.
The files describing the bone ingrowth structure 14, solid intermediate structure 16 and the bearing support structure 12 may all be loaded into the operating software for a MCP realizer, FUSCO. The three structures are then reassembled and manufactured as one part. A schematic of the manufactured part and a photo of the final component are shown in
In one specific embodiment, the acetabular cup has a total thickness of 3 mm and an internal diameter of 46 mm.
According to one method of forming a porous three-dimensional structure by laser melting, a powder of titanium, titanium alloys, stainless steel, cobalt chrome alloys, tantalum or niobium is disposed onto a substrate. The laser melting process includes scanning a laser beam onto the powder and in parallel scan lines with a beam overlap, e.g., scan spacing, followed by similar additional scans or subsequent scans at 90 degrees, as way of example. The type of scan chosen may depend on the initial layer thickness as well as the web height required. The web height refers to the height of a single stage of the metal structure 11. The web height may be increased by depositing additional layers of powder of a structure and scanning the laser at the same angle of the previous scan. Further, the additional scan lines may be at any angle to the first scan, to form a structure with the formation of a defined porosity, which may be regular or random. The scanned device may be programmed to proceed in a random generated manner to produce an irregular porous construct but with a defined level of porosity. Furthermore, the scan can be preprogrammed using digitized images of various structures, such as the acetabular cup 10, shown in
To produce a bone ingrowth structure, such as the bone ingrowth structure 14 of the acetabular cup 10, the nature of the material formed as a result of laser melting of powder beads is principally dependent upon the thermal profile involved (heating rate, soaking time, cooling rate); the condition of the raw material (size and size distribution of powder particles); atmospheric conditions (reducing, inert or oxidizing chamber gas); and accurate control of the deposited layer thickness.
The most optimum porous structure for maximization of bone in-growth on a prosthesis has generally been found to be between approximately 60% to 80%. The preferred pore structure is irregular and interconnected, with a minimum pore size between about 80 μm and 100 μm and a maximum pore size between 80 μm and 800 μm.
The bone ingrowth structure 14, the bearing support structure 12 and the intermediate structure 16 of the acetabular cup 10 may be constructed using the apparatus shown in
In one embodiment as shown in
An array of nine sample coupons were produced as shown in
The incremental changes in scanning speed and the size of the speed range were modified as the experiments progressed. To begin with, a large range of speeds was used to provide an initial indication of the material's performance and the propensity to melt. As the experiments progressed, the range was reduced to more closely define the process window. Speed and beam overlap variations were used to modify the specific energy density being applied to the powder bed and change the characteristics of the final structure. The complete series of parameters are given in
The key laser parameters varied for forming the three-dimensional metallic porous structures are: (a) Laser scanning speed (v.) in (mms−1), which controls the rate at which the laser traverses the powder bed; (b) Laser power, P(W), which in conjunction with the laser spot size controls the intensity of the laser beam. The spot size was kept constant throughout the experiment; (c) Frequency, (Hz) or pulse repetition rate. This variable controls the number of laser pulses per second. A lower frequency delivers a higher peak power and vice versa.
The line width can be related to the laser scanning speed and the laser power to provide a measure of specific density, known as the “Andrew Number”, where:
Where P denotes the power of the laser, v is the laser scanning speed and b denotes beam width of the laser. The Andrew number is the basis for the calculation of the present invention. The Andrew number may also be calculated by substituting the line separation (d) for beam width (b). The two methods of calculating the Andrew number will result in different values being obtained. When using line separation (d) as a factor only one track of fused powder is considered, whereas when using the beam width (b) as a factor, two tracks of fused powder are considered as well as the relative influence of one track to the next. For this reason we have chosen to concern ourselves with the Andrew number using scan spacing as a calculating factor. It can thus be appreciated, that the closer these tracks are together the greater the influence they have on one another.
Additionally, the laser power may be varied between 5 W and 1000 W. Utilizing lower power may be necessary for small and intricate parts but would be economically inefficient for such coatings and structures described herein. It should be noted that the upper limit of laser power is restricted because of the availability of current laser technology. However, if a laser was produced having a power in excess of 1000 W, the scanning speed of the laser could be increased in order that an acceptable Andrew number is achieved. A spot size having a range between 5 μm to 500 μm is also possible. For the spot size to increase while still maintaining an acceptable Andrew number, either the laser power must be increased or the scanning speed decreased.
The above formula gives an indication of how the physical parameters can vary the quantity of energy absorbed by the powder bed. That is, if the melted powder has limited cohesion, e.g. insufficient melting, the parameters can be varied to concentrate the energy supply to the powder. High Andrew numbers result in reduced pore coverage and an increase in pore size due to the effects of increased melt volume and flow. Low Andrew numbers result in low melt volume, high pore density and small pores. Current satisfactory Andrew numbers are approximately 0.3 J/mm−2 to 8 J/mm−2 and are applicable to many alternative laser sources. It is possible to use a higher powered laser with increased scanning speed and obtain an Andrew number within the working range stated above.
Line spacing or beam overlap can also be varied to allow for a gap between successive scan lines. It is, therefore, possible to heat selected areas. This gap would allow for a smaller or larger pore size to result. The best illustration of this is shown in
The use of an optical inspection method to determine this approximate porosity is appropriate given the sample size. This method, although not accurate due to the filter selection process, can, if used carefully, provide an indication of porosity. This porosity level falls within the range of the desired porosity for bone ingrowth structures. The mechanical characteristics of the porous structures are determined by the extent of porosity and the interconnecting webs. A balance of these variables is necessary to achieve the mechanical properties required by the intended application.
Increased fusion may, if required, be obtained by heating the substrate, powder or both prior to scanning. Such heating sources are commonly included in standard selective laser sintering/melting/remelting machines to permit this operation.
As described above, the process can be carried out on flat baseplates that provide for easy powder delivery in successive layers of around 100 μm thickness. Control of powder layer thickness is very important if consistent surface properties are required. The application of this technology can also be applied to curved surfaces such as those found in modern prosthetic devices such as acetabular cup 10, with refinements being made to the powder layer technique.
The structures may receive ultrasonic and aqueous cleaning. On close examination, the resultant porous surfaces produced by the Direct Laser Remelting process exhibit small particulates that are scattered throughout the structure. It is unclear at this stage whether these particulates are bonded to the surface or loosely attached but there are means to remove or consolidate the particulates if required, by for example acid etching, heat treatment, a combination of the two, or the like.
The Direct Laser Remelting process has the ability to produce porous structures that are suitable for bone in-growth applications. The powdered surfaces have undergone considerable thermal cycling culminating in rapid cooling rates that have produced very fine dendritic structures.
The Direct Laser Remelting process can produce effective bone in-growth surfaces and the manufacturing costs are reasonable.
In the preceding examples, the object has been to provide a metal insert having a porosity on a base but the present invention can also be used to provide a non-porous structure on such a base to form a three-dimensional structure. The same techniques can be utilized for the materials concerned but the laser processing parameters can be appropriately selected so that a substantially solid non-porous structure is achieved.
Again, a technique can be used to deposit the powder onto a suitable carrier, for example a mold, and to carry out the process without the use of a base so that a three-dimensional structure is achieved which can be either porous, as described above, or non-porous if required.
It will be appreciated that this method can, therefore, be used to produce article from the metals referred to which can be created to a desired shape and which may or may not require subsequent machining. Yet again, such an article can be produced so that it has a graded porosity of, e.g., non-porous through various degrees of porosity to the outer surface layer. Such articles could be surgical prostheses, parts or any other article to which this method of production would be advantageous.
Although the porous structure has been discussed with regard to randomly depositing powder onto a substrate and selectively laser melting the powder while repeating layer after layer, in contrast, each layer or portion of a layer, may be scanned to create a portion of a plurality of predetermined unit cells. As successive layers of powder are deposited onto previous layers, the scanning and depositing of such layers continues the building process of a predetermined unit cell. When constructing the predetermined unit cells, the preferred embodiment includes employing a pulse high energy beam to form “spots” on the deposited powder layer. At least some of the “spots” are joined to produce struts or portions of struts, which constitute a portion of a predetermined unit cell. The spots may be created at random, in a continuous manner or a combination of the two. Examples of some possible geometric shapes of a unit cell are shown in
The invention can include a laser melting process that precludes the requirement for subsequent heat treatment of the structure, thereby preserving the initial mechanical properties of the core or base metal. The equipment used for the manufacture of such a device could be one of many currently available including the MCP Realiszer, the EOS M270, Trumpf Trumaform 250, the Arcam EBM S12 and the like. The laser may also be a custom produced laboratory device.
As shown in
As successive layers of metal powder are deposited onto previous layers, the laser head 53 projects a beam of energy 54 onto locations of the powder to thereby form a spot or portion of a strut of a predetermined unit cell. The laser scans the powder bed and projects the energy beam based on the slice data of the model contained in the computer program.
After a layer has been completed, successive layer of metal powder may be deposited onto the previous layer by the use of a powder feeder 55. The powder feeder 55 may work in conjunction with a piston 56 that is lowered prior to the depositing of the additional layer of metal powder. The piston 56 is desirably positioned under the substrate on which the metal structure is built. As each layer is processed, the piston 56 may be lowered and an additional layer of metal powder deposited onto the previous layer. In this manner, each layer of unprocessed powder is positioned at the same distance from the laser head 53. The laser beam is capable of being directed along a X, Y coordinate system such that the desired location of the layer of metal powder can be engaged by the beam of energy 54. The guiding of the laser beam is dependent on the manufacturing system used. For example, if an E-beam system is employed the movement of the E-beam is controlled by deployment of the magnetic fields. If a laser beam apparatus is employed, the movement or guidance of the laser beam is controlled by a galvanometer.
The pore density, pore size and pore size distribution can be controlled from one location on the structure to another. It is important to note that successive powder layers can differ in porosity by varying factors used for laser scanning powder layers. Additionally, the porosity of successive layers of powder can be varied by either creating a specific type of predetermined unit cell or manipulating various dimensions of a given predetermined unit cell.
As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/027,421, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, such unit cells designs can be a tetrahedron 60 (
The cells can be distributed within the construct a number of ways. Firstly, they may be made into a block within a computer added design (“CAD”) system where the dimensions correspond to the extent of the solid geometry. This block can then be intersected with the geometry representing the component to produce a porous cellular representation of the geometry. Secondly, the cells may be deformed so as to drape over an object thus allowing the cells to follow the surface of the geometry. Thirdly, the cells can be populated through the geometry following the contours of any selected surface.
The unit cell can be open or complete at the surface of the construct to produce a desired effect. For instance, open cells with truncated lattice struts produce a surface with a porosity and impart the surface with some degree of barb, whereas closed cells can be “peaky” so as to increase surface roughness.
Modifying the lattice strut dimensions can control the mechanical strength of the unit cell. This modification can be in a number of key areas. The lattice strut can be adjusted by careful selection of build parameters or specifically by changing the design of the cross-section of each strut. The density of the lattice can similarly be adjusted by modification of the density of the unit cells as can the extent and shape of porosity or a combination thereof. Clearly the overall design of the unit cell will also have a significant effect of the structural performance of the lattice. For instance, dodecahedral unit cells have a different mechanical performance when compared to a tetrahedral (diamond) structure.
As shown in
Each carbon atom in the diamond structure is surrounded by four nearest neighbors. They are connected together by bonds that separate them by a distance of 1.5445 angstroms. The angles between these bonds are 109.5 degrees. As a result, the central atom and its neighbors form a tetrahedron. This geometry as in the case discussed herein may then be scaled to appropriate value for the pore construct required.
The two key parameters used to define the relations regarding height, surface area, space height, volume of tetrahedron, and the dihedral angle of a tetrahedron are the strand length of the tetrahedron and, i.e., the diameter or height and width, cross section area of the strand i.e., strut. These two parameters control the pore size and porosity of the structure. The parameter editor and relation editor within a typical CAD system can be used to control these parameters. Hence, by changing the parameters one can change the fundamental properties of the porous structure. As shown in
To create the mesh as shown in
As shown in
In a method of use, a sweep feature is first used to model the dodecahedron structure by driving a profile along a trajectory curve. The trajectory curves are constructed from datum points corresponding to the vertices of the dodecahedron connected by datum curves. The type of profile remains constant along the sweep producing the model shown in
As shown in
In a method of use, a CAD model of the truncated octahedron is constructed using the sweep feature and calculations and dimensions are incorporated using basic trigonometry. To tessellate the unit cell, the unit cell is first reoriented to enable easy tessellation and to reduce the number of horizontal struts in the model. Further, the model can be modified to remove all of the horizontal struts as shown in
As shown in
Pseudorandom representative geometries may be made from the current regular unit cells by applying a random X, Y, Z perturbation to the vertices of the unit cells. One such example can be seen in
Various other methods may also be utilized to produce the bone ingrowth structure 14, bearing support structure 12 and/or the intermediate structure 16 of the acetabular cup 10 in methods known to those in the art.
In one preferred embodiment, the average pore size of the bone ingrowth structure 14 falls within 280 μm to 480 μm, as measured using conventional linear intercept methods. A bimodal pore size distribution may be present as, for example, small pores within a 250 μm to 450 μm range and larger pores within a 600 μm to 800 μm range. The metal insert 11, i.e., the bone ingrowth structure 14, the bearing support structure and the intermediate structure 14 may be isotropic as, for example, without directionality with regard to the structure, and mechanical properties.
In one preferred embodiment, the average pore sizes of the porous layer 14 for interconnecting pores exceeds 250 μm with at least 99% and the pore volume therefore within between 65% to 75% of interconnecting pores exceeding 180 μm.
The general thickness of the porous layer generally lies within the range of between 1 mm to 2 mm but may be larger or smaller if so required.
The porous structure 14, bearing support structure 12 and the intermediate structure 16 may be formed simultaneously using any of the processes described herein or a combination of the processes.
Once the metallic structure has been formed, e.g., the bone ingrowth, bearing and intermediate structures, a polymeric material may be connected to the bearing support structure 12 to enable the acetabular cup 10 to bear against an articulating surface of an additional element. The polymeric material will comprise the bearing surface 8 of the acetabular cup 10
Depending on the material used to create the bearing surface 8, the polymeric material can be integrated with the bearing support structure 12, by compression molding, injection molding or heat forming. It may also be possible to cast certain types of materials from solution as, for example, polyurethane.
If the polymeric material used to form the bearing surface 8 is an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (“UHMWPE”) material or the like, the metallic insert, i.e., the bone ingrowth structure 14, the bearing support structure 12 and the intermediate structure 16, but specifically the bearing support structure 12, may be joined to the bearing surface 8 by a compression molding process using a matched metal die. The metal insert 11 is placed into a cavity part of a metal die. The polymer powder may then be added to the cavity of the metal die and desirably is dispersed against the bearing support structure 12. The cavity of the metal die is sealed and the metal die is then heated to a required temperature. As the temperature of the polymer powder is increased, the polymer powder begins to soften or melt so as to be flowable. Increased pressure onto the polymer powder may also aid in the melting process. Fusion of the polymer powder and attachment to the bearing support structure 12 is achieved when the acquired application of heat and pressure is reached. Subsequent cooling under pressure allows solidification of the polymer powder, which thus forms the bearing surface 8 that is securely attached to the bearing support structure 12. A final machining operation may be required to complete the construct of the bearing surface 8.
In one preferred embodiment, the metal insert 11 is situated in the metal die with the bone ingrowth structure 14 bounded within the cavity of the metal die such that the polymer material cannot come in contact with the bone ingrowth structure. And since the intermediate structure 16 is preferably substantially solid, the intermediate structure prohibits or at least, reduces the ability of the polymeric material to come in contact with the bone ingrowth structure as the polymeric material attaches to the bearing support structure 12 to form a bearing surface 8. By keeping the pores of the bone ingrowth structure unencumbered with polymer material, the ability of the bone ingrowth structure to promote bone ingrowth is not altered.
In an alternate embodiment, an injection molding process may be carried out in order to fuse the bearing surface 8 to the bearing support structure 12. An injection molding process may be preferred when the material used to create the bearing surface 8 is a polyurethane or chopped-fiber-reinforced poly (ETHERETHERKETONE) (“CFRPEEK”). Similar to the compression molding process, in the injection molding process, the metal insert 11 is secured into a cavity of an injection molding machine and the mold closed. As with the previous embodiment, the bone ingrowth structure 14 may be isolated from the polyurethane or additional polymer used. The selected material, e.g., polyurethane or CFRPEEK is heated in a barrel of the injection molding machine. Once the selected material is heated in the barrel of the injection mold, the pressure may be applied to the selected material to urge the heated selected material from the barrel into the mold cavity and onto a surface of the bearing support structure 12. Upon cooling, the selected material is fused to the bearing support structure 12 so as to form the bearing surface 8 upon which the acetabular cup 10 may move relative to an additional element, i.e., the femoral stem FS. Upon cooling, the completed part may be removed from the injection mold and machined if so required. The mold cavity can be configured such that particular features, designs and contours of the bearing surface 8 may be formed.
In still yet another alternate embodiment, the bearing surface 8 may be formed using a heat forming process. In a heat-forming process, materials such as UHMWPE are supplied as fabricated rod stock suitable for machining. Profiles can be produced by machining the fabricated rod stock to represent a near net shape of the intended article such as the bearing surface 8 of the acetabular cup 10. Once the article has been produced, both the metal insert 11 and the shape polymer machine part are placed into a mold and heated to the required temperature. Upon the application of heat and pressure, the softened polymer is forced into and against the metal insert 11, specifically the bearing support structure 12. Upon cooling, solidification takes place and the polymer is secured to the metal insert 11 and specifically the bearing support structure 12. Further machining may be required if necessary once the part has been allowed to cool and is removed from the mold.
As with previous embodiments, in combination with the intermediate structure 16 and additional elements, the bone ingrowth structure 14 may be isolated from any polymeric material so that the polymeric material cannot affect the ability of the structure to promote bone ingrowth.
In yet still another alternate embodiment, the bearing surface 8 may be constructed using a solution casting method. In a solution casting method, a material, such as a polyurethane material, can be formed by casting solvent-dissolved solutions in the mold.
In addition to the method as described above, it is also possible to make the bearing surface 8 out of additional material such as a metallic material or ceramic material. As such, when forming the bearing surface 8 from a metallic material, the selective laser melting process, described herein, as well as in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/704,270, and 11/027,421 (described above) may be utilized.
An example of a process for forming the acetabular cup 10 is discussed herein, although various methods may be employed. In a preferred method, software and equipment, as shown in Table 6 below, may be employed to build a finished product.
In a first step of such process, a CAD file of an acetabular cup component is loaded into the Magics software package as a single part, as shown in
A completed acetabular cup 10 is shown is shown in
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the acetabular cup may be constructed with a two tier structure. As shown in
Although, the figure illustrates a demarcation between the two structures, highlighting the difference in porosity between the two, the actual metal insert 111 may have a graded porosity which increases, decreases or some combination of the two along an axis 119 passing through the center of the acetabular cup 110.
In yet another alternate embodiment, as shown in
Although the present invention has been discussed with regard to constructing an acetabular cup, various other orthopedic implants, tools, apparatus, and structures may also be built using the same process. For instance, a patella component 300, as shown in
As with the acetabular cup discussed herein, once the baseplate 302 had been constructed, the patella bearing surface 304 may be attached to the baseplate 302 using the processes discussed herein.
In a method of assembly, the patella is shaved on a posterior side to a desired depth and some of the cartilage surrounding the area is removed. The baseplate 302 of the patella component preferably includes a plurality of pegs 306 that engage the remaining bone of the patella. The pegs 306 are designed for bone ingrowth as discussed in here. With the pegs 306 attached to the posterior of the patella, the bearing surface 304 may replace and perform the function of any cartilage removed from the area.
In yet another alternate embodiment, as shown in
For illustration purposes, the bearing support structure 404 is comprised of two independent lattices 406 and 407. The lattices 406 and 407 are independent from one another and may be constructed differently from each other. In alternate embodiments, the bearing support structure 404 may be constructed similar to the bearing support structure 12 of the metal insert 11, discussed herein.
The cartilage plug 400 may be employed as for example when only a portion of a tibial plateau must be replaced. A bore is created in the tibial plateau removing the defective portion and than filled with the cartilage plug 400. The bone ingrowth structure 514 of the cartilage plug 400 is positioned within the bone while the bearing surface 408 faces outward to replace any cartilage removed from the area.
In yet another alternate embodiment not shown in the figures, the intermediate structure of an implant may be constructed using a die cast or any method known to those in the art. The resultant intermediate structure may then be placed onto the base plate of an apparatus similar to that shown in
As previously discussed, a bearing surface may be attached to an implant or metal insert indirectly. For example, as shown in
The interior 503 of the liner 509 is suitable to act as a bearing surface of the completed acetabular cup 510. Preferably, the metal insert 511 and liner 509 are prepackaged and available to a surgeon in a plurality of sizes such that during surgery the surgeon only has to remove the desired liner and insert once the specific measurements and requirements have been decided upon.
Systems incorporating the used of a liner cemented to a porous metal insert are normally used when the acetabullum has been severely damaged or in some cases of revision surgery.
Although not shown in the figures, the present invention may be in the shape of a glenoid or any other component where bone ingrowth is desired in combination with a bearing surface.
As with all of the embodiments herein, it is possible to apply a coating of a bone growth enhancer as, for example, hydroxyapatite, bonemorphogenic protein such as OP-1 (Stryker), to the surface intended to be in direct contact with bone.
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3605123 | Pratt et al. | Sep 1971 | A |
3806961 | Muller | Apr 1974 | A |
3816855 | Saleh | Jun 1974 | A |
4085466 | Goodfellow et al. | Apr 1978 | A |
4164794 | Spector et al. | Aug 1979 | A |
4202055 | Reiner et al. | May 1980 | A |
4218494 | Belmondo et al. | Aug 1980 | A |
4305340 | Iwaki et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
4344193 | Kenny | Aug 1982 | A |
4385404 | Sully et al. | May 1983 | A |
4479271 | Bolesky et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
4502161 | Wall | Mar 1985 | A |
4542539 | Rowe et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
4636219 | Pratt et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
4644942 | Sump | Feb 1987 | A |
4673408 | Grobbelaar | Jun 1987 | A |
4714473 | Bloebaum | Dec 1987 | A |
4714474 | Brooks, Jr. et al. | Dec 1987 | A |
4719908 | Averill et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
4863538 | Deckard | Sep 1989 | A |
4944817 | Bourell et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
4961154 | Pomerantz et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
4969302 | Coggan et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
4969907 | Koch et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
4978355 | Frey et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
4990163 | Ducheyne et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
4997445 | Hodorek | Mar 1991 | A |
5004476 | Cook | Apr 1991 | A |
5017753 | Deckard | May 1991 | A |
5024670 | Smith et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
5031120 | Pomerantz et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
5034186 | Shimamune et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
5053090 | Beaman et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
5067964 | Richmond et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
5076869 | Bourell et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
5080674 | Jacobs et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
5108432 | Gustavson | Apr 1992 | A |
5147402 | Bohler et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
5155324 | Deckard et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
5158574 | Stone | Oct 1992 | A |
5171282 | Pequignot | Dec 1992 | A |
5176710 | Hahn et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
5192328 | Winters | Mar 1993 | A |
5219362 | Tuke et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
5282861 | Kaplan | Feb 1994 | A |
5282870 | Moser et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
5287435 | Cohen et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
5314478 | Oka et al. | May 1994 | A |
5323954 | Shetty et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
5358529 | Davidson | Oct 1994 | A |
5368602 | de la Torre | Nov 1994 | A |
5386500 | Pomerantz et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5398193 | deAngelis | Mar 1995 | A |
5443510 | Shetty et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
5443518 | Insall | Aug 1995 | A |
5490962 | Cima et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5496372 | Hamamoto et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
5504300 | Devanathan et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5514183 | Epstein et al. | May 1996 | A |
5518680 | Cima et al. | May 1996 | A |
5549700 | Graham et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5571185 | Schug | Nov 1996 | A |
5571196 | Stein | Nov 1996 | A |
5609646 | Field et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5616294 | Deckard | Apr 1997 | A |
5640667 | Freitag et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5648450 | Dickens, Jr. et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5681354 | Eckhoff | Oct 1997 | A |
5702448 | Buechel et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5728162 | Eckhoff | Mar 1998 | A |
5735903 | Li et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5773789 | Devanathan et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5776201 | Colleran et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5782908 | Cahalan et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5795353 | Felt | Aug 1998 | A |
5824098 | Stein | Oct 1998 | A |
5824102 | Buscayret et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5879387 | Jones et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5879398 | Swarts et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5928285 | Bigliani et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5973222 | Devanathan et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5989472 | Ashby et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6046426 | Jeantette et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6049054 | Panchison et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6087553 | Cohen et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6096043 | Techiera et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6132468 | Mansmann | Oct 2000 | A |
6139585 | Li | Oct 2000 | A |
6190407 | Ogle et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6206924 | Timm | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6206927 | Fell et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6215093 | Meiners et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6248131 | Felt et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6251143 | Schwartz et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6261322 | Despres, III et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6280478 | Richter et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6283997 | Garg et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6290726 | Pope et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6299645 | Ogden | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6355086 | Brown et al. | Mar 2002 | B2 |
6371958 | Overaker | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6395327 | Shetty | May 2002 | B1 |
6406497 | Takei et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
6454811 | Sherwood et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6476343 | Keicher et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
6482209 | Engh et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6494914 | Brown et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
6520996 | Manasas et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6530951 | Bates et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6551608 | Yao | Apr 2003 | B2 |
6558421 | Fell et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
6582715 | Barry et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6599301 | Vibe-Hansen et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6632246 | Simon et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
6652246 | Lin et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6652587 | Felt et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
6682567 | Schroeder | Jan 2004 | B1 |
6686437 | Buchman et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6699252 | Farr, II et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6709462 | Hanssen | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6712822 | Re et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
6712856 | Carignan et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
6716957 | Tunc | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6770099 | Andriacchi et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6846329 | McMinn | Jan 2005 | B2 |
6850125 | Norman et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6855165 | Fell et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6863689 | Ralph et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6866684 | Fell et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6893463 | Fell et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6911044 | Fell et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
6916341 | Rolston | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6921264 | Mayer et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6923831 | Fell et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6932610 | Ono et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
7168283 | Van Note et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7494507 | Dixon et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7563284 | Coppes et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7655047 | Swords | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7674517 | Ramsey et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7879275 | Smith et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
20010014403 | Brown et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20020010512 | Takei | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020015654 | Das et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
20020016635 | Despres et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
20020127328 | Shetty | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020130112 | Manasas et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020151983 | Shetty | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020173855 | Mansmann | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20020198528 | Engh et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20030033018 | Merchant | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030045941 | Lewallen | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030055500 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030055501 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060882 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060883 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060884 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060885 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030060888 | Fell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030069638 | Barlow et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030069718 | Hollister et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030153977 | Suguro et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030153981 | Wang et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030155686 | Hawkins et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030158606 | Coon et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030220696 | Levine et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20040006393 | Burkinshaw | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040009228 | Tormala et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040044414 | Nowakowski | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040054416 | Wyss et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040059356 | Gingras | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040098132 | Andriacchi et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
20040143339 | Axelson et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040153163 | Posner | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040162622 | Simon et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040167633 | Wen et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040191106 | O'Neill et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040199249 | Fell | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040199250 | Fell | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040204766 | Siebel | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040243237 | Unwin et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20040267363 | Fell et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050033424 | Fell | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050043816 | Datta et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050079200 | Rathenow et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050085918 | Soffiati et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050100578 | Schmid et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050123672 | Justin et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050154471 | Aram et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050170159 | Ramsey et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050171604 | Michalow | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050177169 | Fisher et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050192672 | Wyss et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20060015187 | Hunter et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060045903 | Kadiyala et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060147332 | Jones et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20070156249 | Lawrynowicz et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070225390 | Wang et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20080004709 | O'Neill et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080050412 | Jones et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080161927 | Savage et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20090068245 | Noble et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090087605 | Ramsey et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090112315 | Fang et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20100057211 | Cuckler et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20130056912 | O'Neill et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2295896 | Jul 2000 | CA |
0 178 650 | Apr 1986 | EP |
0 528 800 | Mar 1993 | EP |
0 528 800 | Mar 1993 | EP |
0761242 | Mar 1997 | EP |
1418013 | May 2004 | EP |
1493455 | Jan 2005 | EP |
1683593 | Jul 2006 | EP |
1806154 | Jul 2007 | EP |
1949989 | Jul 2008 | EP |
11348045 | Dec 1999 | JP |
2003293012 | Oct 2003 | JP |
2006158953 | Jun 2006 | JP |
2218242 | Dec 2003 | RU |
9606881 | Mar 1996 | WO |
2005080029 | Sep 2005 | WO |
2005087982 | Sep 2005 | WO |
2007058160 | May 2007 | WO |
Entry |
---|
C.K. Chua et al. Development of a Tissue Engineering Scaffold Structure Library for Rapid Prototyping. Parts 1 and 2, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, (2003) vol. 21, pp. 291-312. |
Hollander et al., Structural mechanical and in vitro characterization of individually structured Ti-A1-4V produces by direct layer forming, Biomaterials, pp. 1-9, 2005. |
Created and Designed by Shaman Gaspar, Maintained by Peter Fox, “Direct Laser Remelting” , “Project Web Site”, Using Lasers to Grow 3D object on Stainless Steel; The University of Liverpool 2002; http://mserc.liv.ac.uk/research/dlr/dlr—html, Published 2004. |
Vureal et al., Plasma-sprayed oxide ceramics on steel substrates, Surface Coatings and Technology, 97 (1997) 347-354. |
Patello-femoral Arthroplasty X-ray Results, Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, date not known. |
The Metals Handbook, Desk Edition, 2nd Edition, ASM International, 1998, p. 29. |
Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. Definition: sintering. |
R.H. Morgan, A.J. Papworth, C. Sutcliffe, P. Fox, W. O'Neill, “High density net shape components by direct laser re-melting of single phase powders,” Journal of Materials Science, 37, (2002), pp. 3093-3100. |
Dr. Kerron Harvey, producer, Research Intelligence, The University of Liverpool, Issue 13, Jun. 2002. |
H.J. Niu and I.T.H. Chang, “Selective Laser Sintering of Gas and Water Atomized High Speed Steel Powders,” Scripta Materialia vol. 41, No. 1, (1999), pp. 25-30. |
Meiners W, Over C, Wissenbach K, Poprawe R., Direct generation of metal parts and tools by selective laser powder remelting (SLPR). Proceedings of SFF, Austin, Texas, Aug. 9-11, 1999. |
European Search Report and Written Opinion, EP05028133, dated May 11, 2010. |
European Search Report and Written Opinion, EP10162970, dated Jun. 17, 2010. |
R. Morgan, C.J. Sutcliffe, W. O'Neill, “Experimental investigation of nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser re-melted pre-placed powder beds,” Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, pp. 159-172. |
N.K. Vail, L.D. Swain, W.C. fox, T.B. Aufdlemorte, G. Lee, J.W. Barlow, “Materials for biomedical applications,” Materials and Design, 20, 1999, pp. 123-132. |
K. Harvey (producer), “Fast masters,” Research Intelligence, a publication of The University of Liverpool, Issue 13, Jun. 2002, pp. 1-8. |
European Search Report and Written Opinion, EP06127218, dated May 6, 2010. |
Bobyn et al., “The optimum pore size for the fixation of porous-surfaced metal implants by the ingrowth of bone”, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 150; 263-270 (1980). |
Notice of Opposition for EP Application No. 06125422.3 dated Jul. 4, 2011. |
PCT/US2008/008955 International Preliminary Report on Patentability mailed Jan. 26, 2010. |
PCT/US2008/008955 International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Dec. 3, 2008. |
Protek Cementless Replacement of the Acetabulum by E. Morscher. |
Interlocutory Decision for Application No. EP 06125422.3 dated Nov. 14, 2012. |
European Examination Report for Application No. EP10162970.7 dated Dec. 3, 2013. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20070142914 A1 | Jun 2007 | US |